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Cherifi F, Da Silva A, Martins-Branco D, Awada A, Nader-Marta G. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibody-drug conjugates for the treatment of patients with breast cancer. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:45-59. [PMID: 38214896 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2302460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently three antibody-drug-conjugates (ADC) are approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for treatment of breast cancer (BC) patient: trastuzumab-emtansine, trastuzumab-deruxtecan and sacituzumab-govitecan. ADC are composed of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting a specific antigen, a cytotoxic payload and a linker. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) distinguish ADC from conventional chemotherapy and must be understood by clinicians. AREAS COVERED Our review delineates the PK/PD profiles of ADC approved for the treatment of BC with insight for future development. This is an expert opinion literature review based on the EMA's Assessment Reports, enriched by a comprehensive literature search performed on Medline in August 2023. EXPERT OPINION All three ADC distributions are described by a two-compartment structure: tissue and serum. Payload concentration peak is immediate but remains at low concentration. The distribution varied for all ADC only with body weight. mAb will be metabolised firstly by the saturable complex formation of ADC/Tumour-Receptor and secondly by binding of FcgRs in immune cells. They are all excreted in the bile and faeces with minimal urine elimination. Dose adjustments, apart from weight, are not recommended. Novel ADC are composed of cleavable linkers with various targets/payloads with the same PK/PD properties, but novel structures of ADC are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Cherifi
- Oncology Medicine Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Breast Cancer Unit, CLCC François Baclesse, Institut Normand du Sein, Caen, France
| | - Angélique Da Silva
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Oncology, Caen-Normandy University Hospital, PICARO Cardio-Oncology Program, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE, Caen, France
| | - Diogo Martins-Branco
- Academic Trials Promoting Team (ATPT), Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Oncology Medicine Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guilherme Nader-Marta
- Academic Trials Promoting Team (ATPT), Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B), Brussels, Belgium
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Gui X, Zhao J, Ding L, Chai J, Lai H, Cai Y, Luo S, Zeng Y, Wu W, Chen H, Yao H, Wang Y. Assessing real-world safety concerns of Sacituzumab govitecan: a disproportionality analysis using spontaneous reports in the FDA adverse event reporting system. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1276976. [PMID: 37869095 PMCID: PMC10587566 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1276976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to identify potential safety concerns associated with Sacituzumab Govitecan (SG), an antibody-drug conjugate targeting trophoblastic cell-surface antigen-2, by analyzing real-world safety data from the largest publicly available worldwide pharmacovigilance database. Methods All data obtained from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from the second quarter of 2020 to the fourth quarter of 2022 underwent disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis to detect and assess the adverse event signals of SG, considering statistical significance when the lower limit of the 95% CI >1, based on at least 3 reports. Results Total of 1072 cases were included. The main safety signals were blood and lymphatic system disorders [ROR(95CI)=7.23 (6.43-8.14)], gastrointestinal disorders [ROR(95CI)=2.01 (1.81-2.22)], and relative infection adverse events, such as neutropenic sepsis [ROR(95CI)=46.02 (27.15-77.99)] and neutropenic colitis [ROR(95CI)=188.02 (120.09-294.37)]. We also noted unexpected serious safety signals, including large intestine perforation [ROR(95CI)=10.77 (3.47-33.45)] and hepatic failure [ROR(95CI)=3.87 (1.45-10.31)], as well as a high signal for pneumonitis [ROR(95CI)=9.93 (5.75-17.12)]. Additionally, age sub-group analysis revealed that geriatric patients (>65 years old) were at an increased risk of neutropenic colitis [ROR(95CI)=282.05 (116.36-683.66)], neutropenic sepsis [ROR(95CI)=101.11 (41.83-244.43)], acute kidney injury [ROR(95CI)=3.29 (1.36-7.94)], and atrial fibrillation [ROR(95CI)=6.91 (2.86-16.69)]. Conclusion This study provides crucial real-world safety data on SG, complementing existing clinical trial information. Practitioners should identify contributing factors, employ monitoring and intervention strategies, and focus on adverse events like neutropenic sepsis, large intestine perforation, and hepatic failure. Further prospective studies are needed to address these safety concerns for a comprehensive understanding and effective management of associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Herui Yao
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Liu T, Sun Y, Deng X, Shi L, Chen W, Fang W, Wu J, Fan X, Chen X, Sun J, Qin G, Gong L, Qin Q. Development, Validation and Application of a Bridging ELISA for Detection of Antibodies against GQ1001 in Cynomolgus Monkey Serum. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041684. [PMID: 36838672 PMCID: PMC9964351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity is a major issue associated with the PK, efficacy, and safety evaluation of therapeutic protein products during pre-clinical and clinical studies. A multi-tiered approach consisting of screening, confirmatory, and titration assays has been widely adopted for anti-drug antibody testing. GQ1001, a recombinant humanized anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 monoclonal antibody covalently linked to a cytotoxin of DM1, possesses a novel format of antibody-drug conjugates. In this study, we reported the development, validation, and application of an acid-dissociation bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against GQ1001 in cynomolgus monkey serum. The sensitivity of the screening assay was 126.141 ng/mL in undiluted serum. The screening assay and confirmatory assay were neither affected by the naïve monkey serum nor by 2% and 5% (v/v) erythrocyte hemolysates. Moreover, the assay was not subject to interference by 2500 ng/mL of human IgG1 in the samples. Drug interference at low positive control (150 ng/mL) and high positive control (8000 ng/mL) of anti-GQ1001 antibodies was not observed when GQ1001 concentrations were below 3.125 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, no hook effect was observed for the positive antibodies in the concentration range of 8 to 64 μg/mL. The validated assay was, thereafter, successfully applied to a single-dose toxicity study of GQ1001. Anti-drug antibody positive rates among dosing animals and testing samples were reported, and no significant impact was found on toxicokinetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yajun Sun
- GeneQuantum Healthcare (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xiaojie Deng
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Shi
- GeneQuantum Healthcare (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Wenyi Chen
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjing Fang
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junliang Wu
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaotian Fan
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Qin
- GeneQuantum Healthcare (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
- Correspondence: (G.Q.); (L.G.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Likun Gong
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
- Correspondence: (G.Q.); (L.G.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Qiuping Qin
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence: (G.Q.); (L.G.); (Q.Q.)
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Rose RH, Sepp A, Stader F, Gill KL, Liu C, Gardner I. Application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for therapeutic proteins and other novel modalities. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:840-854. [PMID: 36214113 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2133649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen diversification of drug development pipelines and approvals from traditional small molecule therapies to alternative modalities including monoclonal antibodies, engineered proteins, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), oligonucleotides and gene therapies. At the same time, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for small molecules have seen increased industry and regulatory acceptance.This review focusses on the current status of the application of PBPK models to these newer modalities and give a perspective on the successes, challenges and future directions of this field.There is greatest experience in the development of PBPK models for therapeutic proteins, and PBPK models for ADCs benefit from prior experience for both therapeutic proteins and small molecules. For other modalities, the application of PBPK models is in its infancy.Challenges are discussed and a common theme is lack of availability of physiological and experimental data to characterise systems and drug parameters to enable a priori prediction of pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, sufficient clinical data are required to build confidence in developed models.The PBPK modelling approach provides a quantitative framework for integrating knowledge and data from multiple sources and can be built on as more data becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Rose
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Armin Sepp
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Felix Stader
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Katherine L Gill
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Cong Liu
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Iain Gardner
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
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Chang HP, Li Z, Shah DK. Development of a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Whole-Body Disposition of MMAE Containing Antibody-Drug Conjugate in Mice. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1-24. [PMID: 35044590 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantitate and mathematically characterize the whole-body pharmacokinetics (PK) of different ADC analytes following administration of an MMAE-conjugated ADC in tumor-bearing mice. METHODS The PK of different ADC analytes (total antibody, total drug, unconjugated drug) was measured following administration of an MMAE-conjugated ADC in tumor-bearing mice. The PK of ADC analytes was compared with the whole-body PK of the antibody and drug obtained following administration of these molecules alone. An ADC PBPK model was developed by linking antibody PBPK model with small-molecule PBPK model, where the drug was assumed to deconjugate in DAR-dependent manner. RESULTS Comparison of antibody biodistribution coefficient (ABC) values for total antibody suggests that conjugation of drug did not significantly affect the PK of antibody. Comparison of tissue:plasma AUC ratio (T/P) for the conjugated drug and total antibody suggests that in certain tissues (e.g., spleen) ADC may demonstrate higher deconjugation. It was observed that the tissue distribution profile of the drug can be altered following its conjugation to antibody. For example, MMAE distribution to the liver was found to increase while its distribution to the heart was found to decrease upon conjugation to antibody. MMAE exposure in the tumor was found to increase by ~20-fold following administration as conjugate (i.e., ADC). The PBPK model was able to a priori predict the PK of all three ADC analytes in plasma, tissues, and tumor reasonably well. CONCLUSIONS The ADC PBPK model developed here serves as a platform for translational and clinical investigations of MMAE containing ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ping Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, New York, 14214-8033, USA.
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Berman E, Noyman I, Medvedovsky M, Ekstein D, Eyal S. Not your usual drug-drug interactions: Monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics may interact with antiseizure medications. Epilepsia 2021; 63:271-289. [PMID: 34967010 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as the fastest growing drug class. As such, mAbs are increasingly being co-prescribed with other drugs, including antiseizure medications (ASMs). Although mAbs do not share direct targets or mechanisms of disposition with small-molecule drugs (SMDs), combining therapeutics of both types can increase the risk of adverse effects and treatment failure. The primary goal of this literature review was identifying mAb-ASM combinations requiring the attention of professionals who are treating patients with epilepsy. Systematic PubMed and Embase searches (1980-2021) were performed for terms relating to mAbs, ASMs, drug interactions, and their combinations. Additional information was obtained from documents from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Evidence was critically appraised - key issues calling for clinicians' consideration and important knowledge gaps were identified, and practice recommendations were developed by a group of pharmacists and epileptologists. The majority of interactions were attributed to the indirect effects of cytokine-modulating antibodies on drug metabolism. Conversely, strong inhibitors or inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters could potentially interact with the cytotoxic payload of antibody-drug conjugates, and ASMs could alter mAb biodistribution. In addition, mAbs could potentiate adverse ASM effects. Unfortunately, few studies involved ASMs, requiring the formulation of class-based recommendations. Based on the current literature, most mAb-ASM interactions do not warrant special precautions. However, specific combinations should preferably be avoided, whereas others require monitoring and potentially adjustment of the ASM doses. Reduced drug efficacy or adverse effects could manifest days to weeks after mAb treatment onset or discontinuation, complicating the implication of drug interactions in potentially deleterious outcomes. Prescribers who treat patients with epilepsy should be familiar with mAb pharmacology to better anticipate potential mAb-ASM interactions and avoid toxicity, loss of seizure control, or impaired efficacy of mAb treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Berman
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iris Noyman
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mordekhay Medvedovsky
- Department of Neurology, Agnes Ginges Center of Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Ekstein
- Department of Neurology, Agnes Ginges Center of Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Eyal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Pei M, Liu T, Ouyang L, Sun J, Deng X, Sun X, Wu W, Huang P, Chen YL, Tan X, Liu X, Zhu P, Liu Y, Wang D, Wu J, Wang Q, Wang G, Gong L, Qin Q, Wang C. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for quantification of MMAE-Conjugated ADCs and total antibodies in cynomolgus monkey sera. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:645-652. [PMID: 36105165 PMCID: PMC9463470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are commonly heterogeneous and require extensive assessment of exposure-efficacy and exposure-safety relationships in preclinical and clinical studies. In this study, we report the generation of a monoclonal antibody against monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and the development, validation, and application of sensitive and high-throughput enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to measure the concentrations of MMAE-conjugated ADCs and total antibodies (tAb, antibodies in ADC plus unconjugated antibodies) in cynomolgus monkey sera. These assays were successfully applied to in vitro plasma stability and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of SMADC001, an MMAE-conjugated ADC against trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP-2). The plasma stability of SMADC001 was better than that of similar ADCs coupled with PEG4-Val-Cit, Lys (m-dPEG24)-Cit, and Val-Cit linkers. The developed ELISA methods for the calibration standards of ADC and tAb revealed a correlation between serum concentrations and the OD450 values, with R2 at 1.000, and the dynamic range was 0.3–35.0 ng/mL and 0.2–22.0 ng/mL, respectively; the intra- and inter-assay accuracy bias% ranged from −12.2% to −5.2%, precision ranged from −12.4% to −1.4%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 6.6% and 8.7%, respectively. The total error was less than 20.4%. The development and validation steps of these two assays met the acceptance criteria for all addressed validation parameters, which suggested that these can be applied to quantify MMAE-conjugated ADCs, as well as in PK studies. Furthermore, these assays can be easily adopted for development of other similar immunoassays. A specific monoclonal antibody against MMAE was generated via hybridoma technology. ELISA was used to quantify MMAE-ADCs with a calibration range of 0.5–35 ng/mL. ELISA was used to quantify total antibodies with a calibration range of 0.6–22 ng/mL. Pharmacokinetic profiles of SMADC001 in cynomolgus monkeys were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pei
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Ouyang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaojie Deng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- Research and Development Center, Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528400, China
| | - Xiaorong Tan
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Deheng Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Junliang Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guifeng Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Likun Gong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528400, China
- Corresponding author. Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qiuping Qin
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Chunhe Wang
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Research and Development Center, Dartsbio Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528400, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Corresponding author. Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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8
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Kaempffe A, Dickgiesser S, Rasche N, Paoletti A, Bertotti E, De Salve I, Sirtori FR, Kellner R, Könning D, Hecht S, Anderl J, Kolmar H, Schröter C. Effect of Conjugation Site and Technique on the Stability and Pharmacokinetics of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3776-3785. [PMID: 34363839 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate selection of conjugation sites and conjugation technologies is now widely accepted as crucial for the success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Herein, we present ADCs conjugated by different conjugation methods to different conjugation positions being systematically characterized by multiple in vitro assays as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses in transgenic Tg276 mice. Conjugation to cysteines, genetically introduced at positions N325, L328, S239, D265, and S442, was compared to enzymatic conjugation via microbial transglutaminase (mTG) either to C-terminal light (LC) or heavy chain (HC) recognition motifs or to endogenous position Q295 of a native antibody. All conjugations yielded homogeneous DAR 2 ADCs with similar hydrophobicity, thermal stability, human neonatal Fc receptor (huFcRn) binding, and serum stability properties, but with pronounced differences in their PK profiles. mTG-conjugated ADC variants conjugated either to Q295 or to LC recognition motifs showed superior PK behavior. Within the panel of engineered cysteine variants L328 showed a similar PK profile compared to previously described S239 but superior PK compared to S442, D265, and N325. While all positions were first tested with trastuzumab, L328 and mTG LC were further evaluated with additional antibody scaffolds derived from clinically evaluated monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Based on PK analyses, this study confirms the newly described position L328 as favorable site for cysteine conjugation, comparable to the well-established engineered cysteine position S239, and emphasizes the favorable position Q295 of native antibodies and the tagged LC antibody variant for enzymatic conjugations via mTG. In addition, hemizygous Tg276 mice are evaluated as an adequate model for ADC pharmacokinetics, facilitating the selection of suitable ADC candidates early in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kaempffe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Antibody Drug Conjugates & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephan Dickgiesser
- Antibody Drug Conjugates & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- Antibody Drug Conjugates & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andrea Paoletti
- NBE-DMPK Discovery and Preclinical Bioanalytics, Merck KGaA, RBM S.p.A., Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Elisa Bertotti
- NBE-DMPK Discovery and Preclinical Bioanalytics, Merck KGaA, RBM S.p.A., Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Ilse De Salve
- NBE-DMPK Discovery and Preclinical Bioanalytics, Merck KGaA, RBM S.p.A., Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Federico Riccardi Sirtori
- NBE-DMPK Discovery and Preclinical Bioanalytics, Merck KGaA, RBM S.p.A., Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Roland Kellner
- Antibody Drug Conjugates & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Doreen Könning
- Antibody Drug Conjugates & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Antibody Drug Conjugates & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Anderl
- Antibody Drug Conjugates & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Schröter
- Antibody Drug Conjugates & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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9
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Clinical Pharmacology of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020020. [PMID: 34063812 PMCID: PMC8161445 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceutical products where a monoclonal antibody is linked to a biologically active drug (a small molecule) forming a conjugate. Since the approval of first ADC (Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (trade name: Mylotarg)) for the treatment of CD33-positive acute myelogenous leukemia, several ADCs have been developed for the treatment of cancer. The goal of an ADC as a cancer agent is to release the cytotoxic drug to kill the tumor cells without harming the normal or healthy cells. With time, it is being realized that ADCS can also be used to manage or cure other diseases such as inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and bacteremia and some research in this direction is ongoing. The focus of this review is on the clinical pharmacology aspects of ADC development. From the selection of an appropriate antibody to the finished product, the entire process of the development of an ADC is a difficult and challenging task. Clinical pharmacology is one of the most important tools of drug development since this tool helps in finding the optimum dose of a product, thus preserving the safety and efficacy of the product in a patient population. Unlike other small or large molecules where only one moiety and/or metabolite(s) is generally measured for the pharmacokinetic profiling, there are several moieties that need to be measured for characterizing the PK profiles of an ADC. Therefore, knowledge and understanding of clinical pharmacology of ADCs is vital for the selection of a safe and efficacious dose in a patient population.
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10
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Zhou Z, Zhu J, Jiang M, Sang L, Hao K, He H. The Combination of Cell Cultured Technology and In Silico Model to Inform the Drug Development. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050704. [PMID: 34065907 PMCID: PMC8151315 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-derived in vitro models can provide high-throughput efficacy and toxicity data without a species gap in drug development. Challenges are still encountered regarding the full utilisation of massive data in clinical settings. The lack of translated methods hinders the reliable prediction of clinical outcomes. Therefore, in this study, in silico models were proposed to tackle these obstacles from in vitro to in vivo translation, and the current major cell culture methods were introduced, such as human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), 3D cells, organoids, and microphysiological systems (MPS). Furthermore, the role and applications of several in silico models were summarised, including the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK), pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model (PK/PD), quantitative systems pharmacology model (QSP), and virtual clinical trials. These credible translation cases will provide templates for subsequent in vitro to in vivo translation. We believe that synergising high-quality in vitro data with existing models can better guide drug development and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengying Zhou
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Z.Z.); (M.J.)
| | - Jinwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Muhan Jiang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Z.Z.); (M.J.)
| | - Lan Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Kun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.Z.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Hua He
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Z.Z.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (H.H.)
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11
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Zhang S, Zhou D, Zheng C, Xiong P, Zhu W, Zheng D. Preclinical evaluation of a novel antibody-drug conjugate targeting DR5 for lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 21:329-339. [PMID: 34141870 PMCID: PMC8173093 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive hematological neoplasm resulting from immature lymphoid precursors. An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), coupling a small molecule covalently with a targeting antibody, can specifically kill tumor cells. Death receptor 5 (DR5) is considered as a promising anti-tumor drug target. In this study, we describe the preclinical evaluation of a novel DR5-targeting ADC (Oba01) as a potential therapeutic against ALL. Oba01 utilizes anti-DR5 humanized monoclonal antibody (zaptuzumab) coupled via a cleavable linker to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). Oba01 can specifically bind to DR5 on the tumor cells and transfer into lysosome via DR5-mediated endocytosis. It then effectively releases the MMAE, which can bind to the tubulin and prevent its aggregation, thereby leading to a significant inhibition of proliferation and cell death in tumor cells. Additionally, Oba01 displays significant dose-dependent tumoricidal activity in cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. More importantly, toxicity analysis of Oba01 showed a favorable safety profile, and pharmacokinetic analysis illustrated an excellent stability and tolerability in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Taken together, our data conclusively demonstrate that Oba01 is an attractive candidate for further clinical trials in DR5-positive ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhang
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China.,Obio Technology (Shanghai) Corp, Ltd., No. 908, Building 19, Ziping Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Dongdong Zhou
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Wan Zhu
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Dexian Zheng
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China.,Obio Technology (Shanghai) Corp, Ltd., No. 908, Building 19, Ziping Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201321, China
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12
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Mahmood I. Interspecies Scaling of Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) for the Prediction of Human Clearance. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10010001. [PMID: 33430196 PMCID: PMC7839014 DOI: 10.3390/antib10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allometric scaling is a useful tool for the extrapolation of pharmacokinetic parameters from animals to humans. The objective of this study was to predict human clearance of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) allometrically from one to three animal species and compare the predicted human clearance with the observed human clearance. For three animal species allometric scaling, the "Rule of Exponents" (ROE) was used. The results of the study indicated that three-species allometric scaling in association with the ROE provides acceptable prediction (within 0.5-2-fold prediction error) of human clearance. The two-species allometric scaling resulted in substantial prediction error. One-species scaling using a fixed exponent of 1.0 provided acceptable prediction error (within 0.5-2-fold) by monkey, rat, and mouse, in which monkey and rat were comparable. Overall, the predicted human clearance values of ADCs from animal(s) was good. The allometric method proposed in this article can be used to predict human clearance from the animal data and subsequently to select the first-in-human dose of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Mahmood
- Mahmood Clinical Pharmacology Consultancy, LLC, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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