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Xie X, Li T, Xu S, Yu Y, Ma Y, Liu Z, Ji M. The Effects of Auditory Working Memory Task on Situation Awareness in Complex Dynamic Environments: An Eye-movement Study. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:1844-1859. [PMID: 37529928 DOI: 10.1177/00187208231191389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of auditory working memory task on situation awareness (SA) and eye-movement patterns in complex dynamic environments. BACKGROUND Many human errors in aviation are caused by a lack of SA, and distraction from auditory secondary tasks is a serious threat to SA. However, it remains unclear how auditory working memory tasks affect SA and eye-movement patterns. METHOD Participants (n = 28) were randomly allocated to two groups and received different periods of visual search training (short versus long). They subsequently completed a situation awareness measurement task in three auditory secondary task conditions (without secondary task, auditory calculation task, and auditory 2-back task). Eye-movement data were collected during the situation awareness measurement task. RESULTS The auditory 2-back task significantly reduced overall SA, Level 1 SA, dwell times, and total percentage of fixation time on task-related areas of interests in the SA measurement task. Overall SA and Level 3 SA were not reduced by the auditory 2-back task in individuals in the longer visual search training time condition. CONCLUSION Auditory working memory load impairs SA in the perception and projection stage; however, greater experience can overcome impairment of SA in the projection stage. APPLICATION This study provided possible approaches to preventing loss of SA: (1) improving crew members' communication skills to ensure the accurate and clear transmission of information, reducing the difficulty of processing information, and (2) providing targeted cognitive training tailored to each pilot's level of experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Xie
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Behaviour and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Northwest University of Political Science and Law, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Behaviour and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingyue Yu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Behaviour and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifeng Ma
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Behaviour and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Behaviour and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Ji
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Behaviour and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
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Portron A, Perrotte G, Ollier G, Bougard C, Bourdin C, Vercher JL. Getting back in the loop: Does autonomous driving duration affect driver's takeover performance? Heliyon 2024; 10:e24112. [PMID: 38317989 PMCID: PMC10839869 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The level 3 autonomous driving function allows the driver to perform non-driving-related tasks such as watching movies or reading while the system manages the driving task. However, when a difficult situation arises, the driver is requested to return to the loop of control. This switching from driver to passenger then back to driver may modify the driving paradigm, potentially causing an out-of-the-loop state. We tested the hypothesis of a linear (progressive) impact of various autonomous driving durations: the longer the level 3 autonomous function is used, the poorer the driver's takeover performance. Fifty-two participants were divided into 4 groups, each group being assigned a specific period of autonomous driving (5, 15, 45, or 60 min), followed by a takeover request with a time budget of 8.3 s. Takeover performance was assessed over two successive drives via reaction times and manual driving metrics (trajectories). The initial hypothesis (linearity) was not confirmed: there was a nonlinear relationship between autonomous driving duration and takeover performance, with one duration (15 min) appearing safer overall and mixed performance within groups. Repetition induced a major change in performance during the second drive, indicating rapid adaptation to the situation. The non-driving-related task appears critical in several respects (dynamics, content, driver interest) to proper use of level 3 automation. All this supports previous research prompting reservations about the prospect of car driving becoming like train travel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaëtan Perrotte
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
- Groupe Stellantis, Centre Technique de Vélizy, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
| | | | - Clément Bougard
- Groupe Stellantis, Centre Technique de Vélizy, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
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Dos Santos V, Son C. Identifying firefighters' situation awareness requirements for fire and non-fire emergencies using a goal-directed task analysis. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 114:104136. [PMID: 37716079 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
A firefighter's situation awareness (SA) is considered crucial to making effective tactical decisions and actions at the scene. Despite the importance of the firefighter's SA, there have been limited research efforts to understand what cues and information firefighters use to assess ongoing situations and predict future conditions. In addition to fire events, contemporary firefighters respond to an increasing volume of non-fire incidents. Thus, this study aims to identify firefighters' SA during three fire incidents (single house fire, vehicle fire, and passenger aircraft fire) and three non-fire incidents (medical emergency, hazardous materials, and urban search and rescue). A goal-directed task analysis was conducted via focus group discussions with eight career firefighters. Findings indicate that firefighters build their SA by processing various cues from hazards (e.g., fire, ignition source), humans (e.g., occupants, bystanders, drivers, passengers), spatial elements (e.g., building structure, location of hazards), and surrounding conditions (e.g., traffic, weather). Our findings provide insights into SA measurement, SA-oriented work processes, training for SA, and designing technologies to support firefighters' SA during all-hazard responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Dos Santos
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, & Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Changwon Son
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, & Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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The Influence of Emotion Induced by Accidents and Incidents on Pilots’ Situation Awareness. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13030231. [PMID: 36975256 PMCID: PMC10045440 DOI: 10.3390/bs13030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study examines the differences in emotions induced by accidents and incidents as emotional stimuli and the effects on pilot situation awareness (SA) after induction. (2) Method: Forty-five jet pilots were randomly divided into three groups after which their emotions were induced using the pictures of accident, incident, and neutral stimulus, respectively. (3) Results: The conditions of accidents and incidents both induced changes in the pilots’ happiness and sadness and the changes in the emotion were regulated by the emotional intelligence of pilots in the high SA group. The emotion induction, which caused a direct change in pilot’s happiness and fear, resulted in conditions that indirectly affected level 1 of SA in pilots. (4) Conclusions: The research elucidates the difference between accident and incident in inducing pilot emotions, and reminds us that SA level exerts the regulating effects on the same emotional induction conditions.
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Renziehausen JM, Bergquist AM, Stout JR, Wells AJ, Fukuda DH. Effects of a Multi-Ingredient Oral Supplement on Multiple Object Tracking, Reaction Time, and Reactive Agility. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:638-649. [DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2140014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justine M. Renziehausen
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Amy M. Bergquist
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Physiology of Work & Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Lu T, Tang M, Guo Y, Zhou C, Zhao Q, You X. Effect of video game experience on the simulated flight task: the role of attention and spatial orientation. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.2007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Lu
- Student Mental Health Education Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Menghan Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Institute of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Institute of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Institute of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingxian Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Institute of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuqun You
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Institute of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Endsley MR. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Objective Measures of Situation Awareness: A Comparison of SAGAT and SPAM. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:124-150. [PMID: 31560575 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819875376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine evidence of sensitivity, predictiveness, and methodological concerns regarding direct, objective measures of situation awareness (SA). BACKGROUND The ability to objectively measure SA is important to the evaluation of user interfaces and displays, training programs, and automation initiatives, as well as for studies that seek to better understand SA in both individuals and teams. A number of methodological criticisms have been raised creating significant confusion in the research field. METHOD A meta-analysis of 243 studies was conducted to examine evidence of sensitivity and predictiveness, and to address methodological questions regarding Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), Situation Present Assessment Technique (SPAM), and their variants. RESULTS SAGAT and SPAM were found to be equally predictive of performance. SPAM (64%) and real-time probes (73%) were found to have significantly lower sensitivity in comparison to SAGAT (94%). While SAGAT was found not to be overly memory reliant nor intrusive into operator performance, SPAM resulted in problems with intrusiveness in 40% of the studies examined, as well as problems with speed-accuracy tradeoffs, sampling bias, and confounds with workload. Concerns about memory reliance, the utility of these measures for assessing Team SA, and other issues are also addressed. CONCLUSION SAGAT was found to be a highly sensitive, reliable, and predictive measure of SA that is useful across a wide variety of domains and experimental settings. APPLICATION Direct, objective SA measurement provides useful and diagnostic insights for research and design in a wide variety of domains and study objectives.
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Kaur A, Chaujar R, Chinnadurai V. Effects of Neural Mechanisms of Pretask Resting EEG Alpha Information on Situational Awareness: A Functional Connectivity Approach. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:1150-1170. [PMID: 31461374 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819869129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the influence of pretask resting neural mechanisms on situational awareness (SA)-task is studied. BACKGROUND Pretask electroencephalography (EEG) information and Stroop effect are known to influence task engagement independently. However, neural mechanisms of pretask resting absolute alpha (PRAA) and pretask resting alpha frontal asymmetry (PRAFA) in influencing SA-task which is undergoing Stroop effect is still not understood. METHOD The study involved pretask resting EEG measurements from 18 healthy individuals followed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisition during SA-task. To understand the effect of pretask alpha information and Stroop effect on SA, a robust correlation between mean reaction time, SA Index, PRAA, and PRAFA were assessed. Furthermore, neural underpinnings of PRAA, PRAFA in SA-task, and functional connectivity were analyzed through the EEG-informed fMRI approach. RESULTS Significant robust correlation of reaction time was observed with SA Index (Pearson: r = .50, pcorr = .05) and PRAFA (Pearson: r = .63; pcorr = .01), respectively. Similarly, SA Index significantly correlated with PRAFA (Pearson: r = .56, pcorr = .01; Spearman: r = .61, pcorr = .007), and PRAA (Pearson: r = .59, pcorr = .005; Spearman: r = .59, pcorr = .002). Neural underpinnings of SA-task revealed regions involved in visual-processing and higher-order cognition. PRAA was primarily underpinned at frontal-temporal areas and functionally connected to SA-task regions pertaining to the emotional regulation. PRAFA has correlated with limbic and parietal regions, which are involved in integration of visual, emotion, and memory information of SA-task. CONCLUSION The results suggest a strong association of reaction time with SA-task and PRAFA and strongly support the hypothesis that PRAFA, PRAA, and associated neural mechanisms significantly influence the outcome of SA-task. APPLICATION It is beneficial to study the effect of pretask resting information on SA-task to improve SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardaman Kaur
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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Taber MJ, Taber N. Learning beyond ‘hands and feet’ in offshore helicopter operations: integrating the individual with the social in CRM and SA. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2020.1729444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Taber
- N2M Consulting Inc., St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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She M, Li Z, Ma L. User-defined information sharing for team situation awareness and teamwork. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:1098-1112. [PMID: 30994390 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1607910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Team members have different roles in various scenarios to maintain situation awareness. A collaborative system should therefore provide appropriate information to the appropriate person at an appropriate time. Considering the mismatch between the designed and actually used information, this paper proposed that users should define what information to share with their team-mates. Thirty-six participants, who formed eighteen teams, used both the traditional and user-defined shared displays to perform failure diagnosis on the context of nuclear power plants. The user-defined shared display exhibited shorter diagnosis time without significant difference in correctness. Information quality, instead of quantity, was positively correlated with team mutual awareness. This study provides empirical evidence that user-defined information sharing is effective at improving operator's diagnosis performance, so the users should be able to tailor the information based on requirements.Practitioner Summary: To support team situation awareness and teamwork, the present study proposed that users should define what information to share with their team-mates. The laboratory experiment shows that user-defined information sharing shortens operator diagnosis time without degrading correctness. Information quality appears more important than information quantity in enhancing team mutual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manrong She
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Liang Ma
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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ALMamari K, Traynor A. Multiple test batteries as predictors for pilot performance: A meta‐analytic investigation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid ALMamari
- Department of Educational Studies Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Anne Traynor
- Department of Educational Studies Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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Brams S, Hooge ITC, Ziv G, Dauwe S, Evens K, De Wolf T, Levin O, Wagemans J, Helsen WF. Does effective gaze behavior lead to enhanced performance in a complex error-detection cockpit task? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207439. [PMID: 30462695 PMCID: PMC6248957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between expertise, performance, and gaze behavior in a complex error-detection cockpit task. Twenty-four pilots and 26 non-pilots viewed video-clips from a pilot's viewpoint and were asked to detect malfunctions in the cockpit instrument panel. Compared to non-pilots, pilots detected more malfunctioning instruments, had shorter dwell times on the instruments, made more transitions, visited task-relevant areas more often, and dwelled longer on the areas between the instruments. These results provide evidence for three theories that explain underlying processes for expert performance: The long-term working memory theory, the information-reduction hypothesis, and the holistic model of image perception. In addition, the results for generic attentional skills indicated a higher capability to switch between global and local information processing in pilots compared to non-pilots. Taken together, the results suggest that gaze behavior as well as other generic skills may provide important information concerning underlying processes that can explain successful performance during flight in expert pilots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Brams
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace T. C. Hooge
- Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Helmholtz Instituut, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gal Ziv
- The Academic College at Wingate, Wingate institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Siska Dauwe
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ken Evens
- CAE Oxford Aviation Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Werner F. Helsen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Assessment of ECG and respiration recordings from simulated emergency landings of ultra light aircraft. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7232. [PMID: 29740046 PMCID: PMC5940920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pilots of ultra light aircraft have limited training resources, but with the use of low cost simulators it might be possible to train and test some parts of their training on the ground. The purpose of this paper is to examine possibility of stress inducement on a low cost flight simulator. Stress is assessed from electrocardiogram and respiration. Engine failure during flight served as a stress inducement stimuli. For one flight, pilots had access to an emergency navigation system. There were recorded some statistically significant changes in parameters regarding breathing frequency. Although no significant change was observed in ECG parameters, there appears to be an effect on respiration parameters. Physiological signals processed with analysis of variance suggest, that the moment of engine failure and approach for landing affected average breathing frequency. Presence of navigation interface does not appear to have a significant effect on pilots.
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Kaber DB, Riley JM, Endsley MR, Sheik-Nainar M, Zhang T, Lampton DR. Measuring Situation Awareness in Virtual Environment-Based Training. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/h0095998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Kaber
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University
| | | | | | | | | | - Donald R. Lampton
- U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Orlando, Florida
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Hagemann V. Development of a German-Language Questionnaire to Measure Collective Orientation as an Individual Attitude. SWISS JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185/a000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The individual attitudes of every single team member are important for team performance. Studies show that each team member’s collective orientation – that is, propensity to work in a collective manner in team settings – enhances the team’s interdependent teamwork. In the German-speaking countries, there was previously no instrument to measure collective orientation. So, I developed and validated a German-language instrument to measure collective orientation. In three studies (N = 1028), I tested the validity of the instrument in terms of its internal structure and relationships with other variables. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the instrument. The instrument also predicts team performance in terms of interdependent teamwork. I discuss differences in established individual variables in team research and the role of collective orientation in teams. In future research, the instrument can be applied to diagnose teamwork deficiencies and evaluate interventions for developing team members’ collective orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hagemann
- Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Situation awareness (SA) refers to the conscious awareness of the current situation in relation to one’s environment. In nursing, loss or failure to achieve high levels of SA is linked with adverse patient outcomes. The purpose of this integrative review is to examine various instruments and techniques used to measure SA among nurses across academic and clinical settings. Computerized database and ancestry search strategies resulted in 40 empirical research reports. Of the reports included in the review, 24 measured SA among teams that included nurses and 16 measured SA solely in nurses. Methods used to evaluate SA included direct and indirect methods. Direct methods included the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique and questionnaires. Indirect methods included observer rating instruments and performance outcome measures. To have a better understanding of how nurses’ make decisions in complex work environments, reliable and valid measures of SA is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina B. Orique
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Kaweah Delta Health Care District, Visalia, CA, USA
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Agarwal N, Chauhan S, Kar AK, Goyal S. Role of human behaviour attributes in mobile crowd sensing: a systematic literature review. DIGITAL POLICY REGULATION AND GOVERNANCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/dprg-05-2016-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Mobile crowd sensing (MCS) is a new paradigm enabled by Internet of Things (IoT) in which sensor-rich ubiquitous devices collect and share the data over a large geography. Human behaviour attributes (perception, comprehension and projection) play a key role in the decision-making process for sharing and processing the data. This study aims to understand how situation awareness plays an important role in MCS in an IoT ecosystem.
Design/methodology/approach
A systematic literature review was conducted by following a rigorous search protocol that identified a total of 470 peer-reviewed research papers. These papers were further filtered and finally 31 relevant papers were selected.
Findings
The major issues and concerns arising due to human participation in the MCS system were identified. Further, probable strategies were explored to deal with the challenges resulting due to certain human behaviour attributes.
Practical implications
This study provides the recommendations to address the major challenges related to the MCS system, which in turn may enhance the adoption of emerging smart technology-driven services.
Originality/value
The study is original and is based on the existing literature and its interpretation.
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Abstract
As autonomous and semiautonomous systems are developed for automotive, aviation, cyber, robotics and other applications, the ability of human operators to effectively oversee and interact with them when needed poses a significant challenge. An automation conundrum exists in which as more autonomy is added to a system, and its reliability and robustness increase, the lower the situation awareness of human operators and the less likely that they will be able to take over manual control when needed. The human-autonomy systems oversight model integrates several decades of relevant autonomy research on operator situation awareness, out-of-the-loop performance problems, monitoring, and trust, which are all major challenges underlying the automation conundrum. Key design interventions for improving human performance in interacting with autonomous systems are integrated in the model, including human-automation interface features and central automation interaction paradigms comprising levels of automation, adaptive automation, and granularity of control approaches. Recommendations for the design of human-autonomy interfaces are presented and directions for future research discussed.
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Abstract
While the majority of research on the topic of situation awareness has been focused on designing better systems, significant interest also exists in finding ways to improve SA through training. This paper describes an ongoing program that is directed at developing programs for training SA in general aviation pilots. Factors that have been found to pose problems for SA in pilots are reviewed and directions are established for creating programs for improving SA through training.
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Fragala MS, Beyer KS, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Pruna GJ, Boone CH, Bohner JD, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Hoffman JR. Resistance Exercise May Improve Spatial Awareness and Visual Reaction in Older Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:2079-87. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wildman JL, Salas E, Scott CPR. Measuring cognition in teams: a cross-domain review. HUMAN FACTORS 2014; 56:911-941. [PMID: 25141596 DOI: 10.1177/0018720813515907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is twofold: to provide a critical cross-domain evaluation of team cognition measurement options and to provide novice researchers with practical guidance when selecting a measurement method. BACKGROUND A vast selection of measurement approaches exist for measuring team cognition constructs including team mental models, transactive memory systems, team situation awareness, strategic consensus, and cognitive processes. METHODS Empirical studies and theoretical articles were reviewed to identify all of the existing approaches for measuring team cognition. These approaches were evaluated based on theoretical perspective assumed, constructs studied, resources required, level of obtrusiveness, internal consistency reliability, and predictive validity. RESULTS The evaluations suggest that all existing methods are viable options from the point of view of reliability and validity, and that there are potential opportunities for cross-domain use. For example, methods traditionally used only to measure mental models may be useful for examining transactive memory and situation awareness. The selection of team cognition measures requires researchers to answer several key questions regarding the theoretical nature of team cognition and the practical feasibility of each method. CONCLUSIONS We provide novice researchers with guidance regarding how to begin the search for a team cognition measure and suggest several new ideas regarding future measurement research. APPLICATIONS We provide (1) a broad overview and evaluation of existing team cognition measurement methods, (2) suggestions for new uses of those methods across research domains, and (3) critical guidance for novice researchers looking to measure team cognition.
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Occupant stimulus response workplace productivity and the vexed question of measurement. FACILITIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1108/f-03-2012-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper to develop a better understanding of the behavioural challenges in workplace performance evaluation and how the issues raised regarding validity and reliability of Likert scales could be addressed in future occupant surveys.Design/methodology/approachA review of the literature was conducted to identify some of the more important issues in occupant evaluations of built environment performance. Disparate fields of research were particularly given the changing nature of the workplace and work itself. The appropriateness of the Likert scale was then examined in some depth, with evaluation data presented by this method analysed to gauge the extent of error in reporting self‐assessed or perceived workplace productivity.FindingsThe review points to significant challenges in obtaining valid and reliable information in occupant self‐evaluations of workplace performance using linear Likert scales. When the occupant rating is negative, arithmetic means were found to be significantly lower than geometric means. The converse was found to be true for positive ratings. Magnitude estimation using a free modulus approach has been shown to be potentially free of bias and scale limitationsResearch limitations/implicationsThe survey data available for analysis were limited, but the implications of the findings for the credibility of workplace performance evaluation are significant given the widespread use of linear Likert scales. Researchers are encouraged to pursue the questions raised and test the propositions further.Practical implicationsWith modern work becoming more complex, information rich, mobile and team oriented, more sophisticated occupant performance evaluation tools and methods are needed to replace simplistic self‐assessment questionnaires.Originality/valueThis paper addresses the paucity of research into the validity and reliability of self‐assessed measures for workplace productivity. It integrates findings from disparate fields including aviation and cognitive functioning. It presents a stronger behavioural emphasis in evaluation, while encouraging the development of more effective measurement methods.
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Schulz CM, Schneider E, Kohlbecher S, Hapfelmeier A, Heuser F, Wagner KJ, Kochs EF, Schneider G. The influence of anaesthetists’ experience on workload, performance and visual attention during simulated critical incidents. J Clin Monit Comput 2013; 28:475-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10877-013-9443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Figueroa IJ, Youmans RJ. Individual Differences in Cognitive Flexibility Predict Performance in Vigilance Tasks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1071181312561239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
‘Real-world’ vigilance tasks are difficult to perform because they require sustained and divided attention. The present study investigated whether individual differences in a person’s cognitive flexibility, the ability to abandon one cognitive strategy in favor of another, can predict performance on a vigilance task. Sixty-one undergraduate students from California State University, Northridge participated in this study. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task was used to measure participants’ level of cognitive flexibility. Vigilance was examined using a multi-screened Clock Task. Participants then performed either a nine-minute Static or Dynamic Clock task. Two variables of cognitive flexibility were found to predict signal detection. Cognitive flexibility may eventually become a useful individual difference measure that can help provide insight for vigilance training strategies.
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Saus ER, Johnsen BH, Eid J, Thayer JF. Who benefits from simulator training: Personality and heart rate variability in relation to situation awareness during navigation training. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Emergency Response in Simulated Terrorist Attacks. USABILITY IN GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7149348 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391063-9.00039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sulistyawati K, Wickens CD, Chui YP. Prediction in Situation Awareness: Confidence Bias and Underlying Cognitive Abilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2011.556492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Matthews MD, Eid J, Johnsen BH, Boe OC. A Comparison of Expert Ratings and Self-Assessments of Situation Awareness During a Combat Fatigue Course. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2011.550222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarle Eid
- b University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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Bolstad CA, Endsley MR, Costello AM, Howell CD. Evaluation of Computer-Based Situation Awareness Training for General Aviation Pilots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2010.487013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Saus ER, Johnsen BH, Eid J, Riisem PK, Andersen R, Thayer JF. The Effect of Brief Situational Awareness Training in a Police Shooting Simulator: An Experimental Study. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327876mp1803s_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn-Rose Saus
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Helge Johnsen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Norway and the Royal Norwegian Navy
| | - Jarle Eid
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Norway and the Royal Norwegian Navy
| | - Per Ketil Riisem
- Department of Education, The Norwegian Police University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Andersen
- Department of Education, The Norwegian Police University College, Oslo, Norway
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Durso FT, Sethumadhavan A. Situation awareness: understanding dynamic environments. HUMAN FACTORS 2008; 50:442-448. [PMID: 18689051 DOI: 10.1518/001872008x288448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present a snapshot of the work on situation awareness, which involves operators' comprehension of the dynamic situation that they are monitoring or controlling. BACKGROUND Although human factors has always been concerned with helping the operator in his or her work environment, research exploded in the mid-1990s on one relevant construct, situation awareness. METHOD We discuss how a distinction present years ago, the product of comprehension versus the process of comprehension, not only continues today but characterizes different research directions. Research on situation awareness has benefited and can continue to benefit from an analogy to the better understood comprehension of narrative and expository text, although such an analogy between text and dynamic environments will ultimately have limits. RESULTS Situation awareness as a notion that organizes and focuses research efforts has rightfully spread to research in virtually every industrial domain, and it is an essential part of work on automation and design. CONCLUSION Work on situation awareness has had a ubiquitous influence on cognitive engineering and has even pushed the envelope of basic cognitive psychology into dynamic domains. APPLICATION Considering situation awareness is also important in cognitive ergonomic issues relevant to training, teamwork, and the design of new human-technical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis T Durso
- Department of Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2051, USA.
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Prince C, Ellis E, Brannick MT, Salas E. Measurement of Team Situation Awareness in Low Experience Level Aviators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10508410709336936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Ellis
- b Department of Psychology , University of South Florida
| | | | - Eduardo Salas
- c Department of Psychology , Institute for Simulation & Training, University of Central Florida
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O'Brien KS, O'Hare D. Situational awareness ability and cognitive skills training in a complex real-world task. ERGONOMICS 2007; 50:1064-91. [PMID: 17510823 DOI: 10.1080/00140130701276640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Successful performance in complex dynamic environments depends on domain-dependent factors, such as situational awareness (SA). Underlying SA in a domain are domain-independent cognitive abilities in perception, memory, attention and executive control. Individuals with lower underlying ability perform relatively poorly in complex dynamic real-world tasks. The first experiment examined whether cognitive skills training could overcome limitations in underlying SA ability that impact on complex dynamic task performance. Participants were taught a mix of cognitive management strategies (e.g. divided and focused attention and visual search) in a simulated air traffic control task. A second experiment investigated the link between underlying SA ability, TRACON and SAGAT, a widely used measure of domain-specific SA. In a third experiment, the focus was on encouraging participants to plan ahead and consider the interrelations of elements (aircraft) in the environment. Whilst both training methods ameliorated the negative impact that lower SA ability had on complex dynamic task performance, the results of the third study indicated that this may have been achieved through improved planning behaviour. Finally, participants with higher underlying SA ability performed well irrespective of training condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Caserta RJ, Abrams L. The relevance of situation awareness in older adults’ cognitive functioning: a review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11556-007-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Age-related declines in cognition may have detrimental effects on older adults’ ability to complete everyday activities that young- and middle-aged individuals perform automatically. Theories of cognitive aging have found deficits in older adults’ fluid intelligence, capacity for inhibition, number of processing resources, and speed of processing, and in recent years, studies have proposed cognitive strategies to ameliorate these declines. However, few strategies directly train the cognitive strategies necessary to improve performance in dynamic environments and physical activities. One such strategy may be the enhancement of situation awareness, the capability to perceive and understand one’s environment. Although the term has typically been applied to pilots and other expert performers, situation awareness may also be relevant to cognitive aging, where older adults’ perception and comprehension of their environment become critical to everyday functioning and physical activities. If older adults’ situation awareness can be facilitated, then it may be possible to reduce the impact of age-related cognitive declines, allowing older adults to successfully participate in dynamic situations and sports where the environment is constantly changing (e.g., driving and tennis). The following review outlines cognitive deficits in aging, details their relation to situation awareness, and discusses how training in situation awareness may reduce cognitive declines.
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Hogan MP, Pace DE, Hapgood J, Boone DC. Use of Human Patient Simulation and the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique in Practical Trauma Skills Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 61:1047-52. [PMID: 17099507 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000238687.23622.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Situation awareness (SA) is defined as the perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future. This construct is vital to decision making in intense, dynamic environments. It has been used in aviation as it relates to pilot performance, but has not been applied to medical education. The most widely used objective tool for measuring trainee SA is the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT). The purpose of this study was to design and validate SAGAT for assessment of practical trauma skills, and to compare SAGAT results to traditional checklist style scoring. METHODS Using the Human Patient Simulator, we designed SAGAT for practical trauma skills assessment based on Advanced Trauma Life Support objectives. Sixteen subjects (four staff surgeons, four senior residents, four junior residents, and four medical students) participated in three scenarios each. They were assessed using SAGAT and traditional checklist assessment. A questionnaire was used to assess possible confounding factors in attaining SA and overall trainee satisfaction. RESULTS SAGAT was found to show significant difference (analysis of variance; p < 0.001) in scores based on level of training lending statistical support to construct validity. SAGAT was likewise found to display reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.767), and significant scoring correlation with traditional checklist performance measures (Pearson's coefficient 0.806). The questionnaire revealed no confounding factors and universal satisfaction with the human patient simulator and SAGAT. CONCLUSIONS SAGAT is a valid, reliable assessment tool for trauma trainees in the dynamic clinical environment created by human patient simulation. Information provided by SAGAT could provide specific feedback, direct individualized teaching, and support curriculum change. Introduction of SAGAT could improve the current assessment model for practical trauma education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hogan
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Health Sciences Center, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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Schnell T, Kwon Y, Merchant S, Etherington T. Improved Flight Technical Performance in Flight Decks Equipped With Synthetic Vision Information System Displays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327108ijap1401_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Petrusa ER. Taking standardized patient-based examinations to the next level. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2004; 16:98-110. [PMID: 14987183 DOI: 10.1207/s15328015tlm1601_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to summarize this author's view on "where we are" with standardized patient-based assessments of clinical performance and to offer three directions for further research and development. SUMMARY The push for more objective outcome data has fueled proliferation of the most researched innovation in the history of medical education. Near-random clinical experiences of students do not provide consistent, repeated practice with important clinical cases to achieve minimally adequate performance on these objective performance examinations, leading to scoring "psychogymnastics" to titrate fail rates. The second area is to modify these examinations to reflect features at higher levels of professional development such as situational awareness. Theories of professional development should guide changes. The third area incorporates multiperson scenarios; a clinician with a family or a team in the operating room. Simulation of complex situations, especially those requiring rapid, accurate communication and action can reduce medical errors and improve patient safety. CONCLUSIONS Standardized patient-based examinations provide objective outcome data but require artificial adjustments in scoring due to inconsistent learning opportunities. Theoretical research on professional development, acquisition of expertise and team functioning provides fertile, new directions to take standardized patient-based examinations to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Petrusa
- Associate Dean for Curriculum Assessment, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Sohn YW, Doane SM. Memory processes of flight situation awareness: interactive roles of working memory capacity, long-term working memory, and expertise. HUMAN FACTORS 2004; 46:461-475. [PMID: 15573546 DOI: 10.1518/hfes.46.3.461.50392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the role of working memory (WM) capacity and long-term working memory (LT-WM) in flight situation awareness (SA). We developed spatial and verbal measures of WM capacity and LT-WM skill and then determined the ability of these measures to predict pilot performance on SA tasks. Although both spatial measures of WM capacity and LT-WM skills were important predictors of SA performance, their importance varied as a function of pilot expertise. Spatial WM capacity was most predictive of SA performance for novices, whereas spatial LT-WM skill based on configurations of control flight elements (attitude and power) was most predictive for experts. Furthermore, evidence for an interactive role of WM and LT-WM mechanisms was indicated. Actual or potential applications of this research include cognitive analysis of pilot expertise and aviation training.
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Morrow DG, Menard WE, Ridolfo HE, Stine-Morrow EAL, Teller T, Bryant D. Expertise, Cognitive Ability, and Age Effects on Pilot Communication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327108ijap1304_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sohn YW, Doane SM. Roles of working memory capacity and long-term working memory skill in complex task performance. Mem Cognit 2003; 31:458-66. [PMID: 12795487 DOI: 10.3758/bf03194403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, we examined the relative roles of domain-general and domain-specific individual difference characteristics in complex cognitive task performance. Specifically, we examined the impact both of working memory (WM) capacity and of acquired skills used to encode presented information in an accessible form in long-term working memory (LTWM) on performance in a complex aviation task environment. Measures of WM capacity and LTWM skill served as performance predictors. A criterion measure of task performance was related to the predictor measures. The results indicated that an increase in LTWM skill decreases the role of WM capacity as the determinant of complex task performance, although both measures are important performance predictors. We discuss how the two distinct WM constructs coexist and interact to support complex task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Sohn
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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Morrow DG, Menard WE, Stine-Morrow EA, Teller T, Bryant D. The influence of expertise and task factors on age differences in pilot communication. Psychol Aging 2001; 16:31-46. [PMID: 11302366 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The influence of expertise and task factors on age differences in a simulated pilot-Air Traffic Control (ATC) communication task was examined. Young, middle-aged, and older pilots and nonpilots listened to ATC messages that described a route through an airspace, during which they referred to a chart of this airspace. Participants read back each message and then answered a probe question about the route. It was found that pilots read back messages more accurately than nonpilots, and younger participants were more accurate than older participants. Age differences were not reduced for pilots. Pilots and younger participants also answered probes more accurately, suggesting that they were better able to interpret the ATC messages in terms of the chart in order to create a situation model of the flight. The findings suggest that expertise benefits occur for adults of all ages. High levels of flying experience among older pilots (as compared with younger pilots) helped to buffer age-related declines in cognitive resources, thus providing evidence for the mediating effects of experience on age differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Morrow
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824, USA.
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Abstract
The role of the modern pilot requires a high degree of situational awareness. This involves the ability to search for relevant information, assess opportunities and priorities, and maintain performance under stress. The PC-based WOMBAT test has been designed to measure individual aptitude to cope with such demands. In the first experiment performance on the WOMBAT test was compared with performance on a battery of tests of specific underlying abilities. In the second experiment the performance of elite soaring pilots was compared with that of matched pilot and control groups. The results support the theory that the WOMBAT test measures individual ability to maintain situational awareness and that this ability is found in high levels in elite pilots.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O'Hare
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Cholewiak RW, Collins AA. Individual differences in the vibrotactile perception of a "simple" pattern set. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1997; 59:850-66. [PMID: 9270360 DOI: 10.3758/bf03205503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Discriminative capacities for vibrotactile spatiotemporal patterns were examined in 62 college students with three tasks: identification, masking, and discrimination of the letters "X" and "O" presented tactually on the Optacon, a reading machine for blind persons. Individual differences in performance and interrelations among scores within and across paradigms were explored. In identification, most persons quickly achieved consistently better than 90% performance, but others failed to identify the patterns above 80%, even after prolonged training. The same performance variance was found when the task was repeated by 23 Naval student pilots. Masking and discrimination measured susceptibility to interference when patterns followed one another closely in time. The resulting functions were typical, with poorest performance at short stimulus onset asynchronies. Again, a wide range of performance was seen. Individual performance, however, appeared to be consistent across tasks, suggesting that abilities in a variety of pattern-perception tasks might be predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Cholewiak
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, NJ 08544-1010, USA.
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