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Differential expression of FSHR and LHR genes and proteins during development of rabbit ovarian follicles. ZYGOTE 2022; 30:577-583. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199421000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The development of an ovarian follicle is a complex process at the cellular and molecular level that is mainly regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR). To elucidate the contribution of these receptors to ovarian follicle development, it is necessary to determine their expression profiles during this biological process. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between ovarian development pattern and the differential ovarian expression pattern of FSHR and LHR genes as well as proteins at different developmental stages. Ovaries were collected from 30 New Zealand rabbits at day 0 (birth), week 2 (neonate), week 4 (cub), week 16 (maturity), and day 18 pregnancy. Ovarian histology, and gene as well as protein expression were determined using light microscopy, real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. The results showed that the expression levels of FSHR mRNA and protein increased coincidently with age and the growth of ovarian follicles. The levels of LHR mRNA and protein remained low from the day of birth until week 4 and became significantly higher by week 16 coinciding with appearance of growing and antral follicles, which have a defined thecal layer. FSHR gene and protein expression decreased with pregnancy, whereas LHR increased, reaching a peak level during pregnancy. It can be concluded that changes in FSHR and LHR gene and protein expression could be related to the growth and development of follicles, indicating the regulatory role for these receptors in rabbit folliculogenesis.
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Wang Q, Yao Y, Ma X, Fu B, Li N, Zhang C. Mechanisms of OCT4 on 3,5,3'-Tri-iodothyronine and FSH-induced Granulosa Cell Development in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6360494. [PMID: 34463738 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) regulates the pluripotency of stem cells and also plays important roles in granulosa cells growth, which is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Thyroid hormone (TH) is important for the development and maturation of follicles and the maintenance of various endocrine functions. Although 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) enhances the effects of FSH on the regulation of the growth of granulosa cells and development of follicles, it is unclear whether and, if so, how TH combines with FSH to regulate OCT4 expression in granulosa cells during the preantral to early antral transition stage. Our results showed that T3 enhanced FSH-induced OCT4 expression. However, T3/FSH-induced cellular growth was reduced by OCT4 small interfering RNA. OCT4 knockdown significantly increased the number of apoptotic cell. Moreover, T3 combined with FSH to increase estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression but did not significantly affect estrogen receptor α expression. ERβ knockdown dramatically decreased T3/FSH-induced OCT4 expression and cell development and increased cell apoptosis. The phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B pathway was involved in hormones inducing OCT4 and ERβ expressions. Furthermore, the hormones regulating OCT4 and ERβ expressions were regulated by cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14a-demethylase (CYP51), a key enzyme in sterol and steroid biosynthesis. T3 and FSH cotreatment potentiated cellular development by upregulating OCT4 expression, which is mediated by CYP51 and ERβ. These regulatory processes are mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. These findings suggest that OCT4 mediates the T3 and FSH-induced development of follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhi Wang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Yilin Yao
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshu Ma
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Baoqiang Fu
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Ningxin Li
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, Peoples' Republic of China
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Zhang FL, Kong L, Zhao AH, Ge W, Yan ZH, Li L, De Felici M, Shen W. Inflammatory cytokines as key players of apoptosis induced by environmental estrogens in the ovary. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111225. [PMID: 33971129 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic environmental estrogens (EEs), interfering with the physiological functions of the body's estrogens, are widespread and are rising much concern for their possible deleterious effects on human and animal health, in particular on reproduction. In fact, increasing evidence indicate that EEs can be responsible for a variety of disfunctions of the reproductive system especially in females such as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Because of their great structural diversity, the modes of action of EEs are controversial. One important way through which EEs exert their effects on reproduction is the induction of apoptosis in the ovary. In general, EEs can exert pro-and anti-apoptotic effects by agonizing or antagonizing numerous estrogen-dependent signaling pathways. In the present work, results concerning apoptotic pathways and diseases induced by representative EEs (such as zearalenone, bisphenol A and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), in ovaries throughout development are presented into an integrated network. By reviewing and elaborating these studies, we propose inflammatory factors, centered on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as a major cause of the induction of apoptosis by EEs in the mammalian ovary. As a consequence, potential strategies to prevent such EE effect are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Li Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Li Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ai-Hong Zhao
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zi-Hui Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy.
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Gupta YR, Senthilkumaran B. Common carp pentraxin gene: Evidence for its role in ovarian differentiation and growth. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 290:113398. [PMID: 31981692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxins (PTX), belong to an evolutionarily conserved family, containing a PTX protein domain, having role in acute immunological responses and fertility in higher vertebrates. However, information regarding the action of ptx on reproduction is extremely limited in fish. To study this, ptx cDNA was cloned for downstream analysis. Tissue distribution and ontogeny expression analysis indicated the prevalence of ptx in ovary. Varied phase-wise expression during carp ovarian cycle and elevated ptx expression after human chorionic gonadotropin induction, in vitro and in vivo, indicated probable regulation of gonadotropin. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of ptx transcript and protein in the follicular layer of stage-III/IV oocytes indicating a role in ovarian growth. To assess the functional significance of ptx, transient silencing was performed using follicular primary cell culture, in vitro and in common carp, in vivo, through ovary-targeted injection of PEI-siRNA. Transient silencing of ptx-siRNA reduced the expression of various genes/factors related to oogenesis such as transcription factors, several steroidogenic enzymes, and esrs genes. These alterations in expression suggested a plausible role for ptx in ovarian steroidogenesis either, directly or indirectly, which is evident from the changes in the serum estradiol-17β (E2) and 17α,20β-dihydroxyprogesterone levels. Furthermore, downregulation of aromatase activity was also noticed after transient silencing. Increased ptx expression after E2 induced sex reversal to juvenile carp showed the correlative role of ptx during ovarian differentiation and development. Taken together, these findings suggest that ptx exerts an important role during ovarian growth, maturation and/or recrudescence of common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugantak Raj Gupta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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5
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Gupta YR, Senthilkumaran B. Identification, expression profiling and localization of thoc in common carp ovary: Influence of thoc3-siRNA transient silencing. Gene 2020; 732:144350. [PMID: 31935505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
THO complex is a multisubunit family with a function in transcription and mRNA export. In the present study, transcripts of THO complex (thoc) were identified in developing ovary of common carp and their role during ovarian development and growth has been characterized for the first time in a teleost using expression profiling and transient siRNA silencing. Thoc expression revealed a spatiotemporal pattern in the gonads with high levels at 120 days post-hatch, with moderately high levels thereafter. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization revealed the presence of thoc3 in follicular layer of stage-III/IV oocytes. High levels of thoc3, thoc5, and thoc7 genes in the follicular layer suggest a possible role in ovarian growth. Reduced levels of serum estradiol-17β and 17α, 20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one after thoc3 transient silencing indicated differential action on steroidogenic enzyme, transcription factor, and growth factor genes. Furthermore, transient silencing of thoc3, in vivo and in vitro, downregulated ad4bp/sf1, amh, cyp19a1a, foxl2, hsd3b, hsd11b1, hsd20b, hsd17b1, rspo1, and vtg. Incidentally, gdf9 and igf1 were upregulated, while no change was seen in esr1/2, nanos, and vasa. These observations imply that thoc3 seems to regulate ovarian function including steroidogenesis, either directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugantak Raj Gupta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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Duffy DM, Ko C, Jo M, Brannstrom M, Curry TE. Ovulation: Parallels With Inflammatory Processes. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:369-416. [PMID: 30496379 PMCID: PMC6405411 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The midcycle surge of LH sets in motion interconnected networks of signaling cascades to bring about rupture of the follicle and release of the oocyte during ovulation. Many mediators of these LH-induced signaling cascades are associated with inflammation, leading to the postulate that ovulation is similar to an inflammatory response. First responders to the LH surge are granulosa and theca cells, which produce steroids, prostaglandins, chemokines, and cytokines, which are also mediators of inflammatory processes. These mediators, in turn, activate both nonimmune ovarian cells as well as resident immune cells within the ovary; additional immune cells are also attracted to the ovary. Collectively, these cells regulate proteolytic pathways to reorganize the follicular stroma, disrupt the granulosa cell basal lamina, and facilitate invasion of vascular endothelial cells. LH-induced mediators initiate cumulus expansion and cumulus oocyte complex detachment, whereas the follicular apex undergoes extensive extracellular matrix remodeling and a loss of the surface epithelium. The remainder of the follicle undergoes rapid angiogenesis and functional differentiation of granulosa and theca cells. Ultimately, these functional and structural changes culminate in follicular rupture and oocyte release. Throughout the ovulatory process, the importance of inflammatory responses is highlighted by the commonalities and similarities between many of these events associated with ovulation and inflammation. However, ovulation includes processes that are distinct from inflammation, such as regulation of steroid action, oocyte maturation, and the eventual release of the oocyte. This review focuses on the commonalities between inflammatory responses and the process of ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Duffy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Misung Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Mats Brannstrom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Stockholm IVF, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas E Curry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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MiR-31 and miR-143 affect steroid hormone synthesis and inhibit cell apoptosis in bovine granulosa cells through FSHR. Theriogenology 2018; 123:45-53. [PMID: 30278258 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been explored in ovarian cells, and the effects of miRNAs on gonadal development, apoptosis, ovulation, and steroid production have been reported. In this study, we analyzed the effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) on miR-31 and miR-143 expression levels in bovine granulosa cells (GCs). Our results demonstrated that the FSH receptor (FSHR) is a common target gene of miR-31 and miR-143 in bovine GCs. We further analyzed the roles of miR-31 and miR-143 in bovine GCs by transfecting miR-31 and miR-143 mimics and inhibitors. The Western blot and RT-PCR results showed that miR-31 and miR-143 reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of FSHR. Moreover, miR-31 overexpression decreased the secretion of progesterone (P4), and miR-143 overexpression decreased both the synthesis of P4 and the secretion of estrogen (E2). In contrast, miR-31 inhibition increased the secretion of progesterone (P4), and miR-143 inhibition increased both the synthesis of P4 and the secretion of E2. Finally, we analyzed the possible effects of miR-31 and miR-143 on bovine GC apoptosis. The results showed that transfection with miR-31 and miR-143 mimics promoted GC apoptosis and that miR-143 and miR-31 inhibition reduced the rate of apoptosis in bovine GCs. Taken together, our results indicate that miR-31 and miR-143 decrease steroid hormone synthesis and inhibit bovine GC apoptosis by targeting FSHR.
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Stimulation of primordial follicle assembly by estradiol-17β requires the action of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2). Sci Rep 2017; 7:15581. [PMID: 29138526 PMCID: PMC5686124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial follicle (PF) pool determines the availability of follicles for ovulation in all mammals. Premature depletion of the PF reserve leads to subfertility or infertility. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) promotes PF formation by facilitating oocyte and granulosa cell development. Estradiol-17β (E2) upregulates PF formation in developing hamster ovaries. However, if BMP2 mediates E2 effect is not known. We hypothesize that E2 facilitates the effect of BMP2 on somatic to granulosa cell transition. BMP2 and E2 together significantly upregulated the percentage of PFs in hamster fetal ovaries in vitro compared with either of the treatments alone. E2 also promoted BMP2 expression in vivo. Inhibition of BMP2 receptors suppressed E2-stimulation of PF formation while knockdown of BMP2 in vitro significantly suppressed the E2 effect. In contrast, estrogen receptor blocker did not affect BMP2 action. Inhibition of the activity of E2 or BMP2 receptors, either alone or combined during the last two days of the culture (C6-C8) resulted in a significant decrease in PF formation by C8, suggesting that both BMP2 and E2 action is essential for somatic cell differentiation for PF formation. Together, the results suggest that E2 activates BMP2-BMPR system leading to the formation of primordial follicles.
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Shahed A, McMichael CF, Young KA. Rapid changes in ovarian mRNA induced by brief photostimulation in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:627-36. [PMID: 26174001 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to characterize the rapid intraovarian mRNA response of key folliculogenic factors that may contribute to the restoration of folliculogenesis during 2-10 days of photostimulation in Siberian hamsters. Adult hamsters were exposed to short photoperiod (8L:16D) for 14 weeks (SD). A subset were then transferred to long photoperiod (16L:8D) for 2 (PT day-2), 4 (PT day-4), or 10 days (PT day-10). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure intraovarian mRNA expression of: gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating hormone β-subunit (FSHβ-subunit), luteinizing hormone β-subunit (LHβ-subunit), FSH and LH receptors, estrogen receptors α and β (Esr1 and Esr2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin-α subunit, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Compared to SD, plasma FSH concentrations increased on PT day-4 and the number of antral follicles and corpora lutea increased on PT day-10. FSHR and inhibin-α mRNA expression also increased on PT day-4, whereas LHR and proliferation marker PCNA both increased on PT day-10 as compared to SD. Esr1 mRNA increased on PT day-2 and remained significantly increased as compared to SD, whereas Esr1 mRNA increased only on PT day-2, similar to FGF-2 and MMP-2 results. No differences were observed in mRNA expression in ovarian GnRH, FSHβ- and LHβ-subunits, AMH, and MMP-9 mRNA with 2-10 days of photostimulation. Rapid increases in intraovarian FSHR and inhibin-α mRNA and antral follicle/corpora lutea numbers suggest that the ovary is primed to react quickly to the FSH released in response to brief periods of photostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Shahed
- Reproductive Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Carling F McMichael
- Reproductive Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Kelly A Young
- Reproductive Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California
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Chakraborty P, Roy SK. Expression of FSH receptor in the hamster ovary during perinatal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 400:41-7. [PMID: 25462586 PMCID: PMC4274197 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
FSH plays an important role in ovarian follicular development, and it functions via the G-protein coupled FSH receptor. The objectives of the present study were to determine if full-length FSHR mRNA and corresponding protein were expressed in fetal through postnatal hamster ovaries to explain the FSH-induced primordial follicle formation, and if FSH or estrogen (E) would affect the expression. A full-length and two alternately spliced FSHR transcripts were expressed from E14 through P20. The level of the full-length FSHR mRNA increased markedly through P7 before stabilizing at a lower level with the formation and activation of primordial follicles. A predicted 87 kDa FSHR protein band was detected in fetal through P4 ovaries, but additional bands appeared as ovary developed. FSHR immunosignal was present in undifferentiated somatic cells and oocytes in early postnatal ovaries, but was granulosa cells specific after follicles formed. Both eCG and E significantly up-regulated full-length FSHR mRNA levels. Therefore, FSHR is expressed in the hamster ovary from the fetal life to account for FSH-induced primordial follicle formation and cAMP production. Further, FSH or E regulates the receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabuddha Chakraborty
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Shyamal K Roy
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.
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11
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Shi Y, Wang S, Bai S, Huang L, Hou Y. Postnatal ovarian development and its relationship with steroid hormone receptors in JiNing Grey goats. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 154:39-47. [PMID: 25616699 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examined the ovarian development and its relationship with steroid hormone receptors levels and the precocious puberty in JiNing Gray goats by using optical microscopy, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. We found that in the ovaries of neonatal kids, high level of receptors for estrogen (ERα and ERβ) and progesterone (PR) and their mRNA were observed along with growing follicles. From 0 to 30 days of age, the weight and volume of ovaries increased significantly and the boundary between the inner and outer cortex disappeared, while the expression of ERα, ERβ and PR and their mRNA decreased sharply. When 60 days old, the animals began to ovulate; the expression of ERα, ERβ and PR and their mRNA significantly increased, and the animals reached puberty. On day 90, the animals manifested sexual maturity with biggest mature follicles 6.18mm in diameter, the expression of ERβ and PR protein and their mRNA was maintained at a high level, with decreased expression of ERα and its mRNA. Before puberty, the expression of ovarian ERα (prepubertal dominant receptor) and it's mRNA was significantly higher than that of ERβ (dominant receptor after sexual maturity). The results showed that JiNing Grey goats' ovaries had fast development and early maturation, and ERα, ERβ and PR protein and mRNA expression in the ovary had distinct specificity for time and space, which may be closely related to the strain's progenitive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- YunZhi Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - ShuYing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Shu Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - LiBo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - YanMeng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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Expression of ErbB3-binding protein-1 (EBP1) during primordial follicle formation: role of estradiol-17ß. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67068. [PMID: 23840586 PMCID: PMC3688617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of primordial follicles involves the interaction between the oocytes and surrounding somatic cells, which differentiate into granulosa cells. Estradiol-17ß (E) promotes primordial follicle formation in vivo and in vitro; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The expression of an ERBB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) is downregulated in 8-day old hamster ovaries concurrent with the increase in serum estradiol levels and the formation of primordial follicles. The objectives of the present study were to determine the spatio-temporal expression and putative E regulation of EBP1 in ovarian cells during perinatal development with respect to primordial follicle formation. Hamster EBP1 nucleic acid and amino acid sequences were more than 93% and 98% similar, respectively, to those of mouse and human, and contained nucleolar localization signal, RNA-binding domain and several phosphorylation sites. EBP1 protein was present in somatic cells and oocytes from E15, and declined in oocytes by P1 and in somatic cells by P5. Thereafter, EBP1 expression increased through P7 with a transient decline on P8 primarily in interstitial cells. EBP1 mRNA levels mirrored protein expression pattern. E treatment on P1 and P4 upregulated EBP1 expression by P8 whereas E treatment on P4 downregulated it by 72 h suggesting a compensatory upregulation due to E pretreatment. Treatment with an FSH-antiserum, which suppressed primordial follicle formation, prevented the decline in EBP1 levels, and the effect was reversed by E treatment. Therefore, the results provide the first evidence that EBP1 may play an important role in mediating the effect of E in the differentiation of somatic cells into granulosa cells during primordial follicle formation.
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Mukherjee A, Reisdorph N, Guda B, Pandey S, Roy SK. Changes in ovarian protein expression during primordial follicle formation in the hamster. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:87-94. [PMID: 21821096 PMCID: PMC3418795 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although many proteins have been shown to affect the transition of primordial follicles to the primary stage, factors regulating the formation of primordial follicles remains sketchy at best. Differentiation of somatic cells into early granulosa cells during ovarian morphogenesis is the hallmark of primordial follicle formation; hence, critical changes are expected in protein expression. We wanted to identify proteins, the expression of which would correlate with the formation of primordial follicles as a first step to determine their biological function in folliculogenesis. Proteins were extracted from embryonic (E15) and 8-day-old (P8) hamster ovaries and fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Gels were stained with Proteosilver, and images of protein profiles corresponding to E15 and P8 ovaries were overlayed to identify protein spots showing altered expression. Some of the protein spots were extracted from SyproRuby-stained preparative gels, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Both E15 and P8 ovaries had high molecular weight proteins at acidic, basic, and neutral ranges; however, we focused on small molecular weight proteins at 4-7 pH range. Many of those spots might represent post-translational modification. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed the identity of these proteins. The formation of primordial follicles on P8 correlated with many differentially and newly expressed proteins. Whereas Ebp1 expression was downregulated in ovarian somatic cells, Sfrs3 expression was specifically upregulated in newly formed granulosa cells of primordial follicles on P8. The results show for the first time that the morphogenesis of primordial follicles in the hamster coincides with altered and novel expression of proteins involved in cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation, and metabolism. Therefore, formation of primordial follicles is an active process requiring differentiation of somatic cells into early granulosa cells and their interaction with the oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindit Mukherjee
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center 984515 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4515
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson St, K924, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Babu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Center for Bioinformatics and System Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center 984515 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4515
| | - Sanjit Pandey
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Center for Bioinformatics and System Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center 984515 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4515
| | - Shyamal K Roy
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center 984515 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4515
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Department of OB/GYN and Olson Center for Women's Health, and Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center 984515 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4515
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14
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Fetal exposure to bisphenol A affects the primordial follicle formation by inhibiting the meiotic progression of oocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:5651-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Fang F, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Su S, Zhang X. Role of ghrelin on estrogen and progesterone secretion in the adult rat ovary during estrous cycle. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2011; 58:116-9. [PMID: 22142178 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2011.637607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ghrelin on the concentrations of estrogen (E(2)) and progesterone (P(4)) in serum and the mRNA expression of estrogen receptor beta (ER(β)) and progesterone receptor (PR(A+B)) in ovary in rats during estrous cycle. Adult female Sprague Dawley rats were intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected with 3 nmol ghrelin during the estrous cycle, and sacrificed 15 min later. Blood samples and ovaries were collected. The concentrations of serum E(2) and P(4) were measured by radioimmunoassay, while the amount of ER(β) and PR(A+B) mRNA was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. Our studies showed that ghrelin could significantly reduce the serum concentration of E(2) throughout the estrous cycle (P < 0.05), the serum level of P(4) (P < 0.05), and the amount of ER(β) mRNA during metestrus (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the amount of PR(A+B) mRNA was only reduced during diestrus (P < 0.05). Overall, our present findings provide the first evidence that i.c.v. injection of ghrelin could reduce the serum concentration of E(2) and P(4) and the level of ER(β) and PR(A+B) mRNA expression, supporting the role of ghrelin in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fugui Fang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
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16
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Induction of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and nuclear steroid hormone receptors by gonadotropins in human granulosa cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:289-99. [PMID: 21809103 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol and progesterone mediate their actions by binding to classical nuclear receptors, estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and progesterone receptor A and B (PR-A and PR-B) and the non-classical G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Several animal knock-out models have shown the importance of the receptors for growth of the oocyte and ovulation. The aim of our study was to identify GPER in human granulosa cells (GC) for the first time. Moreover, the effect of different doses of gonadotropins on estrogen and progesterone receptors in the human ovary should be investigated as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are also responsible for numerous mechanisms in the ovary like induction of the steroid biosynthesis. Human GC were cultured in vitro and stimulated with different doses of recombinant human FSH or LH. Receptor expression was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. GPER could be identified for the first time in human GC. It could be shown that high concentrations of LH increase GPER protein expression. Furthermore FSH and LH increased ERβ, PR-A and PR-B significantly on protein level. These findings were verified for high doses of FSH and LH on mRNA level. ERα was not affected with FSH or LH. We assume that gonadotropins induce GPER, ERβ and PR in luteinized granulosa cells.
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17
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Walf AA, Paris JJ, Rhodes ME, Simpkins JW, Frye CA. Divergent mechanisms for trophic actions of estrogens in the brain and peripheral tissues. Brain Res 2010; 1379:119-36. [PMID: 21130078 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E(2)) can enhance reproductive, cognitive, and affective functions; however, the mechanisms by which E(2) has these effects need to be better understood. Pleiotrophic effects of E(2) can occur via traditional and novel actions at various forms of estrogen receptors (ERs). In the central nervous system, trophic effects of E(2) may be related to beneficial effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). However, in peripheral reproductive tissues, E(2)'s capacity to evoke growth can increase risk of cancers. This review focuses on investigations aimed at elucidating divergent mechanisms of steroids to promote trophic effects in the brain, independent of effects on peripheral reproductive tissues. First, actions of estrogens via ERα or ERβ for peripheral growth (carcinogen-induced tumors, uterine growth) and hippocampus-dependent behaviors (affect, cognition) are described. Second, factors that influence these effects of estrogens are described (e.g. experience, timing/critical windows, non-ER mechanisms). Third, effects of estrogens at ERβ related to actions of progestogens, such as 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP) are described. In summary, effects of E(2) may occur via multiple mechanisms, which may underlie favorable effects in the brain with minimal peripheral trophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Walf
- Life Sciences Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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18
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Gonçalves JSA, Vannucchi CI, Braga FC, Paula-Lopes FF, Milazzotto MP, Assumpção MEOA, Visintin JA. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor gene expression in canine oocytes and cumulus cells throughout the oestrous cycle. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 44 Suppl 2:239-42. [PMID: 19754577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to analyze oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha), ERbeta and progesterone receptor (PR) gene expression in the canine oocyte and cumulus cells throughout the oestrous cycle. Ovaries from 38 bitches were recovered after ovariohysterectomy and sliced. The phase of the oestrous cycle was determined by vaginal cytology, vaginoscopy and serum hormonal measurements. Oocytes were mechanically denuded by repeated pipetting. For each phase of the cycle, a sample was composed by a pool of 50 oocytes (sample number: prooestrus = 3, oestrus = 8, dioestrus = 5 and anoestrus = 5) or a pool of cumulus cells (prooestrus = 4, oestrus = 7, dioestrus = 4 and anoestrus = 6). Oocyte and cumulus cells' total RNA was isolated and reverse transcription was conducted to perform real-time PCR. Oestrogen receptor-alpha was expressed throughout the cycle in the oocyte (33.33%, 25.0%, 20.0% and 60.0% for prooestrus, oestrus, dioestrus and anoestrus, respectively) and cumulus cells (50.0%, 47.14%, 25.0% and 66.67% for prooestrus, oestrus, dioestrus and anoestrus, respectively). In the oocyte, the ERbeta was also expressed in all phases of the cycle (33.33%, 50.0%, 20.0% and 60.0% for prooestrus, oestrus, dioestrus and anoestrus, respectively), whereas in cumulus cells, ERbeta was only expressed during prooestrus (50%) and oestrus (14.29%). Interestingly, while the oocyte PR was not detected in any phase of the cycle, this receptor was expressed during prooestrus (50%), oestrus (42.86%) and anoestrus (16.67%) in cumulus cells. In conclusion, canine oocytes express ERalpha and ERbeta throughout the oestrous cycle, however, there is a lack of PR expression in all these phases. Moreover, in cumulus cells, only ERalpha was expressed throughout the oestrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S A Gonçalves
- Laboratory of In Vitro Fertilization, Cloning and Animal Transgenesis, Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Calatayud NE, Pask AJ, Shaw G, Richings NM, Osborn S, Renfree MB. Ontogeny of the oestrogen receptors ESR1 and ESR2 during gonadal development in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. Reproduction 2010; 139:599-611. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen has wide ranging effects in development mediated mainly via the two oestrogen receptors, α (ESR1, also known as ERα) and β (ESR2, also known as ERβ). Oestrogen is the key factor that directs the indifferent gonad to become an ovary in many non-mammalian vertebrates. Oestrogen is not required for early ovarian differentiation in mammals but can disrupt normal testicular development in eutherians. Surprisingly, exogenous oestrogen can cause sex reversal of an XY gonad in two marsupials, the North American opossum and the tammar wallaby. To understand the mechanism by which oestrogen induces sex reversal, we characterised the genes for ESR1 and ESR2 and examined their expression during gonadal differentiation in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. Both receptors were expressed in the somatic cells and germ cells of the indifferent gonad in both XX and XY foetuses throughout all stages of development, and persisted in these cells into adulthood. ERs were also present in many other tissues including kidney, pituitary and mammary gland. ER mRNA was not significantly altered by exogenous oestrogen in cultured XY gonads but the receptors translocated to the nucleus in its presence. These findings confirm that there is conserved expression of the ERs in the indifferent gonad despite the lack of available ligand during early gonadal development. The receptors can respond to exogenous estrogen at this early stage and are capable of transducing signals in the early mammalian gonad. However, the selective forces that maintained conserved ER expression in this tissue remain unknown.
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20
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Son HJ, Kim JH, Lee HK, Park MJ, Kang DW, Ko CM. Pathologic Characteristics of Ovarian Hemorrhagic Polycyst in Estrogen Receptor-alpha (ERα) Knockout Mice and Roles of ERα in Hemorrhagic Polycyst. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2010.44.4.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Son
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mee-Ja Park
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kang
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Che-Myong Ko
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Lee S, Kang DW, Hudgins-Spivey S, Krust A, Lee EY, Koo Y, Cheon Y, Gye MC, Chambon P, Ko C. Theca-specific estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice lose fertility prematurely. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3855-62. [PMID: 19423761 PMCID: PMC2718777 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-alpha (Esr1) mediates estrogen action in regulating at all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Whereas the importance of Esr1 in hypothalamus and pituitary has been demonstrated by loss of fertility in the neuron- and pituitary-specific Esr1 knockout mice, whether Esr1 plays a critical role in the ovary remains to be determined. In the ovary, Esr1 is mainly expressed in the theca/interstitial cells and germinal epithelium and thus is believed to mediate estrogen action in these cells. In this study, we assessed the importance of Esr1 in the ovarian theca cells in regulating female reproduction. The Cre-LoxP approach was used to selectively delete the Esr1 gene in the theca cells, and the reproductive consequence of the deletion was measured. Adolescent theca-specific Esr1 knockout (thEsr1KO) mice (<4 months of age) are fertile and cycling. However, they begin to display an erratic pattern of estrous cycles and become infertile before they reach the age of 6 months. The ovaries of thEsr1KOmice (>or=4 months) have fewer corpora lutea but more antral follicles than the age-matching wild-type mice. The numbers of 17-hydroxylase-expressing cells are largely increased in the interstitium of the thEsr1KO mouse ovary. Interestingly, whereas basal levels of serum testosterone and FSH were mildly elevated, LH level was either markedly lower or undetectable in the thEsr1KO mice. When superstimulated by exogenous gonadotropins, thEsr1KO mice released significantly fewer oocytes that wild-type littermates and developed multiple hemorrhagic cysts. Taken together, this study demonstrates that theca Esr1 plays a critical role in regulating female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Lee
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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22
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Wang C, Roy SK. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) during perinatal ovary development and primordial follicle formation in the hamster: possible regulation by FSH. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1886-96. [PMID: 19074578 PMCID: PMC2659274 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To understand whether bone morphogenetic protein plays any role in the formation of primordial follicles in the hamster, we examined the temporal and spatial expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) mRNA and protein in embryonic (E) 13 through postnatal day (P) 15 ovarian cells and a possible regulation by FSH during the formation of primordial follicles on P8. BMPRIA and BMPRII mRNA levels were significantly higher than that of BMPR1B throughout ovary development. BMPRIA and BMPRII mRNA levels increased significantly on E14 and declined by P5 through P6. Whereas BMPRII mRNA increased again by P7, BMPRIA mRNA levels increased through P8 concurrent with primordial follicle formation. In contrast, BMPRIB mRNA levels increased greater than 10-fold on P7-9, with a further 3-fold increase by P10. BMPR proteins were low in the somatic cells and oocytes on E13 but increased progressively during postnatal development. BMPR expression in somatic cells increased markedly on P8. Whereas BMPRII expression declined by P10 and remained steady thereafter, BMPRIA protein expression fluctuated until P15 when it became low and steady. Overall, BMPRIB immunoreactivity also declined by P10 and then remained low in the interstitial cells through P15. FSH antiserum treatment on E12 significantly attenuated receptor mRNA and protein levels by P8, but equine chorionic gonadotropin replacement on P1 reversed the inhibition. Furthermore, FSH in vitro up-regulated BMPR levels in P4 ovaries. This unique pattern of BMPR expression in the oocytes and somatic cells during perinatal ovary development suggests that BMP may play a regulatory role in primordial follicle formation. Furthermore, FSH may regulate BMP action by modulating the expression of its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68108-4515, USA
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23
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Canine oocyte maturation in culture: Significance of estrogen and EGF receptor gene expression in cumulus cells. Theriogenology 2009; 71:560-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Wang C, Prossnitz ER, Roy SK. G protein-coupled receptor 30 expression is required for estrogen stimulation of primordial follicle formation in the hamster ovary. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4452-61. [PMID: 18499747 PMCID: PMC2553386 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol-17beta (E2) plays an important role in the formation and development of primordial follicles, but the mechanisms remain unclear. G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) can mediate a rapid and transcription-independent E2 signaling in various cells. The objectives of this study were to examine whether GPR30 was expressed in the neonatal hamster ovary and whether it could mediate estrogen action during the formation of primordial follicles. GPR30 mRNA levels decreased from the 13th day of gestation (E13) through the second day of postnatal (P2) life, followed by steady increases from P3 through P6. Consistent with the changes in mRNA levels, GPR30 protein expression decreased from E13 to P2 followed by a significant increase by P7, the day before the first appearance of primordial follicles in the hamster ovary. GPR30 was expressed both in the oocytes and somatic cells, although the expression in the oocytes was low. GPR30 protein was located primarily in the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum, which was also the site of E2-BSA-FITC (E2-BSA-fluorescein isothiocyanate) binding. E2 or E2-BSA increased intracellular calcium in neonatal hamster ovary cells in vitro. Exposure to GPR30 small interfering RNA in vitro significantly reduced GPR30 mRNA and protein levels in cultured hamster ovaries, attenuated E-BSA binding to cultured P6 ovarian cells, and markedly suppressed estrogen-stimulated primordial follicle formation. These results suggest that a membrane estrogen receptor, GPR30, is expressed in the ovary during perinatal development and mediates E2 action on primordial follicle formation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetinae
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Estradiol/metabolism
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Ovarian Follicle/drug effects
- Ovarian Follicle/growth & development
- Ovarian Follicle/metabolism
- Ovary/drug effects
- Ovary/metabolism
- Ovary/physiology
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-4515, USA
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25
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Susiarjo M, Hassold TJ, Freeman E, Hunt PA. Bisphenol A exposure in utero disrupts early oogenesis in the mouse. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e5. [PMID: 17222059 PMCID: PMC1781485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen plays an essential role in the growth and maturation of the mammalian oocyte, and recent studies suggest that it also influences follicle formation in the neonatal ovary. In the course of studies designed to assess the effect of the estrogenic chemical bisphenol A (BPA) on mammalian oogenesis, we uncovered an estrogenic effect at an even earlier stage of oocyte development—at the onset of meiosis in the fetal ovary. Pregnant mice were treated with low, environmentally relevant doses of BPA during mid-gestation to assess the effect of BPA on the developing ovary. Oocytes from exposed female fetuses displayed gross aberrations in meiotic prophase, including synaptic defects and increased levels of recombination. In the mature female, these aberrations were translated into an increase in aneuploid eggs and embryos. Surprisingly, we observed the same constellation of meiotic defects in fetal ovaries of mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of ERβ, one of the two known estrogen receptors. This, coupled with the finding that BPA exposure elicited no additional effects in ERβ null females, suggests that BPA exerts its effect on the early oocyte by interfering with the actions of ERβ. Together, our results show that BPA can influence early meiotic events and, importantly, indicate that the oocyte itself may be directly responsive to estrogen during early oogenesis. This raises concern that brief exposures during fetal development to substances that mimic or antagonize the effects of estrogen may adversely influence oocyte development in the exposed female fetus. The potential effects on reproduction of chemicals with hormone-like activity is a growing concern. One estrogenic chemical, bisphenol A (BPA), has received considerable attention because low-dose exposures have been reported to induce a variety of reproductive effects in rodents. In the course of studies to assess the effects of BPA on the mouse oocyte, we have uncovered a novel “grandmaternal” effect: exposure to BPA during pregnancy disturbs oocyte development in unborn female fetuses. When these fetuses reach adulthood, the perturbations are translated into an increase in chromosomally abnormal eggs and embryos. Thus, low-dose BPA exposure during pregnancy has multigenerational consequences; it increases the likelihood of chromosomally abnormal grandchildren. Our studies also provide mechanistic insight, and, surprisingly, suggest that BPA acts in the fetal ovary not by mimicking the actions of estrogen but by interfering with the function of one of the known estrogen receptors. Thus, our data suggest that estrogen plays a far earlier role in oocyte development than previously suspected and, importantly, raise the possibility that a variety of substances—both synthetic and naturally occurring—that mimic the actions of estrogen or act as estrogen antagonists may affect early oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Susiarjo
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Terry J Hassold
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward Freeman
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biology, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia A Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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26
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Abstract
The role of E2 on primordial follicle formation was examined by treating neonatal hamsters with 1 or 2 microg estradiol cypionate (ECP) at age postnatal d 1 (P1) and P4 or by in vitro culture of embryonic d 15 (E15) ovaries with 1, 5, or 10 ng/ml estradiol-17beta (E2). The specificity of E2 action was examined by ICI 182,780. One microgram of ECP maintained serum levels of E2 within the physiological range, significantly reduced apoptosis, and stimulated the formation and development of primordial follicles. In contrast, 2 microg ECP increased serum E2 levels to 400 pg/ml and had significantly less influence on primordial follicle formation. In vivo, ICI 182,780 significantly increased apoptosis and caused a modest reduction in primordial follicle formation. The formation and development of primordial follicles in vitro increased markedly with 1 ng/ml E2, and the effect was blocked by ICI 182,780. Higher doses of E2 had no effect on primordial follicle formation but significantly up-regulated apoptosis, which was blocked by ICI 182,780. CYP19A1 mRNA expression occurred by E13 and increased with the formation of primordial follicles. P4 ovaries synthesized E2 from testosterone, which increased further by FSH. Both testosterone and FSH maintained ovarian CYP19A1 mRNA, but FSH up-regulated the expression. These results suggest that neonatal hamster ovaries produce E2 under FSH control and that E2 action is essential for the survival and differentiation of somatic cells and the oocytes leading to the formation and development of primordial follicles. This supportive action of E2 is lost when hormone levels increase above a threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Durham Research Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984515 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-4515, USA
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27
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Hułas-Stasiak M, Gawron A. Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) ovary during postnatal development. J Mol Histol 2006; 38:25-32. [PMID: 17180742 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the expression pattern of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in the Acomys cahirinus ovarian cells during its postnatal development. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the presence of ERalpha and ERbeta in germinal epithelium cells and interstitial tissue. Both these ER subtypes were also seen in granulosa cells and oocytes of growing follicles, however, the level of ERbeta expression was higher in comparison with ERalpha. In contrast to ERbeta, ERalpha protein was also present in theca cells. The expression of ERs increased with animals' age, but it decreased during follicular maturation. Moreover, the immunolocalization of ER subtypes in luteal cells showed that not ERbeta, but ERalpha expression is up-regulated throughout corpus luteum development. These immunohistochemical studies demonstrate, for the first time, that ERalpha is also expressed in the mouse granulosa cells and it may be a mediator of estrogen action in granulosa cells proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hułas-Stasiak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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28
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Wang C, Roy SK. Expression of growth differentiation factor 9 in the oocytes is essential for the development of primordial follicles in the hamster ovary. Endocrinology 2006; 147:1725-34. [PMID: 16384866 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) expression in the hamster oocytes precedes the formation of primordial follicles. We examined the functional significance of GDF-9 in primordial folliculogenesis in the hamster ovary using RNA interference knockdown of GDF-9 mRNA and protein expression. Fifteen-day-old fetal ovaries were cultured for 9 d with or without 1 ng FSH, 1 microl Metafectane, 100 nM control nontargeting small interfering RNA (siRNA), GDF-9 siRNA, or GDF-9 siRNA + FSH, and the development of primordial follicles examined. The efficiency of siRNA transfecting ovarian cells in the organ culture was tested by culturing ovaries with siGlo, a nontargeting control siRNA labeled with Cy3. More than 90% of cells in the ovary were siGlo positive, and neither the Metafectane nor the siRNA-induced cellular apoptosis. Control siRNA did not affect the basal levels of GDF-9 mRNA, but GDF-9 siRNA slightly but significantly reduced the level. FSH markedly up-regulated the levels of GDF-9 mRNA and protein, and the effect was completely suppressed by GDF-9 siRNA. However, GDF-9 siRNA did not affect the levels of bone morphogenetic protein receptor IA or beta-actin mRNA. GDF-9 siRNA alone also reduced GDF-9 protein expression. Concurrent with GDF-9 expression, FSH significantly augmented primordial follicle formation, but the effect was abolished by GDF-9 siRNA. These results suggest that endogenous GDF-9 plays an important role in somatic cell differentiation and the formation of primordial follicles. Furthermore, FSH, by virtue of regulating GDF-9 expression, modulates oocyte regulation of primordial follicles formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-4515, USA
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