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André M, Dinvaut S, Castellani V, Falk J. 3D exploration of gene expression in chicken embryos through combined RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and clearing. BMC Biol 2024; 22:131. [PMID: 38831263 PMCID: PMC11149291 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine characterization of gene expression patterns is crucial to understand many aspects of embryonic development. The chicken embryo is a well-established and valuable animal model for developmental biology. The period spanning from the third to sixth embryonic days (E3 to E6) is critical for many organ developments. Hybridization chain reaction RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (HCR RNA-FISH) enables multiplex RNA detection in thick samples including embryos of various animal models. However, its use is limited by tissue opacity. RESULTS We optimized HCR RNA-FISH protocol to efficiently label RNAs in whole mount chicken embryos from E3.5 to E5.5 and adapted it to ethyl cinnamate (ECi) tissue clearing. We show that light sheet imaging of HCR RNA-FISH after ECi clearing allows RNA expression analysis within embryonic tissues with good sensitivity and spatial resolution. Finally, whole mount immunofluorescence can be performed after HCR RNA-FISH enabling as exemplified to assay complex spatial relationships between axons and their environment or to monitor GFP electroporated neurons. CONCLUSIONS We could extend the use of HCR RNA-FISH to older chick embryos by optimizing HCR RNA-FISH and combining it with tissue clearing and 3D imaging. The integration of immunostaining makes possible to combine gene expression with classical cell markers, to correlate expressions with morphological differentiation and to depict gene expressions in gain or loss of function contexts. Altogether, this combined procedure further extends the potential of HCR RNA-FISH technique for chicken embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlys André
- MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France.
| | - Sarah Dinvaut
- MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Castellani
- MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Falk
- MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France.
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Yu Q, Liu L, Du M, Müller D, Gu Y, Gao Z, Xin X, Gu Y, He M, Marquardt T, Wang L. Sacral Neural Crest-Independent Origin of the Enteric Nervous System in Mouse. Gastroenterology 2024; 166:1085-1099. [PMID: 38452824 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The enteric nervous system (ENS), the gut's intrinsic nervous system critical for gastrointestinal function and gut-brain communication, is believed to mainly originate from vagal neural crest cells (vNCCs) and partially from sacral NCCs (sNCCs). Resolving the exact origins of the ENS is critical for understanding congenital ENS diseases but has been confounded by the inability to distinguish between both NCC populations in situ. Here, we aimed to resolve the exact origins of the mammalian ENS. METHODS We genetically engineered mouse embryos facilitating comparative lineage-tracing of either all (pan-) NCCs including vNCCs or caudal trunk and sNCCs (s/tNCCs) excluding vNCCs. This was combined with dual-lineage tracing and 3-dimensional reconstruction of pelvic plexus and hindgut to precisely pinpoint sNCC and vNCC contributions. We further used coculture assays to determine the specificity of cell migration from different neural tissues into the hindgut. RESULTS Both pan-NCCs and s/tNCCs contributed to established NCC derivatives but only pan-NCCs contributed to the ENS. Dual-lineage tracing combined with 3-dimensional reconstruction revealed that s/tNCCs settle in complex patterns in pelvic plexus and hindgut-surrounding tissues, explaining previous confusion regarding their contributions. Coculture experiments revealed unspecific cell migration from autonomic, sensory, and neural tube explants into the hindgut. Lineage tracing of ENS precursors lastly provided complimentary evidence for an exclusive vNCC origin of the murine ENS. CONCLUSIONS sNCCs do not contribute to the murine ENS, suggesting that the mammalian ENS exclusively originates from vNCCs. These results have immediate implications for comprehending (and devising treatments for) congenital ENS disorders, including Hirschsprung's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pediatric General Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Du
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Müller
- Interfaculty Chair of Neurobiology, Clinic for Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Medicine (UKA) and Institute for Biology 2, Faculty for Mathematics, Computer and Natural Sciences, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yan Gu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Gao
- Department of Pediatric General Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Xin
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanlan Gu
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao He
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Till Marquardt
- Interfaculty Chair of Neurobiology, Clinic for Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Medicine (UKA) and Institute for Biology 2, Faculty for Mathematics, Computer and Natural Sciences, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Jacobs-Li J, Tang W, Li C, Bronner ME. Single-cell profiling coupled with lineage analysis reveals vagal and sacral neural crest contributions to the developing enteric nervous system. eLife 2023; 12:e79156. [PMID: 37877560 PMCID: PMC10627514 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, much of the enteric nervous system (ENS) arises from the vagal neural crest that emerges from the caudal hindbrain and colonizes the entire gastrointestinal tract. However, a second ENS contribution comes from the sacral neural crest that arises in the caudal neural tube and populates the post-umbilical gut. By coupling single-cell transcriptomics with axial-level-specific lineage tracing in avian embryos, we compared the contributions of embryonic vagal and sacral neural crest cells to the chick ENS and the associated peripheral ganglia (Nerve of Remak and pelvic plexuses). At embryonic day (E) 10, the two neural crest populations form overlapping subsets of neuronal and glia cell types. Surprisingly, the post-umbilical vagal neural crest much more closely resembles the sacral neural crest than the pre-umbilical vagal neural crest. However, some differences in cluster types were noted between vagal and sacral derived cells. Notably, RNA trajectory analysis suggests that the vagal neural crest maintains a neuronal/glial progenitor pool, whereas this cluster is depleted in the E10 sacral neural crest which instead has numerous enteric glia. The present findings reveal sacral neural crest contributions to the hindgut and associated peripheral ganglia and highlight the potential influence of the local environment and/or developmental timing in differentiation of neural crest-derived cells in the developing ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jacobs-Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Weiyi Tang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Can Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG normalizes gut dysmotility induced by environmental pollutants via affecting serotonin level in zebrafish larvae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:222. [PMID: 36100774 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal peristalsis is essential for gastrointestinal function, which could maintain the appropriate progression and digestion of food and reduce bacterial aggregation through mixing function. Even though certain ingredients of foodstuff are known to increase or decrease intestinal peristalsis, the role of environmental pollutants on intestinal peristalsis is relatively unknown. Therefore, the effects of four typical environmental pollutants (oxytetracycline, arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorpyrifos) on intestinal peristalsis in the zebrafish model and then tested the recovery effect of the constipation-resistant probiotic. The results showed that 4-day environmental pollutants exposures on the zebrafish embryos at 1 day post fertilization clearly decreased the intestinal peristalsis through decreasing the serotonin (5-HT) production and down-regulating the expression of key genes involved in 5-HT synthesis. Pollutants-evoked change of gut motility could be normalized in the presence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) via increasing 5-HT secretion. Exogenous 5-hydroxytryptophan (100 µg/L) could also rescue the dysfunction of gut motility in pollutants-treated zebrfish. The data identified that LGG normalized disorder of intestinal peristalsis induced by environmental pollutants through increasing 5-HT level. The stimulant effect of LGG on peristalsis may be associated with 5-HT system, which could provide references for the application of probiotics in regulation of gut dysmotility.
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Jejunal Transcriptomic Profiling for Differences in Feed Conversion Ratio in Slow-Growing Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092606. [PMID: 34573572 PMCID: PMC8470203 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The slow-growing Korat chicken (KR) is economically attractive, as KR meat has a high selling price and has thus been used in Thailand to support smallholder farmers. However, low feed efficiency in KR stockbreeding makes the product less competitive and improving KR feed efficiency is central to increasing KR profitability. Using RNA sequencing, we compared the jejunal transcriptomic profiles of low- and high-feed conversion ratio (FCR) KR chickens, to identify FCR-related transcriptional variation and biological pathways. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome analysis revealed that the main pathways involved in KR FCR variation are related to immune response, glutathione metabolism, vitamin transport and metabolism, lipid metabolism, and neuronal and cardiac maturation, development, and growth. This is the first study to investigate, in the jejunum, the molecular genetic mechanisms affecting the FCR of slow-growing chickens. These findings will be useful in line-breeding programs to improve feed efficiency and profitability in slow-growing chicken stockbreeding. Abstract Improving feed efficiency is an important breeding target for the poultry industry; to achieve this, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis of feed efficiency. We compared the jejunal transcriptomes of low- and high-feed conversion ratio (FCR) slow-growing Korat chickens (KRs). Using an original sample of 75 isolated 10-week-old KR males, we took jejunal samples from six individuals in two groups: those with extremely low FCR (n = 3; FCR = 1.93 ± 0.05) and those with extremely high FCR (n = 3; FCR = 3.29 ± 0.06). Jejunal transcriptome profiling via RNA sequencing revealed 56 genes that were differentially expressed (p < 0.01, FC > 2): 31 were upregulated, and 25 were downregulated, in the low-FCR group relative to the high-FCR group. Functional annotation revealed that these differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes related to immune response, glutathione metabolism, vitamin transport and metabolism, lipid metabolism, and neuronal and cardiac maturation, development, and growth, suggesting that these are important mechanisms governing jejunal feed conversion. These findings provide an important molecular basis for future breeding strategies to improve slow-growing chicken feed efficiency.
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Kang YN, Fung C, Vanden Berghe P. Gut innervation and enteric nervous system development: a spatial, temporal and molecular tour de force. Development 2021; 148:148/3/dev182543. [PMID: 33558316 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the gut is innervated by intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic nerves. Focusing on mammalian ENS development, in this Review we highlight how important the different compartments of this innervation are to assure proper gut function. We specifically address the three-dimensional architecture of the innervation, paying special attention to the differences in development along the longitudinal and circumferential axes of the gut. We review recent information about the formation of both intrinsic innervation, which is fairly well-known, as well as the establishment of the extrinsic innervation, which, despite its importance in gut-brain signaling, has received much less attention. We further discuss how external microbial and nutritional cues or neuroimmune interactions may influence development of gut innervation. Finally, we provide summary tables, describing the location and function of several well-known molecules, along with some newer factors that have more recently been implicated in the development of gut innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Kang
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Candice Fung
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Huycke TR, Tabin CJ. Chick midgut morphogenesis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 62:109-119. [PMID: 29616718 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.170325ct] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is an essential system of organs required for nutrient absorption. As a simple tube early in development, the primitive gut is patterned along its anterior-posterior axis into discrete compartments with unique morphologies relevant to their functions in the digestive process. These morphologies are acquired gradually through development as the gut is patterned by tissue interactions, both molecular and mechanical in nature, involving all three germ layers. With a focus on midgut morphogenesis, we review work in the chick embryo demonstrating how these molecular signals and mechanical forces sculpt the developing gut tube into its mature form. In particular, we highlight two mechanisms by which the midgut increases its absorptive surface area: looping and villification. Additionally, we review the differentiation and patterning of the intestinal mesoderm into the layers of smooth muscle that mechanically drive peristalsis and the villification process itself. Where relevant, we discuss the mechanisms of chick midgut morphogenesis in the context of experimental data from other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ganz J, Baker RP, Hamilton MK, Melancon E, Diba P, Eisen JS, Parthasarathy R. Image velocimetry and spectral analysis enable quantitative characterization of larval zebrafish gut motility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13351. [PMID: 29722095 PMCID: PMC6150784 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal gut function requires rhythmic and coordinated movements that are affected by developmental processes, physical and chemical stimuli, and many debilitating diseases. The imaging and characterization of gut motility, especially regarding periodic, propagative contractions driving material transport, are therefore critical goals. Previous image analysis approaches have successfully extracted properties related to the temporal frequency of motility modes, but robust measures of contraction magnitude, especially from in vivo image data, remain challenging to obtain. METHODS We developed a new image analysis method based on image velocimetry and spectral analysis that reveals temporal characteristics such as frequency and wave propagation speed, while also providing quantitative measures of the amplitude of gut motion. KEY RESULTS We validate this approach using several challenges to larval zebrafish, imaged with differential interference contrast microscopy. Both acetylcholine exposure and feeding increase frequency and amplitude of motility. Larvae lacking enteric nervous system gut innervation show the same average motility frequency, but reduced and less variable amplitude compared to wild types. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our image analysis approach enables insights into gut dynamics in a wide variety of developmental and physiological contexts and can also be extended to analyze other types of cell movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ganz
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Ryan P. Baker
- Department of Physics, 1274 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | | | - Ellie Melancon
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Parham Diba
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Judith S. Eisen
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403,Corresponding authors (JSE, ; RP, )
| | - Raghuveer Parthasarathy
- Department of Physics, 1274 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403,Corresponding authors (JSE, ; RP, )
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Ganz J. Gut feelings: Studying enteric nervous system development, function, and disease in the zebrafish model system. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:268-278. [PMID: 28975691 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest part of the peripheral nervous system and is entirely neural crest-derived. It provides the intrinsic innervation of the gut, controlling different aspects of gut function, such as motility. In this review, we will discuss key points of Zebrafish ENS development, genes, and signaling pathways regulating ENS development, as well as contributions of the Zebrafish model system to better understand ENS disorders. During their migration, enteric progenitor cells (EPCs) display a gradient of developmental states based on their proliferative and migratory characteristics, and show spatiotemporal heterogeneity based on gene expression patterns. Many genes and signaling pathways that regulate the migration and proliferation of EPCs have been identified, but later stages of ENS development, especially steps of neuronal and glial differentiation, remain poorly understood. In recent years, Zebrafish have become increasingly important to test candidate genes for ENS disorders (e.g., from genome-wide association studies), to identify environmental influences on ENS development (e.g., through large-scale drug screens), and to investigate the role the gut microbiota play in ENS development and disease. With its unique advantages as a model organism, Zebrafish will continue to contribute to a better understanding of ENS development, function, and disease. Developmental Dynamics 247:268-278, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ganz
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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10
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Kameda Y. Morphological and molecular evolution of the ultimobranchial gland of nonmammalian vertebrates, with special reference to the chicken C cells. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:719-739. [PMID: 28608500 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding of the nonmammalian ultimobranchial gland from morphological and molecular perspectives. Ultimobranchial anlage of all animal species develops from the last pharyngeal pouch. The genes involved in the development of pharyngeal pouches are well conserved across vertebrates. The ultimobranchial anlage of nonmammalian vertebrates and monotremes does not merge with the thyroid, remaining as an independent organ throughout adulthood. Although C cells of all animal species secrete calcitonin, the shape, cellular components and location of the ultimobranchial gland vary from species to species. Avian ultimobranchial gland is unique in several phylogenic aspects; the organ is located between the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves at the upper thorax and is densely innervated by branches emanating from them. In chick embryos, TuJ1-, HNK-1-, and PGP 9.5-immunoreactive cells that originate from the distal vagal (nodose) ganglion, colonize the ultimobranchial anlage and differentiate into C cells; neuronal cells give rise to C cells. Like C cells of mammals, the cells of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and also a subset of C cells of birds, appear to be derived from the endodermal epithelium forming ultimobranchial anlage. Thus, the avian ultimobranchial C cells may have dual origins, neural progenitors and endodermal epithelium. Developmental Dynamics 246:719-739, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Schlieve CR, Fowler KL, Thornton M, Huang S, Hajjali I, Hou X, Grubbs B, Spence JR, Grikscheit TC. Neural Crest Cell Implantation Restores Enteric Nervous System Function and Alters the Gastrointestinal Transcriptome in Human Tissue-Engineered Small Intestine. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:883-896. [PMID: 28803915 PMCID: PMC5599241 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired or congenital disruption in enteric nervous system (ENS) development or function can lead to significant mechanical dysmotility. ENS restoration through cellular transplantation may provide a cure for enteric neuropathies. We have previously generated human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) from human intestinal organoids (HIOs). However, HIO-TESI fails to develop an ENS. The purpose of our study is to restore ENS components derived exclusively from hPSCs in HIO-TESI. hPSC-derived enteric neural crest cell (ENCC) supplementation of HIO-TESI establishes submucosal and myenteric ganglia, repopulates various subclasses of neurons, and restores neuroepithelial connections and neuron-dependent contractility and relaxation in ENCC-HIO-TESI. RNA sequencing identified differentially expressed genes involved in neurogenesis, gliogenesis, gastrointestinal tract development, and differentiated epithelial cell types when ENS elements are restored during in vivo development of HIO-TESI. Our findings validate an effective approach to restoring hPSC-derived ENS components in HIO-TESI and may implicate their potential for the treatment of enteric neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Schlieve
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 W. Sunset Boulevard, MS#100, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Kathryn L Fowler
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 W. Sunset Boulevard, MS#100, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Matthew Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ibrahim Hajjali
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 W. Sunset Boulevard, MS#100, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Xiaogang Hou
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 W. Sunset Boulevard, MS#100, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tracy C Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 W. Sunset Boulevard, MS#100, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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Emergence and development of gut motility in the chicken embryo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172511. [PMID: 28222167 PMCID: PMC5319669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract transports the food bolus by peristalsis. Gut motility starts at an early age in the developing embryo, well before it is required for nutrition of the organism. We present a comprehensive kinematic study of the emergence and physiological development of gut motility in all regions of the lower digestive tract of the chicken embryo from embryonic days E5 through E9. We characterized motility emergence time, propagation patterns, speed, frequency and amplitude of peristalsis waves. We found that the emergence of an uninterrupted circular ring of smooth muscle correlated with the appearance of propagative contractile waves, at E6 in the hindgut and midgut, and at E9 in the caecal appendix. We show that peristalsis at these stages is critically dependent on calcium and is not mediated by neurons as gut motility is insensitive to tetrodotoxin and takes place in the hindgut in the absence of neurons. We further demonstrate that motility also matures in ex-vivo organ culture. We compare our results to existing literature on zebrafish, mouse and human motility development, and discuss their chronological relationship with other major developmental events occurring in the chicken embryonic gut at these stages. Our work sets a baseline for further investigations of motility development in this important animal model.
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Abstract
AbstractBornaviruses cause neurologic diseases in several species of birds, especially parrots, waterfowl and finches. The characteristic lesions observed in these birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the anterior stomach — the proventriculus. The disease is thus known as proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is characterized by extreme proventricular dilatation, blockage of the passage of digesta and consequent death by starvation. There are few clinical resemblances between this and the bornaviral encephalitides observed in mammals. Nevertheless, there are common virus-induced pathogenic pathways shared across this disease spectrum that are explored in this review. Additionally, a review of the literature relating to gastroparesis in humans and the control of gastric mobility in mammals and birds points to several plausible mechanisms by which bornaviral infection may result in extreme proventricular dilatation.
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Nagy N, Goldstein AM. Enteric nervous system development: A crest cell's journey from neural tube to colon. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:94-106. [PMID: 28087321 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is comprised of a network of neurons and glial cells that are responsible for coordinating many aspects of gastrointestinal (GI) function. These cells arise from the neural crest, migrate to the gut, and then continue their journey to colonize the entire length of the GI tract. Our understanding of the molecular and cellular events that regulate these processes has advanced significantly over the past several decades, in large part facilitated by the use of rodents, avians, and zebrafish as model systems to dissect the signals and pathways involved. These studies have highlighted the highly dynamic nature of ENS development and the importance of carefully balancing migration, proliferation, and differentiation of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs). Proliferation, in particular, is critically important as it drives cell density and speed of migration, both of which are important for ensuring complete colonization of the gut. However, proliferation must be tempered by differentiation among cells that have reached their final destination and are ready to send axonal extensions, connect to effector cells, and begin to produce neurotransmitters or other signals. Abnormalities in the normal processes guiding ENCC development can lead to failure of ENS formation, as occurs in Hirschsprung disease, in which the distal intestine remains aganglionic. This review summarizes our current understanding of the factors involved in early development of the ENS and discusses areas in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandor Nagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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von Sochaczewski CO, Wenke K, Grieve A, Westgarth-Taylor C, Loveland JA, Metzger R, Kluth D. Regenerative capacity of the enteric nervous system: is immaturity defining the point of no return? J Surg Res 2016; 209:112-121. [PMID: 28032547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal obstruction in newborns is associated with intestinal motility disorders after surgery. Alterations in the enteric nervous system (ENS) might cause abnormal peristalsis, which may then result in intestinal motility disorders. We aimed to quantify alterations in the myenteric plexus after a ligation and to test if these alterations were reversible. METHODS Small intestines of chicken embryos were ligated in ovo at embryonic day (ED) 11 for either 4 d (ED 11-15) or 8 d (ED 11-19). Both treated groups and control group were sacrificed and intestinal segments examined by means of both light and electron microscopy. RESULTS The number of proximal myenteric ganglia increased (ED 19, 30.7 ± 3.16 versus 23.1 ± 2.03; P < 0.001) in the 8-d ligature group but had values similar to the control group in the 4-d ligature group. The size distribution was skewed toward small ganglia in the 8-d ligature group (ED 19, 83.71 ± 11.60% versus 3.88 ± 4.74% in the control group; P < 0.001) but comparable with the control group in the 4-d ligature group. Subcellular alterations in the 4-d ligature group were reversible. CONCLUSIONS The pathologic alterations in the ENS were fully reversible in the 4-d ligature group. This reversibility might be linked to the degree of immaturity of the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Wenke
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Grieve
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chris Westgarth-Taylor
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jerome A Loveland
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roman Metzger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dietrich Kluth
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Chevalier N, Gazguez E, Bidault L, Guilbert T, Vias C, Vian E, Watanabe Y, Muller L, Germain S, Bondurand N, Dufour S, Fleury V. How Tissue Mechanical Properties Affect Enteric Neural Crest Cell Migration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20927. [PMID: 26887292 PMCID: PMC4757826 DOI: 10.1038/srep20927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a population of multipotent cells that migrate extensively during vertebrate development. Alterations to neural crest ontogenesis cause several diseases, including cancers and congenital defects, such as Hirschprung disease, which results from incomplete colonization of the colon by enteric NCCs (ENCCs). We investigated the influence of the stiffness and structure of the environment on ENCC migration in vitro and during colonization of the gastrointestinal tract in chicken and mouse embryos. We showed using tensile stretching and atomic force microscopy (AFM) that the mesenchyme of the gut was initially soft but gradually stiffened during the period of ENCC colonization. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy revealed that this stiffening was associated with a gradual organization and enrichment of collagen fibers in the developing gut. Ex-vivo 2D cell migration assays showed that ENCCs migrated on substrates with very low levels of stiffness. In 3D collagen gels, the speed of the ENCC migratory front decreased with increasing gel stiffness, whereas no correlation was found between porosity and ENCC migration behavior. Metalloprotease inhibition experiments showed that ENCCs actively degraded collagen in order to progress. These results shed light on the role of the mechanical properties of tissues in ENCC migration during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.R. Chevalier
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E. Gazguez
- UMR144, CNRS-Institut Curie, 26, rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - L. Bidault
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Paris, F-75005, France
- INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France
- CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - T. Guilbert
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C. Vias
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E. Vian
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Y. Watanabe
- INSERM U955, Equipe 11, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - L. Muller
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Paris, F-75005, France
- INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France
- CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - S. Germain
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Paris, F-75005, France
- INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France
- CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | | | - S. Dufour
- UMR144, CNRS-Institut Curie, 26, rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - V. Fleury
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
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17
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Nagy N, Barad C, Graham HK, Hotta R, Cheng LS, Fejszak N, Goldstein AM. Sonic hedgehog controls enteric nervous system development by patterning the extracellular matrix. Development 2015; 143:264-75. [PMID: 26674309 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) develops from neural crest cells that migrate along the intestine, differentiate into neurons and glia, and pattern into two plexuses within the gut wall. Inductive interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme regulate gut development, but the influence of these interactions on ENS development is unknown. Epithelial-mesenchymal recombinations were constructed using avian hindgut mesenchyme and non-intestinal epithelium from the bursa of Fabricius. These recombinations led to abnormally large and ectopically positioned ganglia. We hypothesized that sonic hedgehog (Shh), a secreted intestinal epithelial protein not expressed in the bursa, mediates this effect. Inhibition of Shh signaling, by addition of cyclopamine or a function-blocking antibody, resulted in large, ectopic ganglia adjacent to the epithelium. Shh overexpression, achieved in ovo using Shh-encoding retrovirus and in organ culture using recombinant protein, led to intestinal aganglionosis. Shh strongly induced the expression of versican and collagen type IX, whereas cyclopamine reduced expression of these chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that are known to be inhibitory to neural crest cell migration. Shh also inhibited enteric neural crest-derived cell (ENCC) proliferation, promoted neuronal differentiation, and reduced expression of Gdnf, a key regulator of ENS formation. Ptc1 and Ptc2 were not expressed by ENCCs, and migration of isolated ENCCs was not inhibited by Shh protein. These results suggest that epithelial-derived Shh acts indirectly on the developing ENS by regulating the composition of the intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandor Nagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Csilla Barad
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Hannah K Graham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lily S Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nora Fejszak
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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18
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Chen D, Xiong Y, Lin Y, Tang Z, Wang J, Wang L, Yao J. Capsaicin alleviates abnormal intestinal motility through regulation of enteric motor neurons and MLCK activity: Relevance to intestinal motility disorders. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1482-90. [PMID: 26011134 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Capsaicin is an active component of chili peppers, having diverse effects. However, the effects of capsaicin on intestinal motility are still controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of capsaicin on intestinal motility disorder and uncover related mechanisms. MATERIALS AND RESULTS A rat model with intestinal motility disorder was established in vitro through adding different stimuli into tissue bath; in vivo using constipation and diarrhea model, respectively. Capsaicin exerted dual effects on intestinal motility, i.e. the relaxation and contraction of jejunum induced by corresponding stimulus were, respectively, regulated to be normal contraction by capsaicin. The mechanisms underlined capsaicin-induced dual effects were investigated using Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and whole-cell patch clamp, respectively. Results showed that cholinergic excitatory nerves, adrenergic nerves, and neurons containing nitric oxide synthase, which are the main muscle motor neurons in enteric nervous system (ENS), are involved in capsaicin-induced dual effects. The competition for regulation of Ca(2+) influx by capsaicin induced the interaction with components of the ENS. Capsaicin significantly increased myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression and myosin phosphorylation extent in jejunal segments of constipation-prominent rats and significantly decreased MLCK expression and myosin phosphorylation extent in jejunal segments of diarrhea-prominent rats. CONCLUSION In summary, capsaicin alleviates abnormal intestinal motility through regulating enteric motor neurons and MLCK activity, which is beneficial for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongjian Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zeyao Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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Braasch I, Schartl M. Evolution of endothelin receptors in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 209:21-34. [PMID: 25010382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin receptors are G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the β-group of rhodopsin receptors that bind to endothelin ligands, which are 21 amino acid long peptides derived from longer prepro-endothelin precursors. The most basal Ednr-like GPCR is found outside vertebrates in the cephalochordate amphioxus, but endothelin ligands are only present among vertebrates, including the lineages of jawless vertebrates (lampreys and hagfishes), cartilaginous vertebrates (sharks, rays, and chimaeras), and bony vertebrates (ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned vertebrates including tetrapods). A bona fide endothelin system is thus a vertebrate-specific innovation with important roles for regulating the cardiovascular system, renal and pulmonary processes, as well as for the development of the vertebrate-specific neural crest cell population and its derivatives. Expectedly, dysregulation of endothelin receptors and the endothelin system leads to a multitude of human diseases. Despite the importance of different types of endothelin receptors for vertebrate development and physiology, current knowledge on endothelin ligand-receptor interactions, on the expression of endothelin receptors and their ligands, and on the functional roles of the endothelin system for embryonic development and in adult vertebrates is very much biased towards amniote vertebrates. Recent analyses from a variety of vertebrate lineages, however, have shown that the endothelin system in lineages such as teleost fish and lampreys is more diverse and is divergent from the mammalian endothelin system. This diversity is mainly based on differential evolution of numerous endothelin system components among vertebrate lineages generated by two rounds of whole genome duplication (three in teleosts) during vertebrate evolution. Here we review current understanding of the evolutionary history of the endothelin receptor family in vertebrates supplemented with surveys on the endothelin receptor gene complement of newly available genome assemblies from phylogenetically informative taxa. Our assessment further highlights the diversity of the vertebrate endothelin system and calls for detailed functional and pharmacological analyses of the endothelin system beyond tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Braasch
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA.
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Liu FF, Chen DP, Xiong YJ, Lv BC, Lin Y. Characteristics of diprophylline-induced bidirectional modulation on rat jejunal contractility. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:47-53. [PMID: 24634596 PMCID: PMC3951823 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose that diprophylline exerts bidirectional modulation (BM) on the isolated rat jejunal segment depending on its contractile state. The results supported the hypothesis. Diprophylline (20 µM) exerted stimulatory effects on the contractility of jejunal segment in six low contractile states while inhibitory effects in six high contractile states, showing the characteristics of BM. Diprophylline-induced stimulatory effect was significantly blocked by atropine, indicating the correlation with cholinergic activation. Diprophylline-induced inhibitory effect was partially blocked by phentolamine, propranolol, and L-N-Nitro-Arginine respectively, indicating their correlation with sympathetic activation and nitric oxide-mediated relaxing mechanisms. Diprophylline-induced BM was abolished by tetrodotoxin or in a Ca2+ free condition or pretreated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, suggesting that diprophylline-induced BM is Ca2+ dependent, and that it requires the presence of enteric nervous system as well as pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal. Diprophylline significantly increased the reduced MLCK expression and myosin extent in constipation-prominent rats and significantly decreased the increased MLCK expression and myosin extent in diarrhea-prominent rats, suggesting that the change of MLCK expression may also be involved in diprophylline-induced BM on rat jejunal contractility. In summary, diprophylline-exerted BM depends on the contractile states of the jejunal segments, requires the presence of Ca2+, enteric nervous system, pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal, and MLCK-correlated myosin phosphorylation. The results suggest the potential implication of diprophylline in relieving alternative hypo/hyper intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Da-Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yong-Jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bo-Chao Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Xiong YJ, Chen DP, Lv BC, Liu FF, Wang L, Lin Y. The characteristics of genistin-induced inhibitory effects on intestinal motility. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:345-52. [PMID: 23435915 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genistin belongs to isoflavones. Based on the facts that genistin exerts inhibitory effects on the contractility of vascular smooth muscle,the present study was designed to characterize the effects of genistin on intestinal contractility and evaluate its potential clinical implication. Ex vivo [isolated jejunal segment (IJS) of rat], in vitro, and in vivo assays were used in the study. The results indicated that genistin (5-80 μmol/L) inhibited the contraction of IJS in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited the increased-contractility of IJS induced by acetylcholine (ACh), histamine, high Ca(2+), and erythromycin, respectively. The inhibitory effects of genistin were correlated with the stimulation of alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic receptors since these inhibitory effects were significantly blocked in the presence of phentolamine and propranolol respectively. No further inhibitory effects of genistin were observed in the presence of verapamil or in Ca(2+)-free condition, indicating genistin-induced inhibitory effects are Ca(2+)-dependent. Genistin decreased myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) protein contents and MLCK mRNA expression in IJS, and inhibited both phosphorylation and Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of purified myosin, implicating that the decrease of MLCK contents and inhibition of MLCK activity are involved in the genistin-induced inhibitory effects. The study suggests the potential clinical implications of genistin in relieving intestinal hypercontractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
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22
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Chen DP, Xiong YJ, Lv BC, Liu FF, Wang L, Tang ZY, Lin Y. Effects of berberine on rat jejunal motility. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:734-44. [PMID: 23600391 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate berberine-induced bidirectional regulation on the contractility of jejunum. METHODS Different low and high contractile states of isolated jejunal segment from rat were established to investigate the effects of berberine. KEY FINDINGS Stimulatory effects on jejunal segment were exerted by berberine in six low contractile states and inhibitory effects were produced on jejunal segment in six high contractile states. The effects of berberine on myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) mRNA expression, MLCK protein content, and myosin phosphorylation in jejunum were also bidirectional. Bidirectional regulation was not observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin. No regulatory effects of berberine on jejunal contractility were observed in the presence of verapamil. The stimulatory effects of berberine on jejunal contractility were blocked by atropine. The inhibitory effects of berberine on jejunal contractility were abolished by phentolamine, propranolol and L-NG-nitro-arginine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Berberine-induced bidirectional regulation needed the presence of the enteric nervous system, and depended on the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) , related to the cholinergic system while jejunum was in low contractile states, and related to the adrenergic system and nitric oxide relaxing mechanism while jejunum was in high contractile states. The results suggested the potential clinical implication of berberine for alternating-type irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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23
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Chen D, Xiong Y, Tang Z, Lv B, Lin Y. Inhibitory effects of daidzein on intestinal motility in normal and high contractile states. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1561-1566. [PMID: 22979946 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.698285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Daidzein is a naturally occurring compound and has various health benefits. However, its effects on intestinal smooth muscle contractility remain unknown. AIMS The present study was to characterize the effects of daidzein on the contractility of isolated jejunal smooth muscle and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Ex vivo assay was selected as the major method to determine the effects of daidzein on the contractility of isolated jejunal smooth muscle fragment (JSMF). RESULTS Daidzein (5-160 µmol/L) inhibited the contractility of JSMF in normal contractile state and in a dose-dependent manner. Daidzein also inhibited the contractility of JSMF induced by ACh, histamine, erythromycin and high Ca²⁺, respectively, and decreased charcoal propulsion in the small intestine in vivo. The inhibitory effects of daidzein were partially blocked by phentolamine or propranolol and were abolished in the presence of varapamil or at Ca²⁺-free assay condition. However, the inhibitory effects of daidzein on jejunal contraction were not significantly influenced by nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NG-nitro-arginine (L-NNA). Daidzein was also found to directly inhibit the phosphorylation and Mg²⁺-ATPase activity of smooth muscle myosin. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results implicated that α- and β-adrenergic receptors were involved in the inhibitory effects produced by daidzein rather than via NO pathway. As a phytoestrogen, daidzein has shown its potential value in relieving the hypercontractility of small intestine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology
- Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Transit/drug effects
- Isoflavones/pharmacology
- Jejunum/drug effects
- Jejunum/physiology
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Myosins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myosins/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Phytoestrogens/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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24
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Chen DP, Xiong YJ, Tang ZY, Yao QY, Ye DM, Liu SS, Lin Y. Characteristics of deslanoside-induced modulation on jejunal contractility. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5889-96. [PMID: 23139604 PMCID: PMC3491595 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i41.5889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the dual effects of deslanoside on the contractility of jejunal smooth muscle.
METHODS: Eight pairs of different low and high contractile states of isolated jejunal smooth muscle fragment (JSMF) were established. Contractile amplitude of JSMF in different low and high contractile states was selected to determine the effects of deslanoside, and Western blotting analysis was performed to measure the effects of deslanoside on myosin phosphorylation of jejunal smooth muscle.
RESULTS: Stimulatory effects on the contractility of JSMF were induced (45.3% ± 4.0% vs 87.0% ± 7.8%, P < 0.01) by deslanoside in 8 low contractile states, and inhibitory effects were induced (180.6% ± 17.8% vs 109.9% ± 10.8%, P < 0.01) on the contractility of JSMF in 8 high contractile states. The effect of deslanoside on the phosphorylation of myosin light chain of JSMF in low (78.1% ± 4.1% vs 96.0% ± 8.1%, P < 0.01) and high contractile state (139.2% ± 8.5% vs 105.5 ± 7.34, P < 0.01) was also bidirectional. Bidirectional regulation (BR) was abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin. Deslanoside did not affect jejunal contractility pretreated with the Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil or in a Ca2+-free assay condition. The stimulatory effect of deslanoside on JSMF in a low contractile state (low Ca2+ induced) was abolished by atropine. The inhibitory effect of deslanoside on jejunal contractility in a high contractile state (high Ca2+ induced) was blocked by phentolamine, propranolol and L-NG-nitro-arginine, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Deslanoside-induced BR is Ca2+ dependent and is related to cholinergic and adrenergic systems when JSMF is in low or high contractile states.
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Nagy N, Burns AJ, Goldstein AM. Immunophenotypic characterization of enteric neural crest cells in the developing avian colorectum. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:842-51. [PMID: 22411589 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enteric nervous system (ENS) develops from neural crest-derived cells that migrate along the intestine to form two plexuses of neurons and glia. While the major features of ENS development are conserved across species, minor differences exist, especially in the colorectum. Given the embryologic and disease-related importance of the distal ENS, the aim of this study was to characterize the migration and differentiation of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs) in the colorectum of avian embryos. RESULTS Using normal chick embryos and vagal neural tube transplants from green fluorescent protein (GFP) -transgenic chick embryos, we find ENCCs entering the colon at embryonic day (E) 6.5, with colonization complete by E8. Undifferentiated ENCCs at the wavefront express HNK-1, N-cadherin, Sox10, p75, and L1CAM. By E7, differentiation begins in the proximal colon, with L1CAM and Sox10 becoming restricted to neuronal and glial lineages, respectively. By E8, multiple markers of differentiation are expressed along the entire colorectum. CONCLUSIONS Our results establish the pattern of ENCC migration and differentiation in the chick colorectum, demonstrate the conservation of marker expression across species, highlight a range of markers, including neuronal cell adhesion molecules, which label cells at the wavefront, and provide a framework for future studies in avian ENS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandor Nagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Griswold SL, Lwigale PY. Analysis of neural crest migration and differentiation by cross-species transplantation. J Vis Exp 2012:3622. [PMID: 22349214 DOI: 10.3791/3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian embryos provide a unique platform for studying many vertebrate developmental processes, due to the easy access of the embryos within the egg. Chimeric avian embryos, in which quail donor tissue is transplanted into a chick embryo in ovo, combine the power of indelible genetic labeling of cell populations with the ease of manipulation presented by the avian embryo. Quail-chick chimeras are a classical tool for tracing migratory neural crest cells (NCCs). NCCs are a transient migratory population of cells in the embryo, which originate in the dorsal region of the developing neural tube. They undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition and subsequently migrate to other regions of the embryo, where they differentiate into various cell types including cartilage, melanocytes, neurons and glia. NCCs are multipotent, and their ultimate fate is influenced by 1) the region of the neural tube in which they originate along the rostro-caudal axis of the embryo, 2) signals from neighboring cells as they migrate, and 3) the microenvironment of their ultimate destination within the embryo. Tracing these cells from their point of origin at the neural tube, to their final position and fate within the embryo, provides important insight into the developmental processes that regulate patterning and organogenesis. Transplantation of complementary regions of donor neural tube (homotopic grafting) or different regions of donor neural tube (heterotopic grafting) can reveal differences in pre-specification of NCCs along the rostro-caudal axis. This technique can be further adapted to transplant a unilateral compartment of the neural tube, such that one side is derived from donor tissue, and the contralateral side remains unperturbed in the host embryo, yielding an internal control within the same sample. It can also be adapted for transplantation of brain segments in later embryos, after HH10, when the anterior neural tube has closed. Here we report techniques for generating quail-chick chimeras via neural tube transplantation, which allow for tracing of migratory NCCs derived from a discrete segment of the neural tube. Species-specific labeling of the donor-derived cells with the quail-specific QCPN antibody allows the researcher to distinguish donor and host cells at the experimental end point. This technique is straightforward, inexpensive, and has many applications, including fate-mapping, cell lineage tracing, and identifying pre-patterning events along the rostro-caudal axis. Because of the ease of access to the avian embryo, the quail-chick graft technique may be combined with other manipulations, including but not limited to lens ablation, injection of inhibitory molecules, or genetic manipulation via electroporation of expression plasmids, to identify the response of particular migratory streams of NCCs to perturbations in the embryo's developmental program. Furthermore, this grafting technique may also be used to generate other interspecific chimeric embryos such as quail-duck chimeras to study NCC contribution to craniofacial morphogenesis, or mouse-chick chimeras to combine the power of mouse genetics with the ease of manipulation of the avian embryo.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Molecular Cloning, Sequence Characterization, and Tissue Expression Analysis of Hi-Line Brown Chicken Akirin2. Protein J 2011; 30:471-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Cellular decision making and biological noise: from microbes to mammals. Cell 2011; 144:910-25. [PMID: 21414483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular decision making is the process whereby cells assume different, functionally important and heritable fates without an associated genetic or environmental difference. Such stochastic cell fate decisions generate nongenetic cellular diversity, which may be critical for metazoan development as well as optimized microbial resource utilization and survival in a fluctuating, frequently stressful environment. Here, we review several examples of cellular decision making from viruses, bacteria, yeast, lower metazoans, and mammals, highlighting the role of regulatory network structure and molecular noise. We propose that cellular decision making is one of at least three key processes underlying development at various scales of biological organization.
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Young HM, Cane KN, Anderson CR. Development of the autonomic nervous system: a comparative view. Auton Neurosci 2010; 165:10-27. [PMID: 20346736 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review we summarize current understanding of the development of autonomic neurons in vertebrates. The mechanisms controlling the development of sympathetic and enteric neurons have been studied in considerable detail in laboratory mammals, chick and zebrafish, and there are also limited data about the development of sympathetic and enteric neurons in amphibians. Little is known about the development of parasympathetic neurons apart from the ciliary ganglion in chicks. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge, some of the mechanisms controlling sympathetic and enteric neuron development appear to be conserved between mammals, avians and zebrafish. For example, some of the transcriptional regulators involved in the development of sympathetic neurons are conserved between mammals, avians and zebrafish, and the requirement for Ret signalling in the development of enteric neurons is conserved between mammals (including humans), avians and zebrafish. However, there are also differences between species in the migratory pathways followed by sympathetic and enteric neuron precursors and in the requirements for some signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC Australia.
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