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Riel AMS, Rungelrath V, Elwaie TA, Rasheed OK, Hicks L, Ettenger G, You DC, Smith M, Buhl C, Abdelwahab W, Miller SM, Smith AJ, Burkhart D, Evans JT, Ryter KT. Systematic Evaluation of Regiochemistry and Lipidation of Aryl Trehalose Mincle Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10031. [PMID: 39337517 PMCID: PMC11432005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The Macrophage-Inducible C-type Lectin receptor (Mincle) plays a critical role in innate immune recognition and pathology, and therefore represents a promising target for vaccine adjuvants. Innovative trehalose-based Mincle agonists with improved pharmacology and potency may prove useful in the development of Th17-mediated adaptive immune responses. Herein, we report on in vitro and in silico investigations of specific Mincle ligand-receptor interactions required for the effective receptor engagement and activation of Th17-polarizing cytokines. Specifically, we employed a library of trehalose benzoate scaffolds, varying the degree of aryl lipidation and regiochemistry that produce inflammatory cytokines in a Mincle-dependent fashion. In vitro interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) indicated that the lipid regiochemistry is key to potency and maximum cytokine output, with the tri-substituted compounds inducing higher levels of IL-6 in hPBMCs than the di-substituted derivatives. Additionally, IL-6 production trended higher after stimulation with compounds that contained lipids ranging from five to eight carbons long, compared to shorter (below five) or longer (above eight) carbon chains, across all the substitution patterns. An analysis of the additional cytokines produced by hPBMCs revealed that compound 4d, tri-substituted and five carbons long, induced significantly greater levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and interferon- γ (IFN-γ) than the other compounds tested in this study. An in silico assessment of 4d highlighted the capability of this analogue to bind to the human Mincle carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) efficiently. Together, these data highlight important structure-activity findings regarding Mincle-specific cytokine induction, generating a lead adjuvant candidate for future formulations and immunological evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia Marie S Riel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Viktoria Rungelrath
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Tamer A Elwaie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Omer K Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Linda Hicks
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - George Ettenger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Dai-Chi You
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Mira Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Cassandra Buhl
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Walid Abdelwahab
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Alyson J Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - David Burkhart
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Jay T Evans
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Kendal T Ryter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
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Friedrichs B, Rehg S, Hanschmann KM, Öppling V, Bekeredjian-Ding I. Determination of DTaP vaccine potency by multiplex immunogenicity testing using electrochemiluminescence. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:142. [PMID: 39112508 PMCID: PMC11306252 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lot release testing of diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccines traditionally relied on in vivo protection models involving challenge of laboratory animals with toxins. Meanwhile, many labs have switched to serological testing of these vaccines, which is often performed in separate in vivo assays, even if all components were formulated into one vaccine product. Here we describe the results of simultaneous serological potency determination of diphtheria (D), tetanus (T) and acellular pertussis (aP) antigens obtained following immunization of guinea pigs with multicomponent pediatric and booster vaccines from different manufacturers. The 4th World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS) for diphtheria toxoid (No. 07/216) and the 4th WHO IS for tetanus toxoid (No. 08/218) were used as reference preparations. For aP, a pediatric vaccine batch containing the antigens pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin and fimbriae proteins type 2/3 was established as internal control. Quantification of IgG against D, T and aP antigens in guinea pig sera was performed using a hexaplex electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. We further provide proof-of-concept using experimental vaccine samples lacking or containing reduced amounts of diphtheria toxoid in the presence of full amounts of tetanus and pertussis antigens and alum adjuvant. Importantly, the assay confirmed dose-response relationships for all antigens tested and was able to detect diphtheria out-of-specification batches. The results confirmed the suitability of the protocol for combined serology batch release testing of DTaP combination vaccines as first measure towards implementation of full in vitro testing of DTaP vaccines. This report summarizes the data and the protocol used for validation prior to implementation of this method in routine batch release testing of DTaP vaccines, which led to replacement of in vivo challenge experiments in our laboratory following the 3 R (replace, reduce, refine) principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Friedrichs
- Paul-Ehrlich Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, D-63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Simone Rehg
- Paul-Ehrlich Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, D-63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Kay-Martin Hanschmann
- Paul-Ehrlich Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, D-63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Volker Öppling
- Paul-Ehrlich Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, D-63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Bekeredjian-Ding
- Paul-Ehrlich Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, D-63225, Langen, Germany.
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerweinstr. 2, D-35043, Marburg, Germany.
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Wu B, Li Q, Wang L, Chen F, Jiang J. Development and validation of bioanalytical methods to support clinical study of disitamab vedotin. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:385-400. [PMID: 38530234 PMCID: PMC11216245 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Disitamab vedotin (RC48), a humanized anti-HER2 antibody conjugated with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), is the first antibody-drug conjugate in China with an approved biological license application. A bioanalytical method was established for three analytes (total antibody, conjugate antibody and free payload) to help characterize their pharmacokinetic behavior in clinical settings. The bioanalytical methods were validated according to M10 guidance. Electrochemiluminescence assay methods were used for the quantitative measurement of total antibody and conjugated antibody in human serum. A LC-MS/MS method was used to quantify the concentration of MMAE in human serum. The method had high specificity and sensitivity with a quantitative range of 19.531-1250.000 ng/ml (total antibody), 39.063-5000.000 ng/ml (conjugated antibody) and 0.04-10.0 ng/ml (MMAE), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaoning Li
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Wang
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Chen
- United-Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
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Guerrieri D, Horvat M, Fan J, Wang J, Lemke L, Richter OV, Poetzl J. Signal-to-noise ratio to assess magnitude, kinetics and impact on pharmacokinetics of the immune response to an adalimumab biosimilar. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:33-48. [PMID: 38031738 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The antidrug antibody (ADA) signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was explored as a novel immunogenicity measure to evaluate the immune response of healthy subjects to a single dose of GP2017, an adalimumab biosimilar. Methodology/results: Bioanalytical methods used for the analysis of ADA S/N ratios and ADA titers were validated for sensitivity, precision and drug interference. ADA S/N ratios strongly correlated with ADA titers. Correlations between ADA area under the curve and ADAmax and pharmacokinetics (PK) were stronger for ADA S/N ratio than for ADA titers. Conclusion: ADA S/N ratio allowed for a more sensitive evaluation of the magnitude and kinetics of the immune response, was better correlated with adalimumab PK and was superior to ADA titers in assessing the impact of the immune response on PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Guerrieri
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Hexal AG (A Sandoz company), D-83607 Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Matej Horvat
- Biosimilar Technical Development, Sandoz, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jamie Fan
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz Inc., NJ 08540 Princeton, USA
| | - Jessie Wang
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz Inc., NJ 08540 Princeton, USA
| | - Lena Lemke
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Hexal AG (A Sandoz company), D-83607 Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Oliver von Richter
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Hexal AG (A Sandoz company), D-83607 Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Johann Poetzl
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Hexal AG (A Sandoz company), D-83607 Holzkirchen, Germany
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3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid: the forgotten detection substrate for ligand-binding assay-based bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:407-418. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand-binding assays are ideal for routine bioanalysis, but we reason that the straightforward replacement of the conventional chromogenic horseradish peroxidase substrate, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, of a routinely used preclinical immunoassay to detect hIgG, with the fluorogenic 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid would broaden the narrow dynamic range. The replacement leads to a sensitivity of 0.47 (minimum required dilution [MRD] 10) and 1.02 (MRD 50) ng/ml, and dynamic ranges of 3.3 (MRD 10) and 3.6 (MRD 50) orders of magnitude, and thereby had improved sensitivity and dynamic range compared with other conventional colorimetric ELISAs, other ligand-binding assay technologies or LC–MS assays. Improvements in sensitivity and dynamic range were achieved for the sera of horse, mice and monkeys without assay optimization.
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