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Frara S, Uygur MM, Bolamperti F, di Filippo L, Doga M, Ferrari F, Losa M, Mortini P, Giustina A. High prevalence of morphometric vertebral fractures opportunistically detected on thoracic radiograms in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Pituitary 2024; 27:370-380. [PMID: 38802688 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-024-01394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vertebral fractures (VFs), the hallmark of skeletal fragility, have been reported as an emerging complication in patients with pituitary diseases associated with hormonal excess and/or deficiency, independently from bone mineral density. Non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) is amongst the most frequent pituitary adenomas; however, skeletal health in this context has never been investigated. We aimed at assessing the prevalence and the determinants of morphometric VFs in patients with NFPA. METHODS We enrolled 156 patients (79 M/77F, mean age 55.75 ± 12.94 years) at admission in Neurosurgery Unit before trans-sphenoidal surgery and compared them with an age and sex-matched control group of subjects with neither history/risk factors for secondary osteoporosis nor pituitary disorders. We performed a vertebral morphometric evaluation of the thoracic spine on pre-operative X-ray images (MTRx) and collected biochemical, demographic, and clinical data from the entire cohort. RESULTS The prevalence of thoracic VFs in patients with NFPA was significantly higher than the control group (26.3% vs. 10.3%; p < 0.001). In the NFPA group, 20 patients (48.8% of the fractured patients) showed multiple VFs, 14 (34.1% of them) showed moderate/severe VFs. Patients with VFs were significantly older and had lower serum free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels than non-fractured ones (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004; respectively). The prevalence of secondary male hypogonadism was higher among men with VFs as compared to those with no VFs (72% vs. 48.1%; p = 0.047). Consistently, total testosterone levels in males were significantly lower in fractured patients than in non-fractured ones (p = 0.02). The prevalence of gonadotroph adenomas was significantly higher among patients with VFs (p = 0.02). In multiple logistic regression analysis, older age and lower serum fT3 levels were independent factors predicting the risk for VFs. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we reported a high prevalence of thoracic radiological VFs in patients with NFPAs. Our data should prompt clinicians to proceed with a clinical bone fragility evaluation already during the diagnostic work-up, particularly in those with concomitant hypogonadism, or in those with older age and/or with lower fT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Meliha Melin Uygur
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Filippo Bolamperti
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Doga
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Losa
- Chair of Neurosurgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgery department, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Mortini
- Chair of Neurosurgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgery department, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Freda PU. Impact of medical therapy for hormone-secreting Pituitary tumors on bone. Pituitary 2024:10.1007/s11102-024-01421-z. [PMID: 38967763 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-024-01421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone health is often impaired in patients with hormone-secreting pituitary tumors. Since medical therapy is central to their care, understanding how its use impacts on this is highly important. METHODS This review summarizes a systemmatic review of the literature on the effects of medical therapies for hormone-secreting pituitary tumors on bone. RESULTS In acromegaly, medical therapy lowers bone turnover marker (BTM) levels, consistent with correction of the high bone turnover of active disease, and overall, areal bone mineral density (aBMD) does not change or increases. Somatostatin-receptor ligand (SRL) and pegvisomant-treated acromegaly patients have persistently reduced volumetric BMD and microarchitectural abnormalities of the peripheral skeleton, deficits that are similar to those in surgically-treated patients. Fracture risk remains elevated in medically-treated acromegaly patients but in conjunction with biochemical control the risk is lessened. Treatment of prolactin-secreting tumors with dopamine agonists is associated with improvements in aBMD, but this does not always fully normalize despite effective medical treatment of the prolactinoma. In one cross-sectional study, prolactinoma patients had lower total volumetric BMD and impaired microarchitecture suggesting that bone microstructure does not fully normalize despite dopamine agonist therapy. Cross-sectional studies show a high rate of VF in patients with prolactin-secreting tumors that is lowered on cabergoline therapy, but still the fracture rate of men and postmenopausal women is higher than that of controls in some studies. Studies on the effects of modern-day medical therapy for Cushing's disease on bone are lacking. CONCLUSION More research is needed on the effectsof medical therapies for hormone secreting pituitary tumors on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela U Freda
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street 10-1014, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Chiloiro S, Giampietro A, Infante A, Mattogno PP, Lauretti L, Olivi A, De Marinis L, Pontecorvi A, Doglietto F, Bianchi A. Bone health and skeletal fragility in second- and third-line medical therapies for acromegaly: preliminary results from a pilot single center experience. Pituitary 2024; 27:303-309. [PMID: 38713317 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-024-01398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal fragility is a clinically relevant and not-reversible complication of acromegaly, involving around 30-40% of patients since the disease diagnosis. Few studies have investigated the effects on skeletal health of medical therapies for acromegaly. In this retrospective longitudinal monocentre study, we investigated the outcome of skeletal fragility in patients treated with Pasireotide Lar in combination with Pegvisomant (Pasi-Lar + Peg-V), also comparing those observed in patients treated with conventional therapies. RESULTS We included 6 patients treated with Pasi-Lar + Peg-V, 5 patients treated with Peg-V in monotherapy (m-Peg-V), 16 patients treated with Peg-V plus first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (fg-SRLs + Peg-V), 9 patients treated with Pasi-Lar. None of the patients treated with Pasi-Lar + Peg-V experienced worsening of spine and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and incident vertebral fractures (i-VFs). Eight patients experienced i-VFs. The frequency of i-VFs was significantly lower in patients treated with the Pasi-Lar + Peg-V (0/8; 0%), as compared to those observed in m-Peg-V treated patients (4/8; 50%, p = 0.02). The frequency of i-VFs was slightly but not significantly higher in Pasi-Lar treated patients (1/8; 12.5% p = 0.6) and in fg-SRLs + Peg-V treated patients (3/8; 37.5% p = 0.364), concerning those treated with Pasi-Lar + Peg-V (0/8; 0%). I-VFs occurred more frequently in patients with higher GH levels at acromegaly diagnosis (p < 0.001), and in patients who experienced a BMD worsening (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our preliminary data suggested that in conventional and multi-drug resistant acromegaly, the combination therapy Pasi-Lar + Peg-V may prevent the worsening of BMD and the occurrence of i-VFs. Prospective and translational studies should further validate these results and ascertain underlying physiopathology mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chiloiro
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Amato Infante
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Mattogno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Liverana Lauretti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Ageing, Neurosciences Head Neck, and Orthopedics Sciences, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Ageing, Neurosciences Head Neck, and Orthopedics Sciences, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Doglietto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Ageing, Neurosciences Head Neck, and Orthopedics Sciences, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Varlamov EV, Fleseriu M. Acromegaly and COVID-19, lessons, and new opportunities. Pituitary 2024:10.1007/s11102-024-01404-0. [PMID: 38819618 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-024-01404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic created challenges in effective management of patients with acromegaly. Specifically, with regards to timely diagnosis, delays in surgeries, and disruption(s) to routine patient care. A transition to telemedicine did help to overcome safety restrictions that were placed on in-person care. Creation of surgical safety protocols in conjunction with widespread testing for COVID-19 has also helped with the resumption of pituitary surgery cases. However, acromegaly related comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea and respiratory disease, vertebral fractures, and hypopituitarism, may increase the risk of a more severe COVID-19 infection course. Of note and to date, no negative trends in COVID-19 related outcomes have been reported in patients with acromegaly. Nevertheless, anxiety and depression rates in patients with acromegaly are higher than those in the general population. More studies are needed to assess the true impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on morbidity, mortality, and neuropsychiatric health of patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Varlamov
- Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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di Filippo L, Bilezikian JP, Canalis E, Terenzi U, Giustina A. New insights into the vitamin D/PTH axis in endocrine-driven metabolic bone diseases. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03784-6. [PMID: 38632163 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine regulation of bone metabolisms is the focus of the "Skeletal Endocrinology" series of meetings. AIMS To report on the outcome of the discussion on the role of vitamin D/PTH axis in endocrine osteopathies held during the 10th Skeletal Endocrinology Meeting which took place in Stresa (Italy) in March 2023. OUTCOMES Vitamin D/PTH axis has relevant influence on several outcomes in the general population and in patients affected by endocrinopathies such as hypoparathyroidism and secreting pituitary adenomas. CONCLUSIONS Assessing the status of the vitamin D/PTH axis and using vitamin D and PTH as therapeutic agents is mandatory in several endocrine-related bone metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - John P Bilezikian
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ernesto Canalis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Umberto Terenzi
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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Cimolin V, Premoli C, Bernardelli G, Amenta E, Galli M, Donno L, Lucini D, Fatti LM, Cangiano B, Persani L, Vitale G. ACROMORFO study: gait analysis in a cohort of acromegalic patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2024:10.1007/s40618-024-02340-3. [PMID: 38416368 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In acromegaly, skeletal complications resulted to be associated with low quality of life (QoL) and high risk of falls. The aim of the present study was to perform a quantitative assessment of movement through gait analysis technique in patients with acromegaly. STUDY POPULATION Thirty-three acromegalic patients [9 with active disease (AD), 14 with controlled disease (CD) and 10 with disease remission (RD)] and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled for the study. MEASUREMENTS Kinetic and kinematic data were collected with 3D-gait analysis. Kinematic data were processed to compute the Gait Profile Score (GPS), a parameter that summarizes the overall deviation of kinematic gait data relative to unaffected population. RESULTS The acromegalic group showed longer stance phase duration (p < 0.0001) compared to controls. The GPS and several gait variable scores resulted to be statistically higher in the acromegalic group compared to healthy controls. GPS values were significantly higher in AD compared to CD (p < 0.05) and RD groups (p = 0.001). The AD group presented significantly higher values in terms of hip rotation and ankle dorsiflexion compared to CD and RD groups and with regard to the foot progression compared to RD. Interestingly, patients with RD exhibited a more physiological gait pattern. CONCLUSION Acromegalic patients showed quantitative alterations of gait pattern, suggesting instability and increased risk of falls. Arthropathy, along with its associated abnormal joint loading, proprioceptive impairment and hyperkyphosis could be contributing factors. Disease control and remission appear to improve postural balance. A better knowledge on walking performance in acromegaly would help to develop specific rehabilitation programmes to reduce falls' risk and improve QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cimolin
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, Strada Luigi Cadorna 90, 28824, Piancavallo, Italy
| | - C Premoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - G Bernardelli
- DISCCO Department, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20135, Milan, Italy
| | - E Amenta
- DISCCO Department, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - M Galli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - L Donno
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - D Lucini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20135, Milan, Italy
| | - L M Fatti
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Medicine, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - B Cangiano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Medicine, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - L Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Medicine, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - G Vitale
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145, Milan, Italy.
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Giustina A, Biermasz N, Casanueva FF, Fleseriu M, Mortini P, Strasburger C, van der Lely AJ, Wass J, Melmed S. Consensus on criteria for acromegaly diagnosis and remission. Pituitary 2024; 27:7-22. [PMID: 37923946 PMCID: PMC10837217 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-023-01360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The 14th Acromegaly Consensus Conference was convened to consider biochemical criteria for acromegaly diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. METHODS Fifty-six acromegaly experts from 16 countries reviewed and discussed current evidence focused on biochemical assays; criteria for diagnosis and the role of imaging, pathology, and clinical assessments; consequences of diagnostic delay; criteria for remission and recommendations for follow up; and the value of assessment and monitoring in defining disease progression, selecting appropriate treatments, and maximizing patient outcomes. RESULTS In a patient with typical acromegaly features, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I > 1.3 times the upper limit of normal for age confirms the diagnosis. Random growth hormone (GH) measured after overnight fasting may be useful for informing prognosis, but is not required for diagnosis. For patients with equivocal results, IGF-I measurements using the same validated assay can be repeated, and oral glucose tolerance testing might also be useful. Although biochemical remission is the primary assessment of treatment outcome, biochemical findings should be interpreted within the clinical context of acromegaly. Follow up assessments should consider biochemical evaluation of treatment effectiveness, imaging studies evaluating residual/recurrent adenoma mass, and clinical signs and symptoms of acromegaly, its complications, and comorbidities. Referral to a multidisciplinary pituitary center should be considered for patients with equivocal biochemical, pathology, or imaging findings at diagnosis, and for patients insufficiently responsive to standard treatment approaches. CONCLUSION Consensus recommendations highlight new understandings of disordered GH and IGF-I in patients with acromegaly and the importance of expert management for this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giustina
- San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Pietro Mortini
- San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Shlomo Melmed
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, NT 2015, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Sardella C, Urbani C, Marconcini G, Cappellani D, Manetti L, De Liperi A, Romei C, Morganti R, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F. Conventional X-rays in the diagnosis and follow-up of vertebral fractures in patients with acromegaly: a real-life study. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:325-334. [PMID: 37668886 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the role of conventional X-ray imaging in detecting vertebral fractures (VFs) in patients with acromegaly, both at diagnosis of disease and at the last clinical visit. The risk factors for VFs were also evaluated. DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 60 consecutive patients with acromegaly, in a tertiary referral centre. Thoracolumbar spine radiography (X-spine) was performed at the last clinical visit during the follow-up in order to detect VFs. Routine chest radiograph, performed as a part of the general evaluation at diagnosis of acromegaly, were retrospectively analysed to screen for baseline VFs. RESULTS At diagnosis of acromegaly, chest X-ray revealed that 10 (17%) patients had VFs. Of the 50 patients without VFs at diagnosis of acromegaly, 33 (66%) remained unfractured at the last clinical visit (median [IQR] time, 144 [96-192] months after the diagnosis of acromegaly), whereas 17 (34%) had VFs. Overall, 22 patients (37%) had novel VFs detected on X-spine including five patients with previous VFs. Risk factor for incident VFs was the presence of hypogonadism at diagnosis of acromegaly (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS In acromegaly patients, conventional X-rays can detect vertebral fractures early at diagnosis of acromegaly. They can also reveal incident VFs, which may occur several years later even in patients without VFs at diagnosis, above all in relation to hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sardella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - C Urbani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Marconcini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Cappellani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Manetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A De Liperi
- 2nd Radiology Unit, Radiology Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Romei
- 2nd Radiology Unit, Radiology Department, Pisa University Hospital, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Morganti
- Section of Statistics, Pisa University Hospital, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bogazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Chiloiro S, Frara S, Gagliardi I, Bianchi A, Giampietro A, Medici M, Allora A, di Filippo L, Ambrosio MR, Pontecorvi A, Zatelli MC, De Marinis L, Giustina A. Cholecalciferol Use Is Associated With a Decreased Risk of Incident Morphometric Vertebral Fractures in Acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:e58-e68. [PMID: 37606222 PMCID: PMC10735684 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Skeletal fragility is observed in 30% to 60% of acromegaly patients, representing an emerging complication of the disease that increases disability. Despite several studies having investigated the clinical and hormonal prognostic factors for the occurrence of vertebral fractures (VFs) in acromegaly, very few data are available on their prevention/treatment including the effect of vitamin D (VD) supplementation, which has been reported to have a fracture-protective effect in several studies in patients with osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of cholecalciferol (D3) supplementation in the prevention of incident VFs (i-VFs) in acromegaly. METHODS A longitudinal, retrospective and multicenter study was performed on 61 acromegaly patients treated and untreated with D3 supplementation. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were treated with D3 supplementation according to clinical guidelines. The median D3 weekly dosage was 8500 IU (interquartile range [IQR]: 3900). The median duration of D3 supplementation was 94 months (IQR: 38). At last follow-up, i-VFs were diagnosed in 14 patients (23%). I-VFs were less prevalent in patients on D3 supplementation (14.3% of cases) compared to patients not treated with D3 (85.7%; P = .02). The final level of serum V25OH-D was significantly lower in patients who developed i-VFs (28.6 ng/mL, IQR: 4.1) compared to patients who did not develop i-VFs (34.2 ng/mL, IQR: 9.6; P = .05). The logistic regression confirmed the protective role of D3 supplementation on the occurrence of i-VFs (odds ratio: 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.79; P = .01). CONCLUSION It is likely that D3 supplementation could lead to a reduction in i-VFs in acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chiloiro
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Irene Gagliardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics & Internal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Margherita Medici
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics & Internal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Agnese Allora
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics & Internal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics & Internal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
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10
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Freda PU. Differences between bone health parameters in adults with acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency: A systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101824. [PMID: 37798201 PMCID: PMC10843107 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Preserving bone health is an important goal of care of patients with acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Both disorders are associated with compromised bone health and an increased risk of fracture. However, parameters of bone health that are routinely used to predict fractures in other populations, such as aBMD measured by DXA, are unreliable for this in acromegaly and GHD. Additional methodologies need to be employed to assess bone health in these patients. This review summarizes available data on the effects of acromegaly and GHD on parameters of bone health such as aBMD, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and microarchitecture assessed by HRpQCT and other techniques, trabecular bone score (TBS) and fracture assessment. More research is needed to identify reliable predictors of fracture risk and to determine how best to screen for and treat those patients at risk so that bone health is optimized in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela U Freda
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York.
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Sun H, Wu C, Hu B, Xie G. High prevalence of vertebral fractures associated with preoperative cortisol levels in patients with recent diagnosis of Cushing disease. Ann Med 2023; 55:2282183. [PMID: 37983536 PMCID: PMC10836264 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2282183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Morphometric vertebral fractures (VFs) and osteopathy are prevalent and clinically significant complications of Cushing disease (CD). However whether they represent an early occurrence in the natural progression of the disease is an ongoing debate. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of VFs in patients newly diagnosed with CD. PATIENTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional case-control study recruited 75 newly diagnosed CD patients and compared them with a control group of individuals without pituitary disorders or secondary forms of osteoporosis. Demographic, clinical and biochemical data were collected. The VFs were assessed using preoperative lateral chest radiography. RESULTS We found a significantly higher prevalence of VFs in the CD group than in the control group (58.7% vs. 14.5%; P < 0.001). Among the CD patients with VFs, 27 (61.4%) showed moderate/severe VFs. The CD patients with VFs had significantly higher preoperative 8 am serum cortisol (8ASC) levels than those without VFs (P < 0.001). The preoperative 4 pm adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels (P = 0.031), preoperative 0 am ACTH levels (P = 0.021) and systolic blood pressure were slightly higher in CD patients with VFs than in those without VFs (P = 0.028). A binary multiple logistic analysis showed that 8ASC was an independent predictor of VF risk (P = 0.003). The optimal cut-off value of the preoperative serum 8ASC level for predicting VFs was 22.18 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting a high prevalence of radiologic VFs in recently diagnosed CD patients. VFs may represent an early manifestation of CD and may be related to cortisol levels. Therefore, VF assessment should be included in the workup during CD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Genqing Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Xiangtan City, Xiangtan, China
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12
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Kwon H, Han KD, Kim BS, Moon SJ, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Lee WY. Acromegaly and the long-term fracture risk of the vertebra and hip: a national cohort study. Osteoporos Int 2023; 34:1591-1600. [PMID: 37222744 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-023-06800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this national cohort study, the patients with acromegaly had significantly higher risks of clinical vertebral (HR 2.09 [1.58-2.78]) and hip (HR 2.52 [1.61-3.95]) fractures than the controls. The increased fracture risk in patients with acromegaly was time-dependent and was observed even during the early period of follow-up. PURPOSE Acromegaly is characterized by the overproduction of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), both play important roles in regulating bone metabolism. We investigated the risk of vertebral and hip fractures in patients with acromegaly compared to age- and sex-matched controls. METHODS This nationwide population-based cohort study included 1,777 patients with acromegaly aged 40 years or older in 2006-2016 and 8,885 age- and sex-matched controls. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval]. RESULTS The mean age was 54.3 years and 58.9% were female. For approximately 8.5 years of follow-up, the patients with acromegaly had significantly higher risks of clinical vertebral (HR 2.09 [1.58-2.78]) and hip (HR 2.52 [1.61-3.95]) fractures than the controls in the multivariate analyses. There were significant differences in the risks of clinical vertebral (P < 0.0001) and hip (P < 0.0001) fractures between the patients with acromegaly and the controls in the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The multivariable-adjusted HRs for clinical vertebral fractures comparing the patients with acromegaly with controls during and excluding the first 7 years of observation were 1.69 [1.15-2.49] and 2.70 [1.75-4.17], respectively. The HRs for hip fractures during and excluding the first 7 years of observation were 2.29 [1.25-4.18] and 3.36 [1.63-6.92], respectively. CONCLUSIONS The patients with acromegaly had a higher risk of hip fractures as well as clinical vertebral fractures than the controls. The increased fracture risk in patients with acromegaly was time-dependent and was observed even during the early period of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemi Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Do Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Sung Kim
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Joon Moon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Wydra A, Stelmachowska-Banaś M, Czajka-Oraniec I. Skeletal complications in acromegaly. Reumatologia 2023; 61:248-255. [PMID: 37745143 PMCID: PMC10515128 DOI: 10.5114/reum/169918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) is rare and typically results from a pituitary functional tumor - somatotropinoma. It leads to excessive linear bone growth and manifests as gigantism if occurring in childhood and adolescence, before the closure of epiphyses or as a acromegaly in adulthood. The excess of GH impacts bone metabolism directly as well as indirectly through increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). In acromegaly as a consequence of overproduction of GH and IFG-1 and the influence of these hormones on bone osteoblasts, bone metabolism, growth and density increase. However, bone turnover is accelerated causing impaired bone microstructure and strength, which may lead to increased risk of vertebral fractures irrespective of normal bone mineral density. Apart from the changes in bone architecture, acromegaly also results in a degenerative joint disease of a different nature than primary osteoarthritis. Moreover, acromegaly leads to cardiovascular, metabolic and respiratory complications, and thus significantly impairs the quality of life. In this review, authors summarize the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of bone and joint disease in acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnika Wydra
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Stelmachowska-Banaś
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabella Czajka-Oraniec
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Uygur MM, Frara S, di Filippo L, Giustina A. New tools for bone health assessment in secreting pituitary adenomas. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:231-242. [PMID: 36869001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary hormones regulate skeletal physiology, and excess levels affect bone remodeling and alter bone microstructure. Vertebral fractures (VFs) are an early phenomenon of impaired bone health in secreting pituitary adenomas. However, they are not accurately predicted by areal bone mineral density (BMD). Emerging data demonstrate that a morphometric approach is essential for evaluating bone health in this clinical setting and is considered to be the gold standard method in acromegaly. Several novel tools have been proposed as alternative or additional methods for the prediction of fractures, particularly in pituitary-driven osteopathies. This review highlights the novel potential biomarkers and diagnostic methods for bone fragility, including their pathophysiological, clinical, radiological, and therapeutic implications in acromegaly, prolactinomas, and Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliha Melin Uygur
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey.
| | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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15
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Giustina A, di Filippo L, Uygur MM, Frara S. Modern approach to resistant acromegaly. Endocrine 2023; 80:303-307. [PMID: 36790521 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targets of acromegaly treatment are normalization of biochemical values, removal/reduction/stabilization of the pituitary mass, control of clinical activity and mortality with a multimodal/multidisciplinary approach. Despite significant technological and pharmacological progress, still several patients with acromegaly bear a resistant somatotroph adenoma and active disease may persist for many years with resultant poor clinical outcomes. AIM To review briefly definition and pathophysiology of resistance to acromegaly treatment and the options of medical treatment in this context, exploring the role of novel clinical and molecular biomarkers in the personalization of therapy and proposing updates to the currently available guidelines for the treatment of resistant GH-secreting adenomas. CONCLUSIONS In the last few years, in parallel with the increased number of medical options available for the therapy of acromegaly, relevant advances occurred in the understanding of the role of novel molecular and clinical biomarkers in predicting the responsiveness to second-line medical treatments, such as Pegvisomant and Pasireotide LAR, and helping clinicians in the personalization of the follow-up and treatment of resistant somatotroph adenomas. The integration of these findings into the existing guidelines may represent a possibly important step forward in the management of "difficult" acromegaly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (IEMS), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (IEMS), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Melin M Uygur
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (IEMS), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (IEMS), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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16
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Birtolo MF, Antonini S, Lania AG, Mazziotti G. Looking at the spine in controlled Acromegaly. Endocrine 2023; 79:283-286. [PMID: 36574147 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal fragility with high risk of vertebral fractures (VFs) is an emerging complication of growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion. VFs often coexist with spine arthropathy and both clinical conditions negatively impact on quality of life of acromegalic subjects. Management of spine osteopathy and arthropathy in acromegaly could be challenging since both complications can persist or even progress after biochemical control of disease. This article analyzes the latest evidence about possible pathophysiological links between VFs and spine arthropathy in active and controlled acromegaly, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects concerning the holistic management of acromegalic osteo-arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Birtolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Antonini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea G Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gherardo Mazziotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Chiloiro S, Giampietro A, Gagliardi I, Bondanelli M, Veleno M, Ambrosio MR, Zatelli MC, Pontecorvi A, Giustina A, De Marinis L, Bianchi A. Impact of the diagnostic delay of acromegaly on bone health: data from a real life and long term follow-up experience. Pituitary 2022; 25:831-841. [PMID: 35922724 PMCID: PMC9362053 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acromegaly is a chronic disease with systemic complications. Disease onset is insidious and consequently typically burdened by diagnostic delay. A longer diagnostic delay induces more frequently cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal comorbidities. No data are available on the effect of diagnostic delay on skeletal fragility. We aimed to evaluate the effect of diagnostic delay on the frequency of incident and prevalent of vertebral fractures (i-VFs and p-VFs) in a large cohort of acromegaly patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A longitudinal, retrospective and multicenter study was conducted on 172 acromegaly patients. RESULTS Median diagnostic delay and duration of follow-up were respectively 10 years (IQR: 6) and 10 years (IQR: 8). P-VFs were observed in 18.6% and i-VFs occurred in 34.3% of patients. The median estimated diagnostic delay was longer in patients with i-VFs (median: 11 years, IQR: 3), in comparison to those without i-VFs (median: 8 years, IQR: 7; p = 0.02). Age at acromegaly diagnosis and at last follow-up were higher in patients with i-VFs, with respect to those without i-VFs. The age at acromegaly diagnosis was positively associated with the diagnostic delay (p < 0.001, r = 0.216). A longer history of active acromegaly was associated with a high frequency of i-VFs (p = 0.03). The logistic regression confirmed that patients with a diagnostic delay > 10 years had 1.5-folds increased risk of developing i-VFs (OR: 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1-2; p = 0.017). CONCLUSION Our data showed that the diagnostic delay in acromegaly has a significant impact on VF risk, further supporting the clinical relevance of an early acromegaly diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chiloiro
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Irene Gagliardi
- Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics & Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Bondanelli
- Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics & Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Miriam Veleno
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics & Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics & Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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18
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Fleseriu M, Langlois F, Lim DST, Varlamov EV, Melmed S. Acromegaly: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:804-826. [PMID: 36209758 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas that cause acromegaly arise as monoclonal expansions of differentiated somatotroph cells and are usually sporadic. They are almost invariably benign, yet they can be locally invasive and show progressive growth despite treatment. Persistent excess of both growth hormone and its target hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) results in a wide array of cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal, neurological, and neoplastic comorbidities that might not be reversible with disease control. Normalisation of IGF-1 and growth hormone are the primary therapeutic aims; additional treatment goals include tumour shrinkage, relieving symptoms, managing complications, reducing excess morbidity, and improving quality of life. A multimodal approach with surgery, medical therapy, and (more rarely) radiation therapy is required to achieve these goals. In this Review, we examine the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, complications, and treatment of acromegaly, with an emphasis on the importance of tailoring management strategies to each patient to optimise outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fleseriu
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition) and Department of Neurological Surgery, and Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Fabienne Langlois
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Elena V Varlamov
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition) and Department of Neurological Surgery, and Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine and Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Frara S, di Filippo L, Doga M, Loli P, Casanueva FF, Giustina A. Novel approaches to bone comorbidity in Cushing's disease: an update. Pituitary 2022; 25:754-759. [PMID: 35849272 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01252-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal complications are frequent and clinically relevant findings in Cushing's disease (CD) since an uncoupled suppressed bone formation and enhanced bone resorption leads to a marked skeletal damage with a rapid increase of fracture risk. Reduced Bone Mineral Density (BMD) has been consistently reported and osteopenia or osteoporosis are typical findings in patients with CD. Vertebral Fractures (VFs) are frequently reported and may occur even in patients with an only mild reduction of BMD, representing nowadays a still under- or misdiagnosed comorbidity of these patients being frequently asymptomatic. A novel approach combining different available tools such as BMD evaluation and vertebral morphometry, in order to improve diagnosis, management, and follow-up of bone comorbidity in all patients affected by CD, is needed. This approach is foreseen to be a crucial part of management of patients with CD, particularly in Pituitary Tumor Center of Excellence since VFs, the landmark of the bone involvement, may occur early in the history of the disease and may represent a relevant risk factor for further fractures, reduced quality of life and survival and need for pharmacologic prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Doga
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Loli
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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Cangiano B, Giusti E, Premoli C, Soranna D, Vitale G, Grottoli S, Cambria V, Mantovani G, Mungari R, Maffei P, Dassie F, Giampietro A, Chiloiro S, Tanda ML, Ippolito S, Cannavò S, Ragonese M, Zambon A, Persani L, Fatti LM, Scacchi M. Psychological complications in patients with acromegaly: relationships with sex, arthropathy, and quality of life. Endocrine 2022; 77:510-518. [PMID: 35779206 PMCID: PMC9385810 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current treatment of acromegaly restores a normal life expectancy in most cases. So, the study of persistent complications affecting patients' quality of life (QoL) is of paramount importance, especially motor disability and depression. In a large cohort of acromegalic patients we aimed at establishing the prevalence of depression, to look for clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with it, and to investigate the respective roles (and interactions) of depression and arthropathy in influencing QoL. METHODS One hundred and seventy-one acromegalic patients (95 women and 76 men, aged 20-85 years) among those recruited in a cross-sectional Italian multicentric study were investigated. Each patient filled in three validated questionnaires: AcroQoL, WOMAC (measuring articular pain, stiffness and functionality), and AIMS (evaluating articular symptoms and depression). RESULTS A very high (up to 28%) depression rate was detected in acromegalic subjects. Two patients showing pathological AIMS depression scores, committed suicide during the three years observational period. In our population poor psychological status was significantly associated with female sex. Furthermore, a significant strong correlation was found between AIMS depression score and WOMAC score. Both depression and arthropathy-related motor disability turned out to independently contribute with similar strength to the impairment of QoL. CONCLUSIONS We report a high prevalence of depression in acromegaly, which is associated with female sex and arthropathy. Both depression and arthropathy strongly and independently contribute to the impaired QoL of patients. Our study shows that assessment and monitoring of psychological status is mandatory in acromegaly, also suggesting an inexpensive tool for this assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Cangiano
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giusti
- Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, P.le Brescia 20, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Premoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Vitale
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Grottoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Cambria
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Mungari
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Maffei
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Chiloiro
- Pituitary Unit, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Tanda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cannavò
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Endocrine Unit, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marta Ragonese
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Zambon
- Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Maria Fatti
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of General Medicine, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Oggebbio-Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy.
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