1
|
Jena MK, Khan FB, Ali SA, Abdullah A, Sharma AK, Yadav V, Kancharla S, Kolli P, Mandadapu G, Sahoo AK, Rath PK, Taneera J, Kumar S, Mohanty AK, Goh KW, Ming LC, Ardianto C. Molecular complexity of mammary glands development: a review of lactogenic differentiation in epithelial cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:491-508. [PMID: 37694522 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2252872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a dynamic organ with various physiological processes like cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during the pregnancy-lactation-involution cycle. It is essential to understand the molecular changes during the lactogenic differentiation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs, the milk-synthesizing cells). The MECs are organized as luminal milk-secreting cells and basal myoepithelial cells (responsible for milk ejection by contraction) that form the alveoli. The branching morphogenesis and lactogenic differentiation of the MECs prepare the gland for lactation. This process is governed by many molecular mediators including hormones, growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, regulatory proteins, etc. Interestingly, various signalling pathways guide lactation and understanding these molecular transitions from pregnancy to lactation will help researchers design further research. Manipulation of genes responsible for milk synthesis and secretion will promote augmentation of milk yield in dairy animals. Identifying protein signatures of lactation will help develop strategies for persistent lactation and shortening the dry period in farm animals. The present review article discusses in details the physiological and molecular changes occurring during lactogenic differentiation of MECs and the associated hormones, regulatory proteins, miRNAs, and signalling pathways. An in-depth knowledge of the molecular events will aid in developing engineered cellular models for studies related to mammary gland diseases of humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdullah Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Amarish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasana Kumar Rath
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Obesity-related gut hormones and cancer: novel insight into the pathophysiology. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1886-1898. [PMID: 34088971 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The number of cancers attributed to obesity is increasing over time. The mechanisms classically implicated in cancer pathogenesis and progression in patients with obesity involve adiposity-related alteration of insulin, sex hormones, and adipokine pathways. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of the association between obesity-related nutritional imbalance and cancer. Gut hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutritional cues, and act as nutrient sensors, regulating eating behavior and energy homeostasis and playing a role in immune-modulation. The dysregulation of gastrointestinal hormone physiology has been implicated in obesity pathogenesis. For their peculiar function, at the cross-road between nutrients intake, energy homeostasis and inflammation, gut hormones might represent an important but still underestimated mechanism underling the obesity-related high incidence of cancer. In addition, cancer research has revealed the widespread expression of gut hormone receptors in neoplastic tissues, underscoring their implication in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion processes that characterize tumor growth and aggressiveness. In this review, we hypothesize that obesity-related alterations in gut hormones might be implicated in cancer pathogenesis, and provide evidence of the pathways potentially involved.
Collapse
|
3
|
Watt AP, Lefevre C, Wong CS, Nicholas KR, Sharp JA. Insulin regulates human mammosphere development and function. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:333-352. [PMID: 33439347 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the role of lactogenic hormones in human mammary gland development is limited due to issues accessing tissue samples and so development of a human in vitro three-dimensional mammosphere model with functions similar to secretory alveoli in the mammary gland can aid to overcome this shortfall. In this study, a mammosphere model has been characterised using human mammary epithelial cells grown on either mouse extracellular matrix or agarose and showed insulin is essential for formation of mammospheres. Insulin was shown to up-regulate extracellular matrix genes. Microarray analysis of these mammospheres revealed an up-regulation of differentiation, cell-cell junctions, and cytoskeleton organisation functions, suggesting mammosphere formation may be regulated through ILK signalling. Comparison of insulin and IGF-1 effects on mammosphere signalling showed that although IGF-1 could induce spherical structures, the cells did not polarise correctly as shown by the absence of up-regulation of polarisation genes and did not induce the expression of milk protein genes. This study demonstrated a major role for insulin in mammary acinar development for secretory differentiation and function indicating the potential for reduced lactational efficiency in women with obesity and gestational diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashalyn P Watt
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia.
| | - Christophe Lefevre
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Medical Research Institute, 3000, Melbourne, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Research Institute, East Melbourne, 3002, Australia
| | - Cynthia S Wong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Kevin R Nicholas
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Julie A Sharp
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pubertal mammary gland development is a key determinant of adult mammographic density. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:143-158. [PMID: 33309487 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammographic density refers to the radiological appearance of fibroglandular and adipose tissue on a mammogram of the breast. Women with relatively high mammographic density for their age and body mass index are at significantly higher risk for breast cancer. The association between mammographic density and breast cancer risk is well-established, however the molecular and cellular events that lead to the development of high mammographic density are yet to be elucidated. Puberty is a critical time for breast development, where endocrine and paracrine signalling drive development of the mammary gland epithelium, stroma, and adipose tissue. As the relative abundance of these cell types determines the radiological appearance of the adult breast, puberty should be considered as a key developmental stage in the establishment of mammographic density. Epidemiological studies have pointed to the significance of pubertal adipose tissue deposition, as well as timing of menarche and thelarche, on adult mammographic density and breast cancer risk. Activation of hypothalamic-pituitary axes during puberty combined with genetic and epigenetic molecular determinants, together with stromal fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, and immune signalling factors in the mammary gland, act in concert to drive breast development and the relative abundance of different cell types in the adult breast. Here, we discuss the key cellular and molecular mechanisms through which pubertal mammary gland development may affect adult mammographic density and cancer risk.
Collapse
|
5
|
Subramani R, Nandy SB, Pedroza DA, Lakshmanaswamy R. Role of Growth Hormone in Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1543-1555. [PMID: 28379395 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in women. Approximately two-thirds of all breast cancers diagnosed are classified as hormone dependent, which indicates that hormones are the key factors that drive the growth of these breast cancers. Ovarian and pituitary hormones play a major role in the growth and development of normal mammary glands and breast cancer. In particular, the effect of the ovarian hormone estrogen has received much attention in regard to breast cancer. Pituitary hormones prolactin and growth hormone have also been associated with breast cancer. Although the role of these pituitary hormones in breast cancers has been studied, it has not been investigated extensively. In this review, we attempt to compile basic information from most of the currently available literature to understand and demonstrate the significance of growth hormone in breast cancer. Based on the available literature, it is clear that growth hormone plays a significant role in the development, progression, and metastasis of breast cancer by influencing tumor angiogenesis, stemness, and chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Sushmita B Nandy
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Diego A Pedroza
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79905
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Villa-Osaba A, Gahete MD, Cordoba-Chacon J, de Lecea L, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Fasting modulates GH/IGF-I axis and its regulatory systems in the mammary gland of female mice: Influence of endogenous cortistatin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 434:14-24. [PMID: 27291340 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are essential factors in mammary-gland (MG) development and are altered during fasting. However, no studies have investigated the alterations in the expression of GH/IGF-I and its regulatory systems (somatostatin/cortistatin and ghrelin) in MG during fasting. Therefore, this study was aimed at characterizing the regulation of GH/IGF-I/somatostatin/cortistatin/ghrelin-systems expression in MG of fasted female-mice (compared to fed-controls) and the influence of endogenous-cortistatin (using cortistatin-knockouts). Fasting decreased IGF-I while increased IGF-I/Insulin-receptors expression in MGs. Fasting provoked an increase in GH expression that might be associated to enhanced ghrelin-variants/ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase enzyme expression, while an upregulation of somatostatin-receptors was observed. However, cortistatin-knockouts mice showed a decrease in GH and somatostatin receptor-subtypes expression. Altogether, we demonstrate that GH/IGF-I, somatostatin/cortistatin and ghrelin systems expression is altered in MG during fasting, suggesting a relevant role in coordinating its response to metabolic stress, wherein endogenous cortistatin might be essential for an appropriate response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Villa-Osaba
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Spain; CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain; ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Spain; CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain; ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Cordoba-Chacon
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Spain; CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain; ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Spain; CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain; ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Spain; CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain; ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vouyovitch CM, Perry JK, Liu DX, Bezin L, Vilain E, Diaz JJ, Lobie PE, Mertani HC. WNT4 mediates the autocrine effects of growth hormone in mammary carcinoma cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:571-85. [PMID: 27323961 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Wingless and Int-related protein (Wnt) ligands is aberrantly high in human breast cancer. We report here that WNT4 is significantly upregulated at the mRNA and protein level in mammary carcinoma cells expressing autocrine human growth hormone (hGH). Depletion of WNT4 using small interfering (si) RNA markedly decreased the rate of human breast cancer cell proliferation induced by autocrine hGH. Forced expression of WNT4 in the nonmalignant human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-12A stimulated cell proliferation in low and normal serum conditions, enhanced cell survival and promoted anchorage-independent growth and colony formation in soft agar. The effects of sustained production of WNT4 were concomitant with upregulation of proliferative markers (c-Myc, Cyclin D1), the survival marker BCL-XL, the putative WNT4 receptor FZD6 and activation of ERK1 and STAT3. Forced expression of WNT4 resulted in phenotypic conversion of MCF-12A cells, such that they exhibited the molecular and morphological characteristics of mesenchymal cells with increased cell motility. WNT4 production resulted in increased mesenchymal and cytoskeletal remodeling markers, promoted actin cytoskeleton reorganization and led to dissolution of cell-cell contacts. In xenograft studies, tumors with autocrine hGH expressed higher levels of WNT4 and FZD6 when compared with control tumors. In addition, Oncomine data indicated that WNT4 expression is increased in neoplastic compared with normal human breast tissue. Accordingly, immunohistochemical detection of WNT4 in human breast cancer biopsies revealed higher expression in tumor tissue vs normal breast epithelium. WNT4 is thus an autocrine hGH-regulated gene involved in the growth and development of the tumorigenic phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile M Vouyovitch
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonUMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins InstituteUniversity of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dong Xu Liu
- Liggins InstituteUniversity of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurent Bezin
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de LyonUMR INSERM U1028-CNRS5292, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jean-Jacques Diaz
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonUMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of PharmacologyNational University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hichem C Mertani
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonUMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Villa-Osaba A, Gahete MD, Córdoba-Chacón J, de Lecea L, Pozo-Salas AI, Delgado-Lista FJ, Álvarez-Benito M, López-Miranda J, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Obesity alters gene expression for GH/IGF-I axis in mouse mammary fat pads: differential role of cortistatin and somatostatin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120955. [PMID: 25806796 PMCID: PMC4373840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally produced growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I are key factors in the regulation of mammary gland (MG) development and may be important in breast cancer development/progression. Somatostatin (SST) and cortistatin (CORT) regulate GH/IGF-I axis at various levels, but their role in regulating GH/IGF-I in MGs remains unknown. Since obesity alters the expression of these systems in different tissues and is associated to MG (patho) physiology, we sought to investigate the role of SST/CORT in regulating GH/IGF-I system in the MGs of lean and obese mice. Therefore, we analyzed GH/IGF-I as well as SST/CORT and ghrelin systems expression in the mammary fat pads (MFPs) of SST- or CORT-knockout (KO) mice and their respective littermate-controls fed a low-fat (LF) or a high-fat (HF) diet for 16 wks. Our results demonstrate that the majority of the components of GH/IGF-I, SST/CORT and ghrelin systems are locally expressed in mouse MFP. Expression of elements of the GH/IGF-I axis was significantly increased in MFPs of HF-fed control mice while lack of endogenous SST partially suppressed, and lack of CORT completely blunted, the up-regulation observed in obese WT-controls. Since SST/CORT are known to exert an inhibitory role on the GH/IGFI axis, the increase in SST/CORT-receptor sst2 expression in MFPs of HF-fed CORT- and SST-KOs together with an elevation on circulating SST in CORT-KOs could explain the differences observed. These results offer new information on the factors (GH/IGF-I axis) involved in the endocrine/metabolic dysregulation of MFPs in obesity, and suggest that CORT is not a mere SST sibling in regulating MG physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Villa-Osaba
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Córdoba-Chacón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Pozo-Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Delgado-Lista
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Medicine, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marina Álvarez-Benito
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Mammary Gland Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José López-Miranda
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Medicine, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maningat PD, Sen P, Rijnkels M, Hadsell DL, Bray MS, Haymond MW. Short-term administration of rhGH increases markers of cellular proliferation but not milk protein gene expression in normal lactating women. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:381-91. [PMID: 21205870 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00079.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone is one of few pharmacologic agents known to augment milk production in humans. We hypothesized that recombinant human GH (rhGH) increases the expression of cell proliferation and milk protein synthesis genes. Sequential milk and blood samples collected over four days were obtained from five normal lactating women. Following 24 h of baseline milk and blood sampling, rhGH (0.1 mg/kg/day) was administered subcutaneously once daily for 3 days. Gene expression changes were determined by microarray studies utilizing milk fat globule RNA isolated from each milk sample. Following rhGH administration, DNA synthesis and cell cycle genes were induced, while no significant changes were observed in the expression of milk synthesis genes. Expression of glycolysis and citric acid cycle genes were increased by day 4 compared with day 1, while lipid synthesis genes displayed a circadian-like pattern. Cell cycle gene upregulation occurred after a lag of ∼2 days, likely explaining the failure to increase milk production after only 3 days of rhGH treatment. We conclude that rhGH induces expression of cellular proliferation and metabolism genes but does not induce milk protein gene expression, as potential mechanisms for increasing milk production and could account for the known effect of rhGH to increase milk production following 7-10 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D Maningat
- Department of Pediatrics - Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Pituitary somatotrophs secrete growth hormone (GH) into the bloodstream, to act as a hormone at receptor sites in most, if not all, tissues. These endocrine actions of circulating GH are abolished after pituitary ablation or hypophysectomy, indicating its pituitary source. GH gene expression is, however, not confined to the pituitary gland, as it occurs in neural, immune, reproductive, alimentary, and respiratory tissues and in the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems, in which GH may act locally rather than as an endocrine. These actions are likely to be involved in the proliferation and differentiation of cells and tissues prior to the ontogeny of the pituitary gland. They are also likely to complement the endocrine actions of GH and are likely to maintain them after pituitary senescence and the somatopause. Autocrine or paracrine actions of GH are, however, sometimes mediated through different signaling mechanisms to those mediating its endocrine actions and these may promote oncogenesis. Extrapituitary GH may thus be of physiological and pathophysiological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-41 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kleinberg DL, Wood TL, Furth PA, Lee AV. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the transition from normal mammary development to preneoplastic mammary lesions. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:51-74. [PMID: 19075184 PMCID: PMC5393153 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult female mammary development starts at puberty and is controlled by tightly regulated cross-talk between a group of hormones and growth factors. Although estrogen is the initial driving force and is joined by luteal phase progesterone, both of these hormones require GH-induced IGF-I in the mammary gland in order to act. The same group of hormones, when experimentally perturbed, can lead to development of hyperplastic lesions and increase the chances, or be precursors, of mammary carcinoma. For example, systemic administration of GH or IGF-I causes mammary hyperplasia, and overproduction of IGF-I in transgenic animals can cause the development of usual or atypical hyperplasias and sometimes carcinoma. Although studies have clearly demonstrated the transforming potential of both GH and IGF-I receptor in cell culture and in animals, debate remains as to whether their main role is actually instructive or permissive in progression to cancer in vivo. Genetic imprinting has been shown to occur in precursor lesions as early as atypical hyperplasia in women. Thus, the concept of progression from normal development to cancer through precursor lesions sensitive to hormones and growth factors discussed above is gaining support in humans as well as in animal models. Indeed, elevation of estrogen receptor, GH, IGF-I, and IGF-I receptor during progression suggests a role for these pathways in this process. New agents targeting the GH/IGF-I axis may provide a novel means to block formation and progression of precursor lesions to overt carcinoma. A novel somatostatin analog has recently been shown to prevent mammary development in rats via targeted IGF-I action inhibition at the mammary gland. Similarly, pegvisomant, a GH antagonist, and other IGF-I antagonists such as IGF binding proteins 1 and 5 also block mammary gland development. It is, therefore, possible that inhibition of IGF-I action, or perhaps GH, in the mammary gland may eventually play a role in breast cancer chemoprevention by preventing actions of both estrogen and progesterone, especially in women at extremely high risk for developing breast cancer such as BRCA gene 1 or 2 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Kleinberg
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanders EJ, Harvey S. Peptide hormones as developmental growth and differentiation factors. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1537-52. [PMID: 18498096 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones, usually considered to be endocrine factors responsible for communication between tissues remotely located from each other, are increasingly being found to be synthesized in developing tissues, where they act locally. Several hormones are now known to be produced in developing tissues that are unrelated to the endocrine gland of origin in the adult. These hormones are synthesized locally, and are active as differentiation and survival factors, before the developing adult endocrine tissue becomes functional. There is increasing evidence for paracrine and/or autocrine actions for these factors during development, thus, placing them among the conventional growth and differentiation factors. We review the evidence for the view that thyroid hormones, growth hormone, prolactin, insulin, and parathyroid hormone-related protein are developmental growth and differentiation factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmond J Sanders
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luna M, Rodríguez-Méndez AJ, Berumen L, Carranza M, Riesgo-Escovar J, Baudet ML, Harvey S, Arámburo C. Immune growth hormone (GH): localization of GH and GH mRNA in the bursa of Fabricius. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1313-1325. [PMID: 18539326 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Expression of growth hormone (GH) and GH receptor (GHR) genes in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens suggests that it is an autocrine/paracrine site of GH production and action. The cellular localization of GH and GH mRNA within the bursa was the focus of this study. GH mRNA was expressed mainly in the cortex, comprised of lymphocyte progenitor cells, but was lacking in the medulla where lymphocytes mature. In contrast, more GH immunoreactivity (GH-IR) was present in the medulla than in the cortex. In non-stromal tissues, GH-IR and GH mRNA were primarily in lymphocytes, and also in macrophage-like cells and secretory dendritic cells. In stromal tissues, GH mRNA, GH and GHR were expressed in cells near the connective tissue (CT) between follicles and below the outer serosa. In contrast, GH (but not GH mRNA or GHR), was present in cells of the interfollicular epithelium (IFE), the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and the interstitial corticoepithelium. This mismatch may reflect dynamic temporal changes in GH translation. Co-expression of GHR-IR, GH-IR, GH mRNA and IgG was found in immature lymphoid cells near the cortex and in IgG-IR CT cells, suggesting an autocrine/paracrine role for bursal GH in B-cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Perry JK, Mohankumar KM, Emerald BS, Mertani HC, Lobie PE. The contribution of growth hormone to mammary neoplasia. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:131-45. [PMID: 18253708 PMCID: PMC2665193 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the effects of growth hormone (GH) on longitudinal growth are well established, the observation that GH contributes to neoplastic progression is more recent. Accumulating literature implicates GH-mediated signal transduction in the development and progression of a wide range malignancies including breast cancer. Recently autocrine human GH been demonstrated to be an orthotopically expressed oncogene for the human mammary gland. This review will highlight recent evidence linking GH and mammary carcinoma and discuss GH-antagonism as a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo K Perry
- The Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development
University of Auckland2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023,NZ
| | - Kumarasamypet M Mohankumar
- The Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development
University of Auckland2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023,NZ
| | - B Starling Emerald
- The Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development
University of Auckland2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023,NZ
| | - Hichem C Mertani
- PICM, Physiologie intégrative, cellulaire et moléculaire
CNRS : UMR5123Université Claude Bernard - Lyon IBât. R. Dubois
43, Bvd du 11 Novembre 1918
69622 VILLEURBANNE CEDEX,FR
| | - Peter E Lobie
- The Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development
University of Auckland2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023,NZ
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology
University of AucklandFaculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand,NZ
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Peter E Lobie
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Proteomic Analysis of Autocrine/Paracrine Effects of Human Growth Hormone in Human Mammary Carcinoma Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 617:493-500. [PMID: 18497074 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69080-3_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
|
16
|
van den Eijnden MJ, Strous GJ. Autocrine growth hormone: effects on growth hormone receptor trafficking and signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:2832-46. [PMID: 17666586 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GH and GH receptor are expressed in many extrapituitary tissues, permitting autocrine/paracrine activity. Autocrine GH has regulatory functions in embryonic development and cellular differentiation and proliferation and is reported to be involved in the development and metastasis of tumor cells. To understand the principles of transport and signaling of autocrine GH and GH receptor, we used a model system to express both proteins in the same cell. Our experiments show that GH binds the GH receptor immediately after synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates maturation of GH receptor. The hormone-receptor complexes arrive at the cell surface where exogenously added GH is unable to bind these receptors. Autocrine GH activates the GH receptors, but signal transduction occurs only after exiting the endoplasmic reticulum. This model study explains why autocrine GH-producing cells may be insensitive for GH (antagonist) treatment and clarifies autocrine signaling events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique J van den Eijnden
- Department of Cell Biology, Institut of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Emerald BS, Chen Y, Zhu T, Zhu Z, Lee KO, Gluckman PD, Lobie PE. AlphaCP1 mediates stabilization of hTERT mRNA by autocrine human growth hormone. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:680-90. [PMID: 17085453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600224200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein demonstrate that autocrine human growth hormone production in human mammary carcinoma cells results in increased telomerase activity as a result of specific up-regulation of telomerase catalytic subunit (human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)) mRNA and protein. This increase in hTERT gene expression is not due to increased transcriptional activation of the hTERT promoter but is the result of increased stability of hTERT mRNA exerted by CU-rich cis-regulatory sequences present in the 3'-untranslated region of TERT mRNA. Autocrine human growth hormone up-regulates two poly(C)-binding proteins, alphaCP1 and alphaCP2, which bind to these cis-regulatory elements and stabilize hTERT mRNA. We have therefore demonstrated that post-transcriptional modulation of the level of hTERT mRNA is one mechanism for regulation of cellular telomerase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Starling Emerald
- Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Perry JK, Emerald BS, Mertani HC, Lobie PE. The oncogenic potential of growth hormone. Growth Horm IGF Res 2006; 16:277-289. [PMID: 17101287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of recent literature indicates that in addition to an essential role in growth and development, growth hormone may also play a more sinister role in oncogenic transformation and neoplastic progression. Here we review the accumulating evidence implicating growth hormone in the development and progression of cancer and describe what is known of the mechanisms utilised by this hormone in neoplastic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo K Perry
- The Liggins Institute and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|