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Sharma D, Pooja, Nirban S, Ojha S, Kumar T, Jain N, Mohamad N, Kumar P, Pandey M. Nano vs Resistant Tuberculosis: Taking the Lung Route. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:252. [PMID: 38049695 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the top 10 infectious diseases worldwide. It is categorized among the leading killer diseases that are the reason for the death of millions of people globally. Although a standardized treatment regimen is available, non-adherence to treatment has increased multi-drug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) TB development. Another challenge is targeting the death of TB reservoirs in the alveoli via conventional treatment. TB Drug resistance may emerge as a futuristic restraint of TB with the scarcity of effective Anti-tubercular drugs. The paradigm change towards nano-targeted drug delivery systems is mostly due to the absence of effective therapy and increased TB infection recurrent episodes with MDR. The emerging field of nanotechnology gave an admirable opportunity to combat MDR and XDR via accurate diagnosis with effective treatment. The new strategies targeting the lung via the pulmonary route may overcome the new incidence of MDR and enhance patient compliance. Therefore, this review highlights the importance and recent research on pulmonary drug delivery with nanotechnology along with prevalence, the need for the development of nanotechnology, beneficial aspects of nanomedicine, safety concerns of nanocarriers, and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Pooja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Sunita Nirban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Smriti Ojha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Najwa Mohamad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India.
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Gairola A, Benjamin A, Weatherston JD, Cirillo JD, Wu HJ. Recent Developments in Drug Delivery for Treatment of Tuberculosis by Targeting Macrophages. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022; 5:2100193. [PMID: 36203881 PMCID: PMC9531895 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the greatest public health and safety concerns in the 21st century, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes TB, infects alveolar macrophages and uses these cells as one of its primary sites of replication. The current TB treatment regimen, which consist of chemotherapy involving a combination of 3-4 antimicrobials for a duration of 6-12 months, is marked with significant side effects, toxicity, and poor compliance. Targeted drug delivery offers a strategy that could overcome many of the problems of current TB treatment by specifically targeting infected macrophages. Recent advances in nanotechnology and material science have opened an avenue to explore drug carriers that actively and passively target macrophages. This approach can increase the drug penetration into macrophages by using ligands on the nanocarrier that interact with specific receptors for macrophages. This review encompasses the recent development of drug carriers specifically targeting macrophages actively and passively. Future directions and challenges associated with development of effective TB treatment is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Gairola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron Benjamin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua D Weatherston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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3
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Spray-dried Pneumococcal Membrane Vesicles are Promising Candidates for Pulmonary Immunization. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121794. [PMID: 35525468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections represent a global health threat, which requires novel vaccine developments. Extracellular vesicles are secreted from most cells, including prokaryotes, and harbor virulence factors and antigens. Hence, bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) may induce a protective immune response. For the first time, we formulate spray-dried gram-positive pneumococcal MVs-loaded vaccine microparticles using lactose/leucine as inert carriers to enhance their stability and delivery for pulmonary immunization. The optimized vaccine microparticles showed a mean particle size of 1-2µm, corrugated surface, and nanocrystalline nature. Their aerodynamic diameter of 2.34µm, average percentage emitted dose of 88.8%, and fine powder fraction 79.7%, demonstrated optimal flow properties for deep alveolar delivery using a next-generation impactor. Furthermore, confocal microscopy confirmed the successful encapsulation of pneumococcal MVs within the prepared microparticles. Human macrophage-like THP-1 cells displayed excellent viability, negligible cytotoxicity, and a rapid uptake around 60% of fluorescently labeled MVs after incubation with vaccine microparticles. Moreover, vaccine microparticles increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 from primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vaccine microparticles exhibited excellent properties as promising vaccine candidates for pulmonary immunization and are optimal for further animal testing, scale-up and clinical translation.
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Liu H, Liu J, Huang J, Bai X, Wang Q. Heterogeneity and plasticity of porcine alveolar macrophage and pulmonary interstitial macrophage isolated from healthy pigs in vitro. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.046342. [PMID: 31615770 PMCID: PMC6826289 DOI: 10.1242/bio.046342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the heterogeneity and plasticity of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) and pulmonary interstitial macrophages (IM) isolated from healthy pigs, including phenotype, function and gene expression. Dynamic changes of nitric oxide (NO) levels secreted by PAM and IM with stimulation of different doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated by Griess method, and the viability of the PAM and IM cells was investigated by MTT assay. Flow cytometry, fluorescence quantitative PCR and ELISA techniques were used to measure cell phenotype, gene expression and cytokine secretion, respectively. The PAM and IM cells in normal healthy pigs showed heterogeneity with 95.42±1.51% and 31.99±5.84% of CD163+ macrophage, respectively. The NO level in IM was significantly higher versus PAM after LPS treatment. Consistently, the ratio of Arg I/iNOS in IM was much lower than that in PAM, suggesting that the PAM belong to M2 macrophages and the IM belong to M1 macrophages. The PAM and IM cells in normal healthy pigs also showed plasticity. The Arg I/iNOS ratio and TIMP1/MMP12 ratio were significantly decreased in LPS- or LPS+IFNγ-treated PAM and IM, suggesting that cells were polarized towards M1 macrophages under LPS or LPS+IFNγ stimulation. On the contrary, IL-4 and IL-13 stimulation on PAM and IM lead to M2 polarization. A similar result was found in IL-1β gene expression and TNFα secretion. In conclusion, porcine macrophages have shown heterogeneity and plasticity on polarization under the stimulation of LPS, IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Dalian Modern Agricultural Production Development Service Center, Dalian 116037, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Xianchang Bai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Qinfu Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
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5
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Mucosal Vaccination via the Respiratory Tract. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11080375. [PMID: 31374959 PMCID: PMC6723941 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine administration also targets the mucosal immune system, which is the largest lymphoid tissue in the human body. The mucosal immune response involves systemic, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response in addition to a local response which is characterised by a predominantly cytotoxic T cell response in combination with secreted IgA. This antibody facilitates pathogen recognition and deletion prior to entrance into the body. Hence, administration via the respiratory mucosa can be favoured for all pathogens which use the respiratory tract as entry to the body, such as influenza and for all diseases directly affecting the respiratory tract such as pneumonia. Additionally, the different mucosal tissues of the human body are interconnected via the so-called “common mucosal immune system”, which allows induction of an antigen-specific immune response in distant mucosal sites. Finally, mucosal administration is also interesting in the area of therapeutic vaccination, in which a predominant cellular immune response is required, as this can efficiently be induced by this route of delivery. The review gives an introduction to respiratory vaccination, formulation approaches and application strategies.
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6
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Cunha L, Rodrigues S, Rosa da Costa AM, Faleiro L, Buttini F, Grenha A. Inhalable chitosan microparticles for simultaneous delivery of isoniazid and rifabutin in lung tuberculosis treatment. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1313-1320. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1608231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmylla Cunha
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Susana Rodrigues
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Rosa da Costa
- Algarve Chemistry Research Centre, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Leonor Faleiro
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Grenha
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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7
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Smith AJ, Miller SM, Buhl C, Child R, Whitacre M, Schoener R, Ettenger G, Burkhart D, Ryter K, Evans JT. Species-Specific Structural Requirements of Alpha-Branched Trehalose Diester Mincle Agonists. Front Immunol 2019; 10:338. [PMID: 30873180 PMCID: PMC6403188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ever present need for an effective Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) vaccine, efforts for development have been largely unsuccessful. Correlates of immune protection against Mtb are not wholly defined, but Th1 and likely Th17 adaptive immune responses have been demonstrated to be necessary for vaccine-mediated protection. Unfortunately, no approved adjuvants are able to drive a Th17 response, though recent clinical trials with CAF01 have demonstrated proof of concept. Herein we present the discovery and characterization of a new class of potential Th17-inducing vaccine adjuvants, alpha-branched trehalose diester molecules (αTDE). Based off the Mtb immunostimulatory component trehalose dimycolate (TDM), we synthesized and evaluated the immunostimulatory capacity of a library of structural derivatives. We evaluated the structure activity relationship of the compounds in relation to chain length and engagement of the Mincle receptor, production of innate cytokines from human and murine cells, and a pro-Th17 cytokine profile from primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Murine cells displayed more structural tolerance, engaging and responding to a wide array of compound chain lengths. Interestingly, human cells displayed a unique specificity for ester chains between 5 and 14 carbons for maximal immune stimulating activity. Evaluation of two distinct αTDEs, B16 and B42, in concert with a recombinant Mtb antigen demonstrated their ability to augment a Th17 immune response against a Mtb antigen in vivo. Collectively this data describes the species-specific structural requirements for maximal human activity of alpha-branched trehalose diester compounds and demonstrates their capacity to serve as potent Th17-inducing adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson J Smith
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Cassandra Buhl
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Robert Child
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Margaret Whitacre
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Roman Schoener
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - George Ettenger
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - David Burkhart
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Kendal Ryter
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Jay T Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, Missoula, MT, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States
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8
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AlMatar M, Makky EA, AlMandeal H, Eker E, Kayar B, Var I, Köksal F. Does the Development of Vaccines Advance Solutions for Tuberculosis? Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 12:83-104. [PMID: 30474542 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666181126151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered as one of the most efficacious human pathogens. The global mortality rate of TB stands at approximately 2 million, while about 8 to 10 million active new cases are documented yearly. It is, therefore, a priority to develop vaccines that will prevent active TB. The vaccines currently used for the management of TB can only proffer a certain level of protection against meningitis, TB, and other forms of disseminated TB in children; however, their effectiveness against pulmonary TB varies and cannot provide life-long protective immunity. Based on these reasons, more efforts are channeled towards the development of new TB vaccines. During the development of TB vaccines, a major challenge has always been the lack of diversity in both the antigens contained in TB vaccines and the immune responses of the TB sufferers. Current efforts are channeled on widening both the range of antigens selection and the range of immune response elicited by the vaccines. The past two decades witnessed a significant progress in the development of TB vaccines; some of the discovered TB vaccines have recently even completed the third phase (phase III) of a clinical trial. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this article are to discuss the recent progress in the development of new vaccines against TB; to provide an insight on the mechanism of vaccine-mediated specific immune response stimulation, and to debate on the interaction between vaccines and global interventions to end TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu) Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Essam A Makky
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Husam AlMandeal
- Freiburg Universität, Moltkestraße 90, 76133 karlsruhe Augenklinik, Germany
| | - Emel Eker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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9
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Rodrigues S, Alves AD, Cavaco JS, Pontes JF, Guerreiro F, Rosa da Costa AM, Buttini F, Grenha A. Dual antibiotherapy of tuberculosis mediated by inhalable locust bean gum microparticles. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:433-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Rahman L, Wu D, Johnston M, William A, Halappanavar S. Toxicogenomics analysis of mouse lung responses following exposure to titanium dioxide nanomaterials reveal their disease potential at high doses. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:59-76. [PMID: 27760801 PMCID: PMC5180171 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) induce lung inflammation in experimental animals. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive toxicogenomic analysis of lung responses in mice exposed to six individual TiO2NPs exhibiting different sizes (8, 20 and 300nm), crystalline structure (anatase, rutile or anatase/rutile) and surface modifications (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) to investigate whether the mechanisms leading to TiO2NP-induced lung inflammation are property specific. A detailed histopathological analysis was conducted to investigate the long-term disease implications of acute exposure to TiO2NPs. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 18, 54, 162 or 486 µg of TiO2NPs/mouse via single intratracheal instillation. Controls were exposed to dispersion medium only. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were sampled on 1, 28 and 90 days post-exposure. Although all TiO2NPs induced lung inflammation as measured by the neutrophil influx in BALF, rutile-type TiO2NPs induced higher inflammation with the hydrophilic rutile TiO2NP showing the maximum increase. Accordingly, the rutile TiO2NPs induced higher number of differentially expressed genes. Histopathological analysis of lung sections on Day 90 post-exposure showed increased collagen staining and fibrosis-like changes following exposure to the rutile TiO2NPs at the highest dose tested. Among the anatase, the smallest TiO2NP of 8nm showed the maximum response. The anatase TiO2NP of 300nm was the least responsive of all. The results suggest that the severity of lung inflammation is property specific; however, the underlying mechanisms (genes and pathways perturbed) leading to inflammation were the same for all particle types. While the particle size clearly influenced the overall acute lung responses, a combination of small size, crystalline structure and hydrophilic surface contributed to the long-term pathological effects observed at the highest dose (486 µg/mouse). Although the dose at which the pathological changes were observed is considered physiologically high, the study highlights the disease potential of certain TiO2NPs of specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Rahman
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture Bldg. 8, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada and
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture Bldg. 8, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada and
| | - Michael Johnston
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew William
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture Bldg. 8, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada and
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture Bldg. 8, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada and
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11
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Synergistic effect of rSAG1 and rGRA2 antigens formulated in PLGA microspheres in eliciting immune protection against Toxoplasama gondii. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:236-246. [PMID: 27663469 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is still no human vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), as one of the most successful parasites. In present study, we designed a subunit vaccine composed of recombinant SAG1 (rSAG1) and recombinant GRA2 (rGRA2) proteins. In order to improve the induced immune responses, rSAG1 and rGRA2 were adsorbed on Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres (MS) prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation method. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously vaccinated by rSAG1-adsorbed PLGA MS (rSAG1-PLGA), rGRA2-adsorbed PLGA MS (rGRA2-PLGA), and the mixture of both formulations (rSAG1/rGRA2-PLGA), twice with a 3-week interval. PLGA MS characteristics, protein release, cellular and humoral immune responses, and protection against acute toxoplasmosis were evaluated. All vaccinated mice induced significantly partial protection and longer survival times associated with higher IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio and higher amount of Toxoplasma-specific IgG antibodies compared to control groups. Interestingly, the synergistic effect of rSAG1 and rGRA2 in eliciting more potent cellular and humoral responses and consequently higher protection in comparison to single antigen was confirmed. This study introduces the mixture of rSAG1 and rGRA2 (derived from different stages of Toxoplasma life-cycle) formulated in PLGA MS as a promising candidate in vaccine development against T. gondii.
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12
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Hu Y, Wang M, Zhang X, Wang P, Liu H, Wang Q. Heterogeneity of swine lung macrophages inoculated by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1160366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
| | - Meichen Wang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
| | - Qinfu Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
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13
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Allahyari M, Mohit E. Peptide/protein vaccine delivery system based on PLGA particles. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:806-28. [PMID: 26513024 PMCID: PMC4964737 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the excellent safety profile of poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) particles in human, and their biodegradability, many studies have focused on the application of PLGA particles as a controlled-release vaccine delivery system. Antigenic proteins/peptides can be encapsulated into or adsorbed to the surface of PLGA particles. The gradual release of loaded antigens from PLGA particles is necessary for the induction of efficient immunity. Various factors can influence protein release rates from PLGA particles, which can be defined intrinsic features of the polymer, particle characteristics as well as protein and environmental related factors. The use of PLGA particles encapsulating antigens of different diseases such as hepatitis B, tuberculosis, chlamydia, malaria, leishmania, toxoplasma and allergy antigens will be described herein. The co-delivery of antigens and immunostimulants (IS) with PLGA particles can prevent the systemic adverse effects of immunopotentiators and activate both dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NKs) cells, consequently enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of antigen-loaded PLGA particles. We will review co-delivery of different TLR ligands with antigens in various models, highlighting the specific strengths and weaknesses of the system. Strategies to enhance the immunotherapeutic effect of DC-based vaccine using PLGA particles can be designed to target DCs by functionalized PLGA particle encapsulating siRNAs of suppressive gene, and disease specific antigens. Finally, specific examples of cellular targeting where decorating the surface of PLGA particles target orally administrated vaccine to M-cells will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Allahyari
- Department of Recombinant Protein Production, Research & Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Mohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Lawlor C, O’Connor G, O’Leary S, Gallagher PJ, Cryan SA, Keane J, O’Sullivan MP. Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages with Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Microparticles Drives NFκB and Autophagy Dependent Bacillary Killing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149167. [PMID: 26894562 PMCID: PMC4760758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has pushed our available repertoire of anti-TB therapies to the limit of effectiveness. This has increased the urgency to develop novel treatment modalities, and inhalable microparticle (MP) formulations are a promising option to target the site of infection. We have engineered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs which can carry a payload of anti-TB agents, and are successfully taken up by human alveolar macrophages. Even without a drug cargo, MPs can be potent immunogens; yet little is known about how they influence macrophage function in the setting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. To address this issue we infected THP-1 macrophages with Mtb H37Ra or H37Rv and treated with MPs. In controlled experiments we saw a reproducible reduction in bacillary viability when THP-1 macrophages were treated with drug-free MPs. NFκB activity was increased in MP-treated macrophages, although cytokine secretion was unaltered. Confocal microscopy of immortalized murine bone marrow-derived macrophages expressing GFP-tagged LC3 demonstrated induction of autophagy. Inhibition of caspases did not influence the MP-induced restriction of bacillary growth, however, blockade of NFκB or autophagy with pharmacological inhibitors reversed this MP effect on macrophage function. These data support harnessing inhaled PLGA MP-drug delivery systems as an immunotherapeutic in addition to serving as a vehicle for targeted drug delivery. Such “added value” could be exploited in the generation of inhaled vaccines as well as inhaled MDR-TB therapeutics when used as an adjunct to existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Lawlor
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gemma O’Connor
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seonadh O’Leary
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul J. Gallagher
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary P. O’Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Mortensen NP, Durham P, Hickey AJ. The role of particle physico-chemical properties in pulmonary drug delivery for tuberculosis therapy. J Microencapsul 2014; 31:785-95. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.932029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hickey AJ, Misra A, Fourie PB. Dry Powder Antibiotic Aerosol Product Development: Inhaled Therapy for Tuberculosis. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3900-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Adjuvant Effect of Microencapsulated NOD Ligands Studied in a Human Phagocytic Cell Line. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2012; 10:229-36. [DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.2012.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modern subunit vaccines, which are of high purity compared with traditional vaccines, are often incapable of inducing strong immune responses as necessary to build an immunological memory. The desired level of immune response can be achieved only by codelivering immune-modulating agents along with the antigenic epitopes present in these high-purity formulations. This study aimed to explore the adjuvant effect of nucleotide oligomerization domain (nod) receptor agonists as immunomodulators encapsulated in polymeric microparticles as carriers. Methods Microparticles (MP) prepared from poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (PLGA) (Mn = 5 kDa, PD = 3.2) by the water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion/solvent evaporation technique were characterized in terms of size, surface morphology, payload and endotoxin content. As NOD agonists, N-acetylmuramyl–L-alanyl–D-isoglutamine (MDP; NOD 2) and γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP; NOD 1) were encapsulated. The immunomodulatory potential of these ligand-loaded MP was evaluated with a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1X Blue-CD14 cells). Results The MP prepared had a phagocytosable size (<10 μm) with a unimodal size distribution and low endotoxin content (<0.5 EU/mL). A dose-dependent cell activation could be established for MDP-loaded microparticles. Conclusions MP with suitable characteristics for phagocytosis can be prepared and loaded with NOD agonists. The capability of these ligand-loaded microparticles to activate monocytes suggests their broader exploration as vaccine carriers.
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Wischke C, Mathew S, Roch T, Frentsch M, Lendlein A. Potential of NOD receptor ligands as immunomodulators in particulate vaccine carriers. J Control Release 2012; 164:299-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bordon-Graciani AP, Dias-Melicio LA, Acorci-Valério MJ, Araujo JP, de Campos Soares ÂMV. Inhibitory effect of PGE2on the killing ofParacoccidioides brasiliensisby human monocytes can be reversed by cellular activation with cytokines. Med Mycol 2012; 50:726-34. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.676740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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PLGA microparticles in respirable sizes enhance an in vitro T cell response to recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen TB10.4-Ag85B. Pharm Res 2009; 27:350-60. [PMID: 20024670 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the use of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles in respirable sizes as carriers for recombinant tuberculosis (TB) antigen, TB10.4-Ag85B, with the ultimate goal of pulmonary delivery as vaccine for the prevention of TB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recombinant TB antigens were purified from E. coli by FPLC and encapsulated into PLGA microparticles by emulsion/spray-drying. Spray-drying condition was optimized by half-factorial design. Microparticles encapsulating TB antigens were assessed for their ability to deliver antigens to macrophages for subsequent presentation by employing an in vitro antigen presentation assay specific to an Ag85B epitope. RESULTS Spray-drying condition was optimized to prepare PLGA microparticles suitable for pulmonary delivery (aerodynamic diameter of 3.3 microm). Antigen release from particles exhibited an initial burst release followed by sustained release up to 10 days. Antigens encapsulated into PLGA microparticles induced much stronger interleukin-2 secretion in a T-lymphocyte assay compared to antigen solutions for three particle formulations. Macrophages pulsed with PLGA-MDP-TB10.4-Ag85B demonstrated extended epitope presentation. CONCLUSION PLGA microparticles in respirable sizes were effective in delivering recombinant TB10.4-Ag85B in an immunologically relevant manner to macrophages. These results set the foundation for further investigation into the potential use of PLGA particles for pulmonary delivery of vaccines to prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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