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Hou Y, Chen Y, Lai S, Seery S, Wang L, Li X, Liu H, Qin C, Li W, Lu X, Liu C, Wang J, Xu T. Decision regret related to urinary diversion choices after cystectomy among Chinese bladder cancer patients. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4786-4793. [PMID: 36271485 PMCID: PMC9972133 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore factors associated with decision regret after cystectomy among Chinese bladder cancer patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 112 patients, who had received radical bladder cancer resection. Participants were recruited from August 2021 until January 2022. The decision regret scale (DRS), decision conflict scale (DCS), and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bladder cancer (FACT-BL) form were used to measure decision regret, decision conflict, and quality of life. Investigator-designed items further explored perceptions involved in decision-making participation and outcomes. RESULTS The average score for decision regret was 26.21 (SD 15.886), while decision conflict was 20.27 (SD 13.375) and quality of life was 94.74 (SD 20.873). 57.1% of our participants had a little knowledge about the quality of life of patients who chose an alternate urinary diversion method; however, only 13.4% reported having a clear understanding. In addition, 8.9%, 26.8%, and 36.6% thought that quality of life related to alternate decisions was poor, average, or good, respectively. Multiple regression analysis suggested that decision regret is associated with decision conflict, quality of life, and the perceptions that others (who took alternate urinary diversion decisions) had a better quality of life. CONCLUSION Decision regret is common among Chinese bladder cancer patients, after cystectomy. The prevalence of regret appears to be much higher in Chinese bladder cancer patients compared to similar studies from other regions. Decisions in mainland China are often made by the treating physician or by family members which may cause more profound regret. However, education and economic status are positively related to higher levels of regret which creates questions around knowing, participation, and expectations, which must be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinmeng Hou
- Urology DepartmentPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Urology DepartmentPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Shicong Lai
- Urology DepartmentPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Samuel Seery
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and MedicineLancasterUK
| | - Ling Wang
- Office of Retirement AffairsPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Nursing DepartmentPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Huixin Liu
- Department of Academic ResearchPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Caipeng Qin
- Urology DepartmentPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wei Li
- Urology DepartmentThe Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Peking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jia Wang
- Urology DepartmentPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Tao Xu
- Urology DepartmentPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
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Gautam S, Suddendorf T, Redshaw J. Counterfactual thinking elicits emotional change in young children. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210346. [PMID: 36314147 PMCID: PMC9620755 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adults often reason about what might have happened had they chosen an alternative course of action in the past, which can elicit the counterfactual emotion of regret. It is unclear whether young children's emotions are similarly impacted by counterfactual thinking about past possibilities. In this study, 4- to 9-year-old children (N = 160) opened one of two boxes, which concealed small and large prizes, respectively. Some children had the means to open either box, whereas other children only had the means to open one box. After seeing that the prize they did not obtain was larger than the one they did obtain, children were significantly more likely to report a negative change in emotion when the non-obtained prize had been a straightforward counterfactual possibility than when it had not. This shows that even young children experience counterfactual emotions following choices, which may ultimately drive them to make better choices in the future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Gautam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Thomas Suddendorf
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan Redshaw
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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Budjanovcanin A, Woodrow C. Regretting your occupation constructively: A qualitative study of career choice and occupational regret. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Regulating regret via decreasing goal level: Comparing maximizers and satisficers. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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From entrepreneurial intentions to behavior: The role of anticipated regret and proactive personality. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chun HH, Park J, Thomas M. Cold Anticipated Regret versus Hot Experienced Regret: Why Consumers Fail to Regret Unhealthy Consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/702622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wang Z, Yang L, Jiang H, Huang S, Palmer AE, Ma L, Lau JTF. High Prevalence of Inconsistent Condom Use With Regular Female Sex Partners Among Heterosexual Male Sexually Transmitted Disease Patients in Southern China. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2019; 45:31-43. [PMID: 29741446 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2018.1474408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with inconsistent condom use with regular female sex partners (RPs) among heterosexual male STD patients (MSTDPs) in China. We interviewed 413 MSTDPs who had had sex with at least one RP and had received a diagnosis within the past week to six months. The prevalence of inconsistent condom use with RPs was 42.9% since STD diagnosis. Associated factors included perceptions related to condom use, regret about the decision of having unprotected sex with RP, and perceived personal partners' responsibility of using condoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Wang
- a Centre for Health Behaviours Research , JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- b Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen , China
| | - Ligang Yang
- c Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
- d Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hui Jiang
- a Centre for Health Behaviours Research , JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Shujie Huang
- c Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
- d Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital , Guangzhou , China
| | - Allison E Palmer
- e Tulane University , School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana , USA
| | - Lu Ma
- a Centre for Health Behaviours Research , JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Joseph T F Lau
- a Centre for Health Behaviours Research , JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- b Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen , China
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Broomhall AG, Phillips WJ. Self-referent upward counterfactuals and depression: Examining regret as a mediator. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1416884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gene Broomhall
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences of University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351 Australia
| | - Wendy J. Phillips
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences of University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351 Australia
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9
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Mental contrasting of counterfactual fantasies attenuates disappointment, regret, and resentment. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-017-9644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Broomhall AG, Phillips WJ, Hine DW, Loi NM. Upward counterfactual thinking and depression: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 55:56-73. [PMID: 28501706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the strength of association between upward counterfactual thinking and depressive symptoms. Forty-two effect sizes from a pooled sample of 13,168 respondents produced a weighted average effect size of r=.26, p<.001. Moderator analyses using an expanded set of 96 effect sizes indicated that upward counterfactuals and regret produced significant positive effects that were similar in strength. Effects also did not vary as a function of the theme of the counterfactual-inducing situation or study design (cross-sectional versus longitudinal). Significant effect size heterogeneity was observed across sample types, methods of assessing upward counterfactual thinking, and types of depression scale. Significant positive effects were found in studies that employed samples of bereaved individuals, older adults, terminally ill patients, or university students, but not adolescent mothers or mixed samples. Both number-based and Likert-based upward counterfactual thinking assessments produced significant positive effects, with the latter generating a larger effect. All depression scales produced significant positive effects, except for the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview. Research and theoretical implications are discussed in relation to cognitive theories of depression and the functional theory of upward counterfactual thinking, and important gaps in the extant research literature are identified.
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A sequential choice perspective of postdecision regret and counterfactual thinking in voluntary turnover decisions. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Itzkin A, Van Dijk D, Azar OH. At Least I Tried: The Relationship between Regulatory Focus and Regret Following Action vs. Inaction. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1684. [PMID: 27833581 PMCID: PMC5081364 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regret is an unpleasant feeling that may arise following decisions that ended poorly, and may affect the decision-maker's well-being and future decision making. Some studies show that a decision to act leads to greater regret than a decision not to act when both resulted in failure, because the latter is usually the norm. In some cases, when the norm is to act, this pattern is reversed. We suggest that the decision maker's regulatory focus, affects regret after action or inaction. Specifically, promotion-focused individuals, who tend to be more proactive, view action as more normal than prevention-focused individuals, and therefore experience regulatory fit when an action decision is made. Hence, we hypothesized that promotion-focused individuals will feel less regret than prevention-focused individuals when a decision to act ended poorly. In addition, we hypothesized that a trigger for change implied in the situation, decreases the level of regret following action. We tested our hypotheses on a sample of 330 participants enrolled in an online survey. The participants received six decision scenarios, in which they were asked to evaluate the level of regret following action and inaction. Individual regulatory focus was measured by two different scales. Promotion-focused individuals attributed less regret than prevention-focused individuals to action decisions. Regret following inaction was not affected by regulatory focus. In addition, a trigger for change decreases regret following action. Orthodox people tend to attribute more regret than non-orthodox to a person who made an action decision. The results contribute to the literature by showing that not only the situation but also the decision maker's orientation affects the regret after action vs. inaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ofer H. Azar
- Guilford Glazer Faculty of Business and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer Sheva, Israel
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Kokkinaki F, Sevdalis N. Effect of Motivational Goals on the Causal Realism of Counterfactual Thoughts. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 149:643-64. [PMID: 25297687 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2014.954512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Counterfactual thinking refers to mental comparisons of reality with imagined alternatives of it. The "functional view" of counterfactual thinking suggests that upward counterfactuals (which improve on reality) serve a preparative function and downward counterfactuals (which worsen reality) serve an affective function. This view presumes that people generate counterfactuals that focus on cause(s) that have actually produced the negative outcomes. The two experiments reported here demonstrate that people spontaneously manipulate the causal content of their counterfactuals, depending on their motivational goals. Specifically, it was found that when people aim to feel better about a poor decision they generate less realistic (upward) counterfactuals, experience less negative affect and tend to attribute the outcome to less controllable causes than when they aim to learn from their experience. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Gao H, Zhang Y, Wang F, Xu Y, Hong YY, Jiang J. Regret causes ego-depletion and finding benefits in the regrettable events alleviates ego-depletion. The Journal of General Psychology 2014; 141:169-206. [PMID: 24940811 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2014.884053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that experiencing regret would result in ego-depletion, while finding benefits (i.e., "silver linings") in the regret-eliciting events counteracted the ego-depletion effect. Using a modified gambling paradigm (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) and a retrospective method (Experiments 3 and 5), five experiments were conducted to induce regret. Results revealed that experiencing regret undermined performance on subsequent tasks, including a paper-and-pencil calculation task (Experiment 1), a Stroop task (Experiment 2), and a mental arithmetic task (Experiment 3). Furthermore, finding benefits in the regret-eliciting events improved subsequent performance (Experiments 4 and 5), and this improvement was mediated by participants' perceived vitality (Experiment 4). This study extended the depletion model of self-regulation by considering emotions with self-conscious components (in our case, regret). Moreover, it provided a comprehensive understanding of how people felt and performed after experiencing regret and after finding benefits in the events that caused the regret.
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Khanin D, Turel O. Conflicts and Regrets in the Venture Capitalist-Entrepreneur Relationship. JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Investor regret: The role of expectation in comparing what is to what might have been. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500002771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInvestors, like any decision maker, feel regret when they compare the outcome of an investment with what the outcome would have been had they invested differently. We argue and show that this counterfactual comparison process is most likely to take place when the decision maker’s expectations are violated. Across five scenario experiments we found that decision makers were influenced only by forgone investment outcomes when the realized investment fell short of the expected result. However, when their investments exceeded prior expectations, the effect of foregone investment on regret disappeared. In addition, Experiment 4 found that individual differences in the need to maximize further moderated the effects of their expectations, such that maximizers always take into account the forgone investment. The final experiment found that when probed to make counterfactual comparisons, also investments that exceed expectations may lead to regret. Together these experiments reveal insights into the comparative processes leading to decision regret.
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Kirkebøen G, Vasaasen E, Halvor Teigen K. Revisions and Regret: The Cost of Changing your Mind. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geir Kirkebøen
- Department of Psychology; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - Erik Vasaasen
- Department of Psychology; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
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Reb J, Connolly T. The effects of action, normality, and decision carefulness on anticipated regret: Evidence for a broad mediating role of decision justifiability. Cogn Emot 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/02699930903512168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kirkebøen G, Teigen KH. Pre-outcome regret: Widespread and overlooked. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Epstude K, Roese NJ. The functional theory of counterfactual thinking. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2008; 12:168-92. [PMID: 18453477 DOI: 10.1177/1088868308316091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Counterfactuals are thoughts about alternatives to past events, that is, thoughts of what might have been. This article provides an updated account of the functional theory of counterfactual thinking, suggesting that such thoughts are best explained in terms of their role in behavior regulation and performance improvement. The article reviews a wide range of cognitive experiments indicating that counterfactual thoughts may influence behavior by either of two routes: a content-specific pathway (which involves specific informational effects on behavioral intentions, which then influence behavior) and a content-neutral pathway (which involves indirect effects via affect, mind-sets, or motivation). The functional theory is particularly useful in organizing recent findings regarding counterfactual thinking and mental health. The article concludes by considering the connections to other theoretical conceptions, especially recent advances in goal cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Epstude
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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