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Matić J, Stanković-Brandl M, Bauer H, Lovey J, Martel S, Herkenne C, Paudel A, Khinast J. Pharmaceutical hot melt extrusion process development using QbD and digital twins. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122469. [PMID: 36509223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical product development guided by Quality by Design (QbD) is based on a complete understanding of the critical process parameters (CPPs) that are important for achieving the desired product critical quality attributes (CQAs). The effect of process settings, such as the screw speed, the throughput, the barrel temperature, and the screw configuration, is a well-known factor in the setup of pharmaceutical hot melt extrusion (HME) processes. A CPP that has not yet been extensively researched is the type of cross-section geometry of the screw elements. Typically, pharmaceutical extruders have double-flighted screw cross-sections, with some elements having a single- or triple-flighted element section. The exception is a NANO16 extruder from Leistritz, with all screw elements having a triple-flighted screw geometry. We investigated the process setup and scale-up to a double-flighted extruder experimentally and in silico via a digital twin. Two formulations were processed on a NANO16 extruder and virtually transferred to a ZSE18 double-flighted co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Detailed smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of all screw elements available from both extruders were performed, and their efficiency in conveying, pressure build-up, and power consumption were studied. Reduced-order 1D HME simulations, which were carried out to investigate the process space and scalability of both extruders, were experimentally validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Matić
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Hannes Bauer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jessica Lovey
- Debiopharm Research and Manufacturing, Rue du Levant 146, 1920 Martigny, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Martel
- Debiopharm Research and Manufacturing, Rue du Levant 146, 1920 Martigny, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Herkenne
- Debiopharm Research and Manufacturing, Rue du Levant 146, 1920 Martigny, Switzerland
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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2
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Kayser K, Monschke M, Wagner KG. ASD Formation Prior to Material Characterization as Key Parameter for Accurate Measurements and Subsequent Process Simulation for Hot-Melt Extrusion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:176. [PMID: 35750968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Process simulation facilitates scale-up of hot-melt extrusion (HME) and enhances proper understanding of the underlying critical process parameters. However, performing numeric simulations requires profound knowledge of the employed materials' properties. For example, an accurate description of the compounds' melt rheology is paramount for proper simulations. Hence, sample preparation needs to be optimized to yield results as predictive as possible. To identify the optimal preparation method for small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) rheological measurements, binary mixtures of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate or methacrylic acid ethyl acrylate copolymer (Eudragit L100-55) together with the model drugs celecoxib and ketoconazole were prepared. The physical powder mixtures were introduced into the SAOS as a compressed tablet or a disk prepared via vacuum compression molding (VCM). Simulations with the derived parameters were conducted and compared to lab-scale extrusion trials. VCM was identified as the ideal preparation method resulting in the highest similarity between simulated and experimental values, while simulation based on conventional powder-based methods insufficiently described the HME process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kayser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marius Monschke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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Kyeremateng SO, Voges K, Dohrn S, Sobich E, Lander U, Weber S, Gessner D, Evans RC, Degenhardt M. A Hot-Melt Extrusion Risk Assessment Classification System for Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formulation Development. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051044. [PMID: 35631630 PMCID: PMC9147278 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several literature publications have described the potential application of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)–polymer phase diagrams to identify appropriate temperature ranges for processing amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations via the hot-melt extrusion (HME) technique. However, systematic investigations and reliable applications of the phase diagram as a risk assessment tool for HME are non-existent. Accordingly, within AbbVie, an HME risk classification system (HCS) based on API–polymer phase diagrams has been developed as a material-sparing tool for the early risk assessment of especially high melting temperature APIs, which are typically considered unsuitable for HME. The essence of the HCS is to provide an API risk categorization framework for the development of ASDs via the HME process. The proposed classification system is based on the recognition that the manufacture of crystal-free ASD using the HME process fundamentally depends on the ability of the melt temperature to reach the API’s thermodynamic solubility temperature or above. Furthermore, we explored the API–polymer phase diagram as a simple tool for process design space selection pertaining to API or polymer thermal degradation regions and glass transition temperature-related dissolution kinetics limitations. Application of the HCS was demonstrated via HME experiments with two high melting temperature APIs, sulfamerazine and telmisartan, with the polymers Copovidone and Soluplus. Analysis of the resulting ASDs in terms of the residual crystallinity and degradation showed excellent agreement with the preassigned HCS class. Within AbbVie, the HCS concept has been successfully applied to more than 60 different APIs over the last 8 years as a robust validated risk assessment and quality-by-design (QbD) tool for the development of HME ASDs.
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Alvarenga BRD, Moseson DE, Carneiro RL, Taylor LS. Impact of Polymer Type on Thermal Degradation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing Ritonavir. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:332-344. [PMID: 34910485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature exposure during hot melt extrusion processing of amorphous solid dispersions may result in thermal degradation of the drug. Polymer type may influence the extent of degradation, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the model compound, ritonavir (Tm = 126 °C), undergoes thermal degradation upon high-temperature exposure. The extent of degradation of ritonavir in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) formulated with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP/VA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) following isothermal heating and hot melt extrusion was evaluated, and mechanisms related to molecular mobility and intermolecular interactions were assessed. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) studies were used to determine the degradation products and pathways and ultimately the drug-polymer compatibility. The dominant degradation product of ritonavir was the result of a dehydration reaction, which then catalyzed a series of hydrolysis reactions to generate additional degradation products, some newly reported. This reaction series led to accelerated degradation rates with protic polymers, HPMCAS and HPMC, while ASDs with aprotic polymers, PVP and PVP/VA, had reduced degradation rates. This work has implications for understanding mechanisms of thermal degradation and drug-polymer compatibility with respect to the thermal stability of amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito Roberto de Alvarenga
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luís km 235, ZIP 13560-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Renato Lajarim Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luís km 235, ZIP 13560-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Material-Sparing Approach using Differential Scanning Calorimeter and Response Surface Methodology for Process Optimization of Hot-Melt Extrusion. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3838-3850. [PMID: 34469747 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present investigations was to demonstrate the applicability of DSC combined with response surface methodology as a material-sparing tool for determination of the processing conditions for HME during initial stages of development. Mefenamic acid (MFA) and Eudragit EPO (EPO) were used as a model drug and the polymeric carrier, respectively. Initial screening was performed using film-casting, polarized light microscopy, and TGA analysis to determine the levels for the experimental design. A Box-Behnken design was used to study the effect of the independent parameters, viz. drug loading, heating rate, and processing temperature, on the dependent parameters, viz. residual crystallinity and drug degradation. The results showed a quadratic relationship between independent and dependent parameters. Based on the design space, MFA-EPO dispersions with 20% drug loading were prepared using HME and vacuum compression molding (VCM). Both the HME and VCM samples did not show any signs of residual crystallinity. However, degradation of MFA was observed in VCM sample and the HME filaments processed at 100 rpm, but not at 150 rpm. The results demonstrate that DSC has potential to be a material-sparing tool to optimize drug loading and processing temperature for HME and will help product development using HME cost-effective.
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Bauer H, Matić J, Khinast J. Characteristic parameters and process maps for fully-filled twin-screw extruder elements. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Matić J, Alva C, Witschnigg A, Eder S, Reusch K, Paudel A, Khinast J. Towards predicting the product quality in hot-melt extrusion: Small scale extrusion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2020; 2:100062. [PMID: 33299982 PMCID: PMC7704403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In product development, it is crucial to choose the appropriate drug manufacturing route accurately and timely and to ensure that the technique selected is suitable for achieving the desired product quality. Guided by the QbD principles, the pharmaceutical industry is currently transitioning from batch to continuous manufacturing. In this context, process understanding and prediction are becoming even more important. With regard to hot melt extrusion, the process setup, optimization and scale-up in early stages of product development are particularly challenging due to poor process understanding, complex product-process relationship and a small amount of premix available for extensive experimental studies. Hence, automated, quick and reliable process setup and scale-up requires simulation tools that are accurate enough to capture the process and determine the product-process relationships. To this end, the effect of process settings on the degradation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a lab-scale Leistritz ZSE12 extruder was investigated. As part of the presented study, the limitations of traditional process analysis using integral process values were investigated, together with the potential that simulations may have in predicting the process performance and the product quality. The results of our investigation indicate that the average melt temperatures and the exposure times in specific zones along the screw configuration correlate well with the API degradation values and can be used as potent process design criteria to simplify the process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Matić
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carolina Alva
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Witschnigg
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Eder
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Reusch
- Leistritz Pharma Extrusion, Markgrafenstraße, 29-39 1, 90459 Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Tan DK, Davis DA, Miller DA, Williams RO, Nokhodchi A. Innovations in Thermal Processing: Hot-Melt Extrusion and KinetiSol® Dispersing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:312. [PMID: 33161479 PMCID: PMC7649167 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal processing has gained much interest in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly for the enhancement of solubility, bioavailability, and dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with poor aqueous solubility. Formulation scientists have developed various techniques which may include physical and chemical modifications to achieve solubility enhancement. One of the most commonly used methods for solubility enhancement is through the use of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Examples of commercialized ASDs include Kaletra®, Kalydeco®, and Onmel®. Various technologies produce ASDs; some of the approaches, such as spray-drying, solvent evaporation, and lyophilization, involve the use of solvents, whereas thermal approaches often do not require solvents. Processes that do not require solvents are usually preferred, as some solvents may induce toxicity due to residual solvents and are often considered to be damaging to the environment. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent innovations reported for using hot-melt extrusion and KinetiSol® Dispersing technologies to formulate poorly water-soluble APIs in amorphous solid dispersions. We will address development challenges for poorly water-soluble APIs and how these two processes meet these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deck Khong Tan
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Arundel Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Daniel A Davis
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Dave A Miller
- DisperSol Technologies, LLC, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Building 3, Suite 300, Georgetown, Texas, 78626, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Arundel Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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Application and limitations of thermogravimetric analysis to delineate the hot melt extrusion chemical stability processing window. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Simões MF, Pinto RM, Simões S. Hot-melt extrusion in the pharmaceutical industry: toward filing a new drug application. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1749-1768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wesholowski J, Hoppe K, Nickel K, Muehlenfeld C, Thommes M. Scale-Up of pharmaceutical Hot-Melt-Extrusion: Process optimization and transfer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:396-404. [PMID: 31295504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hot-Melt-Extrusion on Twin-Screw-Extruders has been established as a standard processing technique for pharmaceutical products. A major challenge is the transfer from a lab to a production level, since the combination of several unit operations within one apparatus leads to complex conditions for such a continuous manufacturing process. Here the residence time distribution is a crucial measure, which reflects the different mechanisms, e.g. dissolution, mixing or degradation, during processing. In the first part of a Scale-Up study, a methodology for the optimization of an extrusion process with respect to the load and throughput is presented. The developed concept was applied for different extruder scales in order to compare the identified processing windows. A deviation of the dominant material heating mechanisms was observed for the different scales, while the constraints for the transfer of a process to a different scale by the developed optimization concept is demonstrated. Finally, a sufficient operating point on a reference extruder is identified and in the second part of this study, different concepts from literature are applied for the transfer of this Hot-Melt-Extrusion process to two larger scales. The focus of the investigations was on the impact of the different approaches on the residence time distribution and the comparison. The determined results revealed a change of the most sufficient approach for the two different extruder sizes. The impact on the location in the time domain and form of the distribution are discussed and additionally evaluated by the fit to a RTD-model. In conclusion, the ratio of the applied energy for transport to mixing is identified as valuable addition in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wesholowski
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kevin Hoppe
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Thommes
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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Holistic QbD approach for hot-melt extrusion process design space evaluation: Linking materials science, experimentation and process modeling. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 141:149-160. [PMID: 31132400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between formulation material properties, process parameters and process performance for the manufacturing of amorphous solid dispersions via hot-melt extrusion (HME) using experimentation coupled with process modeling. Specifically, we evaluated the impact of the matrix copovidone melt rheology with and without the addition of a plasticizing surfactant, polysorbate 80, while also varying the process parameters, barrel temperature and screw speed, and keeping fill volume constant. To correlate the process performance to a critical quality attribute, we used telmisartan as an indicator substance by processing at temperatures below its solubility temperature in the polymeric matrix. We observed a broader design space of HME processes for the plasticized formulation with respect to screw speed than for the copovidone-only matrix formulation. This observation was determined by the range of observed melt temperatures in the extruder, both measured and simulated. The reason was not primarily linked to a reduced shear-thinning behavior, characterized by the power law index, n, but instead more to an overall reduced melt viscosity during extrusion and zero-shear rate viscosity, η0, accordingly. We also found that the amount of residual crystallinity of telmisartan correlated with the simulated maximum melt temperature in the extruder barrel. This finding confirmed the applicability of the temperature-dependent API-matrix solubility phase diagram for HME to process development. Given the complex inter-dependent relationships between material properties, process and performance, process modeling combined with reduced laboratory experimentation was established as a holistic approach for the evaluation of Quality-by-Design-based HME process design spaces.
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Moseson DE, Taylor LS. The application of temperature-composition phase diagrams for hot melt extrusion processing of amorphous solid dispersions to prevent residual crystallinity. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:454-466. [PMID: 30393199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) can be used to produce amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) at temperatures below the drug's melting point if the drug and polymer exhibit melting point depression. However, the risk of residual crystallinity becomes significant. The purpose of this study was to apply the temperature-composition phase diagram to the HME process, correlating process conditions to ASD residual crystallinity, and identifying the formulation critical temperature, which defines the theoretical minimum processing temperature. The phase diagram of indomethacin (IDM) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (PVPVA) was generated using melting point depression measurements coupled with Flory-Huggins theory. Extrudates were manufactured above, at, and below the formulation critical temperature (Tc) as identified from the phase diagram, with a range of residence times, and characterized for crystallinity. Below the Tc, a fully amorphous sample could not be prepared. Above Tc, sufficient residence time led to amorphous samples. A processing operating design space diagram with three regimes was generated to correlate temperature and residence time factors with process outcome. In conclusion, phase diagrams provide a rational basis for designing hot melt extrusion processes of amorphous solid dispersions to minimize residual crystalline content, delineating the minimum processing temperature based on thermodynamic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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