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Hamadani CM, Mahdi F, Merrell A, Flanders J, Cao R, Vashisth P, Dasanayake GS, Darlington DS, Singh G, Pride MC, Monroe WG, Taylor GR, Hunter AN, Roman G, Paris JJ, Tanner EEL. Ionic Liquid Coating-Driven Nanoparticle Delivery to the Brain: Applications for NeuroHIV. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2305484. [PMID: 38572510 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Delivering cargo to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a pharmacological challenge. For infectious diseases such as HIV, the CNS acts as a latent reservoir that is inadequately managed by systemic antiretrovirals (ARTs). ARTs thus cannot eradicate HIV, and given CNS infection, patients experience neurological deficits collectively referred to as "neuroHIV". Herein, the development of bioinspired ionic liquid-coated nanoparticles (IL-NPs) for in situ hitchhiking on red blood cells (RBCs) is reported, which enables 48% brain delivery of intracarotid arterial- infused cargo. Moreover, IL choline trans-2-hexenoate (CA2HA 1:2) demonstrates preferential accumulation in parenchymal microglia over endothelial cells post-delivery. This study further demonstrates successful loading of abacavir (ABC), an ART that is challenging to encapsulate, into IL-NPs, and verifies retention of antiviral efficacy in vitro. IL-NPs are not cytotoxic to primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the CA2HA 1:2 coating itself confers notable anti-viremic capacity. In addition, in vitro cell culture assays show markedly increased uptake of IL-NPs into neural cells compared to bare PLGA nanoparticles. This work debuts bioinspired ionic liquids as promising nanoparticle coatings to assist CNS biodistribution and has the potential to revolutionize the delivery of cargos (i.e., drugs, viral vectors) through compartmental barriers such as the blood-brain-barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Hamadani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anya Merrell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jack Flanders
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ruofan Cao
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Priyavrat Vashisth
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Gaya S Dasanayake
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Donovan S Darlington
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mercedes C Pride
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Wake G Monroe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - George R Taylor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Alysha N Hunter
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Gregg Roman
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Eden E L Tanner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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2
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Paudel P, Pandey P, Paris JJ, Ashpole NM, Mahdi F, Tian JM, Lee J, Wang M, Xu M, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Ross SA, Li XC. Cannabinoid Receptor Type II Ligands from Sandalwood Oil and Synthetic α-Santalol Derivatives. J Nat Prod 2023. [PMID: 37450763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the essential oil of Santalum album led to the identification of α-santalol (1) and β-santalol (2) as new chemotypes of cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2) ligands with Ki values of 10.49 and 8.19 μM, respectively. Nine structurally new α-santalol derivatives (4a-4h and 5) were synthesized to identify more selective and potent CB2 ligands. Compound 4e with a piperazine structural moiety demonstrated a Ki value of 0.99 μM against CB2 receptor and did not show binding activity against cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1) at 10 μM. Compounds 1, 2, and 4e increased intracellular calcium influx in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells that were attenuated by CB2 antagonism or inverse agonism, supporting the results that these compounds are CB2 agonists. Molecular docking showed that 1 and 4e had similar binding poses, exhibiting a unique interaction with Thr114 within the CB2 receptor, and that the piperazine structural moiety is required for the binding affinity of 4e. A 200 ns molecular dynamics simulation of CB2 complexed with 4e confirmed the stability of the complex. This structural insight lays a foundation to further design and synthesize more potent and selective α-santalol-based CB2 ligands for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mei Wang
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Min Xu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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Akins NS, Salahuddin MF, Pandey P, Kim SJ, Mahdi F, Khan MIH, Moss EM, Worth CJ, Keane MM, Chittiboyina AG, Doerksen RJ, Paris JJ, Le HV. Alleviation of Cocaine Withdrawal and Pertinent Interactions between Salvinorin-Based Antagonists and Kappa Opioid Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:958-976. [PMID: 36795782 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is involved in the regulation of both the reward and mood processes. Recent reports find that the use of drugs of abuse increases the production of dynorphin and the overall activation of KOR. Long-acting KOR antagonists, such as norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI), JDTic, and 5'-guanidinonaltrindole (GNTI), have been shown to stop depressive and anxiety-related disorders, which are the common side effects of withdrawal that can lead to a relapse in drug use. Unfortunately, these prototypical KOR antagonists are known to induce selective KOR antagonism that is delayed by hours and extremely prolonged, and their use in humans comes with serious safety concerns because they possess a large window for potential drug-drug interactions. Furthermore, their persistent pharmacodynamic activities can hinder the ability to reverse unanticipated side effects immediately. Herein, we report our studies of the lead selective, salvinorin-based KOR antagonist (1) as well as nor-BNI on C57BL/6N male mice for spontaneous cocaine withdrawal. Assessment of pharmacokinetics showed that 1 is a short-acting compound with an average half-life of 3.75 h across different compartments (brain, spinal cord, liver, and plasma). Both 1 (5 mg/kg) and nor-BNI (5 mg/kg) were shown to reduce spontaneous withdrawal behavior in mice, with 1 producing additional anti-anxiety-like behavior in a light-dark transition test (however, no mood-related effects of 1 or nor-BNI were observed at the current dosing in an elevated plus maze or a tail suspension test). Our results support the study of selective, short-acting KOR antagonists for the treatment of psychostimulant withdrawal and the associated negative mood states that contribute to relapse. Furthermore, we identified pertinent interactions between 1 and KOR via computational studies, including induced-fit docking, mutagenesis, and molecular dynamics simulations, to gain insight into the design of future selective, potent, and short-acting salvinorin-based KOR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Akins
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Mohammed F Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Seong Jong Kim
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Md Imdadul H Khan
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Emaya M Moss
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Charlie J Worth
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Madeline M Keane
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Hoang V Le
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Hamadani CM, Mahdi F, Merrell A, Flanders J, Cao R, Vashisth P, Pride MC, Hunter AN, Singh G, Roman G, Paris JJ, Tanner EEL. Ionic Liquid Coating-Driven Nanoparticle Delivery to the Brain: Applications for NeuroHIV. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2574352. [PMID: 36824802 PMCID: PMC9949257 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2574352/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Delivering cargo to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a pharmacological challenge. For infectious diseases such as HIV, the CNS acts as a latent reservoir that is inadequately managed by systemic antiretrovirals (ARTs). ARTs thus cannot eradicate HIV, and given CNS infection, patients experience an array of neurological deficits that are collectively referred to as 'neuroHIV'. Herein we report the development of bioinspired ionic liquid-coated nanoparticles (IL-NPs) for in situ hitchhiking on red blood cells (RBCs), which enabled 48% delivery of intravenously infused cargo to the brain. Moreover, the ionic liquid (IL) choline trans-2-hexenoate (CA2HA 1:2) demonstrated preferential accumulation in parenchymal microglia over endothelial cells post-delivery. We further demonstrate the successful loading of abacavir (ABC), an ART that is challenging to encapsulate, into the IL-coated NPs and verify the retention of antiviral efficacy in vitro. IL-NPs were not cytotoxic to primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the CA2HA 1:2 coating conferred notable anti-viremic capacity on its own. In addition, in vitro cell culture assays showed markedly increased uptake of IL-coated nanoparticles into neuronal cells compared to bare nanoparticles. This work debuts bioinspired ionic liquids as promising nanoparticle coatings to assist CNS biodistribution and has the potential to revolutionize the delivery of cargos (i.e., drugs, viral vectors) through compartmental barriers such as the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), illustrated in the graphical abstract below.
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Moss EM, Mahdi F, Worth CJ, Paris JJ. Physiological Corticosterone Attenuates gp120-Mediated Microglial Activation and Is Associated with Reduced Anxiety-Like Behavior in gp120-Expressing Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020424. [PMID: 36851638 PMCID: PMC9965171 DOI: 10.3390/v15020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the benefits of combinatorial antiretroviral therapies (cART), virotoxic HIV proteins are still detectable within the central nervous system. Approximately half of all cART-treated patients contend with neurological impairments. The mechanisms underlying these effects likely involve virotoxic HIV proteins, including glycoprotein 120 (gp120). Glycoprotein-120 is neurotoxic due to its capacity to activate microglia. Corticosterone has been found to attenuate neuronal death caused by gp120-induced microglial cytokine production in vitro. However, the concentration-dependent effects of corticosterone on microglial activation states and the associated behavioral outcomes are unclear. Herein, we conducted parallel in vitro and in vivo studies to assess gp120-mediated effects on microglial activation, motor function, anxiety- and depression-like behavior, and corticosterone's capacity to attenuate these effects. We found that gp120 activated microglia in vitro, and corticosterone attenuated this effect at an optimal concentration of 100 nM. Transgenic mice expressing gp120 demonstrated greater anxiety-like behavior on an elevated plus maze, and a greater duration of gp120 exposure was associated with motor deficits and anxiety-like behavior. Circulating corticosterone was lower in gp120-expressing males and diestrous females. Greater circulating corticosterone was associated with reduced anxiety-like behavior. These findings may demonstrate a capacity for glucocorticoids to attenuate gp120-mediated neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emaya M. Moss
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Charlie J. Worth
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-662-915-3096
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Ahmed HA, Ticar BF, Black I, Mahdi F, Shami AA, Misra SK, Heiss C, Paris JJ, Sharp JS, Azadi P, Pomin VH. Structural characterization and biological activity of an α-glucan from the mollusk Marcia hiantina (Lamarck, 1818). Glycoconj J 2023; 40:33-46. [PMID: 36454453 PMCID: PMC9931679 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Marcia hiantina (Mollusca, Bivalvia) (Lamarck, 1818), is an edible clam mainly distributed along the tropical coastal regions. Recent researches have demonstrated that clams can possess compounds, including polysaccharides, with a wide range of biological actions including antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antitumor activities. Here an α-glucan was isolated from M. hiantina by hot water, purified by anion exchange chromatography, and its structure was characterized by a combination of multiple nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods (1D 1H, 1H-1H COSY, 1H-1H TOCSY, 1H-1H NOESY, 1H-13C HSQC and 1H-13C HSQC-NOESY spectra), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The analysis from NMR, monosaccharide composition, methylation analyses and HPSEC combined with multi-angle light scattering (MALS) of M. hiantina-derived α-glycan confirmed a branched polysaccharide exclusively composed of glucose (Glc), mostly 4-linked in its backbone, branched occasionally at 6-positions, and having a molecular weight of ~ 570 kDa. The mollusk α-glucan was subjected to four cell-based assays: (i) viability of three cell lines (RAW264.7, HaCaT, and HT-29), (ii) activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin production in RAW264.7 cells, (iii) inhibitory activities of in H2O2- and LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HMC3 cells, and (iv) HaCaT cell proliferation. Results have indicated no cytotoxicity, potent inhibition of both H2O2- and LPS-induced ROS, and potent cell proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Al Ahmed
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Bernadeth F Ticar
- Natural Science Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Iloilo Science and Technology University, Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Anter A Shami
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Sandeep K Misra
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Joshua S Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Vitor H Pomin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA.
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Khan MIH, Mahdi F, Penfornis P, Akins NS, Hossain MI, Kim SJ, Sulochana SP, Adam AT, Tran TD, Tan C, Paolo Claudio P, Paris JJ, Le HV. Synthesis and biological evaluation of tert-butyl ester and ethyl ester prodrugs of L-γ-methyleneglutamic acid amides for cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 78:117137. [PMID: 36603398 PMCID: PMC9879311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In cancer cells, glutaminolysis is the primary source of biosynthetic precursors. Recent efforts to develop amino acid analogues to inhibit glutamine metabolism in cancer have been extensive. Our lab recently discovered many L-γ-methyleneglutamic acid amides that were shown to be as efficacious as tamoxifen or olaparib in inhibiting the cell growth of MCF-7, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells after 24 or 72 h of treatment. None of these compounds inhibited the cell growth of nonmalignant MCF-10A breast cells. These L-γ-methyleneglutamic acid amides hold promise as novel therapeutics for the treatment of multiple subtypes of breast cancer. Herein, we report our synthesis and evaluation of two series of tert-butyl ester and ethyl ester prodrugs of these L-γ-methyleneglutamic acid amides and the cyclic metabolite and its tert-butyl esters and ethyl esters on the three breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231 and the nonmalignant MCF-10A breast cell line. These esters were found to suppress the growth of the breast cancer cells, but they were less potent compared to the L-γ-methyleneglutamic acid amides. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were carried out on the lead L-γ-methyleneglutamic acid amide to establish tissue-specific distribution and other PK parameters. Notably, this lead compound showed moderate exposure to the brain with a half-life of 0.74 h and good tissue distribution, such as in the kidney and liver. Therefore, the L-γ-methyleneglutamic acid amides were then tested on glioblastoma cell lines BNC3 and BNC6 and head and neck cancer cell lines HN30 and HN31. They were found to effectively suppress the growth of these cancer cell lines after 24 or 72 h of treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest broad applications of the L-γ-methyleneglutamic acid amides in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imdadul H Khan
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Patrice Penfornis
- Cancer Center & Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Nicholas S Akins
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Md Imran Hossain
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Seong Jong Kim
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Suresh P Sulochana
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) CDMPK Core, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amna T Adam
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Tristan D Tran
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Cancer Center & Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Hoang V Le
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Toma W, Paris JJ, Warncke UO, Nass SR, Caillaud M, McKiver B, Ondo O, Bagdas D, Bigbee J, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Damaj MI. Persistent sensory changes and sex differences in transgenic mice conditionally expressing HIV-1 Tat regulatory protein. Exp Neurol 2022; 358:114226. [PMID: 36096180 PMCID: PMC10053560 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated sensory neuropathies (HIV-SN) are prevalent in >50% of patients aged over 45 years many of which report moderate to severe chronic pain. Previous preclinical studies have investigated the mechanisms by which HIV-1 causes sensory neuropathies and pain-like behaviors. The aim of the present study is to delineate the role of chronic HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription protein (Tat) exposure in the development of neuropathy in mice. The temporal effects of conditional Tat expression on the development of hypersensitivity to mechanical (von Frey filaments) and thermal (heat or cold) stimuli were tested in male and female mice that transgenically expressed HIV-1 Tat in a doxycycline-inducible manner. Inducing Tat expression produced an allodynic response to mechanical or cold (but not heat) stimuli that respectively persisted for at least 23-weeks (mechanical hypersensitivity) or at least 8-weeks (cold hypersensitivity). Both allodynic states were greater in magnitude among females, compared to males, and mechanical increased hypersensitivity progressively in females over time. Acute morphine or gabapentin treatment partly attenuated allodynia in males, but not females. Irrespective of sex, Tat reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density, the mean amplitude of sensory nerve action potentials (but not conductance), engagement in some pain-related ethological behaviors (cage-hanging and rearing), and down-regulated PPAR-α gene expression in lumbar spinal cord while upregulating TNF-α expression in dorsal root ganglion. Taken together, these data reveal fundamental sex differences in mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in response to Tat and demonstrate the intractable nature in female mice to current therapeutics. Understanding the role of Tat in these pathologies may aid the design of future therapies aimed at mitigating the peripheral sensory neuropathies that accompany neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam Toma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, USA
| | - Urszula O Warncke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Martial Caillaud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bryan McKiver
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Olivia Ondo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John Bigbee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Qrareya AN, Wise NS, Hodges ER, Mahdi F, Stewart JA, Paris JJ. HIV-1 Tat Upregulates the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Superoxide Dismutase-2 in the Heart of Transgenic Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102191. [PMID: 36298745 PMCID: PMC9607872 DOI: 10.3390/v14102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorder (CVD) is a common comorbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH). Although the underlying mechanisms are unknown, virotoxic HIV proteins, such as the trans-activator of transcription (Tat), likely contribute to CVD pathogenesis. Tat expression in mouse myocardium has been found to induce cardiac dysfunction and increase markers of endothelial toxicity. However, the role that Tat may play in the development of CVD pathogenesis is unclear. The capacity for Tat to impact cardiac function was assessed using AC16 human cardiomyocyte cells and adult male and female transgenic mice that conditionally expressed Tat [Tat(+)], or did not [Tat(-)]. In AC16 cardiomyocytes, Tat increased intracellular calcium. In Tat(+) mice, Tat expression was detected in both atrial and ventricular heart tissue. Tat(+) mice demonstrated an increased expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) in ventricular tissues compared to Tat(-) controls. No changes in SOD-1 or α-smooth muscle actin were observed. Despite Tat-mediated changes at the cellular level, no changes in echocardiographic measures were detected. Tat(+) mice had a greater proportion of ventricular mast cells and collagen; however, doxycycline exposure offset the latter effect. These data suggest that Tat exposure promotes cellular changes that can precede progression to CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N. Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nason S. Wise
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Emmanuel R. Hodges
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - James A. Stewart
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.S.J.); (J.J.P.); Tel.: +1-662-915-2309 (J.A.S.J.); +1-662-915-3096 (J.J.P.)
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.S.J.); (J.J.P.); Tel.: +1-662-915-2309 (J.A.S.J.); +1-662-915-3096 (J.J.P.)
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10
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Leibrand CR, Paris JJ, Jones AM, Ohene-Nyako M, Rademeyer KM, Nass SR, Kim WK, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, McRae M. Independent actions by HIV-1 Tat and morphine to increase recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain in a region-specific manner. Neurosci Lett 2022; 788:136852. [PMID: 36028004 PMCID: PMC9845733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), approximately one-half of people infected with HIV (PWH) experience neurocognitive impairment. Opioid use disorder (OUD) can exacerbate the cognitive and pathological changes seen in PWH. HIV increases inflammation and immune cell trafficking into the brain; however, less is known about how opioid use disorder affects the recruitment of immune cells. Accordingly, we examined the temporal consequences of HIV-1 Tat and/or morphine on the recruitment of endocytic cells (predominantly perivascular macrophages and microglia) in the dorsal striatum and hippocampus by infusing multi-colored, fluorescently labeled dextrans before and after exposure. To address this question, transgenic mice that conditionally expressed HIV-1 Tat (Tat+), or their control counterparts (Tat-), received three sequential intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of Cascade Blue-, Alexa Fluor 488-, and Alexa Fluor 594-labeled dextrans, respectively infused 1 day before, 1-day after, or 13-days after morphine and/or Tat exposure. At the end of the study, the number of cells labeled with each fluorescent dextran were counted. The data demonstrated a significantly higher influx of newly-labeled cells into the perivascular space than into the parenchyma. In the striatum, Tat or morphine exposure increased the number of endocytic cells in the perivascular space, while only morphine increased the recruitment of endocytic cells into the parenchyma. In the hippocampus, morphine (but not Tat) increased the influx of dextran-labeled cells into the perivascular space, but there were too few labeled cells within the hippocampal parenchyma to analyze. Collectively, these data suggest that HIV-1 Tat and morphine act independently to increase the recruitment of endocytic cells into the brain in a region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Leibrand
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Kara M Rademeyer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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11
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Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Kaufman MJ, Ashpole NM, Paris JJ. Age-related neuroendocrine, cognitive, and behavioral co-morbidities are promoted by HIV-1 Tat expression in male mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5345-5365. [PMID: 35830469 PMCID: PMC9320553 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the U.S. about half of the HIV-infected individuals are aged 50 and older. In men living with HIV, secondary hypogonadism is common and occurs earlier than in seronegative men, and its prevalence increases with age. While the mechanisms(s) are unknown, the HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein disrupts neuroendocrine function in mice partly by dysregulating mitochondria and neurosteroidogenesis. We hypothesized that conditional Tat expression in middle-aged male transgenic mice [Tat(+)] would promote age-related comorbidities compared to age-matched controls [Tat(−)]. We expected Tat to alter steroid hormone milieu consistent with behavioral deficits. Middle-aged Tat(+) mice had lower circulating testosterone and progesterone than age-matched controls and greater circulating corticosterone and central allopregnanolone than other groups. Young Tat(+) mice had greater circulating progesterone and estradiol-to-testosterone ratios. Older age or Tat exposure increased anxiety-like behavior (open field; elevated plus-maze), increased cognitive errors (radial arm water maze), and reduced grip strength. Young Tat(+), or middle-aged Tat(−), males had higher mechanical nociceptive thresholds than age-matched counterparts. Steroid levels correlated with behaviors. Thus, Tat may contribute to HIV-accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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12
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Salahuddin MF, Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Moss E, Akins NS, Li J, Le HV, Paris JJ. Allopregnanolone and neuroHIV: Potential benefits of neuroendocrine modulation in the era of antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13047. [PMID: 34651359 PMCID: PMC8866218 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forty years into the HIV pandemic, approximately 50% of infected individuals still suffer from a constellation of neurological disorders collectively known as 'neuroHIV.' Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been a tremendous success, in its present form, it cannot eradicate HIV. Reservoirs of virus reside within the central nervous system, serving as sources of HIV virotoxins that damage mitochondria and promote neurotoxicity. Although understudied, there is evidence that HIV or the HIV regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), can dysregulate neurosteroid formation potentially contributing to endocrine dysfunction. People living with HIV commonly suffer from endocrine disorders, including hypercortisolemia accompanied by paradoxical adrenal insufficiency upon stress. Age-related comorbidities often onset sooner and with greater magnitude among people living with HIV and are commonly accompanied by hypogonadism. In the post-cART era, these derangements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes are secondary (i.e., relegated to the brain) and indicative of neuroendocrine dysfunction. We review the clinical and preclinical evidence for neuroendocrine dysfunction in HIV, the capacity for hormone therapeutics to play an ameliorative role and the future steroid-based therapeutics that may have efficacy as novel adjunctives to cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Alaa N. Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Emaya Moss
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Nicholas S. Akins
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Hoang V. Le
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
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13
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Cissom C, J Paris J, Shariat-Madar Z. Dynorphins in Development and Disease: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Mol Med 2021; 20:259-274. [PMID: 31746302 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666191028122559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that cardiovascular disease continues to represent a growing health problem and significant effort has been made to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we report on past and recent high impact publications in the field of intracrine network signaling, focusing specifically on opioids and their interrelation with key modulators of the cardiovascular system and the onset of related disease. We present an overview of studies outlining the scope of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular processes that are affected by opioids, including heart function, ischemia, reperfusion, and blood flow. Specific emphasis is placed on the importance of dynorphin molecules in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular regulation. Evidence suggests that excessive or insufficient dynorphin could make an important contribution to cardiovascular physiology, yet numerous paradoxical observations frequently impede a clear understanding of the role of dynorphin. Thus, we argue that dynorphin-mediated signaling events for which an immediate regulatory effect is disputed should not be dismissed as unimportant, as they may play a role in cross-talk with other signaling networks. Finally, we consider the most recent evidence on the role of dynorphin during cardiovascular-related inflammation and on the potential value of endogenous and exogenous inhibitors of kappa-opioid receptor, a major dynorphin A receptor, to limit or prevent cardiovascular disease and its related sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Cissom
- William Carey College of Osteopathic Mississippi University, Medical School, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, United States.,The National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, United States
| | - Zia Shariat-Madar
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, United States.,The National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, United States.,Light Microscopy Core, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
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14
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Marks WD, Paris JJ, Barbour AJ, Moon J, Carpenter VJ, McLane VD, Lark ARS, Nass SR, Zhang J, Yarotskyy V, McQuiston AR, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat and Morphine Differentially Disrupt Pyramidal Cell Structure and Function and Spatial Learning in Hippocampal Area CA1: Continuous versus Interrupted Morphine Exposure. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0547-20.2021. [PMID: 33782102 PMCID: PMC8146490 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0547-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
About half the people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have neurocognitive deficits that often include memory impairment and hippocampal deficits, which can be exacerbated by opioid abuse. To explore the effects of opioids and HIV on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron structure and function, we induced HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) expression in transgenic mice for 14 d and co-administered time-release morphine or vehicle subcutaneous implants during the final 5 d (days 9-14) to establish steady-state morphine levels. Morphine was withheld from some ex vivo slices during recordings to begin to assess the initial pharmacokinetic consequences of opioid withdrawal. Tat expression reduced hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability at lower stimulating currents. Pyramidal cell firing rates were unaffected by continuous morphine exposure. Behaviorally, exposure to Tat or high dosages of morphine impaired spatial memory Exposure to Tat and steady-state levels of morphine appeared to have largely independent effects on pyramidal neuron structure and function, a response that is distinct from other vulnerable brain regions such as the striatum. By contrast, acutely withholding morphine (from morphine-tolerant ex vivo slices) revealed unique and selective neuroadaptive shifts in CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability and dendritic plasticity, including some interactions with Tat. Collectively, the results show that opioid-HIV interactions in hippocampal area CA1 are more nuanced than previously assumed, and appear to vary depending on the outcome assessed and on the pharmacokinetics of morphine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Marks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848
| | - Aaron J Barbour
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Valerie J Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Virginia D McLane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Arianna R S Lark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Jingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
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15
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Abstract
On July 5, 1983. the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a revised version of its Proposed Rules for the so-called Infant Doe Regulations. The regulations are designed to prevent discriminatory denial of medical treatment to handicapped infants. An earlier version published last March had been struck down for procedural defects by Federal District Court Judge Gerhard Gesell. In the course of his opinion, Judge Gesell noted that the regulations touch upon one of the most difficult and sensitive medical and ethical problems facing society—the question of what, if any, life-sustaining medical treatment should be utilized to preserve the lives of severely mentally or physically defective newborn infants.In his view not only were the original regulations procedurally flawed, but they also were substantively deficient. Arbitrary and capricious was Gesell's phrase to describe HHS's actions in establishing a toll-free 24-hour-a-day hotline on which anonymous tipsters could trigger an investigation of alleged nontreatment.
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16
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Hossain MI, Thomas AG, Mahdi F, Adam AT, Akins NS, Woodard MM, Paris JJ, Slusher BS, Le HV. An efficient synthetic route to l-γ-methyleneglutamine and its amide derivatives, and their selective anticancer activity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7115-7128. [PMID: 33777357 PMCID: PMC7968037 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08249j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells, glutaminolysis is the primary source of biosynthetic precursors, fueling the TCA cycle with glutamine-derived α-ketoglutarate. The enhanced production of α-ketoglutarate is critical to cancer cells as it provides carbons for the TCA cycle to produce glutathione, fatty acids, and nucleotides, and contributes nitrogens to produce hexosamines, nucleotides, and many nonessential amino acids. Efforts to inhibit glutamine metabolism in cancer using amino acid analogs have been extensive. l-γ-Methyleneglutamine was shown to be of considerable biochemical importance, playing a major role in nitrogen transport in Arachis and Amorpha plants. Herein we report for the first time an efficient synthetic route to l-γ-methyleneglutamine and its amide derivatives. Many of these l-γ-methyleneglutamic acid amides were shown to be as efficacious as tamoxifen or olaparib at arresting cell growth among MCF-7 (ER+/PR+/HER2−), and SK-BR-3 (ER−/PR−/HER2+) breast cancer cells at 24 or 72 h of treatment. Several of these compounds exerted similar efficacy to olaparib at arresting cell growth among triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by 72 h of treatment. None of the compounds inhibited cell growth in benign MCF-10A breast cells. Overall, N-phenyl amides and N-benzyl amides, such as 3, 5, 9, and 10, arrested the growth of all three (MCF-7, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231) cell lines for 72 h and were devoid of cytotoxicity on MCF-10A control cells; N-benzyl amides with an electron withdrawing group at the para position, such as 5 and 6, inhibited the growth of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells commensurate to olaparib. These compounds hold promise as novel therapeutics for the treatment of multiple breast cancer subtypes. l-γ-Methyleneglutamic acid amides selectively inhibit the growth of MCF-7 (ER+/PR+/HER2−), SK-BR-3 (ER−/PR−/HER2+), and triple negative MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imran Hossain
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, USA.
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, USA.
| | - Amna T Adam
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, USA.
| | - Nicholas S Akins
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, USA.
| | - Morgan M Woodard
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, USA.
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, USA.
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hoang V Le
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, USA.
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17
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Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Kaufman MJ, Ashpole NM, Paris JJ. HIV-1 Tat promotes age-related cognitive, anxiety-like, and antinociceptive impairments in female mice that are moderated by aging and endocrine status. GeroScience 2021; 43:309-327. [PMID: 32940828 PMCID: PMC8050151 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadism is a common comorbidity associated with HIV-1 that is more prevalent among infected individuals over the age of 45. The underlying mechanisms are unknown, but both combined antiretroviral therapeutics and HIV-1 proteins, such as trans-activator of transcription protein (Tat), dysregulate steroid-synthetic mechanisms including lipid storage/synthesis and mitochondrial function. Thus, Tat expression may accelerate age-related comorbidities partly by impairing endocrine function. Few studies exist of Tat-mediated behavioral deficits in aged animals and effects of endocrine status have not been investigated. Accordingly, we tested whether conditional Tat expression in aged (~ 1.5 years old), female, Tat-transgenic [Tat(+)] mice increases anxiety-like behavior, impairs cognition, and augments mechanical allodynia, when compared to age-matched controls that do not express Tat protein [Tat(-)]. We further tested whether aged mice that maintained their endocrine status (pre-estropausal) were more resilient to Tat/age-related comorbidities than peri- or post-estropausal mice. Tat and endocrine aging status exerted separate and interacting effects that influenced anxiety-like and cognitive behaviors. Peri- and post-estropausal mice exhibited greater anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze and impaired learning in the radial arm water maze compared to pre-estropausal mice. Irrespective of estropause status, Tat(+) mice demonstrated impaired learning, reduced grip strength, and mechanical allodynia compared to Tat(-) mice. Tat exposure reduced circulating estradiol in post-estropausal mice and increased the estradiol-to-testosterone ratio in pre-estropausal mice. Changes in circulating estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone correlated with grip strength. Thus, endocrine status is an important factor in age-related anxiety, cognition, neuromuscular function, and allodynia that can be accelerated by HIV-1 Tat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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18
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Bagdas D, Paris JJ, Carper M, Wodarski R, Rice ASC, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Damaj MI. Conditional expression of HIV-1 tat in the mouse alters the onset and progression of tonic, inflammatory and neuropathic hypersensitivity in a sex-dependent manner. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1609-1623. [PMID: 32533878 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At least one-third of HIV-1-afflicted individuals experience peripheral neuropathy. Although the underlying mechanisms are not known, they may involve neurotoxic HIV-1 proteins. METHODS We assessed the influence of the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, Tat, on inflammatory and neuropathic nociceptive behaviours using transgenic male and female mice that conditionally expressed (or did not express) HIV-1 Tat1-86 in fibrillary acidic protein-expressing glia in the central and peripheral nervous systems. RESULTS Tat induction significantly attenuated the time spent paw-licking following formalin injection (2.5%, i.pl.) in both male and female mice. However, significant sex differences were observed in the onset and magnitude of inflammation and sensory sensitivity following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection (10%, i.pl.) after Tat activation. Unlike female mice, male mice showed a significant attenuation of paw swelling and an absence of mechanical/thermal hypersensitivity in response to CFA after Tat induction. Male Tat(+) mice also showed accelerated recovery from chronic constrictive nerve injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity compared to female Tat(+) mice. Morphine (3.2 mg/kg) fully reversed CCI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in female Tat(-) mice, but not in Tat(+) females. CONCLUSIONS The ability of Tat to decrease oedema, paw swelling, and limit allodynia suggests a sequel of events in which Tat-induced functional deficits precede the onset of mechanical hypersensitivity. Moreover, HIV-1 Tat attenuated responses to inflammatory and neuropathic insults in a sex-dependent manner. HIV-1 Tat appears to directly contribute to HIV sensory neuropathy and reveals sex differences in HIV responsiveness and/or the underlying peripheral neuroinflammatory and nociceptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Moriah Carper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel Wodarski
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Andrew S C Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy at VCU, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Salahuddin MF, Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Jackson D, Foster M, Vujanovic T, Box JG, Paris JJ. Combined HIV-1 Tat and oxycodone activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes and promote psychomotor, affective, and cognitive dysfunction in female mice. Horm Behav 2020; 119:104649. [PMID: 31821792 PMCID: PMC7071558 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The majority of HIV+ patients present with neuroendocrine dysfunction and ~50% experience co-morbid neurological symptoms including motor, affective, and cognitive dysfunction, collectively termed neuroHIV. In preclinical models, the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), promotes neuroHIV pathology that can be exacerbated by opioids. We and others find gonadal steroids, estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4), to rescue Tat-mediated pathology. However, the combined effects of Tat and opioids on neuroendocrine function and the subsequent ameliorative capacity of gonadal steroids are unknown. We found that conditional HIV-1 Tat expression in naturally-cycling transgenic mice dose-dependently potentiated oxycodone-mediated psychomotor behavior. Tat increased depression-like behavior in a tail-suspension test among proestrous mice, but decreased it among diestrous mice (who already demonstrated greater depression-like behavior); oxycodone reversed these effects. Combined Tat and oxycodone produced apparent behavioral disinhibition of anxiety-like responding which was greater on diestrus than on proestrus. These mice made more central entries in an open field, but spent less time there and demonstrated greater circulating corticosterone. Tat increased the E2:P4 ratio of circulating steroids on diestrus and acute oxycodone attenuated this effect, but repeated oxycodone exacerbated it. Corticotropin-releasing factor was increased by Tat expression, acute oxycodone exposure, and was greater on diestrus compared to proestrus. In human neuroblastoma cells, Tat exerted neurotoxicity that was ameliorated by E2 (1 or 10 nM) or P4 (100, but not 10 nM) independent of oxycodone. Oxycodone decreased gene expression of estrogen and κ-opioid receptors. Thus, neuroendocrine function may be an important target for HIV-1 Tat/opioid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Dejun Jackson
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Matthew Foster
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Tamara Vujanovic
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - J Gaston Box
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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20
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Frye CA, Qrareya A, Llaneza DC, Paris JJ. Central Actions of 3α,5α-THP Involving NMDA and GABA A Receptors Regulate Affective and Sexual Behavior of Female Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:11. [PMID: 32116591 PMCID: PMC7026732 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurosteroid, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (known as “allopregnanolone” or 3α,5α-THP), is produced in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA), independent of peripheral sources of progestogens, where it has potential actions at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and GABAA receptors to facilitate rodent sexual behavior. Progestogens can also have anti-anxiety effects, but whether these involve actions of centrally-derived 3α,5α-THP or these receptors to support reproductively-relevant behavior is not well understood. We investigated the extent to which 3α,5α-THP’s actions via NMDA and/or GABAA receptors in the midbrain VTA influence reproductive behaviors. Estradiol-primed, ovariectomized/adrenalectomized (OVX/ADX) rats received midbrain VTA infusions of vehicle, an NMDA receptor blocker (MK-801; 200 ng), or a GABAA receptor blocker (bicuculline; 100 ng) followed by a second infusion of vehicle or 3α,5α-THP (100 ng). Reproductively-relevant behaviors were assessed: sexual (paced mating), anxiety-like (elevated plus maze), and social (partner preference, social interaction) behavior. Compared to vehicle, intra-VTA infusions of MK-801 exerted anxiolytic-like effects on elevated plus maze behavior and enhanced lordosis. Unlike prior observations in gonadally-intact rats, intra-VTA bicuculline had no effect on the behavior of OVX/ADX rats (likely due to a floor effect). Subsequent infusions of 3α,5α-THP reversed effects on lordosis and infusions of bicuculline inhibited 3α,5α-THP-facilitated lordosis. Thus, NMDA and GABAA receptors may act as mediators for reproductive behavioral effects of 3α,5α-THP in the midbrain VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-The State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY, United States.,Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-The State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY, United States.,Centers for Neuroscience, The University at Albany-The State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY, United States.,Life Sciences Research, The University at Albany-The State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alaa Qrareya
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Danielle C Llaneza
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-The State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-The State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY, United States.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
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21
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Patel SH, Ismaiel OA, Mylott WR, Yuan M, McClay JL, Paris JJ, Hauser KF, McRae M. Cell-type specific differences in antiretroviral penetration and the effects of HIV-1 Tat and morphine among primary human brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and microglia. Neurosci Lett 2019; 712:134475. [PMID: 31491466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The inability to achieve adequate intracellular antiretroviral concentrations may contribute to HIV persistence within the brain and to neurocognitive deficits in opioid abusers. To investigate, intracellular antiretroviral concentrations were measured in primary human astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), and in an immortalized brain endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3). HIV-1 Tat and morphine effects on intracellular antiretroviral concentrations also were evaluated. After pretreatment for 24 h with vehicle, HIV-1 Tat, morphine, or combined Tat and morphine, cells were incubated for 1 h with equal concentrations of a mixture of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir at one of two concentrations (5 μM or 10 μM). Intracellular drug accumulation was measured using LC-MS/MS. Drug penetration differed depending on the drug, the extracellular concentration used for dosing, and cell type. Significant findings included: 1) Dolutegravir (at 5 μM or 10 μM) accumulated more in HBMECs than other cell types. 2) At 5 μM, intracellular emtricitabine levels were higher in microglia than other cell types; while at 10 μM, emtricitabine accumulation was greatest in HBMECs. 3) Tenofovir (5 or 10 μM extracellular dosing) displayed greater accumulation inside HBMECs than in other cell types. 4) After Tat and/or morphine pretreatment, the relative accumulation of antiretroviral drugs was greater in morphine-exposed HBMECs compared to other treatments. The opposite effect was observed in astrocytes in which morphine exposure decreased drug accumulation. In summary, the intracellular accumulation of antiretroviral drugs differed depending on the particular drug involved, the concentration of the applied antiretroviral drug, and the cell type targeted. Moreover, morphine, and to a lesser extent Tat, exposure also had differential effects on antiretroviral accumulation. These data highlight the complexity of optimizing brain-targeted HIV therapeutics, especially in the setting of chronic opioid use or misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulay H Patel
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Omnia A Ismaiel
- PPD Laboratories, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Joseph L McClay
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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22
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Leibrand CR, Paris JJ, Jones AM, Masuda QN, Halquist MS, Kim WK, Knapp PE, Kashuba ADM, Hauser KF, McRae M. HIV-1 Tat and opioids act independently to limit antiretroviral brain concentrations and reduce blood-brain barrier integrity. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:560-577. [PMID: 31102185 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poor antiretroviral penetration may contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence within the brain and to neurocognitive deficits in opiate abusers. To investigate this problem, HIV-1 Tat protein and morphine effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and drug brain penetration were explored using a conditional HIV-1 Tat transgenic mouse model. Tat and morphine effects on the leakage of fluorescently labeled dextrans (10-, 40-, and 70-kDa) into the brain were assessed. To evaluate effects on antiretroviral brain penetration, Tat+ and Tat- mice received three antiretroviral drugs (dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine) with or without concurrent morphine exposure. Antiretroviral and morphine brain and plasma concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS. Morphine exposure, and, to a lesser extent, Tat, significantly increased tracer leakage from the vasculature into the brain. Despite enhanced BBB breakdown evidenced by increased tracer leakiness, morphine exposure led to significantly lower abacavir concentrations within the striatum and significantly less dolutegravir within the hippocampus and striatum (normalized to plasma). P-glycoprotein, an efflux transporter for which these drugs are substrates, expression and function were significantly increased in the brains of morphine-exposed mice compared to mice not exposed to morphine. These findings were consistent with lower antiretroviral concentrations in brain tissues examined. Lamivudine concentrations were unaffected by Tat or morphine exposure. Collectively, our investigations indicate that Tat and morphine differentially alter BBB integrity. Morphine decreased brain concentrations of specific antiretroviral drugs, perhaps via increased expression of the drug efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Leibrand
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Quamrun N Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Matthew S Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7569, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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23
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Zou S, Balinang JM, Paris JJ, Hauser KF, Fuss B, Knapp PE. Effects of HIV-1 Tat on oligodendrocyte viability are mediated by CaMKIIβ-GSK3β interactions. J Neurochem 2019; 149:98-110. [PMID: 30674062 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myelin disruptions are frequently reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals and can occur in the CNS very early in the disease process. Immature oligodendrocytes (OLs) are quite sensitive to toxic increases in [Ca2+ ]i caused by exposure to HIV-1 Tat (transactivator of transcription, a protein essential for HIV replication and gene expression), but sensitivity to Tat-induced [Ca2+ ]i is reduced in mature OLs. Tat exposure also increased the activity of Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent kinase IIβ (CaMKIIβ), the major isoform of CaMKII expressed by OLs, in both immature and mature OLs. Since CaMKIIβ is reported to interact with glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and GSK3β activity is implicated in OL apoptosis as well as HIV neuropathology, we hypothesized that disparate effects of Tat on OL viability with maturity might be because of an altered balance of CaMKIIβ-GSK3β activities. Tat expression in vivo led to increased CaMKIIβ and GSK3β activity in multiple brain regions in transgenic mice. In vitro, immature murine OLs expressed higher levels of GSK3β, but much lower levels of CaMKIIβ, than did mature OLs. Exogenous Tat up-regulated GSK3β activity in immature, but not mature, OLs. Tat-induced death of immature OLs was rescued by the GSK3β inhibitors valproic acid or SB415286, supporting involvement of GSK3β signaling. Pharmacologically inhibiting CaMKIIβ increased GSK3β activity in Tat-treated OLs, and genetically knocking down CaMKIIβ promoted death in mature OL cultures treated with Tat. Together, these results suggest that the effects of Tat on OL viability are dependent on CaMKIIβ-GSK3β interactions, and that increasing CaMKIIβ activity is a potential approach for limiting OL/myelin injury with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Joyce M Balinang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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24
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Wodarski R, Bagdas D, Paris JJ, Pheby T, Toma W, Xu R, Damaj MI, Knapp PE, Rice AS, Hauser KF. Reduced intraepidermal nerve fibre density, glial activation, and sensory changes in HIV type-1 Tat-expressing female mice: involvement of Tat during early stages of HIV-associated painful sensory neuropathy. Pain Rep 2018; 3:e654. [PMID: 29922746 PMCID: PMC5999412 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV infection is associated with chronic pain states, including sensory neuropathy, which affects greater than 40% of patients. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To determine the impact of HIV-Tat induction on nociceptive behaviour in female mice conditionally expressing HIV Tat1-86 protein through a doxycycline (DOX)-driven glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, intraepidermal nerve fibre density and immune cell activation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Mice were assessed for mechanical and thermal sensitivity for 9 weeks using von-Frey and Hargreaves tests. RESULTS Intraepidermal nerve fibre density was significantly reduced after 6 weeks of Tat induction, similar to sensory neuropathy seen in clinical HIV infection. Tat induction through DOX caused a significant reduction in paw withdrawal thresholds in a time-dependent manner starting the 4th week after Tat induction. No changes in paw withdrawal latencies were seen in Tat(-) control mice lacking the tat transgene. Although reductions in paw withdrawal thresholds increased throughout the study, no significant change in spontaneous motor activity was observed. Spinal cord (cervical and lumbar), DRG, and hind paw skin were collected at 8 days and 6 weeks after Tat induction. HIV-Tat mRNA expression was significantly increased in lumbar DRG and skin samples 8 days after DOX treatment. Tat induced a significant increase in the number of Iba-1 positive cells at 6 weeks, but not after 8 days, of exposure. No differences in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity were observed. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Tat protein contributes to painful HIV-related sensory neuropathy during the initial stages of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wodarski
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Tim Pheby
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wisam Toma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ruqiang Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew S.C. Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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25
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Gonek M, McLane VD, Stevens DL, Lippold K, Akbarali HI, Knapp PE, Dewey WL, Hauser KF, Paris JJ. CCR5 mediates HIV-1 Tat-induced neuroinflammation and influences morphine tolerance, dependence, and reward. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:124-138. [PMID: 29146238 PMCID: PMC5857418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), interacts with opioids to potentiate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration within the CNS. These effects may involve the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5); however, the behavioral contribution of CCR5 on Tat/opioid interactions is not known. Using a transgenic murine model that expresses HIV-1 Tat protein in a GFAP-regulated, doxycycline-inducible manner, we assessed morphine tolerance, dependence, and reward. To assess the influence of CCR5 on these effects, mice were pretreated with oral vehicle or the CCR5 antagonist, maraviroc, prior to morphine administration. We found that HIV-1 Tat expression significantly attenuated the antinociceptive potency of acute morphine (2-64 mg/kg, i.p.) in non-tolerant mice. Consistent with this, Tat attenuated withdrawal symptoms among morphine-tolerant mice. Pretreatment with maraviroc blocked the effects of Tat, reinstating morphine potency in non-tolerant mice and restoring withdrawal symptomology in morphine-tolerant mice. Twenty-four hours following morphine administration, HIV-1 Tat significantly potentiated (∼3.5-fold) morphine-conditioned place preference and maraviroc further potentiated these effects (∼5.7-fold). Maraviroc exerted no measurable behavioral effects on its own. Protein array analyses revealed only minor changes to cytokine profiles when morphine was administered acutely or repeatedly; however, 24 h post morphine administration, the expression of several cytokines was greatly increased, including endogenous CCR5 chemokine ligands (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5), as well as CCL2. Tat further elevated levels of several cytokines and maraviroc pretreatment attenuated these effects. These data demonstrate that CCR5 mediates key aspects of HIV-1 Tat-induced alterations in the antinociceptive potency and rewarding properties of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gonek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Virginia D. McLane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - David L. Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Kumiko Lippold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Hamid I. Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA 23298-0613, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980059, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA
| | - William L. Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA 23298-0613, USA,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980059, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA 23298-0613, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980059, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA 23298-0613, USA,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, USA,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, USA,Address for Correspondence: Jason J. Paris, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, The University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1848, 315 Faser Hall, University, MS 38677-1848, U.S.A. Phone: +1-662-915-3096,
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McRae M, LaFratta LM, Nguyen BM, Paris JJ, Hauser KF, Conway DE. Characterization of cell-cell junction changes associated with the formation of a strong endothelial barrier. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1405774. [PMID: 29388870 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1405774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A principal function of endothelial cells is the formation of a barrier between the blood and tissues. This barrier arises from the physical connections at cell-cell junctions, which includes cytoskeletal tight junction and adherens junction proteins. Methods that alter barrier function must therefore affect these cell-cell connections. The blood brain barrier (BBB) represents perhaps the most selective endothelial barrier, which arises from endothelial cell interactions with astrocytes and pericytes. Even in non-central nervous system (CNS) endothelial cells, barrier properties can be enhanced, mimicking the BBB, through induction of intercellular junctions, by either direct co-culture with astrocytes, supplementation with astrocyte conditioned medium (ACM) and/or pharmacologic enhancement of cAMP. To understand how cell-cell junctions change during endothelial barrier enhancement, we examined the effects of ACM and/or cAMP donors added to standard media on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC cultured with cAMP-elevating agents had the most enhanced barrier function as measured by Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS®), a real-time, label-free, impedance based method of studying cell barrier properties. However, subtle differences in actin and cell-cell junction proteins were seen across all four culture conditions. cAMP-elevating agents also triggered the redistribution of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin to cell-cell junctions, and intensified the actin microfilament network at the cell cortex. Using a VE-cadherin FRET-force sensor, we observed a decrease in VE-cadherin force in HUVEC cultured with ACM with cAMP donors. Our data indicate cAMP elevation induces both junctional strengthening and reduced VE-cadherin forces. Additionally, treatment with an inhibitor of formin, which reduced actin stress fibers, enhanced barrier function. These data suggest that barrier function is modulated both through the trafficking of proteins to cell-cell junctions, and through the modulation and a relaxation of mechanical force through adherens junctions as intercellular junctional complexes become established.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryPeace McRae
- a Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Lindsay M LaFratta
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Benjamin M Nguyen
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- c Department of BioMolecular Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- d Department of Pharmacology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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Paris JJ, Ahluwalia J, Cummings BM, Moreland MP, Wilkinson DJ. The Charlie Gard case: British and American approaches to court resolution of disputes over medical decisions. J Perinatol 2017; 37:1268-1271. [PMID: 29048408 PMCID: PMC5712473 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Paris
- Department of Bioethics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- Campion Hall, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - B M Cummings
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M P Moreland
- Villanova University School of Law, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - D J Wilkinson
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Uehiro Center for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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McLaughlin JP, Paris JJ, Mintzopoulos D, Hymel KA, Kim JK, Cirino TJ, Gillis TE, Eans SO, Vitaliano GD, Medina JM, Krapf RC, Stacy HM, Kaufman MJ. Conditional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transactivator of Transcription Protein Expression Induces Depression-like Effects and Oxidative Stress. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2017; 2:599-609. [PMID: 29057370 PMCID: PMC5648358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of major depression in those with HIV/AIDS is substantially higher than in the general population. Mechanisms underlying this comorbidity are poorly understood. HIV-transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein, produced and excreted by HIV, could be involved. We determined whether conditional Tat protein expression in mice is sufficient to induce depression-like behaviors and oxidative stress. Further, as oxidative stress is associated with depression, we determined whether decreasing or increasing oxidative stress by administering methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) or diethylmaleate (DEM), respectively, altered depression-like behavior. METHODS GT-tg bigenic mice received intraperitoneal saline or doxycycline (Dox, 25-100 mg/kg/day) to induce Tat expression. G-tg mice, which do not express Tat protein, also received Dox. Depression-like behavior was assessed with the tail suspension test (TST) and the two-bottle saccharin/water consumption task. Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) were assessed ex vivo. Medial frontal cortex (MFC) oxidative stress and temperature were measured in vivo with 9.4-Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). RESULTS Tat expression increased TST immobility time in an exposure-dependent manner and reduced saccharin consumption. MSM decreased immobility time while DEM increased it in saline-treated GT-tg mice. Tat and MSM behavioral effects persisted for 28 days. Tat and DEM increased while MSM decreased ROS/RNS levels. Tat expression increased MFC glutathione levels and temperature. CONCLUSIONS Tat expression induced rapid and enduring depression-like behaviors and oxidative stress. Increasing/decreasing oxidative stress increased/decreased, respectively, depression-like behavior. Thus, Tat produced by HIV may contribute to the high depression prevalence among those with HIV. Further, mitigation of oxidative stress could reduce depression severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dionyssios Mintzopoulos
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Kristen A. Hymel
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jae K. Kim
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Thomas J. Cirino
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Timothy E. Gillis
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Gordana D. Vitaliano
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Jessica M. Medina
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Richard C. Krapf
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Heather M. Stacy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
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Leibrand CR, Paris JJ, Ghandour MS, Knapp PE, Kim WK, Hauser KF, McRae M. HIV-1 Tat disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity and increases phagocytic perivascular macrophages and microglia in the dorsal striatum of transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 640:136-143. [PMID: 28057474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which acts as a rate-limiting step for HIV-1 entry into the CNS and for subsequent neuroinflammatory/neurotoxic actions. One mechanism by which HIV may destabilize the BBB involves actions of the HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat). We utilized a conditional, Tat-expressing transgenic murine model to examine the influence of Tat1-86 expression on BBB integrity and to assess the relative numbers of phagocytic perivascular macrophages and microglia within the CNS in vivo. The effects of Tat exposure on sodium-fluorescein (Na-F; 0.376kDa), horseradish peroxidase (HRP; 44kDa), and Texas Red-labeled dextran (70kDa) leakage into the brain were assessed in Tat-exposed (Tat+) and control (Tat-) mice. Exposure to HIV-1 Tat significantly increased both Na-F and HRP, but not the larger sized Texas Red-labeled dextran, confirming BBB breakdown and also suggesting the breach was limited to molecules <70kDa. Additionally, at 5 d after Tat induction, Alexa Fluor® 488-labeled dextran was bilaterally infused into the lateral ventricles 5 d before the termination of the experiment. Within the caudate/putamen, Tat induction increased the proportion of dextran-labeled Iba-1+ phagocytic perivascular macrophages (∼5-fold) and microglia (∼3-fold) compared to Tat- mice. These data suggest that HIV-1 Tat exposure is sufficient to destabilize BBB integrity and to increase the presence of activated, phagocytic, perivascular macrophages and microglia in an in vivo model of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Leibrand
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - M Said Ghandour
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Marks WD, Paris JJ, Schier CJ, Denton MD, Fitting S, McQuiston AR, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat causes cognitive deficits and selective loss of parvalbumin, somatostatin, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressing hippocampal CA1 interneuron subpopulations. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:747-762. [PMID: 27178324 PMCID: PMC5107352 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Memory deficits are characteristic of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and co-occur with hippocampal pathology. The HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat), a regulatory protein, plays a significant role in these events, but the cellular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Within the hippocampus, diverse populations of interneurons form complex networks; even subtle disruptions can drastically alter synaptic output, resulting in behavioral dysfunction. We hypothesized that HIV-1 Tat would impair cognitive behavior and injure specific hippocampal interneuron subtypes. Male transgenic mice that inducibly expressed HIV-1 Tat (or non-expressing controls) were assessed for cognitive behavior or had hippocampal CA1 subregions evaluated via interneuron subpopulation markers. Tat exposure decreased spatial memory in a Barnes maze and mnemonic performance in a novel object recognition test. Tat reduced the percentage of neurons expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) without neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the stratum pyramidale and the stratum radiatum, parvalbumin in the stratum pyramidale, and somatostatin in the stratum oriens, which are consistent with reductions in interneuron-specific interneuron type 3 (IS3), bistratified, and oriens-lacunosum-moleculare interneurons, respectively. The findings reveal that an interconnected ensemble of CA1 nNOS-expressing interneurons, the IS3 cells, as well as subpopulations of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are preferentially vulnerable to HIV-1 Tat. Importantly, the susceptible interneurons form a microcircuit thought to be involved in feedback inhibition of CA1 pyramidal cells and gating of CA1 pyramidal cell inputs. The identification of vulnerable CA1 hippocampal interneurons may provide novel insight into the basic mechanisms underlying key functional and neurobehavioral deficits associated with HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Marks
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Christina J Schier
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Melissa D Denton
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0059, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0059, USA.
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Hahn YK, Paris JJ, Lichtman AH, Hauser KF, Sim-Selley LJ, Selley DE, Knapp PE. Central HIV-1 Tat exposure elevates anxiety and fear conditioned responses of male mice concurrent with altered mu-opioid receptor-mediated G-protein activation and β-arrestin 2 activity in the forebrain. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 92:124-36. [PMID: 26845176 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-exposure to opiates and HIV/HIV proteins results in enhanced CNS morphological and behavioral deficits in HIV(+) individuals and in animal models. Opiates with abuse liability, such as heroin and morphine, bind preferentially to and have pharmacological actions through μ-opioid-receptors (MORs). The mechanisms underlying opiate-HIV interactions are not understood. Exposure to the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein causes neurodegenerative outcomes that parallel many aspects of the human disease. We have also observed that in vivo exposure to Tat results in apparent changes in morphine efficacy, and thus have hypothesized that HIV proteins might alter MOR activation. To test our hypothesis, MOR-mediated G-protein activation was determined in neuroAIDS-relevant forebrain regions of transgenic mice with inducible CNS expression of HIV-1 Tat. G-protein activation was assessed by MOR agonist-stimulated [(35)S]guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPγS) autoradiography in brain sections, and in concentration-effect curves of MOR agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding in membranes isolated from specific brain regions. Comparative studies were done using the MOR-selective agonist DAMGO ([D-Ala(2), N-MePhe(4), Gly-ol]-enkephalin) and a more clinically relevant agonist, morphine. Tat exposure reduced MOR-mediated G-protein activation in an agonist, time, and regionally dependent manner. Levels of the GPCR regulatory protein β-arrestin-2, which is involved in MOR desensitization, were found to be elevated in only one affected brain region, the amygdala; amygdalar β-arrestin-2 also showed a significantly increased association with MOR by co-immunoprecipitation, suggesting decreased availability of MOR. Interestingly, this correlated with changes in anxiety and fear-conditioned extinction, behaviors that have substantial amygdalar input. We propose that HIV-1 Tat alters the intrinsic capacity of MOR to signal in response to agonist binding, possibly via a mechanism involving altered expression and/or function of β-arrestin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun K Hahn
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA
| | - Laura J Sim-Selley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA.
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McLaughlin JP, Paris JJ. Contribution of HIV-Tat protein to HIV-sequelae. Curr HIV Res 2015; 13:2. [PMID: 25817718 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x1301150317101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay P McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies 11350 SW Village Parkway Port Saint Lucie FL 34987 USA.
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Mediouni S, Jablonski J, Paris JJ, Clementz MA, Thenin-Houssier S, McLaughlin JP, Valente ST. Didehydro-cortistatin A inhibits HIV-1 Tat mediated neuroinflammation and prevents potentiation of cocaine reward in Tat transgenic mice. Curr HIV Res 2015; 13:64-79. [PMID: 25613133 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121111548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat protein has been shown to have a crucial role in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which includes a group of syndromes ranging from undetectable neurocognitive impairment to dementia. The abuse of psychostimulants, such as cocaine, by HIV infected individuals, may accelerate and intensify neurological damage. On the other hand, exposure to Tat potentiates cocaine-mediated reward mechanisms, which further promotes HAND. Here, we show that didehydro-Cortistatin A (dCA), an analog of a natural steroidal alkaloid, crosses the blood-brain barrier, cross-neutralizes Tat activity from several HIV-1 clades and decreases Tat uptake by glial cell lines. In addition, dCA potently inhibits Tat mediated dysregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1, key neuroinflammatory signaling proteins. Importantly, using a mouse model where doxycycline induces Tat expression, we demonstrate that dCA reverses the potentiation of cocaine-mediated reward. Our results suggest that adding a Tat inhibitor, such as dCA, to current antiretroviral therapy may reduce HIV-1-related neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Infectious diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Carey AN, Liu X, Mintzopoulos D, Paris JJ, McLaughlin JP, Kaufman MJ. Conditional Tat protein brain expression in the GT-tg bigenic mouse induces cerebral fractional anisotropy abnormalities. Curr HIV Res 2015; 13:3-9. [PMID: 25619988 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150126125244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral white matter changes including tissue water diffusion abnormalities detected with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) are commonly found in humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, as well as in animal models of the disorder. The severities of some of these abnormalities have been reported to correlate with measures of disease progression or severity, or with the degree of cognitive dysfunction. Accordingly, DTI may be a useful translational biomarker. HIV-Tat protein appears to be an important factor in the viral pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurotoxicity. We previously reported cerebral gray matter density reductions in the GT-tg bigenic mouse treated with doxycycline (Dox) to conditionally induce Tat protein expression. Presently, we administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) Dox (100 mg/kg/day) for 7 days to GT-tg mice to determine whether induction of conditional Tat expression led to the development of cerebral DTI abnormalities. Perfused and fixed brains from eight GT-tg mice administered Dox and eight control mice administered saline i.p. were extracted and underwent DTI scans on a 9.4 Tesla scanner. A whole brain analysis detected fractional anisotropy (FA) reductions in several areas including insular and endopiriform regions, as well as within the dorsal striatum. These findings suggest that exposure to Tat protein is sufficient to induce FA abnormalities, and further support the use of the GT-tg mouse to model some effects of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Carey
- Department of Psychology, Simmons College, 300 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Fitting S, Zou S, El-Hage N, Suzuki M, Paris JJ, Schier CJ, Rodríguez JW, Rodriguez M, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Opiate addiction therapies and HIV-1 Tat: interactive effects on glial [Ca²⁺]i, oxyradical and neuroinflammatory chemokine production and correlative neurotoxicity. Curr HIV Res 2015; 12:424-34. [PMID: 25760046 PMCID: PMC4475822 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x1206150311161147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Few preclinical studies have compared the relative therapeutic efficacy of medications used to treat opiate addiction in relation to neuroAIDS. Here we compare the ability of methadone and buprenorphine, and the prototypic opiate morphine, to potentiate the neurotoxic and proinflammatory ([Ca2+]i, ROS, H2O2, chemokines) effects of HIV-1 Tat in neuronal and/or mixed-glial co-cultures. Repeated observations of neurons during 48 h exposure to combinations of Tat, equimolar concentrations (500 nM) of morphine, methadone, or buprenorphine exacerbated neurotoxicity significantly above levels seen with Tat alone. Buprenorphine alone displayed marked neurotoxicity at 500 nM, prompting additional studies of its neurotoxic effects at 5 nM and 50 nM concentrations ± Tat. In combination with Tat, buprenorphine displayed paradoxical, concentration-dependent, neurotoxic and neuroprotective actions. Buprenorphine neurotoxicity coincided with marked elevations in [Ca2+]i, but not increases in glial ROS or chemokine release. Tat by itself elevated the production of CCL5/RANTES, CCL4/MIP-1β, and CCL2/MCP-1. Methadone and buprenorphine alone had no effect, but methadone interacted with Tat to further increase production of CCL5/RANTES. In combination with Tat, all drugs significantly increased glial [Ca2+]i, but ROS was only significantly increased by co-exposure with morphine. Taken together, the increases in glial [Ca2+]i, ROS, and neuroinflammatory chemokines were not especially accurate predictors of neurotoxicity. Despite similarities, opiates displayed differences in their neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory interactions with Tat. Buprenorphine, in particular, was partially neuroprotective at a low concentration, which may result from its unique pharmacological profile at multiple opioid receptors. Overall, the results reveal differences among addiction medications that may impact neuroAIDS.
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McLaughlin JP, Ganno ML, Eans SO, Mizrachi E, Paris JJ. HIV-1 Tat protein exposure potentiates ethanol reward and reinstates extinguished ethanol-conditioned place preference. Curr HIV Res 2015; 12:415-23. [PMID: 25760047 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x1206150311160133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein potentiates the psychostimulant effects of cocaine, but the functional consequences of the interaction between HIV-1 Tat and other abused drugs is poorly understood. We hypothesized that exposure to HIV-1 Tat would potentiate the rewarding effects of ethanol. GT-tg transgenic mice, where Tat protein is conditionally expressed in brain by a doxycycline-dependent GFAP-linked promoter, were used to test the effects of Tat on ethanol-conditioned place preference (CPP). Compared to uninduced littermates or doxycycline-treated C57BL/6J mice, Tat-induced GT-tg mice demonstrated a 3-fold increase in ethanol-CPP. The potentiation of ethanol-CPP was dependent on the dose and duration of doxycycline treatment used to express Tat protein. Moreover, induction of Tat protein after the extinction of CPP produced reinstatement without additional exposure to ethanol. Together, these data suggest that CNS exposure to HIV-1 Tat protein potentiates the rewarding effects of ethanol in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jason J Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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Paris JJ, Fenwick J, McLaughlin JP. Estrous cycle and HIV-1 Tat protein influence cocaine-conditioned place preference and induced locomotion of female mice. Curr HIV Res 2015; 12:388-96. [PMID: 25613137 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein, interacts with psychostimulants to potentiate cocaine-reward in rodents. Sex steroids may protect against Tat-induced deficits. Female GT-tg transgenic mice conditionally-expressed Tat protein targeted to brain via a doxycycline-dependent, GFAP-linked promoter. Mice were tested for cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and cocaine-induced locomotion when in the proestrous (high-hormone) or diestrous (low-hormone) phases of their estrous cycle. Cocaine-CPP was potentiated by Tat induction via 50, 100, or 125 (but not 25) mg/kg doxycycline daily treatment for 7 days. Diestrous mice exposed to Tat protein demonstrated significantly greater cocaine-CPP than did proestrous mice. Tat induction interacted with estrous cycle to decrease acute cocaine-induced locomotion among Tat-induced diestrous mice, but not their uninduced or proestrous counterparts, and attenuated cocaine-sensitization. In a cocaine-challenge, previously cocaine-sensitized mice demonstrated greater cocaine-locomotion over cocaine-naive counterparts and Tat-induction attenuated locomotion. Altogether, data demonstrate Tat and circulating sex steroid influences over cocaine-reward and psychostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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McLaughlin JP, Paris JJ. Contribution of HIV-Tat protein to HIV-sequelae (part 1). Curr HIV Res 2015; 12:377. [PMID: 25781162 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x1206150311152342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason J Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies 11350 SW Village Parkway Port Saint Lucie FL 34987 USA.
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Paris JJ, Singh HD, Carey AN, McLaughlin JP. Exposure to HIV-1 Tat in brain impairs sensorimotor gating and activates microglia in limbic and extralimbic brain regions of male mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:209-218. [PMID: 26005128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with mood disorders and behavioral disinhibition. Impairments in sensorimotor gating and associated neurocognitive disorders are reported, but the HIV-proteins and mechanisms involved are not known. The regulatory HIV-1 protein, Tat, is neurotoxic and its expression in animal models increases anxiety-like behavior concurrent with neuroinflammation and structural changes in limbic and extra-limbic brain regions. We hypothesized that conditional expression of HIV-1 Tat1-86 in the GT-tg bigenic mouse model would impair sensorimotor gating and increase microglial reactivity in limbic and extralimbic brain regions. Conditional Tat induction via doxycycline (Dox) treatment (0-125 mg/kg, i.p., for 1-14 days) significantly potentiated the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) of GT-tg mice and impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI) of this response in a dose-dependent manner when Dox (100mg/kg) was administered for brief (1 day) or prolonged (daily for 7 days) intervals. A greater proportion of active/reactive Iba1-labeled microglia was seen in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dentate gyrus, and nucleus accumbens core when Tat protein was induced under either brief or prolonged expression conditions. Other subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampal formation, ventral tegmental area, and ventral pallidum also displayed Tat-induced microglial activation, but only the activation observed in the ACC recapitulated the pattern of ASR and PPI behaviors. Tat exposure also increased frontal cortex GFAP. Pretreatment with indomethacin attenuated the behavioral effects of brief (but not prolonged) Tat-exposure. Overall, exposure to HIV-1 Tat protein induced sensorimotor deficits associated with acute and persistent neuroinflammation in limbic/extralimbic brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Harminder D Singh
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Amanda N Carey
- Northeastern University, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Northeastern University, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Paris JJ, Singh HD, Ganno ML, Jackson P, McLaughlin JP. Anxiety-like behavior of mice produced by conditional central expression of the HIV-1 regulatory protein, Tat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2349-60. [PMID: 24352568 PMCID: PMC4020990 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with substantial increases in generalized anxiety. The HIV regulatory protein, transactivator of transcription (Tat), has been implicated in the neuropathogenesis related to HIV-1 infection. However, direct examination of the effect of Tat on behavioral measures of anxiety has not been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE To identify whether expression of the Tat1-86 protein exerts dose-dependent and persistent anxiety-like effects in a whole animal model, the GT-tg bigenic mouse. METHODS GT-tg mice and C57BL/6J controls were administered doxycycline in a dose- (0, 50, 100, or 125 mg/kg, i.p., for 7 days) or duration- (100 mg/kg, i.p., for 0, 1, 3, 5, or 14 days) dependent manner to induce Tat1-86 in brain. Mice were assessed for anxiety-like behavior in an open field, social interaction, or marble burying task 0, 7, and/or 14 days later. Central expression of Tat1-86 protein was verified with Western blot analyses. RESULTS Doxycycline produced no effects on C57BL/6J controls that lacked the Tat1-86 transgene. Among GT-tg mice, doxycycline (100 mg/kg for 3, 5, or 7 days) significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in all tasks, commensurate with enhanced Western blot labeling of Tat1-86 protein in brain, displaying optimal effects with the 7-day regimen. Greater exposure to doxycycline (either 125 mg/kg for 7 days or 100 mg/kg for 14 days) impaired locomotor behavior; whereas lower dosing (below 100 mg/kg) produced only transient increases in anxiety-like behavior. CONCLUSIONS Expression of HIV-1-Tat1-86 in GT-tg mouse brain produces exposure-dependent, persistent increases in anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Harminder D. Singh
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Michelle L. Ganno
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Pauline Jackson
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA,Contact for Correspondence: Jay P. McLaughlin, Ph.D., Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA, Phone: +1 772-345-4715, Fax: +1 772-345-3649,
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Paris JJ, Fenwick J, McLaughlin JP. Progesterone protects normative anxiety-like responding among ovariectomized female mice that conditionally express the HIV-1 regulatory protein, Tat, in the CNS. Horm Behav 2014; 65:445-53. [PMID: 24726788 PMCID: PMC4067900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased anxiety is co-morbid with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Actions of the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, Tat, may contribute to affective dysfunction. We hypothesized that Tat expression would increase anxiety-like behavior of female GT-tg bigenic mice that express HIV-1 Tat protein in the brain in a doxycycline-dependent manner. Furthermore, given reports that HIV-induced anxiety may occur at lower rates among women, and that the neurotoxic effects of Tat are ameliorated by sex steroids in vitro, we hypothesized that 17β-estradiol and/or progesterone would ameliorate Tat-induced anxiety-like effects. Among naturally-cycling proestrous and diestrous mice, Tat-induction via 7days of doxycycline treatment significantly increased anxiety-like responding in an open field, elevated plus maze and a marble-burying task, compared to treatment with saline. Proestrous mice demonstrated less anxiety-like behavior than diestrous mice in the open field and elevated plus maze, but these effects did not significantly interact with Tat-induction. Among ovariectomized mice, doxycycline-induced Tat protein significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in an elevated plus maze and a marble burying task compared to saline-treated mice, but not an open field (where anxiety-like responding was already maximal). Co-administration of progesterone (4mg/kg), but not 17β-estradiol (0.09mg/kg), with doxycycline significantly ameliorated anxiety-like responding in the elevated plus maze and marble burying tasks. When administered together, 17β-estradiol partially antagonized the protective effects of progesterone on Tat-induced anxiety-like behavior. These findings support evidence of steroid-protection over HIV-1 proteins, and extend them by demonstrating the protective capacity of progesterone on Tat-induced anxiety-like behavior of ovariectomized female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
| | - Jason Fenwick
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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Paris JJ, Carey AN, Shay CF, Gomes SM, He JJ, McLaughlin JP. Effects of conditional central expression of HIV-1 tat protein to potentiate cocaine-mediated psychostimulation and reward among male mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:380-8. [PMID: 23945478 PMCID: PMC3870789 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a major neuropathogenic factor associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV-1 Tat protein is known to synergize with psychostimulant drugs of abuse to cause neurotoxicity and exacerbate the progression of central nervous system pathology. However, the functional consequences of the interaction between HIV-1 Tat and abused drugs on behavior are little known. We tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 Tat expression in brain would modulate the psychostimulant effects of cocaine. Using the GT-tg bigenic mouse model, where brain-selective Tat expression is induced by activation of a doxycycline (Dox) promotor, we tested the effects of Tat on cocaine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) induced locomotion and conditioned place preference (CPP). Compared with uninduced littermates or C57BL/6J controls, cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion was sustained for a significantly longer duration among Tat-induced mice. Moreover, although all groups displayed similar saline-CPP, Tat-induced GT-tg mice demonstrated a three-fold increase in cocaine-CPP over the response of either uninduced littermates or Dox-treated C57BL/6J control mice. Induction of Tat also increased the magnitude of a previously established cocaine-CPP after an additional cycle of cocaine place-conditioning. Despite Tat-induced potentiation, extinction of place preference occurred within 21 days, commensurate with cocaine-extinction among saline-treated littermates and C57BL/6J controls. Re-exposure to cocaine produced reinstatement of an equivalent place preference in Tat-induced GT-tg or C57BL/6J mice; however, induction of Tat protein after the extinction of CPP also produced reinstatement without additional exposure to cocaine. Together, these data suggest that central HIV-1 Tat expression can potentiate the psychostimulant behavioral effects of cocaine in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Amanda N Carey
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychology, Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Stacey M Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA, Tel: +772 345 4715, Fax: +772 345 3649, E-mail:
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Carey AN, Liu X, Mintzopoulos D, Paris JJ, Muschamp JW, McLaughlin JP, Kaufman MJ. Conditional Tat protein expression in the GT-tg bigenic mouse brain induces gray matter density reductions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 43:49-54. [PMID: 23269344 PMCID: PMC3612135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tat (Trans-activator of transcription) is implicated in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and known to contribute to neuronal damage and learning and memory impairments. However, direct neuroanatomical demonstration of Tat pathobiology is limited. GT-tg bigenic mice with a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible and brain-selective tat gene were used to test the hypothesis that conditional induction of Tat activity in brain can induce gray matter density abnormalities. Ultra high spatial resolution ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with a voxel based morphometry (VBM) analysis revealed gray matter density reductions in the sublenticular extended amygdala, the amygdala, the amygdala-hippocampal area, piriform and peri-/entorhinal cortices, and hypothalamus, in Tat-expressing GT-tg mice compared to Dox-treated C57Bl/6J mice. These neuroanatomical abnormalities are consistent with regions expected to be abnormal based on behavioral deficits exhibited by Tat-expressing mice (Carey et al., 2012). These experiments provide the first neuroimaging evidence that conditional Tat protein expression in the GT-tg bigenic mouse model alters brain structure. The findings warrant future studies to further characterize effects of conditional Tat expression on brain structure. Such studies may improve our understanding of the neurological underpinnings of neuroAIDS and the neurodegeneration associated with HIV-1 infection, potentially leading to new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Carey
- Northeastern University, Department of Psychology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA,Simmons College, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
| | | | - Jason J. Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, USA
| | - John W. Muschamp
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Northeastern University, Department of Psychology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA,Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, USA
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA,Corresponding author: Dr. Marc J. Kaufman, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478 USA, Phone: (617)-855-3469, Fax: (617) 855-2770,
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Paris JJ, Eans SO, Mizrachi E, Reilley KJ, Ganno ML, McLaughlin JP. Central administration of angiotensin IV rapidly enhances novel object recognition among mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:247-53. [PMID: 23416700 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin IV (Val(1)-Tyr(2)-Ile(3)-His(4)-Pro(5)-Phe(6)) has demonstrated potential cognitive-enhancing effects. The present investigation assessed and characterized: (1) dose-dependency of angiotensin IV's cognitive enhancement in a C57BL/6J mouse model of novel object recognition, (2) the time-course for these effects, (3) the identity of residues in the hexapeptide important to these effects and (4) the necessity of actions at angiotensin IV receptors for procognitive activity. Assessment of C57BL/6J mice in a novel object recognition task demonstrated that prior administration of angiotensin IV (0.1, 1.0, or 10.0, but not 0.01 nmol, i.c.v.) significantly enhanced novel object recognition in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were time dependent, with improved novel object recognition observed when angiotensin IV (0.1 nmol, i.c.v.) was administered 10 or 20, but not 30 min prior to the onset of the novel object recognition testing. An alanine scan of the angiotensin IV peptide revealed that replacement of the Val(1), Ile(3), His(4), or Phe(6) residues with Ala attenuated peptide-induced improvements in novel object recognition, whereas Tyr(2) or Pro(5) replacement did not significantly affect performance. Administration of the angiotensin IV receptor antagonist, divalinal-Ang IV (20 nmol, i.c.v.), reduced (but did not abolish) novel object recognition; however, this antagonist completely blocked the procognitive effects of angiotensin IV (0.1 nmol, i.c.v.) in this task. Rotorod testing demonstrated no locomotor effects with any angiotensin IV or divalinal-Ang IV dose tested. These data demonstrate that angiotensin IV produces a rapid enhancement of associative learning and memory performance in a mouse model that was dependent on the angiotensin IV receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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Stuart JM, Paris JJ, Frye C, Bradshaw HB. Brain levels of prostaglandins, endocannabinoids, and related lipids are affected by mating strategies. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:436252. [PMID: 24369463 PMCID: PMC3863470 DOI: 10.1155/2013/436252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) are involved in the development and regulation of reproductive behaviors. Likewise, prostaglandins (PGs) drive sexual differentiation and initiation of ovulation. Here, we use lipidomics strategies to test the hypotheses that mating immediately activates the biosynthesis and/or metabolism of eCBs and PGs and that specific mating strategies differentially regulate these lipids in the brain. Methods. Lipid extractions and tandem mass spectrometric analysis were performed on brains from proestrous rats that had experienced one of two mating strategies (paced or standard mating) and two nonmated groups (chamber exposed and home cage controls). Levels of PGs (PGE2 and PGF2alpha), eCBs (AEA and 2-AG, N-arachidonoyl glycine), and 4 related lipids (4 N-acylethanolamides) were measured in olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, midbrain, cerebellum, and brainstem. Results. Overall, levels of these lipids were significantly lower among paced compared to standard mated rats with the most dramatic decreases observed in brainstem, hippocampus, midbrain, and striatum. However, chamber exposed rats had significantly higher levels of these lipids compared to home cage controls and paced mated wherein the hippocampus showed the largest increases. Conclusions. These data demonstrate that mating strategies and exposure to mating arenas influence lipid signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn M. Stuart
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Cheryl Frye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, 900 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- *Heather B. Bradshaw:
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Paris JJ, Reilley KJ, McLaughlin JP. Kappa Opioid Receptor-Mediated Disruption of Novel Object Recognition: Relevance for Psychostimulant Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; S4. [PMID: 22900234 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.s4-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists are potentially valuable as therapeutics for the treatment of psychostimulant reward as they suppress dopamine signaling in reward circuitry to repress drug seeking behavior. However, KOR agonists are also associated with sedation and cognitive dysfunction. The extent to which learning and memory disruption or hypolocomotion underlie KOR agonists' role in counteracting the rewarding effects of psychostimulants is of interest. C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with vehicle (saline, 0.9%), the KOR agonist (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide (U50,488), or the peripherally-restricted agonist D-Phe-D-Phe-D-lle-D-Arg- NH(2) (ffir-NH(2)), through central (i.c.v.) or peripheral (i.p.) routes of administration. Locomotor activity was assessed via activity monitoring chambers and rotorod. Cognitive performance was assessed in a novel object recognition task. Prolonged hypolocomotion was observed following administration of 1.0 and 10.0, but not 0.3 mg/kg U50,488. Central, but not peripheral, administration of ffir-NH(2) (a KOR agonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier) also reduced motor behavior. Systemic pretreatment with the low dose of U50,488 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly impaired performance in the novel object recognition task. Likewise, ffir-NH(2) significantly reduced novel object recognition after central (i.c.v.), but not peripheral (i.p.), administration. U50,488- and ffir-NH(2)-mediated deficits in novel object recognition were prevented by pretreatment with KOR antagonists. Cocaine-induced conditioned place preference was subsequently assessed and was reduced by pretreatment with U50,488 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.). Together, these results suggest that the activation of centrally-located kappa opioid receptors may induce cognitive and mnemonic disruption independent of hypolocomotor effects which may contribute to the KOR-mediated suppression of psychostimulant reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
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Paris JJ, Brunton PJ, Russell JA, Walf AA, Frye CA. Inhibition of 5α-reductase activity in late pregnancy decreases gestational length and fecundity and impairs object memory and central progestogen milieu of juvenile rat offspring. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:1079-90. [PMID: 21914008 PMCID: PMC3196810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Psychological, physical and/or immune stressors during pregnancy are associated with negative birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and developmental abnormalities. In rodents, prenatal stressors can alter the expression of 5α-reductase enzymes in the brain and may influence cognitive function and anxiety-type behaviour in the offspring. Progesterone plays a critical role in maintaining gestation. In the present study, it was hypothesised that 5α-reduced progesterone metabolites influence birth outcomes and/or the cognitive and neuroendocrine function of the offspring. 5α-Reduced steroids were manipulated in pregnant Long-Evans rats via the administration of vehicle, the 5α-reduced, neuroactive metabolite of progesterone, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP, allopregnanolone; 10 mg/kg/ml, s.c.), or the 5α-reductase inhibitor, finasteride (50 mg/kg/ml, s.c.), daily from gestational days 17-21. Compared to vehicle or 3α,5α-THP treatment, finasteride, significantly reduced the length of gestation and the number of pups per litter found in the dams' nests after parturition. The behaviour of the offspring in hippocampus-dependent tasks (i.e. object recognition, open field) was examined on post-natal days 28-30. Compared to vehicle-exposed controls, prenatal 3α,5α-THP treatment significantly increased motor behaviour in females compared to males, decreased progesterone content in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and diencephalon, increased 3α,5α-THP and 17β-oestradiol content in the hippocampus, mPFC and diencephalon, and significantly increased serum corticosterone concentrations in males and females. Prenatal finasteride treatment significantly reduced object recognition, decreased hippocampal 3α,5α-THP content, increased progesterone concentration in the mPFC and diencephalon, and increased serum corticosterone concentration in female (but not male) juvenile offspring, compared to vehicle-exposed controls. Thus, inhibiting the formation of 5α-reduced steroids during late gestation in rats reduces gestational length, the number of viable pups per litter, and impairs cognitive and neuroendocrine function in the juvenile offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula J. Brunton
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - John A. Russell
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Cheryl A. Frye
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany-SUNY
- Department of Biology, University at Albany-SUNY
- The Centers for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany-SUNY
- Life Sciences Research, University at Albany-SUNY
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Paris JJ, Brunton PJ, Russell JA, Frye CA. Immune stress in late pregnant rats decreases length of gestation and fecundity, and alters later cognitive and affective behaviour of surviving pre-adolescent offspring. Stress 2011; 14:652-64. [PMID: 21995525 PMCID: PMC3376536 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.628719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune challenge during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth and poor perinatal development. The mechanisms of these effects are not known. 5α-Pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), the neuroactive metabolite of progesterone, is critical for neurodevelopment and stress responses, and can influence cognition and affective behaviours. To develop an immune challenge model of preterm birth, pregnant Long-Evans rat dams were administered lipopolysaccharide [LPS; 30 μg/kg/ml, intraperitoneal (IP)], interleukin-1β (IL-1β; 1 μg/rat, IP) or vehicle (0.9% saline, IP) daily on gestational days 17-21. Compared to control treatment, prenatal LPS or IL-1β reduced gestational length and the number of viable pups born. At 28-30 days of age, male and female offspring of mothers exposed to prenatal IL-1β had reduced cognitive performance in the object recognition task compared to controls. In females, but not males, prenatal IL-1β reduced anxiety-like behaviour, indicated by entries to the centre of an open field. In the hippocampus, progesterone turnover to its 5α-reduced metabolites was lower in prenatally exposed IL-1β female, but not in male offspring. IL-1β-exposed males and females had reduced oestradiol content in hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex and diencephalon compared to controls. Thus, immune stress during late pregnancy reduced gestational length and negatively impacted birth outcomes, hippocampal function and central neurosteroid formation in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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A. Frye C, J. Paris J. Gestational Exposure to Variable Stressors Produces Decrements in Cognitive and Neural Development of Juvenile Male and Female Rats. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11:1706-13. [DOI: 10.2174/156802611796117649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Frye CA, Paris JJ. Progesterone turnover to its 5α-reduced metabolites in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain is essential for initiating social and affective behavior and progesterone metabolism in female rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:e188-99. [PMID: 21060252 PMCID: PMC3376830 DOI: 10.3275/7334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among women and female rodents, progesterone (P) influences social affiliation and affect. These effects may be partly due to formation of its 5α-reduced, 3α- hydroxylated metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α- THP). AIM To elucidate whether actions of 3α,5α-THP in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) are both necessary and sufficient to enhance non-sexual and sexual social behaviors, affect, and central 3α,5α-THP metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS P and 3α,5α-THP formation were unperturbed or blocked in VTA via infusions of vehicle, PK11195 (400 ng), and/or indomethacin (10 μg). Rats then received subsequent infusions of vehicle or 3α,5α-THP (100 ng) and were assessed in a battery of tasks that included open field (exploration), elevated plus maze (anxiety behavior), social interaction (social affiliation), and paced mating (sexual behavior) or were not tested. Metabolic turnover of P to its 5α-reduced metabolites was assessed in plasma, midbrain, hippocampus, frontal cortex, diencephalon, and remaining subcortical tissues (control interbrain). RESULTS Infusions of any combination of inhibitors significantly reduced social and affective behavior in all tasks compared to vehicle, concomitant with reduced turnover of P to its 5α-reduced metabolites, in midbrain only. Subsequent infusions of 3α,5α-THP significantly reinstated/enhanced anti- anxiety behavior, lordosis, and P turnover to its 5α-reduced metabolites in midbrain, as well as hippocampus, cortex, and diencephalon (but not plasma or interbrain). CONCLUSIONS These data are the first to provide direct evidence that actions of 3α,5α-THP in the VTA are both necessary and sufficient for social and affective behavior, as well as initiation of central 5α-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, USA.
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