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Lin J, Bu F, Wu D, Jiang P, He Q, Yang D, Zhu X, Wang Y, Xiang X. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Clinical Extrapolation for Topical Application of Pilocarpine on Eyelids: A Comprehensive Study. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00222-3. [PMID: 38857643 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Exploiting a convenient and highly bioavailable ocular drug delivery approach is currently one of the hotspots in the pharmaceutical industry. Eyelid topical application is seen to be a valuable strategy in the treatment of chronic ocular diseases. To further elucidate the feasibility of eyelid topical administration as an alternative route for ocular drug delivery, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of pilocarpine were conducted in rabbits. Besides, a novel physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model describing eyelid transdermal absorption and ocular disposition was developed in rabbits. The PBPK model of rabbits was extrapolated to human by integrating the drug-specific permeability parameters and human physiological parameters to predict ocular pharmacokinetic in human. After eyelid topical application of pilocarpine, the concentration of pilocarpine in iris peaked at 2 h with the value of 18,724 ng/g and the concentration in aqueous humor peaked at 1 h with the value of 1,363 ng/mL. Significant miotic effect were observed from 0.5 h to 4.5 h after eyelid topical application of pilocarpine in rabbits, while that were observed from 0.5 h to 3.5 h after eyedrop instillation. The proposed eyelid PBPK model was capable of reasonably predicting ocular exposure of pilocarpine after application on the eyelid skin and based on the PBPK model, the human ocular concentration was predicted to be 10-fold lower than that in rabbits. And it was suggested that drugs applied on the eyelid skin could transfer into the eyeball through corneal pathway and scleral pathway. This work could provide pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data for the development of eyelid drug delivery, as well as the reference for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fengjiao Bu
- Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pin Jiang
- Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Qingfeng He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongsheng Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yixue Wang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Chacin Ruiz EA, Swindle-Reilly KE, Ford Versypt AN. Experimental and mathematical approaches for drug delivery for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2023; 363:464-483. [PMID: 37774953 PMCID: PMC10842193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Several chronic eye diseases affect the posterior segment of the eye. Among them age-related macular degeneration can cause vision loss if left untreated and is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the world. Most treatments are based on intravitreally injected therapeutics that inhibit the action of vascular endothelial growth factor. However, due to the need for monthly injections, this method is associated with poor patient compliance. To address this problem, numerous drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been developed. This review covers a selection of particulate systems, non-stimuli responsive hydrogels, implants, and composite systems that have been developed in the last few decades. Depending on the type of DDS, polymer material, and preparation method, different mechanical properties and drug release profiles can be achieved. Furthermore, DDS development can be optimized by implementing mathematical modeling of both drug release and pharmacokinetic aspects. Several existing mathematical models for diffusion-controlled, swelling-controlled, and erosion-controlled drug delivery from polymeric systems are summarized. Compartmental and physiologically based models for ocular drug transport and pharmacokinetics that have studied drug concentration profiles after intravitreal delivery or release from a DDS are also reviewed. The coupling of drug release models with ocular pharmacokinetic models can lead to obtaining much more efficient DDSs for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and other diseases of the posterior segment of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Chacin Ruiz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Katelyn E Swindle-Reilly
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashlee N Ford Versypt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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3
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Naware S, Bussing D, Shah DK. Translational physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for ocular disposition of monoclonal antibodies. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2023:10.1007/s10928-023-09881-9. [PMID: 37558929 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-023-09881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
We have previously published a PBPK model comprising the ocular compartment to characterize the disposition of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in rabbits. While rabbits are commonly used preclinical species in ocular research, non-human primates (NHPs) have the most phylogenetic resemblance to humans including the presence of macula in the eyes as well as higher sequence homology. However, their use in ocular research is limited due to the strict ethical guidelines. Similarly, in humans the ocular samples cannot be collected except for the tapping of aqueous humor (AH). Therefore, we have translated this rabbit model to monkeys and human species using literature-reported datasets. Parameters describing the tissue volumes, physiological flows, and FcRn-binding were obtained from the literature, or estimated by fitting the model to the data. In the monkey model, the values for the rate of lysosomal degradation for antibodies (Kdeg), intraocular reflection coefficients (σaq, σret, σcho), bidirectional rate of fluid circulation between the vitreous chamber and the aqueous chamber (QVA), and permeability-surface area product of lens (PSlens) were estimated; and were found to be 31.5 h-1, 0.7629, 0.6982, 0.9999, 1.64 × 10-5 L/h, and 4.62 × 10-7 L/h, respectively. The monkey model could capture the data in plasma, aqueous humor, vitreous humor and retina reasonably well with the predictions being within twofold of the observed values. For the human model, only the value of Kdeg was estimated to fit the model to the plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) of mAbs and was found to be 24.4 h-1 (4.14%). The human model could also capture the ocular PK data reasonably well with the predictions being within two- to threefold of observed values for the plasma, aqueous and vitreous humor. Thus, the proposed framework can be used to characterize and predict the PK of mAbs in the eye of monkey and human species following systemic and intravitreal administration. The model can also facilitate the development of new antibody-based therapeutics for the treatment of ocular diseases as well as predict ocular toxicities of such molecules following systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanika Naware
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA
| | - David Bussing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA.
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4
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Józsa L, Nemes D, Pető Á, Kósa D, Révész R, Bácskay I, Haimhoffer Á, Vasvári G. Recent Options and Techniques to Assess Improved Bioavailability: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methods. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041146. [PMID: 37111632 PMCID: PMC10144798 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioavailability assessment in the development phase of a drug product is vital to reveal the disadvantageous properties of the substance and the possible technological interventions. However, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies provide strong evidence for drug approval applications. Human and animal studies must be designed on the basis of preliminary biorelevant experiments in vitro and ex vivo. In this article, the authors have reviewed the recent methods and techniques from the last decade that are in use for assessing the bioavailability of drug molecules and the effects of technological modifications and drug delivery systems. Four main administration routes were selected: oral, transdermal, ocular, and nasal or inhalation. Three levels of methodologies were screened for each category: in vitro techniques with artificial membranes; cell culture, including monocultures and co-cultures; and finally, experiments where tissue or organ samples were used. Reproducibility, predictability, and level of acceptance by the regulatory organizations are summarized for the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Józsa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Nemes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágota Pető
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kósa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Réka Révész
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Haimhoffer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasvári
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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5
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Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang W, Ye Z, Chen H, Hu G, Ouyang D. How can machine learning and multiscale modeling benefit ocular drug development? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114772. [PMID: 36906232 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The eyes possess sophisticated physiological structures, diverse disease targets, limited drug delivery space, distinctive barriers, and complicated biomechanical processes, requiring a more in-depth understanding of the interactions between drug delivery systems and biological systems for ocular formulation development. However, the tiny size of the eyes makes sampling difficult and invasive studies costly and ethically constrained. Developing ocular formulations following conventional trial-and-error formulation and manufacturing process screening procedures is inefficient. Along with the popularity of computational pharmaceutics, non-invasive in silico modeling & simulation offer new opportunities for the paradigm shift of ocular formulation development. The current work first systematically reviews the theoretical underpinnings, advanced applications, and unique advantages of data-driven machine learning and multiscale simulation approaches represented by molecular simulation, mathematical modeling, and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling for ocular drug development. Following this, a new computer-driven framework for rational pharmaceutical formulation design is proposed, inspired by the potential of in silico explorations in understanding drug delivery details and facilitating drug formulation design. Lastly, to promote the paradigm shift, integrated in silico methodologies were highlighted, and discussions on data challenges, model practicality, personalized modeling, regulatory science, interdisciplinary collaboration, and talent training were conducted in detail with a view to achieving more efficient objective-oriented pharmaceutical formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yunsen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhuyifan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS), University of Macau, Macau, China.
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6
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Kuepfer L, Fuellen G, Stahnke T. Quantitative systems pharmacology of the eye: Tools and data for ocular QSP. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:288-299. [PMID: 36708082 PMCID: PMC10014063 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Good eyesight belongs to the most-valued attributes of health, and diseases of the eye are a significant healthcare burden. Case numbers are expected to further increase in the next decades due to an aging society. The development of drugs in ophthalmology, however, is difficult due to limited accessibility of the eye, in terms of drug administration and in terms of sampling of tissues for drug pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs). Ocular quantitative systems pharmacology models provide the opportunity to describe the distribution of drugs in the eye as well as the resulting drug-response in specific segments of the eye. In particular, ocular physiologically-based PK (PBPK) models are necessary to describe drug concentration levels in different regions of the eye. Further, ocular effect models using molecular data from specific cellular systems are needed to develop dose-response correlations. We here describe the current status of PK/PBPK as well as PD models for the eyes and discuss cellular systems, data repositories, as well as animal models in ophthalmology. The application of the various concepts is highlighted for the development of new treatments for postoperative fibrosis after glaucoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kuepfer
- Institute for Systems Medicine with Focus on Organ Interaction, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Aging Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Stahnke
- Institute for ImplantTechnology and Biomaterials e.V., Rostock, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Tan ML, Chandran S, Jereb R, Alam K, Bies R, Kozak D, Walenga R, Le Merdy M, Babiskin A. Mechanistic modeling of ophthalmic, nasal, injectable, and implant generic drug products: A workshop summary report. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:631-638. [PMID: 36851886 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For approval, a proposed generic drug product must demonstrate it is bioequivalent (BE) to the reference listed drug product. For locally acting drug products, conventional BE approaches may not be feasible because measurements in local tissues at the sites of action are often impractical, unethical, or cost-prohibitive. Mechanistic modeling approaches, such as physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, may integrate information from drug product properties and human physiology to predict drug concentrations in these local tissues. This may allow clinical relevance determination of critical drug product attributes for BE assessment during the development of generic drug products. In this regard, the Office of Generic Drugs of the US Food and Drug Administration has recently established scientific research programs to accelerate the development and assessment of generic products by utilizing model-integrated alternative BE approaches. This report summarizes the presentations and panel discussion from a public workshop that provided research updates and information on the current state of the use of PBPK modeling approaches to support generic product development for ophthalmic, injectable, nasal, and implant drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Tan
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sajeev Chandran
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research and IVIVC/Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical R & D, Lupin Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Rebeka Jereb
- Clinical Development, Sandoz Development Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Khondoker Alam
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Bies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at BuffaloBuffalo, New York, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross Walenga
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Andrew Babiskin
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Formica ML, Awde Alfonso HG, Paredes AJ, Melian ME, Camacho NM, Faccio R, Tártara LI, Palma SD. Development of Triamcinolone Acetonide Nanocrystals for Ocular Administration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020683. [PMID: 36840006 PMCID: PMC9962019 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is a powerful anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of inflammatory ocular disorders; however, its poor aqueous solubility and ocular anatomical barriers hinder optimal treatment. The aim of this work was to obtain triamcinolone acetonide nanocrystals (TA-NC) to improve ocular corticosteroid therapy. Self-dispersible TA-NC were prepared by the bead milling technique followed by spray-drying, exhaustively characterized and then evaluated in vivo in an ocular model of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). Self-dispersible TA-NC presented an average particle size of 257 ± 30 nm, a narrow size distribution and a zeta potential of -25 ± 3 mV, which remained unchanged for 120 days under storage conditions at 25 °C. In addition, SEM studies of the TA-NC showed uniform and spherical morphology, and FTIR and XRDP analyses indicated no apparent chemical and crystallinity changes. The subconjunctival administration of TA-NC in albino male white rabbits showed no clinical signs of ocular damage. In vivo studies proved that treatment with self-dispersible TA-NC alleviated the inflammatory response in the anterior chamber and iris in EUI rabbit eyes. Dispersible TA-NC are a promising approach to obtaining a novel nanometric TA formulation for ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lina Formica
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Hamoudi Ghassan Awde Alfonso
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | | | - María Elisa Melian
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas—CIENFAR, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Av. General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Nahuel Matías Camacho
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Faccio
- Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones—DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Av. General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Luis Ignacio Tártara
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Santiago Daniel Palma
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Correspondence:
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Clinical Ocular Exposure Extrapolation for Ophthalmic Solutions Using PBPK Modeling and Simulation. Pharm Res 2023; 40:431-447. [PMID: 36151444 PMCID: PMC9944674 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of generic ophthalmic drug products is challenging due to the complexity of the ocular system, and a lack of sensitive testing to evaluate the interplay of physiology with ophthalmic formulations. While measurements of drug concentration at the site of action in humans are typically sparse, these measurements are more easily obtained in rabbits. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of an ocular physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for translation of ocular exposure from rabbit to human. METHOD The Ocular Compartmental Absorption and Transit (OCAT™) model within GastroPlus® v9.8.2 was used to build PBPK models for levofloxacin (Lev), moxifloxacin (Mox), and gatifloxacin (Gat) ophthalmic solutions. in the rabbit eye. The models were subsequently used to predict Lev, Mox, and Gat exposure after ocular solution administrations in humans. Drug-specific parameters were used as fitted and validated in the rabbit OCAT model. The physiological parameters were scaled to match human ocular physiology. RESULTS OCAT model simulations for rabbit well described the observed concentrations in the eye compartments following Lev, Mox, and Gat solution administrations of different doses and various administration schedules. The clinical ocular exposure following ocular administration of Lev, Mox, and Gat solutions at different doses and various administration schedules was well predicted. CONCLUSION Even though additional case studies for different types of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and formulations will be needed, the current study represents an important step in the validation of the extrapolation method to predict human ocular exposure for ophthalmic drug products using PBPK models.
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Wang W, Ouyang D. Opportunities and challenges of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2100-2120. [PMID: 35452792 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is an important in silico tool to bridge drug properties and in vivo PK behaviors during drug development. Over the recent decade, the PBPK method has been largely applied to drug delivery systems (DDS), including oral, inhaled, transdermal, ophthalmic, and complex injectable products. The related therapeutic agents have included small-molecule drugs, therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids, and even cells. Simulation results have provided important insights into PK behaviors of new dosage forms, which strongly support drug regulation. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent progress in PBPK applications in drug delivery, which shows large opportunities for facilitating drug development. In addition, we discuss the challenges of applying this methodology from a practical viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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11
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K Y, Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Chachad S. Applications of PBPK/PBBM modeling in generic product development: An industry perspective. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinal diseases are one of the main reasons for vision loss where all available drug treatments are based on invasive drug administration such as intravitreal injections. Despite huge efforts and some promising results in animal models, almost all delivery technologies tested have failed in human trials. There are however examples of clinically effective topical delivery systems such as fast dissolving aqueous eye drop suspensions. AREAS COVERED Six obstacles to topical drug delivery to the eye have been identified and discussed in some details. These obstacles consist of static membrane barriers to drug permeation into the eye, dynamic barriers such as the lacrimal drainage and physiochemical barriers such as low thermodynamic activity. It is explained how and why these obstacles hamper drug permeation and how different technologies, both those that are applied in marketed drug products and those that are under investigation, have addressed these obstacles. EXPERT OPINION The reason that most topical drug delivery systems have failed to deliver therapeutic drug concentrations to the retina is that they do not address physiochemical barriers such as the thermodynamic activity of the permeating drug molecules. Topical drug delivery to the retina has only been successful when the static, dynamic, and physiochemical barriers are addressed simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Dosmar E, Vuotto G, Su X, Roberts E, Lannoy A, Bailey GJ, Mieler WF, Kang-Mieler JJ. Compartmental and COMSOL Multiphysics 3D Modeling of Drug Diffusion to the Vitreous Following the Administration of a Sustained-Release Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111862. [PMID: 34834276 PMCID: PMC8624029 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine antibiotic drug transport from a hydrogel drug delivery system (DDS) using a computational model and a 3D model of the eye. Hydrogel DDSs loaded with vancomycin (VAN) were synthesized and release behavior was characterized in vitro. Four different compartmental and four COMSOL models of the eye were developed to describe transport into the vitreous originating from a DDS placed topically, in the subconjunctiva, subretinally, and intravitreally. The concentration of the simulated DDS was assumed to be the initial concentration of the hydrogel DDS. The simulation was executed over 1500 and 100 h for the compartmental and COMSOL models, respectively. Based on the MATLAB model, topical, subconjunctival, subretinal and vitreous administration took most (~500 h to least (0 h) amount of time to reach peak concentrations in the vitreous, respectively. All routes successfully achieved therapeutic levels of drug (0.007 mg/mL) in the vitreous. These models predict the relative build-up of drug in the vitreous following DDS administration in four different points of origin in the eye. Our model may eventually be used to explore the minimum loading dose of drug required in our DDS leading to reduced drug use and waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dosmar
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA; (G.V.); (X.S.); (E.R.); (A.L.); (G.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabrielle Vuotto
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA; (G.V.); (X.S.); (E.R.); (A.L.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Xingqi Su
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA; (G.V.); (X.S.); (E.R.); (A.L.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Emily Roberts
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA; (G.V.); (X.S.); (E.R.); (A.L.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Abigail Lannoy
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA; (G.V.); (X.S.); (E.R.); (A.L.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Garet J. Bailey
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA; (G.V.); (X.S.); (E.R.); (A.L.); (G.J.B.)
| | - William F. Mieler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W 35th St., Chicago, IL 60616, USA;
| | - Jennifer J. Kang-Mieler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1200 W Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
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Wang W, Ye Z, Gao H, Ouyang D. Computational pharmaceutics - A new paradigm of drug delivery. J Control Release 2021; 338:119-136. [PMID: 34418520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades pharmaceutics and drug delivery have become increasingly critical in the pharmaceutical industry due to longer time, higher cost, and less productivity of new molecular entities (NMEs). However, current formulation development still relies on traditional trial-and-error experiments, which are time-consuming, costly, and unpredictable. With the exponential growth of computing capability and algorithms, in recent ten years, a new discipline named "computational pharmaceutics" integrates with big data, artificial intelligence, and multi-scale modeling techniques into pharmaceutics, which offered great potential to shift the paradigm of drug delivery. Computational pharmaceutics can provide multi-scale lenses to pharmaceutical scientists, revealing physical, chemical, mathematical, and data-driven details ranging across pre-formulation studies, formulation screening, in vivo prediction in the human body, and precision medicine in the clinic. The present paper provides a comprehensive and detailed review in all areas of computational pharmaceutics and "Pharma 4.0", including artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, molecular modeling, mathematical modeling, process simulation, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. We not only summarized the theories and progress of these technologies but also discussed the regulatory requirements, current challenges, and future perspectives in the area, such as talent training and a culture change in the future pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhuyifan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hanlu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China.
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15
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Development of PBPK model for intra-articular injection in human: methotrexate solution and rheumatoid arthritis case study. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 48:909-922. [PMID: 34569001 PMCID: PMC8604827 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A physiologically based model describing the dissolution, diffusion, and transfer of drug from the intra-articular (IA) space to the plasma, was developed for GastroPlus® v9.8. The model is subdivided into compartments representing the synovial fluid, synovium, and cartilage. The synovium is broken up into two sublayers. The intimal layer acts as a diffusion barrier between the synovial fluid and the subintimal layer. The subintimal layer of the synovium has fenestrated capillaries that allow the free drug to be transported into systemic circulation. The articular cartilage is broken up into 10 diffusion sublayers as it is much thicker than the synovium. The cartilage acts as a depot tissue for the drug to diffuse into from synovial fluid. At later times, the drug will diffuse from the cartilage back into synovial fluid once a portion of the dose enters systemic circulation. In this study, a listing of all relevant details and equations for the model is presented. Methotrexate was chosen as a case study to show the application and utility of the model, based on the availability of intravenous (IV), oral (PO) and IA administration data in patients presenting rheumatoid arthritis (RA) symptoms. Systemic disposition of methotrexate in RA patients was described by compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) model with PK parameters extracted using the PKPlus™ module in GastroPlus®. The systemic PK parameters were validated by simulating PO administration of methotrexate before being used for simulation of IA administration. For methotrexate, the concentrations of drug in the synovial fluid and plasma were well described after adjustments of physiological parameters to account for RA disease state, and with certain assumptions about binding and diffusion. The results indicate that the model can correctly describe PK profiles resulting from administration in the IA space, however, additional cases studies will be required to evaluate ability of the model to scale between species and/or doses.
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Toropainen E, Fraser-Miller SJ, Novakovic D, Del Amo EM, Vellonen KS, Ruponen M, Viitala T, Korhonen O, Auriola S, Hellinen L, Reinisalo M, Tengvall U, Choi S, Absar M, Strachan C, Urtti A. Biopharmaceutics of Topical Ophthalmic Suspensions: Importance of Viscosity and Particle Size in Ocular Absorption of Indomethacin. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040452. [PMID: 33810564 PMCID: PMC8067094 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye drops of poorly soluble drugs are frequently formulated as suspensions. Bioavailability of suspended drug depends on the retention and dissolution of drug particles in the tear fluid, but these factors are still poorly understood. We investigated seven ocular indomethacin suspensions (experimental suspensions with two particle sizes and three viscosities, one commercial suspension) in physical and biological tests. The median particle size (d50) categories of the experimental suspensions were 0.37–1.33 and 3.12–3.50 µm and their viscosity levels were 1.3, 7.0, and 15 mPa·s. Smaller particle size facilitated ocular absorption of indomethacin to the aqueous humor of albino rabbits. In aqueous humor the AUC values of indomethacin suspensions with different particle sizes, but equal viscosity, differed over a 1.5 to 2.3-fold range. Higher viscosity increased ocular absorption 3.4–4.3-fold for the suspensions with similar particle sizes. Overall, the bioavailability range for the suspensions was about 8-fold. Instillation of larger particles resulted in higher tear fluid AUC values of total indomethacin (suspended and dissolved) as compared to application of smaller particles. Despite these tear fluid AUC values of total indomethacin, instillation of the larger particles resulted in smaller AUC levels of indomethacin in the aqueous humor. This suggests that the small particles yielded higher concentrations of dissolved indomethacin in the tear fluid, thereby leading to improved ocular bioavailability. This new conclusion was supported by ocular pharmacokinetic modeling. Both particle size and viscosity have a significant impact on drug concentrations in the tear fluid and ocular drug bioavailability from topical suspensions. Viscosity and particle size are the key players in the complex interplay of drug retention and dissolution in the tear fluid, thereby defining ocular drug absorption and bioequivalence of ocular suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
| | - Sara J. Fraser-Miller
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.J.F.-M.); (D.N.); (T.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Dunja Novakovic
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.J.F.-M.); (D.N.); (T.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Eva M. Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.J.F.-M.); (D.N.); (T.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Ossi Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
| | - Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
| | - Unni Tengvall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20993, USA; (S.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammad Absar
- Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20993, USA; (S.C.); (M.A.)
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, MD 20878, USA
| | - Clare Strachan
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.J.F.-M.); (D.N.); (T.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (E.T.); (E.M.D.A.); (K.-S.V.); (M.R.); (O.K.); (S.A.); (L.H.); (M.R.); (U.T.)
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 Peterhof, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-840-5402-2279
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Tsakalozou E, Babiskin A, Zhao L. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to support bioequivalence and approval of generic products: A case for diclofenac sodium topical gel, 1. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:399-411. [PMID: 33547863 PMCID: PMC8129718 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Establishing bioequivalence (BE) for dermatological drug products by conducting comparative clinical end point studies can be costly and the studies may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect certain formulation differences. Quantitative methods and modeling, such as physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, can support alternative BE approaches with reduced or no human testing. To enable PBPK modeling for regulatory decision making, models should be sufficiently verified and validated (V&V) for the intended purpose. This report illustrates the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of a generic diclofenac sodium topical gel that was based on a totality of evidence, including qualitative and quantitative sameness and physical and structural similarity to the reference product, an in vivo BE study with PK end points, and, more importantly, for the purposes of this report, a virtual BE assessment leveraging dermal PBPK modeling and simulation instead of a comparative clinical end point study in patients. The modeling approach characterized the relationship between systemic (plasma) and local (skin and synovial fluid) diclofenac exposure and demonstrated BE between the generic and reference products at the presumed site of action. Based on the fit‐for‐purpose modeling principle, the V&V process involved assessing observed data of diclofenac concentrations in skin tissues and plasma, and the overall performance of the modeling platform for relevant products. Using this case as an example, this report provides current scientific considerations on good practices for model V&V and the establishment of BE for dermatological drug products when leveraging PBPK modeling and simulation for regulatory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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18
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Cvijić S, Ignjatović J, Parojčić J, Ibrić S. The emerging role of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/biopharmaceutics modeling in formulation development. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-32479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer-based (in silico) modeling & simulation tools have been embraced in different fields of pharmaceutics for a variety of applications. Among these, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/biopharmaceutics modeling (PBPK/PBBM) emerged as a particularly useful tool in formulation development. PBPK/PBBM facilitated strategies have been increasingly evaluated over the past few years, as demonstrated by several reports from the pharmaceutical industry, and a number of research and review papers on this subject. Also, the leading regulatory authorities have recently issued guidance on the use of PBPK modeling in formulation design. In silico PBPK models can comprise different dosing routes (oral, intraoral, parenteral, inhalation, ocular, dermal etc.), although the majority of published examples refer to modeling of oral drugs performance. In order to facilitate the use of PBPK modeling tools, a couple of companies have launched commercially available software such as GastroPlus™, Simcyp™ PBPK Simulator and PK-Sim®. This paper highlights various application fields of PBPK/PBBM modeling, along with the basic principles, advantages and limitations of this approach, and provides relevant examples to demonstrate the practical utility of modeling & simulation tools in different stages of formulation development.
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19
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Luke MC, Kozak D. Regulating Generic Ophthalmologic Drug Bioequivalence-Envisioning Accessibility for Patients. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 37:157-161. [PMID: 33332225 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New, brand-name, ophthalmology drug products are developed, investigated, and submitted for marketing approval through premarket interactions with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These drug applications for novel drugs are reviewed by FDA for safety and effectiveness before being allowed on the market. Many brand-name drugs are allowed a period of marketing exclusivity and/or have patent protections that can delay generic competition. When these exclusivity periods or patents expire or are challenged (in the case of patents), generic competitors may then market equivalent products, as allowed by U.S. law (eg, Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, often referred to as "the Hatch-Waxman Act"). To be approved as a therapeutic equivalent, a generic product must demonstrate that it is both pharmaceutically equivalent and bioequivalent to the brand-name drug product, which can involve innovative analytical methods and study designs. To facilitate generic drug assessment and approval, the FDA has negotiated the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments (GDUFA) program that funds a rigorous generic drug development program that includes pre-Abbreviated New Drug Application (pre-ANDA) correspondence and meetings, targeted bioequivalence research, and publication of product-specific guidances (PSGs) to support generic drug research and development for manufacturers interested in developing generic drugs for the U.S. market. FDA's regulatory practices include the monitoring of quality and postapproval adverse events of all marketed products, including those for use in and around the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markham C Luke
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Le Merdy M, Spires J, Lukacova V, Tan ML, Babiskin A, Xu X, Zhao L, Bolger MB. Ocular Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Ointment Formulations. Pharm Res 2020; 37:245. [PMID: 33215336 PMCID: PMC7677276 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to show how the Ocular Compartmental Absorption & Transit (OCAT™) model in GastroPlus® can be used to characterize ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits for ointment formulations. Methods A newly OCAT™ model developed for fluorometholone, as well as a previously verified model for dexamethasone, were used to characterize the aqueous humor (AH) concentration following the administration of multiple ointment formulations to rabbit. The model uses the following parameters: application surface area (SA), a fitted application time, and the fitted Higuchi release constant to characterize the rate of passage of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from the ointment formulations into the tears in vivo. Results Parameter sensitivity analysis was performed to understand the impact of ointment formulation changes on ocular exposure. While application time was found to have a significant impact on the time of maximal concentration in AH, both the application SA and the Higuchi release constant significantly influenced both the maximum concentration and the ocular exposure. Conclusions This initial model for ointment ophthalmic formulations is a first step to better understand the interplay between physiological factors and ophthalmic formulation physicochemical properties and their impact on in vivo ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-020-02965-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Le Merdy
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA.
| | - Jessica Spires
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Ming-Liang Tan
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OGD/ORS/DQMM, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OGD/ORS/DQMM, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OPQ/OTR/DPQR, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OGD/ORS/DQMM, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Michael B Bolger
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
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21
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Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for children: Starting to reach maturation? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Le Merdy M, Tan ML, Babiskin A, Zhao L. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Support Ophthalmic Suspension Product Development. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:26. [PMID: 31907674 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FDA's Orange Book lists 17 currently marketed active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) formulated within ophthalmic suspensions in which a majority has 90% or more of the API undissolved. We used an ocular physiologically based pharmacokinetic (O-PBPK) model to compare a suspension with a solution for ophthalmic products with dexamethasone (Dex) as the model drug. Simulations with a Dex suspension O-PBPK model previously verified in rabbit were used to characterize the consequences of drug clearance mechanism in the precorneal compartment on pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure and to assess the ocular and systemic PK characteristics of ophthalmic suspensions with different strengths or magnitudes of viscosity. O-PBPK-based simulations show that (1) Dex suspension 0.05% has a 2.5- and 5-fold higher AUC in aqueous humor and plasma, respectively, than the Dex saturated solution; (2) strength increase by 5- and 10-fold induces a respective 2.2- and 3.3-fold increase in aqueous humor and 4.4- and 8.6-fold increase in plasma Cmax and AUC; and (3) increasing formulation viscosity (from 1.6 to 75 cP) causes an overall increase in API available for absorption in the cornea resulting in a higher ocular Cmax and AUC with no significant impact on systemic exposure. This research demonstrates that solid particles present in a suspension can not only help to achieve a higher ocular exposure but also unfavorably raise systemic exposure. A model able to correlate formulation changes to both ocular and plasma exposure is a necessary tool to support ocular product development taking into consideration both local efficacy and systemic safety aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Le Merdy
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming-Liang Tan
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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