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Djuris J, Cvijic S, Djekic L. Model-Informed Drug Development: In Silico Assessment of Drug Bioperformance following Oral and Percutaneous Administration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:177. [PMID: 38399392 PMCID: PMC10892858 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has faced significant changes in recent years, primarily influenced by regulatory standards, market competition, and the need to accelerate drug development. Model-informed drug development (MIDD) leverages quantitative computational models to facilitate decision-making processes. This approach sheds light on the complex interplay between the influence of a drug's performance and the resulting clinical outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to explain the mechanisms that control the dissolution and/or release of drugs and their subsequent permeation through biological membranes. Furthermore, the importance of simulating these processes through a variety of in silico models is emphasized. Advanced compartmental absorption models provide an analytical framework to understand the kinetics of transit, dissolution, and absorption associated with orally administered drugs. In contrast, for topical and transdermal drug delivery systems, the prediction of drug permeation is predominantly based on quantitative structure-permeation relationships and molecular dynamics simulations. This review describes a variety of modeling strategies, ranging from mechanistic to empirical equations, and highlights the growing importance of state-of-the-art tools such as artificial intelligence, as well as advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djuris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.C.); (L.D.)
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Reppas C, Kuentz M, Bauer-Brandl A, Carlert S, Dallmann A, Dietrich S, Dressman J, Ejskjaer L, Frechen S, Guidetti M, Holm R, Holzem FL, Karlsson Ε, Kostewicz E, Panbachi S, Paulus F, Senniksen MB, Stillhart C, Turner DB, Vertzoni M, Vrenken P, Zöller L, Griffin BT, O'Dwyer PJ. Leveraging the use of in vitro and computational methods to support the development of enabling oral drug products: An InPharma commentary. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106505. [PMID: 37343604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the strong tendency towards poorly soluble drugs in modern development pipelines, enabling drug formulations such as amorphous solid dispersions, cyclodextrins, co-crystals and lipid-based formulations are frequently applied to solubilize or generate supersaturation in gastrointestinal fluids, thus enhancing oral drug absorption. Although many innovative in vitro and in silico tools have been introduced in recent years to aid development of enabling formulations, significant knowledge gaps still exist with respect to how best to implement them. As a result, the development strategy for enabling formulations varies considerably within the industry and many elements of empiricism remain. The InPharma network aims to advance a mechanistic, animal-free approach to the assessment of drug developability. This commentary focuses current status and next steps that will be taken in InPharma to identify and fully utilize 'best practice' in vitro and in silico tools for use in physiologically based biopharmaceutic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | | | - André Dallmann
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Shirin Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lotte Ejskjaer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Frechen
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Solvias AG, Department for Solid-State Development, Römerpark 2, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Edmund Kostewicz
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shaida Panbachi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Felix Paulus
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Malte Bøgh Senniksen
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Vrenken
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Laurin Zöller
- AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden; Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Shah H, Shah K, Gajera B, Dave RH, Taft DR. Developing a Formulation Strategy Coupled with PBPK Modeling and Simulation for the Weakly Basic Drug Albendazole. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041040. [PMID: 37111526 PMCID: PMC10145446 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ) is a weakly basic drug that undergoes extensive presystemic metabolism after oral administration and converts to its active form albendazole sulfoxide (ABZ_SO). The absorption of albendazole is limited by poor aqueous solubility, and dissolution is the rate-limiting step in the overall exposure of ABZ_SO. In this study, PBPK modeling was used to identify formulation-specific parameters that impact the oral bioavailability of ABZ_SO. In vitro experiments were carried out to determine pH solubility, precipitation kinetics, particle size distribution, and biorelevant solubility. A transfer experiment was conducted to determine the precipitation kinetics. A PBPK model for ABZ and ABZ_SO was developed using the Simcyp™ Simulator based on parameter estimates from in vitro experiments. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the impact of physiological parameters and formulation-related parameters on the systemic exposure of ABZ_SO. Model simulations predicted that increased gastric pH significantly reduced ABZ absorption and, subsequently, ABZ_SO systemic exposure. Reducing the particle size below 50 µm did not improve the bioavailability of ABZ. Modeling results illustrated that systemic exposure of ABZ_SO was enhanced by increasing solubility or supersaturation and decreasing the drug precipitation of ABZ at the intestinal pH level. These results were used to identify potential formulation strategies to enhance the oral bioavailability of ABZ_SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Shah
- Invagen, A Cipla Subsidiary, Hauppauge, NY 11788, USA
| | - Kushal Shah
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Rutesh H Dave
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - David R Taft
- Samuel J. and Joan B. Williamson Institute for Pharmacometrics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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4
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Kuentz M, Holm R, Kronseder C, Saal C, Griffin BT. Rational Selection of Bio-Enabling Oral Drug Formulations - A PEARRL Commentary. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1921-1930. [PMID: 33609523 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New drug candidates often require bio-enabling formation technologies such as lipid-based formulations, solid dispersions, or nanosized drug formulations. Development of such more sophisticated delivery systems generally requires higher resource investment compared to a conventional oral dosage form, which might slow down clinical development. To achieve the biopharmaceutical objectives while enabling rapid cost effective development, it is imperative to identify a suitable formulation technique for a given drug candidate as early as possible. Hence many companies have developed internal decision trees based mostly on prior organizational experience, though they also contain some arbitrary elements. As part of the EU funded PEARRL project, a number of new decision trees are here proposed that reflect both the current scientific state of the art and a consensus among the industrial project partners. This commentary presents and discusses these, while also going beyond this classical expert approach with a pilot study using emerging machine learning, where the computer suggests formulation strategy based on the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of a molecule. Current limitations are discussed and an outlook is provided for likely future developments in this emerging field of pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Kronseder
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
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5
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Byrn SR, Chen XS, Smith PA. Predictive and Accelerated Formulation Design Using Synchrotron Methods. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:176. [PMID: 31037517 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive formulation design and accelerated formulation design can lead to the discovery of useful formulations to support drug clinical studies and successful drug approval. Predictive formulation design can also lead to discovery of a path for commercialization, especially for poorly soluble drugs, when the target product profile is well defined and a "learning before doing" approach is implemented. One of the key components of predictive/accelerated formulation design is to understand and leverage the material properties of drug substance including solubility, BCS classification, polymorphs, salt formation, amorphous form, amorphous complex, and stability. In addition, utilizing synchrotron-based PDF (pair distribution function) analysis can provide important structural information for the formulation. This knowledge allows control of physical and chemical stability of the designed product. Finally, formulation design should link to process development following Quality by Design principles, and solid-state chemistry should play a critical role in many of the steps required to achieve Quality by Design, which can lead to successful product development.
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6
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Li X, Shi L, Tang X, Wang Q, Zhou L, Song W, Feng Z, Ge J, Li JK, Yang L, Wen A, Zhang Y. Mechanistic prediction of food effects for Compound A tablet using PBPK model. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:603-609. [PMID: 28386186 PMCID: PMC5372427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has been extensively used to study the factors of effect drug absorption, distribution, metabolize and extraction progress in human. In this study, Compound A(CPD A) is a BCS Class II drug, which has been extensive applied in clinical as lipid-lowering drug, administered orally after food, they displayed positive food effects in human, A PBPK model was built to mechanistic investigate the food effect of CPD A tablet in our study. By using gastroplus™ software, the PBPK models accurately predicted the results of food effects and predicted data were within 2-fold error of the observed results. The PBPK model mechanistic illuminated the changes of pharmacokinetic values for the positive food effects of the compound in human. Here in, the PBPK modeling which were combined with ACAT absorption models in it, successfully simulated the food effect in human of the drug. The simulation results were proved that PBPK model can be able to serve as a potential tool to predict the food effect on certain oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuling Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhijun Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Kang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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7
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Elder DP, Holm R, Kuentz M. Medicines for Pediatric Patients-Biopharmaceutical, Developmental, and Regulatory Considerations. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:950-960. [PMID: 28041968 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This commentary reflects current developments in pediatric medicine. The underpinning legislation in both Europe and the United States has led to the initiation of an increased number of clinical trials in the pediatric population, but there are still a number of outstanding issues within this field. These include the differences in the physiology between adults and the very heterogeneous nature of pediatric patients. There is an ongoing scientific debate on the applicability of a Pediatric Biopharmaceutical Classification System to define when waivers for bioequivalence studies can be supported by in vitro dissolution. However, a challenge is that in vitro models should adequately mimic the physiology of different pediatric age-groups and dose definition is another critical aspect. There is a tendency for off-label use of established adult medicines, resulting in increased adverse events and decreased efficacy in the target population. Recent advances in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling may be used to provide valuable input into these discussions, but there are currently still many knowledge gaps. It is encouraging that there is a global recognition of these deficiencies and substantial funding in the field of basic research is being provided, for example, within Europe the Innovative Medicines Initiative consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Elder
- GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Jansen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland.
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8
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Groo AC, De Pascale M, Voisin-Chiret AS, Corvaisier S, Since M, Malzert-Fréon A. Comparison of 2 strategies to enhance pyridoclax solubility: Nanoemulsion delivery system versus salt synthesis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 97:218-226. [PMID: 27916693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoclax is an original oligopyridine lead, very promising in treatment of chemoresistant cancers. However, from solubility measurement and permeability evaluation, it appeared that this compound can be considered as a BCS II drug, with a poor water solubility. To overcome this unfavorable property, two strategies were proposed and compared: pyridoclax di-hydrochloride salt synthesis and formulation of pyridoclax-loaded nanoemulsions (PNEs) efficiently performed by transposing the spontaneous emulsification process previously developed by our team. Whereas the salt improved the thermodynamic solubility of the drug by a factor 4, the apparent solubility of the encapsulated pyridoclax was 1000-fold higher. Their stability was assessed upon dilution in various complex biomimetic media relevant for oral administration (SGF, FaSSIF-V2, FeSSIF-V2) or for the intravenous route (PBS). The solubility of the salt was affected by the nature of the medium, indicating that it could precipitate after administration, negatively impacting its bioavailability and its efficiency in vivo. On the contrary, in all media, PNEs remained stable in terms of granulometric properties (determined by DLS), ζ-potential and encapsulation efficiency (measured by HPLC). Thus, such nanomedicines appear as a valuable option to perform preclinical studies on the promising pyridoclax.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Groo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France
| | - M De Pascale
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France
| | - A-S Voisin-Chiret
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France.
| | - S Corvaisier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France
| | - M Since
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France
| | - A Malzert-Fréon
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France.
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9
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Rationale and strategies for formulation development of oral fixed dose combination drug products. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-016-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Lavra ZMM, Pereira de Santana D, Ré MI. Solubility and dissolution performances of spray-dried solid dispersion of Efavirenz in Soluplus. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:42-54. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1205598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zênia Maria Maciel Lavra
- Mines Albi, CNRS, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Université de Toulouse, Albi, France
- Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, PE, Brazil
| | - Davi Pereira de Santana
- Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Ré
- Mines Albi, CNRS, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Université de Toulouse, Albi, France
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11
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Implementation of Quality by Design for processing of food products and biotherapeutics. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Kuentz M, Holm R, Elder DP. Methodology of oral formulation selection in the pharmaceutical industry. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 87:136-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Elder DP, Kuentz M, Holm R. Pharmaceutical excipients — quality, regulatory and biopharmaceutical considerations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 87:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Amorphous drug dispersions with mono- and diacyl lecithin: On molecular categorization of their feasibility and UV dissolution imaging. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:218-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Parrott N, Hainzl D, Scheubel E, Krimmer S, Boetsch C, Guerini E, Martin-Facklam M. Physiologically based absorption modelling to predict the impact of drug properties on pharmacokinetics of bitopertin. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:1077-84. [PMID: 24970349 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bitopertin (RG1678) is a glycine reuptake inhibitor in phase 3 trials for treatment of schizophrenia. Its clinical oral pharmacokinetics is sensitive to changes in drug substance particle size and dosage form. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) absorption model simulations of the impact of changes in particle size and dosage form (either capsules, tablets, or an aqueous suspension) on oral pharmacokinetics was verified by comparison to measured plasma concentrations. Then, a model parameter sensitivity analysis was applied to set limits on the particle sizes included in tablets for the market. The model was also used to explore the in vitro to in vivo correlation. Simulated changes in oral pharmacokinetics caused by differences in particle size and dosage form were confirmed in two separate relative bioavailability studies. Model parameter sensitivity analyses predicted that AUCinf was hardly reduced as long as particle diameter (D50) remained smaller than 30 μm, and >20% reduced Cmax is anticipated only when particle diameter exceeds 15 μm. An exploration of the sensitivity to the presence of larger particles within a polydisperse distribution showed that simulated Cmax is again more affected than AUC but is less than 20% reduced as long as D50 is less than 8 μm and D90 is smaller than 56 μm. PBPK absorption modelling can contribute to a quality by design (QbD) approach for clinical formulation development and support the setting of biorelevant specifications for release of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Bau 70/130 Grenzacherstrasse, Basel, Switzerland,
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16
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Ayad MH. Rational formulation strategy from drug discovery profiling to human proof of concept. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:877-84. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.898714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Fotaki N. Pros and cons of methods used for the prediction of oral drug absorption. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 2:195-208. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Kuentz M. Prediction of drug absorption: different modeling approaches from discovery to clinical development. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 2:217-9. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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20
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Chiang PC, Wong H. Incorporation of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in the evaluation of solubility requirements for the salt selection process: a case study using phenytoin. AAPS J 2013; 15:1109-18. [PMID: 23943382 PMCID: PMC3787220 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, salt is commonly used to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble compounds. Currently, there is a limited understanding on the solubility requirement for salts that will translate to improvement in oral exposure. Despite the obvious need, there is very little research reported in this area mainly due to the complexity of such a system. To our knowledge, no report has been published to guide this important process and salt solubility requirement still remains unanswered. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling offers a means to dynamically integrate the complex interplay of the processes determining oral absorption. A sensitivity analysis was performed using a PBPK model describing phenytoin to determine a solubility requirement for phenytoin salts needed to achieve optimal oral bioavailability for a given dose. Based on the analysis, it is predicted that phenytoin salts with solubility greater than 0.3 mg/mL would show no further increases in oral bioavailability. A salt screen was performed using a variety of phenytoin salts. The piperazine and sodium salts showed the lowest and highest aqueous solubility and were tested in vivo. Consistent with our analysis, we observed no significant differences in oral bioavailability for these two salts despite an approximate 60 fold difference in solubility. Our study illustrates that higher solubility salts sometimes provide no additional improvements in oral bioavailability and PBPK modeling can be utilized as an important tool to provide guidance to the salt selection and define a salt solubility requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chang Chiang
- />Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080 USA
| | - Harvey Wong
- />Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080 USA
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Kuentz M, Imanidis G. In silico prediction of the solubility advantage for amorphous drugs – Are there property-based rules for drug discovery and early pharmaceutical development? Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:554-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Lazzari S, Moscatelli D, Codari F, Salmona M, Morbidelli M, Diomede L. Colloidal stability of polymeric nanoparticles in biological fluids. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012; 14:920. [PMID: 23162376 PMCID: PMC3496558 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-012-0920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Estimating the colloidal stability of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) in biological environments is critical for designing optimal preparations and to clarify the fate of these devices after administration. To characterize and quantify the physical stability of nanodevices suitable for biomedical applications, spherical NPs composed of poly-lactic acid (PLA) and poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA), in the range 100-200 nm, were prepared. Their stability in salt solutions, biological fluids, serum and tissue homogenates was analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The PMMA NPs remained stable in all fluids, while PLA NPs aggregated in gastric juice and spleen homogenate. The proposed stability test is therefore useful to see in advance whether NPs might aggregate when administered in vivo. To assess colloidal stability ex vivo as well, spectrophotofluorimetric analysis was employed, giving comparable results to DLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lazzari
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Davide Moscatelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Codari
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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Unique Risks, Benefits, and Challenges of Developing Drug-Drug Combination Products in a Pharmaceutical Industrial Setting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13556-012-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Garcia T, McCurdy V, Watson TNJ, am Ende M, Butterell P, Vukovinsky K, Chueh A, Coffman J, Cooper S, Schuemmelfeder B. Verification of Design Spaces Developed at Subscale. J Pharm Innov 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-012-9123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Modeling and mechanistic approaches for oral absorption: quality by design in action. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:147-50. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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26
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Kuentz M. Lipid-based formulations for oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e71-e174. [PMID: 24064269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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27
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Jiang W, Kim S, Zhang X, Lionberger RA, Davit BM, Conner DP, Yu LX. The role of predictive biopharmaceutical modeling and simulation in drug development and regulatory evaluation. Int J Pharm 2011; 418:151-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Dressman JB, Thelen K, Willmann S. An update on computational oral absorption simulation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:1345-64. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.617743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Oral self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, from biopharmaceutical to technical formulation aspects. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Role of phospholipids in the oral and parenteral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Gao Y, Carr RA, Spence JK, Wang WW, Turner TM, Lipari JM, Miller JM. A pH-dilution method for estimation of biorelevant drug solubility along the gastrointestinal tract: application to physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1516-26. [PMID: 20715778 DOI: 10.1021/mp100157s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling tools have become an integral part of the modern drug discovery-development process. However, accurate PK prediction of enabling formulations of poorly soluble compounds by applying PBPK modeling has been very limited. This is because current PBPK models rely only on thermodynamic drug solubility inputs (e.g., pH-solubility profile) and give little consideration to the dynamic changes in apparent drug solubility (e.g., supersaturation) that occur during gastrointestinal (GI) transit of an enabling formulation of a water insoluble drug. Moreover, biorepresentative and predictive in vitro tools to measure formulation dependent solubility changes during GI transit remain underdeveloped. In this work, we have developed an in vitro dual pH-dilution method based on rat physiology to estimate the apparent drug concentration in solution along the GI tract during release from solubility enabling formulations. This simple dual pH-dilution method was evaluated using various solubility enabling formulations (i.e., cosolvent solution, amorphous solid dispersions) made using a model early development drug candidate with poor aqueous solubility. The in vitro drug concentration-time profiles from the enabling formulations were used as solubility inputs for PBPK modeling using GastroPlus software. This resulted in excellent predictions of the in vivo oral plasma concentration-time profiles, as compared to using the traditional inputs of thermodynamic pH-solubility profiles. In summary, this work describes a novel in vitro method for facile estimation of formulation dependent GI drug concentration-time profiles and demonstrates the utility of PBPK modeling for oral PK prediction of enabling formulations of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gao
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
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Schwebel HJ, van Hoogevest P, Leigh ML, Kuentz M. The apparent solubilizing capacity of simulated intestinal fluids for poorly water-soluble drugs. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 16:278-86. [DOI: 10.3109/10837451003664099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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33
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Toxicokinetics. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420092264-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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34
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Comparison of different in vitro tests to assess oral lipid-based formulations using a poorly soluble acidic drug. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Roger E, Lagarce F, Benoit JP. The gastrointestinal stability of lipid nanocapsules. Int J Pharm 2009; 379:260-5. [PMID: 19524655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro gastrointestinal stability of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) was studied in different media. The size of LNCs was determined in simulated gastric and intestinal media. In updated fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF-V2) and updated fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF-V2) media, the encapsulation ratio of paclitaxel-loaded LNCs was also measured. The size of LNCs was not modified after 3h in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid described by the United States Pharmacopeia, in FaSSIF, FaSSIF-V2, and in FeSSIF. Moreover, in the presence of pancreatin in FeSSIF-V2, a decreased above 30% of the loading of paclitaxel was observed. This was attributed to the presence of lipase in pancreatin that could interact with Lipoid (a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine), present on the shell of LNC. As a conclusion, LNCs were stable on gastric medium and fasted state intestinal medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roger
- Ethypharm, 194 bureau de la Colline-bâtiment D, 92213-Saint-Cloud Cedex, France
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