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Gao M, Zhou J, Zhao J, Liu Z, Luo X, Yang C, Yu X, Tang M, Zhu J, Yan X. Genetic Influence of Oily Fish Intake on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:14. [PMID: 39115837 PMCID: PMC11316449 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.8.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Emerging research indicates a link between the intake of fatty fish and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, observational studies fall short in establishing a direct causal link between oily fish intake and AMD. We wanted to determine whether causal association lies between oily fish intake and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk in human beings. Methods This two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) study used the MR method to probe the genetic causality in the relationship between oily fish intake and AMD. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for AMD were acquired from a Finnish database, whereas the data on fish oil intake came from the UK Biobank. The analysis used several approaches such as inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode MR. In addition, the Cochran's Q test was used to evaluate heterogeneity in the MR data. The MR-Egger intercept and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) tests were used to assess the presence of horizontal pleiotropy. A leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the reliability of the association. Results The IVW method revealed that the intake of oily fish is an independent risk factor for AMD (P = 0.034). It also suggested a minimal likelihood of horizontal pleiotropy affecting the causality (P > 0.05), with no substantial heterogeneity detected in the genetic variants (P > 0.05). The leave-one-out analysis confirmed the reliability and stability of this correlation. Conclusions This research used a two-sample MR analysis to provide evidence of a genetic causal relationship between the eating of oily fish and AMD. This discovery held potential significance in AMD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoran Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingru Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xianke Luo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changlu Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinning Yu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdan Tang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamei Zhu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Qian C, Wang Q, Qiao Y, Xu Z, Zhang L, Xiao H, Lin Z, Wu M, Xia W, Yang H, Bai J, Geng D. Arachidonic acid in aging: New roles for old players. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00180-2. [PMID: 38710468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic acid (AA), one of the most ubiquitous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), provides fluidity to mammalian cell membranes. It is derived from linoleic acid (LA) and can be transformed into various bioactive metabolites, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), lipoxins (LXs), hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), leukotrienes (LTs), and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), by different pathways. All these processes are involved in AA metabolism. Currently, in the context of an increasingly visible aging world population, several scholars have revealed the essential role of AA metabolism in osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and many other aging diseases. AIM OF REVIEW Although there are some reviews describing the role of AA in some specific diseases, there seems to be no or little information on the role of AA metabolism in aging tissues or organs. This review scrutinizes and highlights the role of AA metabolism in aging and provides a new idea for strategies for treating aging-related diseases. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW As a member of lipid metabolism, AA metabolism regulates the important lipids that interfere with the aging in several ways. We present a comprehensivereviewofthe role ofAA metabolism in aging, with the aim of relieving the extreme suffering of families and the heavy economic burden on society caused by age-related diseases. We also collected and summarized data on anti-aging therapies associated with AA metabolism, with the expectation of identifying a novel and efficient way to protect against aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Yusen Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Ze Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Haixiang Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Mingzhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Wenyu Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
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Brito M, Sorbier C, Mignet N, Boudy V, Borchard G, Vacher G. Understanding the Impact of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4099. [PMID: 38612907 PMCID: PMC11012607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial ocular pathology that destroys the photoreceptors of the macula. Two forms are distinguished, dry and wet AMD, with different pathophysiological mechanisms. Although treatments were shown to be effective in wet AMD, they remain a heavy burden for patients and caregivers, resulting in a lack of patient compliance. For dry AMD, no real effective treatment is available in Europe. It is, therefore, essential to look for new approaches. Recently, the use of long-chain and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was identified as an interesting new therapeutic alternative. Indeed, the levels of these fatty acids, core components of photoreceptors, are significantly decreased in AMD patients. To better understand this pathology and to evaluate the efficacy of various molecules, in vitro and in vivo models reproducing the mechanisms of both types of AMD were developed. This article reviews the anatomy and the physiological aging of the retina and summarizes the clinical aspects, pathophysiological mechanisms of AMD and potential treatment strategies. In vitro and in vivo models of AMD are also presented. Finally, this manuscript focuses on the application of omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention and treatment of both types of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlis Brito
- Unither Développement Bordeaux, Avenue Toussaint Catros, 33185 Le Haillan, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France
- Département de Recherche et Développement (DRDP), Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 7 Rue du Fer-à-Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Capucine Sorbier
- Unither Développement Bordeaux, Avenue Toussaint Catros, 33185 Le Haillan, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Boudy
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France
- Département de Recherche et Développement (DRDP), Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 7 Rue du Fer-à-Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Vacher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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Ren S, Xue C, Xu M, Li X. Mendelian Randomization Analysis Reveals Causal Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Subtypes of Diabetic Retinopathy Risk. Nutrients 2023; 15:4208. [PMID: 37836492 PMCID: PMC10574403 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affect several physiological processes, including visual acuity, but their relationship with diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains elusive. The aim of this study was to determine whether PUFAs have a causal effect on DR. PUFAs- (total and omega-3 [FAw3] and omega-6 [FAw6] fatty acids and their ratio) and DR-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from genome-wide association studies; sample sizes were 114,999 for fatty acids and 216,666 for any DR (ADR), background DR (BDR), severe non-proliferative DR (SNPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). We hypothesized that the intra-body levels of PUFAs have an impact on DR and conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the causality. Pleiotropy, heterogeneity, and sensitivity analyses were performed to verify result reliability. High levels of PUFAs were found to be associated with reduced risk of both ADR and PDR. Moreover, FAw3 was associated with a decreased risk of PDR, whereas FAw6 demonstrated an association with lowered risks of both BDR and PDR. Our findings provide genetic evidence, for the first time, for a causal relationship between PUFAs and reduced DR risk. Consequently, our comprehensive MR analysis strongly urges further investigation into the precise functions and long-term effects of PUFAs, FAw3, and FAw6 on DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China; (S.R.); (C.X.); (M.X.)
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Ren J, Ren A, Huang Z, Deng X, Jiang Z, Xue Y, Fu Z, Smith LE, Ke M, Gong Y. Metabolomic Profiling of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Oxidation in Adults with Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Case-Control Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:579-590. [PMID: 37454758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and their metabolites are closely related to neovascular eye diseases. However, the clinical significance of their oxylipins in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVES This case-control study aimed to explore metabolomic profiles of LCPUFA oxidation in RVO and to identify potential indicators for diagnosis and pathologic progression. METHODS The plasma concentrations of ω-3 (n-3) and ω-6 (n-6) LCPUFA and their oxylipins in 44 adults with RVO and 36 normal controls were analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Univariate analysis combined with principal component and orthogonal projections to latent structure discriminant analysis was used to screen differential metabolites. Aortic ring and choroidal explant sprouting assays were used to investigate the effects of 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acids (ETE) on angiogenesis ex vivo. Tubule formation and wound healing assays were performed to verify its effects on human retinal microvascular endothelial cell functions. RESULTS Higher ω-6 and lower ω-3 LCPUFA plasma concentrations were measured in the adults with RVO compared with control (odds ratio [OR]: 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42, 3.86; P < 0.001; OR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.51; P < 0.001). Metabolomic analysis revealed 20 LCPUFA and their oxylipins dysregulated in RVO, including increased arachidonic acid (ω-6, OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.90; P < 0.001) and its lipoxygenase product 5-oxo-ETE (OR: 11.76; 95% CI: 3.73, 37.11; P < 0.001), as well as decreased docosahexaenoic acid (ω-3, OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.33; P < 0.001). Interestingly, 5-oxo-ETE was downregulated in ischemic compared with nonischemic central RVO. Exogenous 5-oxo-ETE attenuated aortic ring and choroidal explant sprouting and inhibited tubule formation and migration of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, possibly via suppressing the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The plasma concentrations of ω-6 and ω-3 LCPUFA and their oxylipins were associated with RVO. The ω-6 LCPUFA-derived metabolite 5-oxo-ETE was a potential marker of RVO development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Ren
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anli Ren
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xizhi Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanni Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lois Eh Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Min Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Shu Q, Zhao C, Yu J, Liu Y, Hu S, Meng J, Zhang J. Causal analysis of serum polyunsaturated fatty acids with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and ocular comorbidity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:75-81. [PMID: 35974138 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE To investigate the causal effects of plasma Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the risk of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and ocular comorbidity through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS Genetic variants (formerly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) that are strongly associated with PUFAs levels (P < 5×10-8) were selected as instrumental variables. Summary-level MR was performed with outcome estimates for JIA (n = 31,142) and JIA associated iridocyclitis (n = 94,197). The inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method was employed as the main approach to combine the estimation for each SNP. Two set of models with summary statistics were conducted and multiple sensitivity analyses were applied for testing of pleiotropic bias. RESULTS In model 1, genetically predicted n-6 PUFAs linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) were associated with lower and higher risk of JIA associated iridocyclitis using IVW (ORLA = 0.940, 95% CI: 0.895-0.988, P = 0.015; ORAA = 1.053, 95% CI: 1.007-1.101, P = 0.024). No such association was observed between each plasma PUFAs and JIA susceptibility (P > 0.05). In further MR analysis, results from model 2 also showed a consistent trend. Besides, multiple sensitivity analyses revealed that there was no obvious evidence for unknown pleiotropy (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our MR study provides genetic evidence on the possible causality that plasma LA level might protect against JIA associated iridocyclitis, whereas AA was responsible for opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxin Shu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yusen Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuqiong Hu
- Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China.
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Bjørklund G, Shanaida M, Lysiuk R, Butnariu M, Peana M, Sarac I, Strus O, Smetanina K, Chirumbolo S. Natural Compounds and Products from an Anti-Aging Perspective. Molecules 2022; 27:7084. [PMID: 36296673 PMCID: PMC9610014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a very complex process that is accompanied by a degenerative impairment in many of the major functions of the human body over time. This inevitable process is influenced by hereditary factors, lifestyle, and environmental influences such as xenobiotic pollution, infectious agents, UV radiation, diet-borne toxins, and so on. Many external and internal signs and symptoms are related with the aging process and senescence, including skin dryness and wrinkles, atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, etc. Oxidative stress, a consequence of the imbalance between pro- and antioxidants, is one of the main provoking factors causing aging-related damages and concerns, due to the generation of highly reactive byproducts such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during the metabolism, which result in cellular damage and apoptosis. Antioxidants can prevent these processes and extend healthy longevity due to the ability to inhibit the formation of free radicals or interrupt their propagation, thereby lowering the level of oxidative stress. This review focuses on supporting the antioxidant system of the organism by balancing the diet through the consumption of the necessary amount of natural ingredients, including vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential amino acids, probiotics, plants' fibers, nutritional supplements, polyphenols, some phytoextracts, and drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Mariia Shanaida
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medical Botany, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Monica Butnariu
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Discipline, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
- CONEM Romania Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences Group, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Ioan Sarac
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Discipline, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
- CONEM Romania Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences Group, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Oksana Strus
- Department of Drug Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Smetanina
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Pharmacy, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, 43025 Lutsk, Ukraine
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Strada Le Grazie 9, 37134 Verona, Italy
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