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Maternal Hyperthyroidism in Rats Alters the Composition and Gene Expression of the Matrix Produced In Vitro by Chondrocytes from Offspring with Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040292. [PMID: 35448479 PMCID: PMC9027694 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we aimed to evaluate cultures of femoral chondrocytes from offspring of rats with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) induced by maternal hyperthyroidism. Fourteen adult female Wistar rats were divided into two groups, a control group and a group treated with daily L-thyroxine administration using an orogastric tube (50 µg/animal/day) during pregnancy. Three days after birth, the offspring were euthanized for chondrocyte extraction. At 7, 14, and 21 days, viability and alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) activity were assessed using the MTT assay and BCIP/NBT method, respectively, in a 2D culture. Pellets (3D cultures) were stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) to assess the morphology and percentage of PAS+ areas. The gene transcripts for Col2, Col10, Acan, Sox9, and Runx2 were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The MTT and ALP-assay results showed no significant differences between the groups. Maternal hyperthyroidism did not alter the chondrocyte morphology, but significantly reduced the percentage of PAS+ areas, decreased the expression of the gene transcripts of Col2 and Acan, and increased Sox9 expression. Maternal hyperthyroidism in rats alters the composition and gene expression of the matrix produced by chondrocytes from offspring with IUGR. This may be one of the mechanisms through which excess maternal thyroid hormones reduce offspring bone growth.
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2
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Bundy JA, Yang JT, Morscher MA, Steiner RP, Adamczyk MJ, Weiner DS, Jacquet RD, Landis WJ. Induced hypothyroidism alters articular cartilage in skeletally immature miniature swine. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:643-657. [PMID: 33073630 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1839436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Thyroid hormone has been implicated in the normal growth and development of articular cartilage; however, its effect on a disease state, such as hypothyroidism, is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to compare normal articular cartilage from proximal femurs of immature miniature swine to proximal femurs from hypothyroid-induced immature miniature swine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two 11-week-old male Sinclair miniature swine were made hypothyroid by administration of 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) in their drinking water; two control animals did not receive PTU. At 25 weeks of age, the animals were euthanized and their proximal femurs were fixed and decalcified. Samples were sectioned and analyzed by histology to define extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify types II and X collagen, and histomorphometry to assess articular cartilage mean total and localized height and cell density. Statistics included nested mixed-effects ANOVA with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS Compared to controls, hypothyroid articular cartilage demonstrated statistically significant quantitative differences in mean tissue height, mean cell density and type II collagen localized zone height. Qualitative differences in ECM proteoglycans and overall collagen types were also found. Type X collagen was not detected in either hypothyroid or control articular cartilage specimens. CONCLUSIONS Significant changes in articular cartilage structure in hypothyroid compared to control immature miniature swine suggest that thyroid hormone is critical in the growth and development of articular cartilage. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding articular cartilage development in immature animal models may provide insight into healing or repair of degenerative human articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Bundy
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julianne T Yang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stark Women's Center, Canton, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J Adamczyk
- Department of Orthopedics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Dennis S Weiner
- Department of Orthopedics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Robin DiFeo Jacquet
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - William J Landis
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
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Butterfield NC, Curry KF, Steinberg J, Dewhurst H, Komla-Ebri D, Mannan NS, Adoum AT, Leitch VD, Logan JG, Waung JA, Ghirardello E, Southam L, Youlten SE, Wilkinson JM, McAninch EA, Vancollie VE, Kussy F, White JK, Lelliott CJ, Adams DJ, Jacques R, Bianco AC, Boyde A, Zeggini E, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. Accelerating functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:467. [PMID: 33473114 PMCID: PMC7817695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis causes debilitating pain and disability, resulting in a considerable socioeconomic burden, yet no drugs are available that prevent disease onset or progression. Here, we develop, validate and use rapid-throughput imaging techniques to identify abnormal joint phenotypes in randomly selected mutant mice generated by the International Knockout Mouse Consortium. We identify 14 genes with functional involvement in osteoarthritis pathogenesis, including the homeobox gene Pitx1, and functionally characterize 6 candidate human osteoarthritis genes in mouse models. We demonstrate sensitivity of the methods by identifying age-related degenerative joint damage in wild-type mice. Finally, we phenotype previously generated mutant mice with an osteoarthritis-associated polymorphism in the Dio2 gene by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and demonstrate a protective role in disease onset with public health implications. We hope this expanding resource of mutant mice will accelerate functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis and offer drug discovery opportunities for this common, incapacitating chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Katherine F Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julia Steinberg
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Hannah Dewhurst
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Naila S Mannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Anne-Tounsia Adoum
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julian A Waung
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Elena Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Scott E Youlten
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - J Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
- Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing and Sheffield Healthy Lifespan Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Fiona Kussy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacqueline K White
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | | | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Jacques
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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KEER STEPHANIE, COHEN KARLY, MAY CATHERINE, HU YINAN, McMENAMIN SARAH, HERNANDEZ LUZPATRICIA. Anatomical Assessment of the Adult Skeleton of Zebrafish Reared Under Different Thyroid Hormone Profiles. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1754-1769. [PMID: 30989809 PMCID: PMC6800157 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) directs the growth and maintenance of tissues throughout the body during development and into adulthood, and plays a particularly important role in proper ossification and homeostasis of the skeleton. To better understand the roles of TH in the skeletogenesis of a vertebrate model, and to define areas of the skeleton that are particularly sensitive to developmental TH, we examined the effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on skeletal development in zebrafish. Performing a bone-by-bone anatomical assessment on the entire skeleton of adult fish, we found that TH is required for proper ossification, growth, morphogenesis, and fusion of numerous bones. We showed that the pectoral girdle, dermatocranium, Weberian apparatus, and dentary are particularly sensitive to TH, and that TH affects development of skeletal element regardless of bone type and developmental origin. Indeed, the hormone does not universally promote ossification: we found that developmental TH prevents ectopic ossification in multiple thin bones and within connective tissue of the jaw. In all, we found that TH regulates proper morphogenesis and ossification in the majority of zebrafish bones, and that the requirement for the hormone extends across bone types and developmental profiles. Anat Rec, 302:1754-1769, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- STEPHANIE KEER
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington
University, Science and Engineering Hall, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - KARLY COHEN
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington
University, Science and Engineering Hall, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - CATHERINE MAY
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill,
Massachusetts
| | - YINAN HU
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill,
Massachusetts
| | - SARAH McMENAMIN
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill,
Massachusetts
| | - LUZ PATRICIA HERNANDEZ
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington
University, Science and Engineering Hall, Washington, District of Columbia
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5
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Physiological and Pathological Role of Circadian Hormones in Osteoarthritis: Dose-Dependent or Time-Dependent? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091415. [PMID: 31500387 PMCID: PMC6781184 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, may be triggered by improper secretion of circadian clock-regulated hormones, such as melatonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or cortisol. The imbalance of these hormones alters the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cartilage degenerative enzymes in articular cartilage, resulting in cartilage erosion, synovial inflammation, and osteophyte formation, the major hallmarks of OA. In this review, we summarize the effects of circadian melatonin, TSH, and cortisol on OA, focusing on how different levels of these hormones affect OA pathogenesis and recovery with respect to the circadian clock. We also highlight the effects of melatonin, TSH, and cortisol at different concentrations both in vivo and in vitro, which may help to elucidate the relationship between circadian hormones and OA.
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Saw S, Aiken A, Fang H, McKee TD, Bregant S, Sanchez O, Chen Y, Weiss A, Dickson BC, Czarny B, Sinha A, Fosang A, Dive V, Waterhouse PD, Kislinger T, Khokha R. Metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP proteins control FGF-2 bioavailability and regulate skeletal growth. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3134-3152. [PMID: 31371388 PMCID: PMC6719459 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Saw et al. show via the combinatorial deletion of Timp family members in mice that metalloprotease regulation of FGF-2 is a crucial event in the chondrocyte maturation program, underlying the growth plate development and bone elongation responsible for attaining proper body stature. Regulated growth plate activity is essential for postnatal bone development and body stature, yet the systems regulating epiphyseal fusion are poorly understood. Here, we show that the tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease (TIMP) gene family is essential for normal bone growth after birth. Whole-body quadruple-knockout mice lacking all four TIMPs have growth plate closure in long bones, precipitating limb shortening, epiphyseal distortion, and widespread chondrodysplasia. We identify TIMP/FGF-2/IHH as a novel nexus underlying bone lengthening where TIMPs negatively regulate the release of FGF-2 from chondrocytes to allow IHH expression. Using a knock-in approach that combines MMP-resistant or ADAMTS-resistant aggrecans with TIMP deficiency, we uncouple growth plate activity in axial and appendicular bones. Thus, natural metalloprotease inhibitors are crucial regulators of chondrocyte maturation program, growth plate integrity, and skeletal proportionality. Furthermore, individual and combinatorial TIMP-deficient mice demonstrate the redundancy of metalloprotease inhibitor function in embryonic and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Saw
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alison Aiken
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hui Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Trevor D McKee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Otto Sanchez
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Yan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Weiss
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Ankit Sinha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amanda Fosang
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Dive
- Institute of Biology and Technology, Saclay, France
| | - Paul D Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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7
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da Silva RA, de Camargo Andrade AF, da Silva Feltran G, Fernandes CJDC, de Assis RIF, Ferreira MR, Andia DC, Zambuzzi WF. The role of triiodothyronine hormone and mechanically-stressed endothelial cell paracrine signalling synergism in gene reprogramming during hBMSC-stimulated osteogenic phenotype in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 478:151-167. [PMID: 30142372 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We therefore investigated whether there is synergism between triiodothyronine (T3) hormone and trophic molecules released from mechanically-stressed endothelial cells (EC-enriched medium) in osteogenic phenotype by mapping classical repertory of genes. Although there are studies reporting the efficiency of T3 hormone on bone cells, it is scarce considering their effect in conjunction with other physiologically active molecules, such as those released by the active endothelial cells. To address this issue, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were treated with EC-enriched medium subjected to shear-stress up to 72 h in vitro, in conjunction or not with T3 hormone. Although our results found an important synergism considering these parameters on modulating key bone-related gene markers, such as on the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) behavior (at both mRNA and protein content), contributing for osteoblast differentiation, important genes such as OSTERIX and RUNX2 were significantly down-expressed, while a over-expression of RANKL was found when the conjunction effect of T3 and endothelial paracrine signaling was considered. In addition, T3 hormone over expressed both OCT4 and NANOG genes in a DNA epigenetic-independent manner. However, we observed a dynamic reprogramming of DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B and TET1, important DNA-related epigenetic markers. Specifically, T3 hormone alone up-modulated TET2 transcripts profile. Complimentarily, expression of microRNA (miRs) processing-related genes also was modulated, as well as miR-10b, miR-22, miR-21, miR-143 and miR-145 transcriptional related profiles. Altogether, our results suggested a positive effect of mechanically-stressed endothelial cells-induced paracrine signaling on T3 hormone-obtaining osteogenic phenotype, contributing to understanding the paradoxal effect of T3 hormone on the bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A da Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Campus Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Geórgia da Silva Feltran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Campus Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Célio Júnior da C Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Campus Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rahyza Inacio F de Assis
- Área de Periodontia, Departamento de Prótese e Periodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-018, Brazil
| | - Marcel Rodrigues Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Campus Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Denise C Andia
- Área de Epigenética, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Willian F Zambuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Campus Botucatu, Brazil; Electron Microscopy Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Campus Botucatu, Brazil.
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8
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Effect of Subclinical and Overt Form of Rat Maternal Hypothyroidism on Offspring Endochondral Bone Formation. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Maternal hypothyroidism in its overt form affects skeletal development of the offspring, but these data are not available for the subclinical form which is becoming very frequent among pregnant women. We hypothesized that the subclinical form of hypothyroidism in rat dams, infl uences the process of offspring endochondral ossifi cation affecting proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts in pups. Seven-day-old male pups (n=18) derived from control dams and dams treated with a low dose (1.5 mg/L) or high dose (150 mg/L) of propylthiouracil in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation were used. Histomorphometric analysis of pups’ tibia proximal growth plate, expression of mRNA, immunohistochemical and histochemical visualization of extracellular matrix components was performed. The length of the tibia was reduced in hypothyroid pups. Secretion of type 2 and 10 collagens in the subclinical and overt form were lower while the amount of glycosaminoglycans was higher when compared with controls. Down-regulated tartrate resistant acid phosphatase mRNA indicated altered osteoclasts function while lower expression of dentin matrix acid protein-1 mRNA and reduced synthesis of type 1 collagen accentuated a compromised bone formation in the overt form of hypothyroidism. The subclinical form of maternal hypothyroidism had a negative effect on the differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and calcifi ed cartilage removal in 7-day-old pups. In addition, overt hypothyroidism had a negative effect on the proliferation of chondrocytes and deposition of osteoid. Both forms of hypothyroidism resulted in a decrease of tibia length due to changes in growth plate formation.
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Gouveia CHA, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Martins GM, Neofiti-Papi B. Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Development. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:383-472. [PMID: 29407443 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for skeletal development from the late fetal life to the onset of puberty. During this large window of actions, TH has key roles in endochondral and intramembranous ossifications and in the longitudinal bone growth. There is evidence that TH acts directly in skeletal cells but also indirectly, specially via the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, to control the linear skeletal growth and maturation. The presence of receptors, plasma membrane transporters, and activating and inactivating enzymes of TH in skeletal cells suggests that direct actions of TH in these cells are crucial for skeletal development, which has been confirmed by several in vitro and in vivo studies, including mouse genetic studies, and clinical studies in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone due to dominant-negative mutations in TH receptors. This review examines progress made on understanding the mechanisms by which TH regulates the skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia H A Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gisele M Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Bianca Neofiti-Papi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ribeiro LGR, Silva JF, Ocarino NDM, de Melo EG, Serakides R. Excess maternal and postnatal thyroxine alters chondrocyte numbers and the composition of the extracellular matrix of growth cartilage in rats. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:73-84. [PMID: 28358226 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1290084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose/Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of excess maternal and postnatal thyroxine on chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix (ECM) of growth cartilage. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used 16 adult female Wistar rats divided into two groups: thyroxine treatment and control. From weaning to 40 days of age, offspring of the treated group (n = 8) received L-thyroxine. Plasma free T4 was measured. Histomorphometric analysis was performed on thyroids and femurs of all offspring. Alcian blue histochemical staining and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction measurements of gene expression levels of Sox9, Runx2, Aggrecan, Col I, Col II, Alkaline phosphatase, Mmp2, Mmp9, and Bmp2 were performed. Data were analyzed for statistical significance by student's t-test. RESULTS Excess maternal and postnatal thyroxine reduced the intensity of Alcian blue staining, altered the number of chondrocytes in proliferative and hypertrophic zones in growth cartilage, and reduced the gene expression of Sox9, Mmp2, Mmp9, Col II, and Bmp2 in the growth cartilage of all offspring. Additionally, excess thyroxine altered the gene expression of Runx2, Aggrecan and Col I, and this effect was dependent on age. CONCLUSIONS Excess thyroxine in neonates suppresses chondrocyte proliferation, stimulates chondrocyte hypertrophy and changes the ECM composition by reducing the amount of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Prolonged exposure to excess thyroxine suppresses chondrocyte activity in general, with a severe reduction in the proteoglycan content of cartilage and the expression of gene transcripts essential for endochondral growth and characteristics of the chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gabriela Rocha Ribeiro
- a Núcleo de Células Tronco e Terapia Celular Animal (NCT-TCA), Escola de Veterinária , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juneo Freitas Silva
- b Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Natália de Melo Ocarino
- a Núcleo de Células Tronco e Terapia Celular Animal (NCT-TCA), Escola de Veterinária , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gonçalves de Melo
- c Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias , Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- a Núcleo de Células Tronco e Terapia Celular Animal (NCT-TCA), Escola de Veterinária , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Abstract
The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone turnover and maintenance. Thyrotoxicosis is an established cause of secondary osteoporosis, and abnormal thyroid hormone signaling has recently been identified as a novel risk factor for osteoarthritis. Skeletal phenotypes in genetically modified mice have faithfully reproduced genetic disorders in humans, revealing the complex physiological relationship between centrally regulated thyroid status and the peripheral actions of thyroid hormones. Studies in mutant mice also established the paradigm that T3 exerts anabolic actions during growth and catabolic effects on adult bone. Thus, the skeleton represents an ideal physiological system in which to characterize thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and action during development and adulthood and in response to injury. Future analysis of T3 action in individual skeletal cell lineages will provide new insights into cell-specific molecular mechanisms and may ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets for chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Melrose J, Shu C, Whitelock JM, Lord MS. The cartilage extracellular matrix as a transient developmental scaffold for growth plate maturation. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:363-383. [PMID: 26807757 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cartilage growth plate is a specialized developmental tissue containing characteristic zonal arrangements of chondrocytes. The proliferative and differentiative states of chondrocytes are tightly regulated at all stages including the initial limb bud and rudiment cartilage stages of development, the establishment of the primary and secondary ossification centers, development of the growth plates and laying down of bone. A multitude of spatio-temporal signals, including transcription factors, growth factors, morphogens and hormones, control chondrocyte maturation and terminal chondrocyte differentiation/hypertrophy, cell death/differentiation, calcification and vascular invasion of the growth plate and bone formation during morphogenetic transition of the growth plate. This involves hierarchical, integrated signaling from growth and factors, transcription factors, mechanosensory cues and proteases in the extracellular matrix to regulate these developmental processes to facilitate progressive changes in the growth plate culminating in bone formation and endochondral ossification. This review provides an overview of selected components which have particularly important roles in growth plate biology including collagens, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, growth factors, proteases and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cindy Shu
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Megan S Lord
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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Ozler S, Oztas E, Guler BG, Pehlivan S, Kadioglu N, Ergin M, Uygur D, Danisman N. Role of ADAMTS5 in Unexplained Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR). Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2016; 35:220-30. [PMID: 27159841 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2016.1173146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aim to determine the role of serum and placental A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif 5 (ADAMTS5) in fetal growth restriction (FGR). MATERIAL AND METHODS 43 pregnancies suffering FGR and 45 healthy ones were homogenized for their body mass indices, ages, and gestational weeks. Expression of ADAMTS5 in placental samples was determined by immunohistochemical methods and concurrent maternal serum ADAMTS5 levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Expression of ADAMTS5 was higher in FGR group than the healthy control in placenta. Both the cytoplasmic staining pattern of the syncytiotrophoblasts and staining of the decidual plate were shown in the FGR group; but not in the control group. A negative correlation between serum ADAMTS5 levels and birth weight in FGR group was observed. CONCLUSION Increased ADAMTS5 levels were observed in placental insufficiency cases. This study demonstrates that ADAMTS5 may be a sensitive indicator of placental insufficiency which has variable factors in etiology. Additional work is needed to delineate the mechanism of its involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ozler
- a Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Department of Perinatology , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Efser Oztas
- a Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Department of Perinatology , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Basak Gumus Guler
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Liv Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Sultan Pehlivan
- c Ankara Branch of Council of Forensic Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nezaket Kadioglu
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Serefli Kochisar State Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Merve Ergin
- e Faculty of Medicine , Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yildirim Beyazit University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Dilek Uygur
- a Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Department of Perinatology , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nuri Danisman
- a Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Department of Perinatology , Ankara , Turkey
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Waung JA, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Adult mice lacking the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase have increased subchondral bone but normal articular cartilage. Thyroid 2015; 25:269-77. [PMID: 25549200 PMCID: PMC4361410 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although osteoarthritis (OA) is the commonest joint disorder and has a rising prevalence as the population ages, no drugs are available that prevent or delay the onset and progression of disease. Recent studies identified the DIO2 gene encoding type 2 deiodinase (D2) as a susceptibility locus for OA, and further data suggest deiodinase-regulated local availability of triiodothyronine (T3) in the joint plays an important role in cartilage maintenance and repair. To investigate the hypothesis that reduced tissue T3 availability protects joints from development of OA, the joint phenotypes of adult mice lacking D2 (D2KO) or lacking both D1 and D2 (D1D2KO), the only enzymes that catalyze conversion of the prohormone thyroxine to active T3, were determined. METHODS Knee joints were prepared from male 16-week-old adult wild type (WT; n=9), D2KO (n=5), and D1D2KO (n=3) mice. Articular cartilage pathology was scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) histopathology scale for murine OA to determine the severity and extent of disease. Digital X-ray microradiography was used to determine the area and mineral content of subchondral bone immediately beneath the articular cartilage surface. RESULTS There were no differences in maximum and standardized OA scores, cartilage erosion indices, or articular cartilage cellularity among WT, D2KO, and D1D2KO mice. Subchondral bone area did not differ among genotypes, but mineral content was markedly increased in both D2KO and D1D2KO mice compared to WT. CONCLUSIONS Although adult D2KO mice have normal articular cartilage and no other features of spontaneous joint damage, they exhibit increased subchondral bone mineral content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Waung
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
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Desjardin C, Charles C, Benoist-Lasselin C, Riviere J, Gilles M, Chassande O, Morgenthaler C, Laloé D, Lecardonnel J, Flamant F, Legeai-Mallet L, Schibler L. Chondrocytes play a major role in the stimulation of bone growth by thyroid hormone. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3123-35. [PMID: 24914940 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) is required for postnatal skeletal growth. It exerts its effect by binding to nuclear receptors, TRs including TRα1 and TRβ1, which are present in most cell types. These cell types include chondrocytes and osteoblasts, the interactions of which are known to regulate endochondral bone formation. In order to analyze the respective functions of T3 stimulation in chondrocytes and osteoblasts during postnatal growth, we use Cre/loxP recombination to express a dominant-negative TRα1(L400R) mutant receptor in a cell-specific manner. Phenotype analysis revealed that inhibiting T3 response in chondrocytes is sufficient to reproduce the defects observed in hypothyroid mice, not only for cartilage maturation, but also for ossification and mineralization. TRα1(L400R) in chondrocytes also results in skull deformation. In the meantime, TRα1(L400R) expression in mature osteoblasts has no visible effect. Transcriptome analysis identifies a number of changes in gene expression induced by TRα1(L400R) in cartilage. These changes suggest that T3 normally cross talks with several other signaling pathways to promote chondrocytes proliferation, differentiation, and skeletal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Desjardin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) (C.D., J.R., M.G., C.M., D.L., J.L., L.S.), UMR1313, Biologie Intégrative et Génétique Animale, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5242 (C.C.), ENS Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Institut Imagine (C.B.-L., L.L.-G.) Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France; University of Bordeaux (O.C.), U1026, Bioingénierie Tissulaire, Bordeaux, France; and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (F.F.), Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Kobayashi H, Hirata M, Saito T, Itoh S, Chung UI, Kawaguchi H. Transcriptional induction of ADAMTS5 protein by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family member RelA/p65 in chondrocytes during osteoarthritis development. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28620-9. [PMID: 23963448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.452169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we sought to identify transcription factors that induce ADAMTS5, a crucial proteinase for osteoarthritis development. Exhaustive comparison of the genomic sequences of human, macaque, and mouse ADAMTS5 genes revealed that the proximal 1.4 kb of the 5'-end-flanking regions containing several consensus motifs was highly conserved. Among putative transcription factors for these motifs, NF-κB family member RelA/p65 most strongly stimulated the promoter activity. In the ADAMTS5 gene, there were three NF-κB binding motifs, in which deletion, mutagenesis, and tandem repeat analyses of the luciferase assay identified the core responsive elements of RelA/p65 to be -896/-887 and -424/-415 bp with specific bindings. The endogenous Adamts5 expression in ATDC5 cells was increased by RelA/p65 overexpression and decreased by knockdown through its siRNA. The expression was also inhibited by the Rela deletion through Cre transfection in primary articular chondrocytes from Rela(fl/fl) mice. In the ex vivo culture of femoral head cartilage from mesenchymal cell-specific Rela knock-out (Prx1-Cre;Rela(fl/fl)) mice, aggrecanolysis was significantly lower than that in the Rela(fl/fl) cartilage. Finally, in the experimental mouse osteoarthritis model, ADAMTS5 and RelA were co-localized in chondrocytes of degraded articular cartilage. We conclude that RelA/p65 is a potent transcriptional activator of ADAMTS5 in chondrocytes during osteoarthritis development.
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Cao YL, Liu T, Pang J, Gao NY, Zhan HS, Shi YY, Wang X, Wang SC. Glucan HBP-A increase type II collagen expression of chondrocytes in vitro and tissue engineered cartilage in vivo. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 21:196-203. [PMID: 23860800 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-013-1511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although chondroprotective activities have been documented for polysaccharides, the potential target of different polysaccharide may differ. The study was aimed to explore the effect of glucan HBP-A in chondrocyte monolayer culture and chondrocytes-alginate hydrogel constructs in vivo, especially on the expression of type II collagen. METHODS Chondrocytes isolated from rabbit articular cartilage were cultured and verified by immunocytochemical staining of type II collagen. Chondrocyte viability was assessed after being treated with HBP-A in different concentrations. Morphological status of chondrocytes-alginate hydrogel constructs in vitro was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The constructs were treated with HBP-A and then injected to nude mice subcutaneously. Six weeks after transplantation, the specimens were observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mRNA expressions of disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTs-5), aggrecan and type II collagen in both monolayer culture and constructs were determined by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of type II collagen and matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3) in chondrocyte monolayer culture was also tested through Western blot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. RESULTS MMP-3 secretion and ADAMTs-5 mRNA expression in vitro were inhibited by HBP-A at 0.3 mg/mL concentration. In morphological study, there were significant appearance of collagen in those constructs treated by HBP-A. Accordingly, in both chondrocyte monolayer culture and chondrocytes-alginate hydrogel constructs, the expression of type II collagen was increased significantly in HBP-A group when compared with control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The study documented that the potential pharmacological target of glucan HBP-A in chondrocytes monolayer culture and tissue engineered cartilage in vivo may be concerned with the inhibition of catabolic enzymes MMP-3, ADAMTs-5, and increasing of type II collagen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-long Cao
- Research Institute of Orthopaedics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China,
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Kim HY, Mohan S. Role and Mechanisms of Actions of Thyroid Hormone on the Skeletal Development. Bone Res 2013; 1:146-61. [PMID: 26273499 DOI: 10.4248/br201302004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the thyroid hormone axis in the regulation of skeletal growth and maintenance has been well established from clinical studies involving patients with mutations in proteins that regulate synthesis and/or actions of thyroid hormone. Data from genetic mouse models involving disruption and overexpression of components of the thyroid hormone axis also provide direct support for a key role for thyroid hormone in the regulation of bone metabolism. Thyroid hormone regulates proliferation and/or differentiated actions of multiple cell types in bone including chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Thyroid hormone effects on the target cells are mediated via ligand-inducible nuclear receptors/transcription factors, thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α and β, of which TRα seems to be critically important in regulating bone cell functions. In terms of mechanisms for thyroid hormone action, studies suggest that thyroid hormone regulates a number of key growth factor signaling pathways including insulin-like growth factor-I, parathyroid hormone related protein, fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog and Wnt to influence skeletal growth. In this review we describe findings from various genetic mouse models and clinical mutations of thyroid hormone signaling related mutations in humans that pertain to the role and mechanism of action of thyroid hormone in the regulation of skeletal growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Young Kim
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System , Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA ; Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA ; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital , Gunpo, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System , Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA ; Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Williams GR. Thyroid hormone actions in cartilage and bone. Eur Thyroid J 2013; 2:3-13. [PMID: 24783033 PMCID: PMC3821494 DOI: 10.1159/000345548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones exert widespread and complex actions in almost all tissues during development, throughout childhood and in adults. The skeleton is an important T3-target tissue that exemplifies these processes, and yet understanding of the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of T3 action in bone and cartilage remains incomplete. Here, the skeleton is considered as a T3-target tissue. The actions of thyroid hormones during skeletal development and in chondrocytes and growth plate cartilage during post-natal linear growth are outlined. The physiological importance of these actions are discussed in relation to patients with autosomal dominant mutations in genes encoding the thyroid hormone receptors TRα1 and TRβ, and in mice harbouring deletions or mutations of the orthologous genes. The role of thyroid hormones and the control of T3 action in bone turnover and maintenance are also outlined, and T3 action in bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts discussed. The physiological and functional consequences of T3 action in bone are considered in relation to mutant mouse models and to effects on bone mineral density and fracture susceptibility in humans. Finally, new studies identifying a putative role for thyroid hormone metabolism in articular cartilage maintenance and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis are considered. The pharmacological context of these new findings is discussed, emphasising the importance of this emerging field of study in thyroid hormone pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Euthyroid status is essential for normal skeletal development and the maintenance of adult bone structure and strength. Established thyrotoxicosis has long been recognised as a cause of high bone turnover osteoporosis and fracture but more recent studies have suggested that subclinical hyperthyroidism and long-term suppressive doses of thyroxine (T4) may also result in decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fragility fracture, particularly in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, large population studies of euthyroid individuals have demonstrated that a hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis set point at the upper end of the normal reference range is associated with reduced BMD and increased fracture susceptibility. Despite these findings, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in bone remain controversial and incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the role of thyroid hormones in bone and the skeletal consequences of hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Nicholls
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Room 7N2b, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Waung JA, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Thyroid hormone metabolism in skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:155-62. [PMID: 22169753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of thyroid hormones by the type 2 and type 3 iodothyronine deiodinases (D2, D3) in T3-responsive target cells is a sophisticated mechanism that helps to maintain local T3 concentrations and facilitates T3 action in a cell-specific manner that is independent of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations. Recent findings have demonstrated an essential physiological role for the thyroid hormone-activating enzyme D2 in the optimization of bone mineralization and strength. Emerging population studies have also identified the genes encoding D2 and the thyroid hormone-inactivating enzyme D3 as susceptibility loci for osteoarthritis. These new data reveal an essential role for the local control of T3 availability in osteoblasts and chondrocytes during maintenance and repair of bone and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Waung
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Wang GP, Xu CS. Reference Gene Selection for Real-Time RT-PCR in Eight Kinds of Rat Regenerating Hepatic Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 46:49-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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James CG, Stanton LA, Agoston H, Ulici V, Underhill TM, Beier F. Genome-wide analyses of gene expression during mouse endochondral ossification. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8693. [PMID: 20084171 PMCID: PMC2805713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endochondral ossification is a complex process involving a series of events that are initiated by the establishment of a chondrogenic template and culminate in its replacement through the coordinated activity of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and endothelial cells. Comprehensive analyses of in vivo gene expression profiles during these processes are essential to obtain a complete understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved. Methodology/Principal Findings To address these issues, we completed a microarray screen of three zones derived from manually segmented embryonic mouse tibiae. Classification of genes differentially expressed between each respective zone, functional categorization as well as characterization of gene expression patterns, cytogenetic loci, signaling pathways and functional motifs both confirmed reported data and provided novel insights into endochondral ossification. Parallel comparisons of the microdissected tibiae data set with our previously completed micromass culture screen further corroborated the suitability of micromass cultures for modeling gene expression in chondrocyte development. The micromass culture system demonstrated striking similarities to the in vivo microdissected tibiae screen; however, the micromass system was unable to accurately distinguish gene expression differences in the hypertrophic and mineralized zones of the tibia. Conclusions/Significance These studies allow us to better understand gene expression patterns in the growth plate and endochondral bones and provide an important technical resource for comparison of gene expression in diseased or experimentally-manipulated cartilages. Ultimately, this work will help to define the genomic context in which genes are expressed in long bones and to understand physiological and pathological ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine G. James
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodelling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Stanton
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodelling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Hanga Agoston
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodelling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Veronica Ulici
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodelling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- * E-mail: (VU); (FB)
| | - T. Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodelling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- * E-mail: (VU); (FB)
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Menicanin D, Bartold PM, Zannettino ACW, Gronthos S. Genomic profiling of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2009; 5:36-50. [PMID: 19224407 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-009-9056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are an accessible source of precursor cells that can be expanded in vitro and used for tissue regeneration for different clinical applications. The advent of microarray technology has enabled the monitoring of individual and global gene expression patterns across multiple cell populations. Thus, genomic profiling has fundamentally changed our capacity to characterize MSCs, identify potential biomarkers and determined key molecules regulating biological processes involved in stem cell survival, growth and development. Numerous studies have now examined the genomic profiles of MSCs derived from different tissues that exhibit varying levels of differentiation and proliferation potentials. The knowledge gained from these studies will help improve our understanding of the cellular signalling pathways involved in MSC growth, survival and differentiation, and may aid in the development of strategies to improve the tissue regeneration potential of MSCs for different clinical indications. The present review summarizes studies characterizing the gene expression profile of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Menicanin
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group, Bone and Cancer Laboratories, Division of Haematology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science/ Hanson Institute and CSCR, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Sandell LJ, Xing X, Franz C, Davies S, Chang LW, Patra D. Exuberant expression of chemokine genes by adult human articular chondrocytes in response to IL-1beta. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1560-71. [PMID: 18565769 PMCID: PMC2605974 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a more complete picture of the effect of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) on adult human articular chondrocyte gene expression, in contrast to the candidate gene approach. DESIGN Chondrocytes from human knee cartilage were cultured in medium containing IL-1beta. Changes in gene expression were analyzed by microarray and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The ability of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-18, and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) to alter the effects of IL-1beta was analyzed. Computational analysis of the promoter regions of differentially expressed genes for transcription factor binding motifs was performed. RESULTS IL-1beta-treated human chondrocytes showed significant increases in the expression of granulocyte colony stimulating factor-3, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and leukemia inhibitory factor as well as for a large group of chemokines that include CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL20, CCL3L1, CX3CL1 and the cytokine IL-6. As expected, the mRNA for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and BMP-2 also increased while mRNA for the matrix genes COL2A1 and aggrecan was down-regulated. A subset of chemokines increased rapidly at very low levels of IL-1beta. The phenotype induced by IL-1beta was partially reversed by TGF-beta1, but not by BMP-2. In the presence of IL-1beta, FGF-18 increased expression of ADAMTS-4, aggrecan, BMP-2, COL2A1, CCL3, CCL4, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL6, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 and decreased ADAMTS-5, MMP-13, CCL2, and CCL8. Computational analysis revealed a high likelihood that the most up-regulated chemokines are regulated by the transcription factors myocyte enhancer binding factor-3 (MEF-3), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). CONCLUSION IL-1beta has a diverse effect on gene expression profile in human chondrocytes affecting matrix genes as well as chemokines and cytokines. TGF-beta1 has the ability to antagonize some of the phenotype induced by IL-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Carl Franz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sherri Davies
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Li-Wei Chang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Djouad F, Delorme B, Maurice M, Bony C, Apparailly F, Louis-Plence P, Canovas F, Charbord P, Noël D, Jorgensen C. Microenvironmental changes during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R33. [PMID: 17391539 PMCID: PMC1906811 DOI: 10.1186/ar2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is a process involving stem-cell differentiation through the coordinated effects of growth/differentiation factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were found within the cartilage, which constitutes a specific niche composed of ECM proteins with unique features. Therefore, we hypothesized that the induction of MSC differentiation towards chondrocytes might be induced and/or influenced by molecules from the microenvironment. Using microarray analysis, we previously identified genes that are regulated during MSC differentiation towards chondrocytes. In this study, we wanted to precisely assess the differential expression of genes associated with the microenvironment using a large-scale real-time PCR assay, according to the simultaneous detection of up to 384 mRNAs in one sample. Chondrogenesis of bone-marrow-derived human MSCs was induced by culture in micropellet for various periods of time. Total RNA was extracted and submitted to quantitative RT-PCR. We identified molecules already known to be involved in attachment and cell migration, including syndecans, glypicans, gelsolin, decorin, fibronectin, and type II, IX and XI collagens. Importantly, we detected the expression of molecules that were not previously associated with MSCs or chondrocytes, namely metalloproteases (MMP-7 and MMP-28), molecules of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); cef10/cyr61 and nov (CCN) family (CCN3 and CCN4), chemokines and their receptors chemokine CXC motif ligand (CXCL1), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FlT3L), chemokine CC motif receptor (CCR3 and CCR4), molecules with A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase domain (ADAM8, ADAM9, ADAM19, ADAM23, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5), cadherins (4 and 13) and integrins (alpha4, alpha7 and beta5). Our data suggest that crosstalk between ECM components of the microenvironment and MSCs within the cartilage is responsible for the differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Djouad
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Bruno Delorme
- Inserm, ESPRI EA3855, 10 bld Tonnellé, Tours, F-37032 France
| | | | - Claire Bony
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Florence Apparailly
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Pascale Louis-Plence
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - François Canovas
- CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, F-34295 France
| | - Pierre Charbord
- Inserm, ESPRI EA3855, 10 bld Tonnellé, Tours, F-37032 France
| | - Danièle Noël
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
- CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, F-34295 France
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Tsuji T, Chiba K, Imabayashi H, Fujita Y, Hosogane N, Okada Y, Toyama Y. Age-related changes in expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 associated with transition from the notochordal nucleus pulposus to the fibrocartilaginous nucleus pulposus in rabbit intervertebral disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007; 32:849-56. [PMID: 17426628 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000259804.39881.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental study on age-related changes in expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) associated with transition from notochordal nucleus pulposus (NP) to fibrocartilaginous NP in rabbit intervertebral disc (IVD). OBJECTIVES To identify roles of notochordal NP in extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism of IVD. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA One of most interesting properties of TIMP-3 is to inhibit aggrecanases in addition to matrix metalloproteinases. Balance of aggrecanase/TIMP-3 is critical to maintain homeostasis of ECM metabolism. METHODS Four-week-old and 160-week-old male Japanese white rabbits were used. Age-related changes in IVDs were evaluated histologically using previously established grading system. Immunohistochemistry of TIMP-3 and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) of TIMP-3, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) 4, 5, and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), were conducted. RESULTS Semiquantitative assessment of histologic changes indicated that 4-week-old rabbit was equivalent to fetus to 2-year-old human and 160-week-old rabbit was equivalent to 11- to 30-year-old human, particularly 11- to 16-year-old, which corresponds to transition period from notochordal to fibrocartilaginous NP. Immunohistochemistry revealed that TIMP-3 was positive in 4-week-old rabbit only. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed that levels of expressions of TGF-beta1 and TIMP-3 mRNAs in 4-week-old were significantly higher than those in 160-week-old rabbits. There was no significant difference in expression of ADAMTS4 mRNA. ADAMTS5 mRNA was not detected or extremely low in both groups. Expression of TIMP-3 mRNA in NP was upregulated by TGF-beta1 but was not affected by IL-1beta. On the contrary, expression of ADAMTS4 mRNA was not upregulated by TGF-beta1 but was upregulated by IL-1beta. CONCLUSIONS Levels of expression of TIMP-3 in notochordal NP were significantly lower in 160-week-old rabbits than those in 4-week-old rabbits. Decrease in expression of TIMP-3, possibly mediated in part by TGF-beta1, may cause imbalance of ADAMTS4/TIMP-3 ratio at transition period from notochordal to fibrocartilaginous NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone was first identified as a potent regulator of skeletal maturation at the growth plate more than forty years ago. Since that time, many in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that thyroid hormone regulates the critical transition between cell proliferation and terminal differentiation in the growth plate, specifically the maturation of growth plate chondrocytes into hypertrophic cells. However these studies have neither identified the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of skeletal maturation by thyroid hormone, nor demonstrated how the systemic actions of thyroid hormone interface with the local regulatory milieu of the growth plate. This article will review our current understanding of the role of thyroid hormone in regulating the process of endochondral ossification at the growth plate, as well as what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms involved in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Y Shao
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Zhu H, Leung PCK, MacCalman CD. Expression of ADAMTS-5/implantin in human decidual stromal cells: regulatory effects of cytokines. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:63-74. [PMID: 17067994 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The restricted expression of ADAMTS-5 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin repeats-5) to the maternal-fetal interface in mice has led to this novel metalloproteinase being assigned the trivial name 'implantin'. METHODS As a first step in determining whether ADAMTS-5 also contributes to the implantation process in humans, we have examined the spatiotemporal expression of this ADAMTS subtype in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy by immunohistochemical analysis. A quantitative competitive PCR (QC-PCR) strategy and western blotting were subsequently used to determine whether interleukin (IL)-1beta and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, two cytokines involved in the formation of the maternal-fetal interface, were capable of regulating ADAMTS-5 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in primary cultures of stromal cells isolated from first trimester decidual tissues. RESULTS ADAMTS-5 expression in the stroma of the human endometrium correlates with decidualization of this cellular compartment in vivo. IL-1beta was found to increase (P < 0.05) whereas TGF-beta1 decreased (P < 0.05) ADAMTS-5 mRNA and protein levels in decidual stromal cell cultures in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These regulatory effects were attenuated by function-perturbing antibodies directed against either cytokine. CONCLUSIONS ADAMTS-5 expression is restricted to decidualized stromal cells of the human endometrium in vivo and is subject to regulation by cytokines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Stewart MC, Fosang AJ, Bai Y, Osborn B, Plaas A, Sandy JD. ADAMTS5-mediated aggrecanolysis in murine epiphyseal chondrocyte cultures. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:392-402. [PMID: 16406703 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggrecan degradation by aggrecanases [a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs (ADAMTS) 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 15] is considered to initiate much of the cartilage pathology seen in human arthritis, however, the proteinase responsible and its mode of control is unclear. The present work was done to examine mechanisms of aggrecanase control in a novel murine epiphyseal cell system and to determine whether ADAMTS5 alone is responsible for aggrecanolysis by these cells. METHODS Epiphyseal cells from 4-day-old mice (wild type, TS-5 (-/-), CD44(-/-), syndecan-1(-/-), membrane type-4 matrix metalloproteinase [MT4MMP(-/-)]) were maintained in non-adherent aggregate cultures and aggrecanolysis studied by biochemical and histochemical methods. Confocal immunolocalization analyses were done with specific probes for ADAMTS5, hyaluronan (HA) and aggrecanase-generated fragments of aggrecan. RESULTS Aggrecanolysis by these cells was specifically aggrecanase-mediated and it occurred spontaneously without the need for addition of catabolic stimulators. Chondrocytes from ADAMTS5-null mice were aggrecanase-inactive whereas all other mutant cells behaved as wild type in this regard suggesting that ADAMTS5 activity is not controlled by CD44, syndecan-1 or MT4MMP in this system. Immunohistochemical analysis supported the central role for ADAMTS5 in the degradative pathway and indicated that aggrecanolysis occurs primarily in the HA-poor pericellular region in these cultures. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with published in vivo studies showing that single-gene ADAMTS5 ablation confers significant protection on cartilage in murine arthritis. We propose that this culture system and the analytical approaches described provide a valuable framework to further delineate the expression, activity and control of ADAMTS-mediated aggrecanolysis in human arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Stewart
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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Komosińska-Vassev K, Winsz-Szczotka K, Olczyk K, Koźma EM. Alterations in serum glycosaminoglycan profiles in Graves' patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44:582-8. [PMID: 16681428 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2006.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Komosińska-Vassev
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Zhu LJ, Altmann SW. mRNA and 18S–RNA coapplication–reverse transcription for quantitative gene expression analysis. Anal Biochem 2005; 345:102-9. [PMID: 16139233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR) is a highly sensitive method for the detection and quantitation of mRNA. To control and correct for sample variability, some common housekeeping genes such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), beta-actin, and ubiquitin are often used as endogenous standards. Other internal calibrators such as 18S-ribosomal RNA (18S-RNA) have also been used, but further methodological concerns arise given that ribosomal RNA lacks the 3' poly-A tail typically associated with messenger RNA. To take advantage of the constant expression levels of 18S-RNA and the precision of oligo-(dT) primed first-strand synthesis, we have developed a method that combines oligo-(dT) with an 18S-RNA-specific primer in the initial reverse transcription (RT) reaction. This strategy, termed coapplication reverse transcription (Co-RT), allows for the analysis of multiple target genes with the advantages of 18S-RNA normalization from a single RT reaction. In this article, we describe Co-RT and present tissue distribution and expression level analysis of several target genes using this method. Co-RT provides increased sensitivity and higher accuracy than do the standard random primed RT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-ji Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular/Metabolic Disease Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Odamaki M, Furuya R, Kinumura Y, Ikegaya N, Kumagai H. Association between Plasma Adiponectin Concentration and Visceral Fat Accumulation in Hemodialysis Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 102:c8-13. [PMID: 16166803 DOI: 10.1159/000088293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases resulting from atherosclerotic complications are major causes of death in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Adiponectin (ADPN) is a recently discovered adipocyte-derived protein that appears to have protective role against atherosclerosis. HD patients have an excess accumulation of intra-abdominal fat mass in association with an atherogenic serum lipid profile despite low body mass index; however, the role of intra-abdominal fat mass in the progress of atherosclerosis remains to be clarified. METHODS We evaluated visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous fat areas (SFA) by computed tomography and measured the plasma ADPN in 47 HD patients. We also examined the relationship between visceral fat accumulation and plasma ADPN levels and clinical parameters related to atherosclerosis. RESULTS Plasma ADPN was 29.0 +/- 12.5 microg/ml in HD patients (mean +/- SD), two-fold higher than that in control subjects (14.0 +/- 9.1 microg/ml). Plasma ADPN correlated significantly and negatively with visceral fat area (VFA) (r = -0.49, p < 0.001) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) (r = -0.42, p < 0.01) in HD patients. Plasma ADPN also correlated significantly and positively with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.45, p < 0.005) and significantly and negatively with atherosclerotic index (AI, r = -0.39, p < 0.01) and triglycerides (r = -0.32, p < 0.05) in HD patients. Multiple stepwise regression analysis identified VFA as a significant independent predictor of plasma ADPN concentration in HD patients. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that visceral fat is a major determinant of plasma ADPN level, suggesting that visceral fat accumulation might be closely associated with the progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Odamaki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Abstract
The ADAMTSs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) are a group of proteases that are found both in mammals and invertebrates. Since the prototype ADAMTS-1 was first described in 1997, there has been a rapidly expanding body of literature describing this gene family and the proteins they encode. The complete human family has 19 ADAMTS genes, together with three members of a newly identified subgroup, the ADAMTSL (ADAMTS-like) proteins, which have several domains in common with the ADAMTSs. The ADAMTSs are extracellular, multidomain enzymes whose known functions include: (i) collagen processing as procollagen N-proteinase; (ii) cleavage of the matrix proteoglycans aggrecan, versican and brevican; (iii) inhibition of angiogenesis; and (iv) blood coagulation homoeostasis as the von Willebrand factor cleaving protease. Roles in organogenesis, inflammation and fertility are also apparent. Recently, some ADAMTS genes have been found to show altered expression in arthritis and various cancers. This review highlights progress in understanding the structural organization and functional roles of the ADAMTSs in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Porter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Ian M. Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Lara Kevorkian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Dylan R. Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Little CB, Mittaz L, Belluoccio D, Rogerson FM, Campbell IK, Meeker CT, Bateman JF, Pritchard MA, Fosang AJ. ADAMTS-1-knockout mice do not exhibit abnormalities in aggrecan turnover in vitro or in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:1461-72. [PMID: 15880348 DOI: 10.1002/art.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of the proteinase ADAMTS-1 in normal and accelerated catabolism of aggrecan in articular and growth plate cartilage of mice. METHODS Expression of ADAMTS-1 was determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of RNA isolated from microdissected chondrocytes from different zones of mouse growth plate and articular cartilage. Real-time RT-PCR for ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, and ADAMTS-9 was performed on femoral head cartilage of wild-type (WT) and ADAMTS-1-knockout (KO) mice. Histologic and immunohistologic evaluation of growth plate and articular cartilage was performed in WT and KO mice from birth to 12 weeks of age. The effect of ADAMTS-1 ablation on cartilage proteoglycan loss was studied in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Aggrecan catabolism in WT and KO mice was studied in an in vitro model of cartilage degradation, by quantitation of glycosaminoglycan loss and histologic, immunohistologic, and Western immunoblot analyses. RESULTS ADAMTS-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was expressed in normal mouse articular and growth plate cartilage and was up-regulated in terminal hypertrophic differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. There was no difference in mRNA levels in the cartilage of WT compared with KO mice for the other potential aggrecanases ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, or ADAMTS-9. ADAMTS-1-KO mice were significantly smaller than their WT littermates; however, no morphologic differences between the genotypes were evident in growth plate or articular cartilage from birth to skeletal maturity (12-16 weeks). Similarly, no difference in cartilage aggrecan content or presence of aggrecan degradation products was detected between WT and KO mice. There was no difference between WT and KO mice in the degree of synovial inflammation or depletion of cartilage aggrecan in AIA. There was no difference between WT and KO cartilage in either basal or stimulated aggrecan loss in vitro; however, subtle changes in the aggrecanase-generated aggrecan catabolites were observed in interleukin-1-treated cartilage. CONCLUSION Although ADAMTS-1 is expressed in articular and growth plate cartilage and is able to cleave aggrecan at physiologically relevant sites, our results indicate that it does not play a significant nonredundant role in normal cartilage and bone development and growth. Similarly, ablation of ADAMTS-1 offered no protection from accelerated aggrecanolysis in an inflammatory model of arthritis or in an in vitro model of early cartilage degradation. ADAMTS-1 does not appear to be a viable target for treatment of cartilage destruction in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris B Little
- Arthritis Research Group, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Little CB, Meeker CT, Hembry RM, Sims NA, Lawlor KE, Golub SB, Last K, Fosang AJ. Matrix metalloproteinases are not essential for aggrecan turnover during normal skeletal growth and development. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:3388-99. [PMID: 15798221 PMCID: PMC1069612 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.8.3388-3399.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth plate is a transitional region of cartilage and highly diversified chondrocytes that controls long bone formation. The composition of growth plate cartilage changes markedly from the epiphysis to the metaphysis, notably with the loss of type II collagen, concomitant with an increase in MMP-13; type X collagen; and the C-propeptide of type II collagen. In contrast, the fate of aggrecan in the growth plate is not clear: there is biosynthesis and loss of aggrecan from hypertrophic cartilage, but the mechanism of loss is unknown. All matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave aggrecan between amino acids N341 and F342 in the proteinase-sensitive interglobular domain (IGD), and MMPs in the growth plate are thought to have a role in aggrecanolysis. We have generated mice with aggrecan resistant to proteolysis by MMPs in the IGD and found that the mice develop normally with no skeletal deformities. The mutant mice do not accumulate aggrecan, and there is no significant compensatory proteolysis occurring at alternate sites in the IGD. Our studies reveal that MMP cleavage in this key region is not a predominant mechanism for removing aggrecan from growth plate cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Little
- Arthritis Research Group, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia
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Harvey CB, Stevens DA, Williams AJ, Jackson DJ, O'Shea P, Williams GR. Analysis of thyroid hormone responsive gene expression in osteoblastic cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 213:87-97. [PMID: 15062577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones regulate gene expression to influence the development and metabolism of many tissues including bone. The identification of genes that are regulated by thyroid hormones during skeletal development requires sensitive and quantitative techniques that are not limited by small amounts of available tissue and RNA. We have compared the efficiencies of differential display and poly A PCR subtraction hybridisation methods for the detection of thyroid hormone responsive genes expressed in osteoblastic cells. The utility of each technique was evaluated with respect to its sensitivity, specificity, cost and ability to identify novel genes. Subtraction hybridisation was rapid and more efficient in all categories. Poly A PCR facilitates quantitative and representative global amplification of cDNAs from low concentrations of RNA extracted from small tissue samples. The method, in combination with microarray analyses, may prove useful as an additional, complementary strategy to subtraction hybridisation for the analysis of differential gene expression in tissues where sample size is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Harvey
- Division of Medicine and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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