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Jaspers M, Tegel F, Roelofs TP, Starsich F, Song YL, Meir B, Elkes R, Dickhoff BH. Process intensification of pharmaceutical powder blending at commercial throughputs by utilizing semi-continuous mini-blending. Int J Pharm X 2024; 8:100264. [PMID: 39040515 PMCID: PMC11262166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Process intensification involves the miniaturization of equipment while retaining process throughput and performance. The pharmaceutical industry can benefit from this approach especially during drug product development, where the availability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is often limited. It reduces the need for process scale up, as equipment used during product development and commercial production is identical. However, applications of process intensification for processing pharmaceutical powders are limited so far. Here we show that semi-continuous mini-blending can be utilized for process intensification of blending of API and excipients. Uniform blending at commercially relevant throughputs was achieved through mini-blends with a volume of less than ten liters. Our results demonstrate that blending speed, cycle time and blender fill level can be optimized without compromising blending performance. Acceptable blend uniformity is obtained over a broad range of operating parameters, by choosing the right excipients. The optimized throughput of the mini-blending process is in line with the desired throughput of a commercial Continuous Direct Compression (CDC) process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Tegel
- Gericke AG, Althardstrasse 120, CH-8105 Regensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabian Starsich
- Gericke AG, Althardstrasse 120, CH-8105 Regensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Bernhard Meir
- Gericke AG, Althardstrasse 120, CH-8105 Regensdorf, Switzerland
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2
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Dias RC, Korhonen O, Ketolainen J, Ervasti T, Lopes JA. The effect of process parameters on a continuous blending process monitored in-line by near-infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 202:106890. [PMID: 39214317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The continuous feeding-mixing system ensures the composition uniformity down to the tableting continuous manufacturing line so that a quality end-product is consistently delivered. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) enables in-line assessment of the blend's critical quality attributes in real-time. In this study, the effect of total feed rate and impeller speed on the continuous blending process monitored in-line by NIRS was examined by principal component analysis (PCA), ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Process data were generated by a factorial experimental design with process parameters and a constant formulation comprised of: 30 % (wt/wt) ibuprofen, 67.5 % (wt/wt) microcrystalline cellulose, 2 % (wt/wt) of sodium starch glycolate and 0.5 % (wt/wt) of magnesium stearate. The PCA hinted at the prevalence of impeller speed effect on ibuprofen concentration due to path length variation of the NIR light caused by the fluidized behaviour in the powder blend as a result of high speed ranges (>300 rpm). The ASCA model indicated that while both impeller speed and total feed rate effects were statistically significant (p-value=0.004), the impeller speed was the factor that contributed the most to the spectral variance (55.5 %). The PLS regression model for the ibuprofen content resulted in a RMSECV of 1.3 % (wt/wt) and showed that impeller speed was yet again the factor that exerted the major influence on spectral variance, owing to its wavelength-dependent effect that prevents common pre-processing techniques from eliminating it across the entire NIR range. The best sample presentation to the NIR probe was achieved at low impeller speed ranges (<600 rpm) and low total feed rates (<15 kg/h), such that it enhanced the PLS model ability to predict the ibuprofen concentration in the blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute C Dias
- PromisLab, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ossi Korhonen
- PromisLab, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- PromisLab, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Ervasti
- PromisLab, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - João A Lopes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Desai PM, Truong T, Marathe S. Detailed accounts of segregation mechanisms and the evolution of pharmaceutical blend segregation analysis: A review. Int J Pharm 2024; 665:124739. [PMID: 39321901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Segregation refers to the separation of components in a powder mixture, resulting in potential issues related to concentration inhomogeneity. Any well-mixed blend that undergoes secondary processing is inherently susceptible to segregation which, if unmitigated, will lead to active compound concentration variance and poorer product quality. The consequences range from adverse financial impact to manufacturers with product failures to the detrimental health effects to product users. Hence, the topic of segregation is of paramount importance to the industry, requiring it to be dissected and scrutinized intensively by scientists worldwide. This review provides a well-crafted theoretical framework designed to understand the common segregation mechanisms that manufacturing facilities face, followed by the efforts to gauge the degree of segregation. To minimize segregation in blends, various approaches - mathematical modeling, empirical experiments, and empirical methods with modeling consideration - have been utilized in segregation research and are covered in this review. The past segregation studies from many fields are discussed, with particular emphasis on pharmaceuticals. The review also discusses the evolution and advances in mixing technology and storage systems implemented by the pharmaceutical industry to prevent segregation. In the conclusion, the authors articulated their perspectives on potential mitigation measures, including suggestions for improvements and future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parind M Desai
- Drug Product Development, Medicine Development & Supply, GSK R&D, Collegeville, PA, USA.
| | - Triet Truong
- Drug Product Development, Medicine Development & Supply, GSK R&D, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Sushrut Marathe
- Drug Product Development, Medicine Development & Supply, GSK R&D, Collegeville, PA, USA
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4
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Anuschek M, Skelbæk-Pedersen AL, Skibsted E, Kvistgaard Vilhelmsen T, Axel Zeitler J, Rantanen J. THz-TDS as a PAT tool for monitoring blend homogeneity in pharmaceutical manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms: A proof-of-concept study. Int J Pharm 2024; 662:124534. [PMID: 39079591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The process analytical technology (PAT) framework is well established and integral to facilitate process understanding, enable a transition from batch to continuous manufacturing, and improve product quality. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been established as a standard PAT tool for many process analytical challenges, including monitoring powder blend homogeneity. However, alternative technologies for monitoring powder blending are of interest due to the importance of the blending step in manufacturing solid oral dosage forms. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is therefore explored in this study as an alternative tool for monitoring blend homogeneity with the potential for endpoint control in a batch blending process. Powder blends of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate and blends of MCC and granulated α-lactose monohydrate were investigated non-invasively at various compositions using THz-TDS in transmission mode for acquiring spectra from samples enclosed in the blending container. It was found that attenuation- and phase-related parameters acquired with THz-TDS could reliably resolve physical changes related to the homogeneity of the blend. Further evaluations revealed that changes in the bulk density of the blend, in addition to the intrinsic optical properties of the materials, played a critical role in the observed trends for both systems. In contrast, the scattering contribution of the powder was mainly crucial for the attenuation-related parameter in blends with materials of high refractive indices. Finally, THz-TDS measurements were acquired throughout a blending process mimicking a continuous acquisition. The method could follow blending dynamics and resulted in reasonable predictive errors of the content of 0.5 - 2.5 %. Relative standard deviations for high content blends (20 %) were acceptable (3 - 7 %) whereas at low contents (5 %) significantly higher values (9 - 35 %) were found. Based on these findings, THz-TDS is a feasible PAT tool for monitoring blend homogeneity and controlling high content blend processes, although precision and accuracy is considered to improve with a more suitable interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Anuschek
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk A/S, ET Oral Product Development, Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | - Erik Skibsted
- Novo Nordisk A/S, ET Oral Product Development, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Sun Z, Zhang K, Lin B, Huang R, Yang X, Li S, Liang M, Nie L, Yin W, Wang H, Zhang H, Li L, Wu A, Zang H. Real-time in-line prediction of drug loading and release rate in the coating process of diclofenac sodium spheres based on near infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 301:122952. [PMID: 37270976 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of diclofenac sodium spheres by fluidized bed is a common production mode for the pharmaceutical preparations at present, but the critical material attributes in the production process is mostly analyzed off-line, which is time-consuming and laborious, and the analysis results lag behind. In this paper, the real-time in-line prediction of drug loading of diclofenac sodium and the release rate during the coating process was realized by using near infrared spectroscopy. For the best near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) model of drug loading, R2cv, R2p, RMSECV, RMSEP were 0.9874, 0.9973, 0.002549 mg/g, 0.001515 mg/g respectively. For the best NIRS model of three release time points, the R2cv, R2p, RMSECV and RMSEP were 0.9755, 0.9823, 3.233%, 4.500%; 0.9358, 0.9965, 2.598%, 0.7939% and 0.9867, 0.9927, 0.4085%, 0.4726% respectively. And the analytical ability of these model was verified. The organic combination of these two parts of work constituted an important basis for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of diclofenac sodium spheres from the perspective of production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Kefan Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Boran Lin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiqi Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangchun Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Mengying Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Nie
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wenping Yin
- Shandong SMA Pharmatech Co., Ltd, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shandong SMA Pharmatech Co., Ltd, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lian Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Aoli Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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6
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Russell A, Strong J, Garner S, Ketterhagen W, Long M, Capece M. Direct Compaction Drug Product Process Modeling. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:67. [PMID: 35102457 PMCID: PMC8816834 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most challenges during the development of solid dosage forms are related to the impact of any variations in raw material properties, batch size, or equipment scales on the product quality and the control of the manufacturing process. With the ever pertinent restrictions on time and resource availability versus heightened expectations to develop, optimize, and troubleshoot manufacturing processes, targeted and robust science-based process modeling platforms are essential. This review focuses on the modeling of unit operations and practices involved in batch manufacturing of solid dosage forms by direct compaction. An effort is made to highlight the key advances in the past five years, and to propose potentially beneficial future study directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Russell
- Operations Science & Technology, AbbVie, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - John Strong
- R&D Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Sean Garner
- R&D Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | | | - Michelle Long
- Operations Science & Technology, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Maxx Capece
- R&D Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
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7
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Lamešić D, Grilc B, Roškar R, Kolokytha S, Hofmann J, Malekos A, Kaufmann R, Planinšek O. Spherical Agglomerates of Lactose Reduce Segregation in Powder Blends and Improve Uniformity of Tablet Content at High Drug Loads. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 23:17. [PMID: 34893932 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here on improved uniformity of blends of micronised active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using addition of spherical agglomerates of lactose and enhanced blend flow to improve tablet content uniformity with higher API loads. Micromeritic properties and intra-particle porosity (using nano-computed X-ray tomography) of recently introduced spherical agglomerates of lactose and two standard lactose grades for the direct compression processes were compared. Powder blends of the individual lactose types and different micronised API drug loads were prepared and subjected to specific conditions that can induce API segregation. Tablet content uniformity during direct compression was related to the lactose material attributes. The distinctive micromeritic properties of the lactose types showed that spherical agglomerates of lactose had high intra-particle porosity and increased specific surface area. The stability of binary blends after intense sieving was governed by the intra-particle porosity and surface roughness of the lactose particles, which determined the retention of the model substance. Greater intra-particle porosity, powder specific surface area, and particle size of the spherical agglomerates provided greater adhesion of micronised particles, compared to granulated and spray-dried lactose. Thus the spherical agglomerates provided enhanced final blend flow and uniformity of tablet content at higher drug loads.
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8
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Mateo-Ortiz D, Villanueva-Lopez V, Muddu SV, Doddridge GD, Alhasson D, Dennis MC. Dry Powder Mixing Is Feasible in Continuous Twin Screw Extruder: Towards Lean Extrusion Process for Oral Solid Dosage Manufacturing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:249. [PMID: 34648107 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using discrete element method (DEM) modeling and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, the feasibility of powder mixing in the initial pre-melting zones of a twin screw extruder using two independent feeders was studied. Previous work in the pharmaceutical and food industry has focused on mixing when materials are melted or on material homogeneity at the extruder's output. Depending on the formulation, ensuring a fully blended formulation prior to melting may be desired. Experiments were conducted using a Coperion ZSK-18 extruder to evaluate if blend uniformity can be achieved by exploring screw configuration, screw speed, and powder feed rate. As powder exited the extruder and deposited on a conveyor belt, an in-line NIR spectrophotometer measured spectra of material. Chemometric-based models predicted unknown concentrations to evaluate if blend uniformity was achieved. Using the EDEM software, Hertz-Mindlin contact model, and dimensions of the extruder, DEM simulations complemented the experimental work. The DEM computational models provided understanding of mixing patterns inside the extruder at particle scale and helped select the screw configuration before doing experimentation. The simulations showed good axial mixing for all the screw configurations studied, while good cross (radial) mixing was only observed for the screw configuration with 90-degree kneading elements. Therefore, the screw configuration with two 90-degree kneading elements was chosen for the experimental study. The RTD profiles when using a screw configuration with only conveying screw elements are comparable to a plug flow reactor (PFR), while the profiles when using kneading elements are more comparable to an ideal continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). For the screw configuration with 90 degrees kneading elements, the mean residence time (MRT) decreases with an increase in the screw speed. Experimental NIR spectra showed that concentrations can be predicted with an error of 2%. It was demonstrated that the twin screw extruder can provide proper dry powder mixing of two powder feed streams based on a unit dose scale, enabling continuous powder mixing prior to the melting zone in the extruder for the formulation studied with a cohesive API. This setup may also work for other types of formulations. These studies can help in developing lean hot melt as well as wet extrusion/granulation processes using twin screw extruders for the continuous manufacturing of oral solid dosage products.
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Kim EJ, Kim JH, Kim MS, Jeong SH, Choi DH. Process Analytical Technology Tools for Monitoring Pharmaceutical Unit Operations: A Control Strategy for Continuous Process Verification. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:919. [PMID: 34205797 PMCID: PMC8234957 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various frameworks and methods, such as quality by design (QbD), real time release test (RTRT), and continuous process verification (CPV), have been introduced to improve drug product quality in the pharmaceutical industry. The methods recognize that an appropriate combination of process controls and predefined material attributes and intermediate quality attributes (IQAs) during processing may provide greater assurance of product quality than end-product testing. The efficient analysis method to monitor the relationship between process and quality should be used. Process analytical technology (PAT) was introduced to analyze IQAs during the process of establishing regulatory specifications and facilitating continuous manufacturing improvement. Although PAT was introduced in the pharmaceutical industry in the early 21st century, new PAT tools have been introduced during the last 20 years. In this review, we present the recent pharmaceutical PAT tools and their application in pharmaceutical unit operations. Based on unit operations, the significant IQAs monitored by PAT are presented to establish a control strategy for CPV and real time release testing (RTRT). In addition, the equipment type used in unit operation, PAT tools, multivariate statistical tools, and mathematical preprocessing are introduced, along with relevant literature. This review suggests that various PAT tools are rapidly advancing, and various IQAs are efficiently and precisely monitored in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, PAT could be a fundamental tool for the present QbD and CPV to improve drug product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae-si, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea; (E.J.K.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Ji Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae-si, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea; (E.J.K.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 heon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae-si, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea; (E.J.K.); (J.H.K.)
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Shi G, Lin L, Liu Y, Chen G, Luo Y, Wu Y, Li H. Pharmaceutical application of multivariate modelling techniques: a review on the manufacturing of tablets. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8323-8345. [PMID: 35423324 PMCID: PMC8695199 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tablet manufacturing process is a complex system, especially in continuous manufacturing (CM). It includes multiple unit operations, such as mixing, granulation, and tableting. In tablet manufacturing, critical quality attributes are influenced by multiple factorial relationships between material properties, process variables, and interactions. Moreover, the variation in raw material attributes and manufacturing processes is an inherent characteristic and seriously affects the quality of pharmaceutical products. To deepen our understanding of the tablet manufacturing process, multivariable modeling techniques can replace univariate analysis to investigate tablet manufacturing. In this review, the roles of the most prominent multivariate modeling techniques in the tablet manufacturing process are discussed. The review mainly focuses on applying multivariate modeling techniques to process understanding, optimization, process monitoring, and process control within multiple unit operations. To minimize the errors in the process of modeling, good modeling practice (GMoP) was introduced into the pharmaceutical process. Furthermore, current progress in the continuous manufacturing of tablets and the role of multivariate modeling techniques in continuous manufacturing are introduced. In this review, information is provided to both researchers and manufacturers to improve tablet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Gongsen Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yanqiu Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
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11
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Hetrick EM, Shi Z, Harms ZD, Myers DP. Sample Mass Estimate for the Use of Near-Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy to Monitor Content Uniformity in a Tablet Press Feed Frame of a Drug Product Continuous Manufacturing Process. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:216-224. [PMID: 32721168 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820950318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, feed frame-based process analytical technology measurements used to assure product quality during continuous manufacturing processes have received significant attention. These measurements are able to accurately determine uniformity of the powder blend before compression, and in these applications, it is necessary to understand the interrogated sample volume per measurement. This understanding ensures that the blend measurement can be indicative of the uniformity of the final dosage form. A scientifically sound approach is proposed here to estimate sample mass for a continuous manufacturing process that utilizes either near infrared or Raman spectroscopy. A wide range of commercially available probes with varying spot diameters are considered. By comparing near infrared and Raman spectroscopy, an optimal range of probe spot diameters was identified in order to reach an estimated sample mass between 50 and 500 mg for pharmaceutical blends per measurement, which is equivalent to common tablet weight ranges for solid oral dosage forms currently on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Hetrick
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhenqi Shi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zachary D Harms
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David P Myers
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA
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12
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Wu SJ, Qiu P, Li P, Li Z, Li WL. A near-infrared spectroscopy-based end-point determination method for the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:897-910. [PMID: 33150773 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study is aimed to explore the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets. These are composed of two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs, emodin and emodin methyl ether) and four kinds of excipients (sodium bicarbonate, starch, sucrose, and magnesium stearate). Also, the objective is to develop a more robust model to determine the blending end-point. METHODS Qualitative and quantitative methods based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were established to monitor the homogeneity of the powder during the blending process. A calibration set consisting of samples from 15 batches was used to develop two types of calibration models with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method to explore the influence of density on the model robustness. The principal component analysis-moving block standard deviation (PCA-MBSD) method was used for the end-point determination of the blending with the process spectra. RESULTS The model with different densities showed better prediction performance and robustness than the model with fixed powder density. In addition, the blending end-points of APIs and excipients were inconsistent because of the differences in the physical properties and chemical contents among the materials of the design batches. For the complex systems of multi-components, using the PCA-MBSD method to determine the blending end-point of each component is difficult. In these conditions, a quantitative method is a more suitable alternative. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that the effect of density plays an important role in improving the performance of the model, and a robust modeling method has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Hunan Zhengqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Huaihua 418005, China
| | - Pian Li
- Langtian Pharmaceutical (Hubei) Co., Ltd., Huangshi 435000, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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13
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Avila CR, Ferré J, de Oliveira RR, de Juan A, Sinclair WE, Mahdi FM, Hassanpour A, Hunter TN, Bourne RA, Muller FL. Process Monitoring of Moisture Content and Mass Transfer Rate in a Fluidised Bed with a Low Cost Inline MEMS NIR Sensor. Pharm Res 2020; 37:84. [PMID: 32318827 PMCID: PMC7174278 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current trend for continuous drug product manufacturing requires new, affordable process analytical techniques (PAT) to ensure control of processing. This work evaluates whether property models based on spectral data from recent Fabry-Pérot Interferometer based NIR sensors can generate a high-resolution moisture signal suitable for process control. METHODS Spectral data and offline moisture content were recorded for 14 fluid bed dryer batches of pharmaceutical granules. A PLS moisture model was constructed resulting in a high resolution moisture signal, used to demonstrate (i) endpoint determination and (ii) evaluation of mass transfer performance. RESULTS The sensors appear robust with respect to vibration and ambient temperature changes, and the accuracy of water content predictions (±13 % ) is similar to those reported for high specification NIR sensors. Fusion of temperature and moisture content signal allowed monitoring of water transport rates in the fluidised bed and highlighted the importance water transport within the solid phase at low moisture levels. The NIR data was also successfully used with PCA-based MSPC models for endpoint detection. CONCLUSIONS The spectral quality of the small form factor NIR sensor and its robustness is clearly sufficient for the construction and application of PLS models as well as PCA-based MSPC moisture models. The resulting high resolution moisture content signal was successfully used for endpoint detection and monitoring the mass transfer rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Avila
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering,, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joan Ferré
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili,, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Rocha de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona,, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna de Juan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona,, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Faiz M Mahdi
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering,, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ali Hassanpour
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering,, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Timothy N Hunter
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering,, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering,, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Frans L Muller
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering,, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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14
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Pedersen T, Rantanen J, Naelapää K, Skibsted E. Near infrared analysis of pharmaceutical powders with empirical target distribution optimization (ETDO). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 181:113059. [PMID: 31978645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a well-established method for analysis of pharmaceutical products, and especially useful for process monitoring and control of continuous production due to high sample throughput. In this work, a previously established method called empirical target distribution optimization (ETDO) wherein reference sample values using information from model prediction of the calibration data was used as a tool to improve the performance of NIR partial least squares (PLS) models. Model performance was assessed using root mean square error (R2), bias and accuracy in prediction of test samples. A target value selection threshold was tested to assess the ETDO procedure for NIR analysis of powder samples. The amount of specific variation captured by the model was examined and compared for models calibrated with and without ETDO. The results reported in this work suggests that PLS models optimized with ETDO of reference values can provide more specific PLS models for NIR analysis for complex powder mixtures. In addition, the model optimization method could also be applied as a tool to verify the necessary amount of PLS components to produce robust models. The ETDO method presented in this work is an approach that could be applied in the development of continuous blending or tableting processes where robust in-line quantitative analysis of powder samples is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Oral Analytical Development, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaisa Naelapää
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Oral Formulation Research, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Erik Skibsted
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Oral Analytical Development, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark.
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15
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Vanhoorne V, Vervaet C. Recent progress in continuous manufacturing of oral solid dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119194. [PMID: 32135231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous drug product manufacturing is slowly being implemented in the pharmaceutical industry. Although the benefits related to the quality and cost of continuous manufacturing are widely recognized, several challenges hampered the widespread introduction of continuous manufacturing of drug products. Current review presents an overview of state-of-the art research, equipment, process analytical technology implementations and advanced control strategies. Additionally, guidelines and regulatory viewpoints on implementation of continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University.
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16
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17
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Raw Material Variability and Its Impact on the Online Adaptive Control of Cohesive Powder Blend Homogeneity Using NIR Spectroscopy. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7090568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is significant to analyze the blend homogeneity of cohesive powders during pharmaceutical manufacturing in order to provide the exact content of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for each individual dose unit. In this paper, an online monitoring platform using an MEMS near infrared (NIR) sensor was designed to control the bin blending process of cohesive powders. The state of blend homogeneity was detected by an adaptive algorithm, which was calibration free. The online control procedures and algorithm’s parameters were fine-tuned through six pilot experiments and were successfully transferred to the industrial production. The reliability of homogeneity detection results was validated by 16 commercial scale experiments using 16 kinds of natural product powders (NPPs), respectively. Furthermore, 19 physical quality attributes of all NPPs and the excipient were fully characterized. The blending end time was used to denote the degree of difficulty of blending. The empirical relationships between variability of NPPs and the blending end time were captured by latent variable modeling. The critical material attributes (CMAs) affecting the blending process were identified as the particle shape and flowability descriptors of cohesive powders. Under the framework of quality by design (QbD) and process analytical technology (PAT), the online NIR spectroscopy together with the powder characterization facilitated a deeper understanding of the mixing process.
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18
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Peng Q, Bao Y, Chen T, Peng Q, Yang M. A Rapid and Nondestructive Method for the Prediction of Ibuprofen Tablet Hardness Using NIR Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180427092727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
This study aimed at developing a technology to measure the hardness of Ibuprofen
(IBU) tablets and optimize the IBU formulation using Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy.
Materials and Methods:
Tablets (400 mg±5%, 10mm in diameter) consisting of IBU, microcrystalline
cellulose SH-103, carboxymethyl starch sodium, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide were formed of
various hardness (2kg, 4kg, 6kg, 8kg, 10kg, 12kg). The reflectance NIR spectra of various tablets were
employed to establish 9 calibrations models, which were further used to predict tablet hardness by Partial
least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) analysis.
Results and Conclusion:
Cross-validation with independent samples shows that PLS is the optimal
predictive model. Which R2=0.9832, RSECV=0.334 and RSE=0.0669. This study established a new,
simple, rapid, nondestructive and reliable methodology to optimize the IBU tablet hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qianrong Peng
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd., Guizhou 550009, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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19
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Dalvi H, Langlet A, Colbert MJ, Cournoyer A, Guay JM, Abatzoglou N, Gosselin R. In-line monitoring of Ibuprofen during and after tablet compression using near-infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 2019; 195:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Guerra A, von Stosch M, Glassey J. Toward biotherapeutic product real-time quality monitoring. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:289-305. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1524362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Guerra
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz von Stosch
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jarka Glassey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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21
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Crouter A, Briens L. Methods to Assess Mixing of Pharmaceutical Powders. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:84. [PMID: 30673887 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical manufacturing process consists of several steps, each of which must be monitored and controlled to ensure quality standards are met. The level of blending has an impact on the final product quality; therefore, it is important to be able to monitor blending progress and identify an end-point. Currently, the pharmaceutical industry assesses blend content and uniformity through the extraction of samples using thief probes followed by analytical methods, such as spectroscopy, to determine the sample composition. The development of process analytical technologies (PAT) can improve product monitoring with the aim of increasing efficiency, product quality and consistency, and creating a better understanding of the manufacturing process. Ideally, these are inline methods to remove issues related to extractive sampling and allow direct monitoring of the system using various sensors. Many technologies have been investigated, including spectroscopic techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy, velocimetric techniques that may use tracers, tomographic techniques, and acoustic emissions monitoring. While some techniques have demonstrated potential, many have significant disadvantages including the need for equipment modification, specific requirements of the material, expensive equipment, extensive analysis, the location of the probes may be critical and/or invasive, and lastly, the technique may only be applicable to the development phase. Both the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies should be considered in application to a specific system.
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22
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Hirschberg C, Schmidt Larsen M, Bøtker JP, Rantanen J. Additive manufacturing of prototype elements with process interfaces for continuously operating manufacturing lines. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:575-583. [PMID: 32104431 PMCID: PMC7032261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid prototyping based on in silico design and 3D printing enables fast customization of complex geometries to multiple needs. This study utilizes, additive manufacturing for rapid prototyping of elements for continuously operating mixing geometries including interfaces with process analytical technology (PAT) tools, to show that 3D printing can be used for prototyping of both parts of production line and PAT interfacing solution. An additional setup was designed for measuring the dynamic calibration samples for a semi-quantitative near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic model. The powder was filled in a small calibration chamber and in-line NIR spectra of calibration samples were collected from moving material while mimicking the powder flow dynamics in a typical continuous mixer. This dynamic powder mixing system was compared with a static powder calibration model where the NIR probe was placed at different positions on a static sample. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the 3D printed device with dynamic measurement of the NIR spectra had more potential for quantitative analysis. With the prototype continuous mixer, two differently placed process interfaces for NIR spectroscopic monitoring of the powder mixing were evaluated. With this approach, the importance of positioning the process analytical tools to assess the blend uniformity could be demonstrated. It was also observed that with the longer mixing geometry, a better mixing result was achieved due to a larger hold up volume and increased residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Recent advances in the applications of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping to pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:10-29. [PMID: 29290567 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping approaches have continued in their development and applications for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Obtaining spatially resolved chemical information about the distribution of different components within pharmaceutical formulations is integral for improving the understanding and quality of final drug products. This review aims to summarise some key advances of these technologies over recent years, primarily since 2010. An overview of FTIR, NIR, terahertz spectroscopic imaging and Raman mapping will be presented to give a perspective of the current state-of-the-art of these techniques for studying pharmaceutical samples. This will include their application to reveal spatial information of components that reveals molecular insight of polymorphic or structural changes, behaviour of formulations during dissolution experiments, uniformity of materials and detection of counterfeit products. Furthermore, new advancements will be presented that demonstrate the continuing novel applications of spectroscopic imaging and mapping, namely in FTIR spectroscopy, for studies of microfluidic devices. Whilst much of the recently developed work has been reported by academic groups, examples of the potential impacts of utilising these imaging and mapping technologies to support industrial applications have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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24
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Kuriyama A, Osuga J, Hattori Y, Otsuka M. In-Line Monitoring of a High-Shear Granulation Process Using the Baseline Shift of Near Infrared Spectra. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:710-718. [PMID: 28971383 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although near infrared (NIR) spectra are primarily influenced by undesired variations, i.e., baseline shifts and non-linearity, and many applications of NIR spectroscopy to the real-time monitoring of wet granulation processes have been reported, the granulation mechanisms behind these variations have not been fully discussed. These variations of NIR spectra can be canceled out using appropriate pre-processing techniques prior to spectral analysis. The present study assessed the feasibility of directly using baseline shifts in NIR spectra to monitor granulation processes, because such shifts can reflect changes in the physical properties of the granular material, including particle size, shape, density, and refractive index. Specifically, OPUSGRAN®, a novel granulation technology, was investigated by in-line NIR monitoring. NIR spectra were collected using a NIR diffuse reflectance fiber optic probe immersed in a high-shear granulator while simultaneously examining the morphology, particle size, density, strength, and Raman images of the mixture during granulation. The NIR baseline shift pattern was found to be characteristic of the OPUSGRAN® technology and was attributed to variations in the light transmittance, reflection, and scattering resulting from changes in the physicochemical properties of the samples during granulation. The baseline shift also exhibited an inflection point around the completion of granulation, and therefore may be used to determine the endpoint of the process. These results suggest that a specific pattern of NIR baseline shifts are associated with the unique OPUSGRAN® granulation mechanism and can be applied to monitor the manufacturing process and determine the endpoint.
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25
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Liu R, Li L, Yin W, Xu D, Zang H. Near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring and control of the fluidized bed granulation and coating processes-A review. Int J Pharm 2017; 530:308-315. [PMID: 28743552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The fluidized bed granulation and pellets coating technologies are widely used in pharmaceutical industry, because the particles made in a fluidized bed have good flowability, compressibility, and the coating thickness of pellets are homogeneous. With the popularization of process analytical technology (PAT), real-time analysis for critical quality attributes (CQA) was getting more attention. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, as a PAT tool, could realize the real-time monitoring and control during the granulating and coating processes, which could optimize the manufacturing processes. This article reviewed the application of NIR spectroscopy in CQA (moisture content, particle size and tablet/pellet thickness) monitoring during fluidized bed granulation and coating processes. Through this review, we would like to provide references for realizing automated control and intelligent production in fluidized bed granulation and pellets coating of pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wenping Yin
- Shandong SMA Pharmatech co., Ltd, 165, Huabei Rd., High & New Technology Zone, Zibo, Shandong 0533, China
| | - Dongbo Xu
- Shandong SMA Pharmatech co., Ltd, 165, Huabei Rd., High & New Technology Zone, Zibo, Shandong 0533, China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, 250012, China.
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26
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Nagy B, Farkas A, Gyürkés M, Komaromy-Hiller S, Démuth B, Szabó B, Nusser D, Borbás E, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. In-line Raman spectroscopic monitoring and feedback control of a continuous twin-screw pharmaceutical powder blending and tableting process. Int J Pharm 2017; 530:21-29. [PMID: 28723408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The integration of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative into the continuous production of pharmaceuticals is indispensable for reliable production. The present paper reports the implementation of in-line Raman spectroscopy in a continuous blending and tableting process of a three-component model pharmaceutical system, containing caffeine as model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), glucose as model excipient and magnesium stearate as lubricant. The real-time analysis of API content, blend homogeneity, and tablet content uniformity was performed using a Partial Least Squares (PLS) quantitative method. The in-line Raman spectroscopic monitoring showed that the continuous blender was capable of producing blends with high homogeneity, and technological malfunctions can be detected by the proposed PAT method. The Raman spectroscopy-based feedback control of the API feeder was also established, creating a 'Process Analytically Controlled Technology' (PACT), which guarantees the required API content in the produced blend. This is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first ever application of Raman-spectroscopy in continuous blending and the first Raman-based feedback control in the formulation technology of solid pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Attila Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Martin Gyürkés
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | | | - Balázs Démuth
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Bence Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Dávid Nusser
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Enikő Borbás
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3, Hungary.
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27
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Mechanistic approach in powder blending PAT: Bi-layer mixing and asymptotic end point prediction. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Wahl P, Pucher I, Scheibelhofer O, Kerschhaggl M, Sacher S, Khinast J. Continuous monitoring of API content, API distribution and crushing strength after tableting via near-infrared chemical imaging. Int J Pharm 2017; 518:130-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Hohl R, Scheibelhofer O, Stocker E, Behzadi SS, Haack D, Koch K, Kerschhaggl P, Lochmann D, Sacher S, Zimmer A. Monitoring of a Hot Melt Coating Process via a Novel Multipoint Near-Infrared Spectrometer. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:182-193. [PMID: 26935562 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to develop a PAT strategy for the supervision of hot melt coating processes. Optical fibers were placed at various positions in the process chamber of a fluid bed device. Experiments were performed to determine the most suitable position for in-line process monitoring, taking into account such requirements as a good signal to noise ratio, the mitigation of dead zones, the ability to monitor the product over the entire process, and reproducibility. The experimental evidence suggested that the position at medium fluid bed height, looking towards the center, i.e., normal to particle movement, proved to be the most reliable position. In this study, the advantages of multipoint monitoring are shown, and an in-line-implementation was created. This enabled the real-time supervision of the process, including the fast detection of inhomogeneities and disturbances in the process chamber, and the compensation of sensor malfunction. In addition, a model for estimating the particle size distribution via NIR was successfully created. This ensures that the quality of the product and the endpoint of the coating process can be determined correctly.
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30
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Fonteyne M, Vercruysse J, De Leersnyder F, Besseling R, Gerich A, Oostra W, Remon JP, Vervaet C, De Beer T. Blend uniformity evaluation during continuous mixing in a twin screw granulator by in-line NIR using a moving F-test. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:213-23. [PMID: 27543030 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the twin screw granulator of a continuous from-powder-to-tablet production line. Whereas powder dosing into the granulation unit is possible from a container of preblended material, a truly continuous process uses several feeders (each one dosing an individual ingredient) and relies on a continuous blending step prior to granulation. The aim of the current study was to investigate the in-line blending capacity of this twin screw granulator, equipped with conveying elements only. The feasibility of in-line NIR (SentroPAT, Sentronic GmbH, Dresden, Germany) spectroscopy for evaluating the blend uniformity of powders after the granulator was tested. Anhydrous theophylline was used as a tracer molecule and was blended with lactose monohydrate. Theophylline and lactose were both fed from a different feeder into the twin screw granulator barrel. Both homogeneous mixtures and mixing experiments with induced errors were investigated. The in-line spectroscopic analyses showed that the twin screw granulator is a useful tool for in-line blending in different conditions. The blend homogeneity was evaluated by means of a novel statistical method being the moving F-test method in which the variance between two blocks of collected NIR spectra is evaluated. The α- and β-error of the moving F-test are controlled by using the appropriate block size of spectra. The moving F-test method showed to be an appropriate calibration and maintenance free method for blend homogeneity evaluation during continuous mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Fonteyne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jurgen Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fien De Leersnyder
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jean Paul Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium.
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Boiret M, Chauchard F. Use of near-infrared spectroscopy and multipoint measurements for quality control of pharmaceutical drug products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:683-691. [PMID: 27422646 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that enables better-understanding and optimization of pharmaceutical processes and final drug products. The use in line is often limited by acquisition speed and sampling area. This work focuses on performing a multipoint measurement at high acquisition speed at the end of the manufacturing process on a conveyor belt system to control both the distribution and the content of active pharmaceutical ingredient within final drug products, i.e., tablets. A specially designed probe with several collection fibers was developed for this study. By measuring spectral and spatial information, it provides physical and chemical knowledge on the final drug product. The NIR probe was installed on a conveyor belt system that enables the analysis of a lot of tablets. The use of these NIR multipoint measurement probes on a conveyor belt system provided an innovative method that has the potential to be used as a new paradigm to ensure the drug product quality at the end of the manufacturing process and as a new analytical method for the real-time release control strategy. Graphical abstract Use of near-infrared spectroscopy and multipoint measurements for quality control of pharmaceutical drug products.
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Dai X, Song H, Liu W, Yao S, Wang G. On-line UV-NIR spectroscopy as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for on-line and real-time monitoring of the extraction process of Coptis Rhizome. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23688f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-NIR spectroscopy connected method as a tool for on-line and real-time monitoring of Coptis Rhizome extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- Department of Pharmacy
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Bakri B, Weimer M, Hauck G, Reich G. Assessment of powder blend uniformity: Comparison of real-time NIR blend monitoring with stratified sampling in combination with HPLC and at-line NIR Chemical Imaging. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rantanen J, Khinast J. The Future of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Sciences. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3612-3638. [PMID: 26280993 PMCID: PMC4973848 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The entire pharmaceutical sector is in an urgent need of both innovative technological solutions and fundamental scientific work, enabling the production of highly engineered drug products. Commercial-scale manufacturing of complex drug delivery systems (DDSs) using the existing technologies is challenging. This review covers important elements of manufacturing sciences, beginning with risk management strategies and design of experiments (DoE) techniques. Experimental techniques should, where possible, be supported by computational approaches. With that regard, state-of-art mechanistic process modeling techniques are described in detail. Implementation of materials science tools paves the way to molecular-based processing of future DDSs. A snapshot of some of the existing tools is presented. Additionally, general engineering principles are discussed covering process measurement and process control solutions. Last part of the review addresses future manufacturing solutions, covering continuous processing and, specifically, hot-melt processing and printing-based technologies. Finally, challenges related to implementing these technologies as a part of future health care systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Johannes Khinast
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria.
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Scheibelhofer O, Grabner B, Bondi RW, Igne B, Sacher S, Khinast JG. Designed Blending for Near Infrared Calibration. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2312-22. [PMID: 25980978 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otto Scheibelhofer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Grabner
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Benoît Igne
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Khorasani M, Amigo JM, Bertelsen P, Van Den Berg F, Rantanen J. Detecting Blending End-Point Using Mean Squares Successive Difference Test and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2541-9. [PMID: 26094601 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An algorithm based on mean squares successive difference test applied to near-infrared and principal component analysis scores was developed to monitor and determine the blending profile and to assess the end-point in the statistical stabile phase. Model formulations consisting of an active compound (acetylsalicylic acid), together with microcrystalline cellulose and two grades of calcium carbonate with dramatically different particle shapes, were prepared. The formulation comprising angular-shaped calcium carbonate reached blending end-point slower when compared with the formulation comprising equant-shaped calcium carbonate. Utilizing the ring shear test, this distinction in end-point could be related to the difference in flowability of the formulations. On the basis of the two model formulations, a design of experiments was conducted to characterize the blending process by studying the effect of CaCO3 grades and fill level of the bin on blending end-point. Calcium carbonate grades, fill level, and their interaction were shown to have a significant impact on the blending process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Khorasani
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - José M Amigo
- Faculty of Science, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Frans Van Den Berg
- Faculty of Science, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Analytical Method Quality by Design for an On-Line Near-Infrared Method to Monitor Blend Potency and Uniformity. J Pharm Innov 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-014-9205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Wahl PR, Fruhmann G, Sacher S, Straka G, Sowinski S, Khinast JG. PAT for tableting: inline monitoring of API and excipients via NIR spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:271-8. [PMID: 24705126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the application and implementation of inline NIR spectroscopy in an industrial tablet press. The content uniformity of a powder was analyzed via a NIR probe mounted on the feed frame. A PLS model with four latent variables (R(2)=0.97, Q(2)=0.95) was developed for the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and two main excipients (EX1, EX2), according to the mixture DoE. The RMSEP corresponded to the relative errors of 2.7% for API, 1.7% for EX1 and 2.6% for EX2, compared to the nominal formulation. Transfer of the model, from the lab to an inline setup for manufacturing was achieved using local centering. There was a good agreement between the results of inline NIR and drawn tablets analyzed via UV-Vis. Notably, NIR indicated stochastic segregation behavior of the powder toward the end of the process, which was confirmed by the UV-Vis analysis. The outcome of our work was related to the recently published Ph. Eur. chapter 2.9.47 "Demonstration of uniformity of dosage units using large sample sizes".
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Wahl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Fruhmann
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Johannes G Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
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Wahl PR, Treffer D, Mohr S, Roblegg E, Koscher G, Khinast JG. Inline monitoring and a PAT strategy for pharmaceutical hot melt extrusion. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:159-68. [PMID: 23911343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Implementation of continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry requires tight process control. This study focuses on a PAT strategy for hot melt extrusion of vegetable calcium stearate (CaSt) as matrix carrier and paracetamol as active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The extrusion was monitored using in-line near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A NIR probe was located in the section between the extrusion screws and the die, using a novel design of the die channel. A chemometric model was developed based on premixes at defined concentrations and was implemented in SIPAT for real time API concentration monitoring. Subsequently, step experiments were performed for different API concentrations, screw speeds and screw designs. The predicted API concentration was in good agreement with the pre-set concentrations. The transition from one API plateau to another was a smooth curve due to the mixing behaviour of the extruder. The accuracy of the model was confirmed via offline HPLC analysis. The screw design was determined as the main influential factor on content uniformity (CU). Additionally the influence of multiple feeders had a significant impact on CU. The results demonstrate that in-line NIR measurements is a powerful tool for process development (e.g., mixing characterization), monitoring and further control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Wahl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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