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Rakheja D, Park JY, Alhasan M, Uddin N. Spindle Cell/Sclerosing Rhabdomyosarcoma With PAX8::PPARG Fusion. Int J Surg Pathol 2022; 30:950-955. [DOI: 10.1177/10668969221095170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The spindle cell/sclerosing subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma is classified based on genetic features into the three categories of MYOD1-mutated, gene fusion-driven, and a subset without a currently identified genetic driver event. The gene fusion-driven spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcomas are heterogenous and characterized by increasing numbers of gene fusions, the most common gene partners being VGLL2, NCOA2, and TFCP2. Here we report a spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma that arose in the orbit of a 4-year-old male. This tumor harbored a unique PAX8::PPARG fusion. PAX8::PPARG fusions have previously only been described in follicular thyroid carcinoma and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Our report adds to the growing number of gene fusions in spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Children’s Health, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jason Y. Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Children’s Health, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mustafa Alhasan
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Children’s Health, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Naseem Uddin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Children’s Health, Dallas, TX, USA
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Synthetic Evaluation of MicroRNA-1-3p Expression in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Microarray Chips and MicroRNA Sequencing. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6529255. [PMID: 34485523 PMCID: PMC8410410 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6529255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background MicroRNA-1-3p (miR-1-3p) exerts significant regulation in various tumor cells, but its molecular mechanisms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are still ill defined. This study is aimed at detecting the expression of miR-1-3p in HNSCC and at determining its significant regulatory pathways. Methods Data were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Oncomine, ArrayExpress, Sequence Read Archive (SRA) databases, and additional literature. Expression values of miR-1-3p in HNSCC were analyzed comprehensively. The R language software was employed to screen differentially expressed genes, and bioinformatics assessment was performed. One sequence dataset (HNSCC: n = 484; noncancer: n = 44) and 18 chip datasets (HNSCC: n = 656; noncancer: n = 199) were obtained. Results The expression of miR-1-3p in HNSCC was visibly decreased in compare with noncancerous tissues. There were distinct differences in tumor state (P = 0.0417), pathological stage (P = 0.0058), and T stage (P = 0.0044). Comprehensive analysis of sequence and chip data also indicated that miR-1-3p was lowly expressed in HNSCC. The diagnostic performance of miR-1-3p in HNSCC is reflected in the sensitivity and specificity of the collection, etc. Bioinformatics analysis showed the possible biological process, cellular component, molecular function, and KEGG pathways of miR-1-3p in HNSCC. And ITGB4 was a possible target of miR-1-3p. Conclusions miR-1-3p's low expression may facilitate tumorigenesis and evolution in HNSCC through signaling pathways. ITGB4 may be a key gene in targeting pathways but still needs verification through in vitro experiments.
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Hernando J, Ros J, Arroyo A, Capdevila J. Clinical and Translational Challenges in Thyroid Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4806-4822. [PMID: 32056516 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200214125712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and it accounts for 1% of all newly diagnosed tumors. Approximately 10% of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC) and 30% with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) could not be cured with locoregional treatment and could develop metastatic disease. In addition, one of the most aggressive solid tumors can arise from the thyroid gland, the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, with a median overall survival of less than 6 months. Currently, only four drugs are approved for the treatment of DTC and MTC and several unmet needs are focusing the scientific discussions, including the resistant setting, the off-target side effects that may reduce the efficacy and the molecular knowledge-based combinations. In this review, we aimed to discuss the current molecular landscape and treatment of thyroid cancers, and the ongoing clinical and translational research lines focusing on new drugs and drug combinations to improve the inhibition of driver mutations, such as BRAF and RET, and how systemic therapies that improved outcomes of other cancer types, like immunotherapy and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, may play a role in the future management of advanced thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hernando
- Medical Oncology Department, Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumor Unit, Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ros
- Medical Oncology Department, Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumor Unit, Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Arroyo
- Medical Oncology Department, Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumor Unit, Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Capdevila
- Medical Oncology Department, Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumor Unit, Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancers: Overview of Molecular Signatures. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091290. [PMID: 31480712 PMCID: PMC6770066 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous amounts of childhood thyroid cancers, mostly childhood papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident have revealed a mutual relationship between the radiation exposure and thyroid cancer development. While the internal exposure to radioactive 131I is involved in the childhood thyroid cancers after the Chernobyl accident, people exposed to the external radiation, such as atomic-bomb (A-bomb) survivors, and the patients who received radiation therapy, have also been epidemiologically demonstrated to develop thyroid cancers. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of radiation-induced carcinogenesis, studies have aimed at defining the molecular changes associated with the thyroid cancer development. Here, we overview the literatures towards the identification of oncogenic alterations, particularly gene rearrangements, and discuss the existence of radiation signatures associated with radiation-induced thyroid cancers.
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Li J, Li H, Lv X, Yang Z, Gao M, Bi Y, Zhang Z, Wang S, Cui Z, Zhou B, Yin Z. Polymorphism in lncRNA AC016683.6 and its interaction with smoking exposure on the susceptibility of lung cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:91. [PMID: 29997452 PMCID: PMC6031149 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs play pivotal roles in the carcinogenesis of multiple types of cancers. This study is firstly to evaluate influence of rs4848320 and rs1110839 polymorphisms in long non-coding RNA AC016683.6 on the susceptibility of lung cancer. Methods The present study was a hospital-based case–control study with 434 lung cancer patients and 593 cancer-free controls. Genotyping of the two SNPs detected by Taqman® allelic discrimination method. Results There were no statistically significant associations between rs4848320 and rs1110839 polymorphisms in AC016683.6 and risk of lung cancer in overall population. However, in the smoking population, rs4848320 and rs1110839 polymorphisms significantly increased the risk of lung cancer in dominant and homozygous models (Rs4848320: P = 0.029; Rs1110839: P = 0.034), respectively. In male population, rs1110839 genetic variant was related to the risk of lung cancer in all genetic models (GG vs. TT: P = 0.008; Dominant model: P = 0.029; Recessive model: P = 0.027) rather than heterozygous model. The crossover analyses provided rs4848320 and rs1110839 risk genotypes carriers combined with smoking exposure 2.218-fold, 1.755-fold increased risk of lung cancer (Rs4848320: P = 0.005; Rs1110839: P = 0.017). Additionally, there were significantly positive multiplicative interaction of rs4848320 polymorphism with smoking status, with adjusted OR of 2.244 (1.162–4.334), but rs1110839 polymorphism did not exist. Conclusions Rs4848320 and rs1110839 polymorphisms may be associated with lung cancer susceptibility. Interaction of rs4848320 risk genotypes with smoking exposure may strengthen the risk effect on lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Lv
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Zitai Yang
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Bi
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Wang
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- 3School of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 China
| | - Baosen Zhou
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
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Naoum GE, Morkos M, Kim B, Arafat W. Novel targeted therapies and immunotherapy for advanced thyroid cancers. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:51. [PMID: 29455653 PMCID: PMC5817719 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a frequently encountered endocrine malignancy. Despite the favorable prognosis of this disease, 15–20% of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cases and most anaplastic types, remain resistant to standard treatment options, including radioactive iodine (RAI). In addition, around 30% of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cases show resistance after surgery. The evolving understanding of disease-specific molecular therapeutic targets has led to the approval of two targeted therapies (Sorafenib and Lenvatinib) for RAI refractory DTC and another two drugs (Vandetanib and Cabozantinib) for MTC. These advanced therapies exert their effects by blocking the MAPK pathway, which has been widely correlated to different types of thyroid cancers. While these drugs remain reserved for thyroid cancer patients who failed all treatment options, their ability to improve patients’ overall survival remain hindered by their low efficacy and other molecular factors. Among these factors is the tumor’s ability to activate parallel proliferative signaling pathways other than the cascades blocked by these drugs, along with overexpression of some tyrosine kinase receptors (TKR). These facts urge the search for novel different treatment strategies for advanced thyroid cases beyond these drugs. Furthermore, the growing knowledge of the dynamic immune system interaction with tumor microenvironment has revolutionized the cancer immune therapy field. In this review, we aim to discuss the molecular escape mechanisms of thyroid tumors from these drugs. We also highlight novel therapeutic options targeting other pathways than MAPK, including PI3K pathway, ALK translocations and HER2/3 receptors and their clinical impact. We also aim to discuss the usage of targeted therapy in restoring thyroid tumor sensitivity to RAI, and finally turn to extensively discuss the role of immunotherapy as a potential alternative treatment option for advanced thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Naoum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer center, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Michael Morkos
- Department of Endocrinology, Rush University, 1900 W Polk St, Room 801, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Kim
- Department of Endocrinology, Thyroid Cancer Program, Rush University, Jelke Building, Room 604, 1735 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60612, UK
| | - Waleed Arafat
- Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer center, Alexandria, Egypt. .,University Of Alexandria, Clinical oncology department, Alexandria, Egypt. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK.
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Liu M, Zhu K, Qian X, Li W. Identification of miRNA/mRNA-Negative Regulation Pairs in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2215-34. [PMID: 27350400 PMCID: PMC4928598 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignancy in South-East Asia. NPC is characterized by distant metastasis and poor prognosis. The pathophysiological mechanism of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is unknown. This study aimed to identify the crucial miRNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and their target genes, and to discover the potential mechanism of nasopharyngeal carcinoma development. Material/Methods Microarray expression profiling of miRNA and mRNA from the Gene Expression Omnibus database was downloaded, and we performed a significance analysis of differential expression. An interaction network of miRNAs and target genes was constructed. The underlying function of differentially expressed genes was predicted through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. To validate the microarray analysis data, significantly different expression levels of miRNAs and target genes were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results We identified 27 differentially expressed miRNAs and 982 differentially expressed mRNAs between NPC and normal control tissues. 12 miRNAs and 547 mRNAs were up-regulated and 15 miRNAs and 435 mRNAs were down-regulated in NPC samples. We found a total of 1185 negative correlation pairs between miRNA and mRNA. Differentially expressed target genes were significantly enriched in pathways in cancer, cell cycle, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathways. Significantly differentially expressed miRNAs and genes, such as hsa-miR-205, hsa-miR-18b, hsa-miR-632, hsa-miR-130a, hsa-miR-34b, PIGR, SMPD3, CD22, DTX4, and CDC6, may play essential roles in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Conclusions hsa-miR-205, hsa-miR-18b, hsa-miR-632, hsa-miR-130a, and hsa-miR-34b may be related to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by regulating the genes involved in pathways in cancer and cell cycle signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Kangru Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xinmei Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Romitti M, Wajner SM, Ceolin L, Ferreira CV, Ribeiro RVP, Rohenkohl HC, Weber SDS, Lopez PLDC, Fuziwara CS, Kimura ET, Maia AL. MAPK and SHH pathways modulate type 3 deiodinase expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:135-46. [PMID: 26825960 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 3 deiodinase (DIO3, D3) is reactivated in human neoplasias. Increased D3 levels in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) have been associated with tumor size and metastatic disease. The objective of this study is to investigate the signaling pathways involved in DIO3 upregulation in PTC. Experiments were performed in human PTC cell lines (K1 and TPC-1 cells) or tumor samples. DIO3 mRNA and activity were evaluated by real-time PCR and ion-exchange column chromatography respectively. Western blot analysis was used to determine the levels of D3 protein. DIO3 gene silencing was performed via siRNA transfection. DIO3 mRNA levels and activity were readily detected in K1 (BRAF(V6) (0) (0E)) and, at lower levels, in TPC-1 (RET/PTC1) cells (P<0.007 and P=0.02 respectively). Similarly, DIO3 mRNA levels were higher in PTC samples harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation as compared with those with RET/PTC1 rearrangement or negative for these mutations (P<0.001). Specific inhibition of BRAF oncogene (PLX4032, 3 μM), MEK (U0126, 10-20 μM) or p38 (SB203580, 10-20 μM) signaling was associated with decreases in DIO3 expression in K1 and TPC-1 cells. Additionally, the blockage of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway by cyclopamine (10 μM) resulted in markedly decreases in DIO3 mRNA levels. Interestingly, siRNA-mediated DIO3 silencing induced decreases on cyclin D1 expression and partial G1 phase cell cycle arrest, thereby downregulating cell proliferation. In conclusion, sustained activation of the MAPK and SHH pathways modulate the levels of DIO3 expression in PTC. Importantly, DIO3 silencing was associated with decreases in cell proliferation, thus suggesting a D3 role in tumor growth and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mírian Romitti
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucieli Ceolin
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Vaz Ferreira
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Vanin Pinto Ribeiro
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Cecin Rohenkohl
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Shana de Souto Weber
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Luciana da Costa Lopez
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar Seigi Fuziwara
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edna Teruko Kimura
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilExperimental Research CenterHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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An update on molecular biology of thyroid cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 90:233-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Romitti M, Ceolin L, Siqueira DR, Ferreira CV, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Signaling pathways in follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas (review). Int J Oncol 2012; 42:19-28. [PMID: 23128507 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignant endocrine neoplasia. Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) represent more than 90% of all thyroid carcinomas and comprise the papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma subtypes. Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas correspond to less than 1% of all thyroid tumors and can arise de novo or by dedifferentiation of a differentiated tumor. The etiology of DTCs is not fully understood. Several genetic events have been implicated in thyroid tumorigenesis. Point mutations in the BRAF or RAS genes or rearranged in transformation (RET)/papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) gene rearrangements are observed in approximately 70% of papillary cancer cases. Follicular carcinomas commonly harbor RAS mutations and paired box gene 8 (PAX8)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) rearrangements. Anaplastic carcinomas may have a wide set of genetic alterations, that include gene effectors in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and/or β-catenin signaling pathways. These distinct genetic alterations constitutively activate the MAPK, PI3K and β-catenin signaling pathways, which have been implicated in thyroid cancer development and progression. In this context, the evaluation of specific genes, as well as the knowledge of their effects on thyroid carcinogenesis may provide important information on disease presentation, prognosis and therapy, through the development of specific tyrosine kinase targets. In this review, we aimed to present an updated and comprehensive review of the recent advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas, as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mírian Romitti
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Li X, Wang Z, Liu J, Tang C, Duan C, Li C. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in normal human thyroid cells transfected with PPFP. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:681-94. [PMID: 22903648 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fusion gene encoding the thyroid-specific transcription factor PAX8 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ (PPARG)) (designated as the PPFP gene) is oncogenic and implicated in the development of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). The effects of PPFP transfection on the biological characteristics of Nthy-ori 3-1 cells were studied by MTT assay, colony formation, soft-agar colony formation, and scratch wound-healing assays as well as by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the differentially expressed proteins were analyzed on 2-DE maps and identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. Validation of five identified proteins (prohibitin, galectin-1, cytokeratin 8 (CK8), CK19, and HSP27) was determined by western blot analysis. PPFP not only significantly increased the viability, proliferation, and mobility of the Nthy-ori 3-1 cells but also markedly inhibited cellular apoptosis. Twenty-eight differentially expressed proteins were identified, among which 19 proteins were upregulated and nine proteins were downregulated in Nthy-ori 3-1(PPFP) (Nthy-ori 3-1 cells transfected with PPFP). The western blot results, which were consistent with the proteome analysis results, showed that prohibitin was downregulated, whereas galectin-1, CK8, CK19, and HSP27 were upregulated in Nthy-ori 3-1(PPFP). Our results suggest that PPFP plays an important role in malignant thyroid transformation. Proteomic analysis of the differentially expressed proteins in PPFP-transfected cells provides important information for further study of the carcinogenic mechanism of PPFP in FTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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12
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Lewy GD, Sharma N, Seed RI, Smith VE, Boelaert K, McCabe CJ. The pituitary tumor transforming gene in thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:425-33. [PMID: 22522436 DOI: 10.3275/8332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) is a multifunctional proto-oncogene that is over-expressed in various tumors including thyroid carcinomas, where it is a prognostic indicator of tumor recurrence. PTTG has potent transforming capabilities in vitro and in vivo, and many studies have investigated the potential mechanisms by which PTTG contributes to tumorigenesis. As the human securin, PTTG is involved in critical mechanisms of cell cycle regulation, whereby aberrant expression induces aneuploidy. PTTG may further contribute to tumorigenesis through its role in DNA damage response pathways and via complex interactions with hormones and growth factors. Furthermore, PTTG over-expression negatively impacts upon the efficacy of radioiodine therapy in thyroid cancer, through repression of expression and function of the sodium iodide symporter. Given its various roles at all disease stages, PTTG appears to be an important oncogene in thyroid cancer. This review discusses the current knowledge of PTTG with particular focus on its role in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Lewy
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Genetic Predisposition to Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer: An Update of Molecular Findings and State-of-the-Art Studies. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:385206. [PMID: 20628519 PMCID: PMC2902056 DOI: 10.1155/2010/385206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Familial thyroid cancer has become a well-recognized entity in patients with thyroid cancer
originating from follicular cells, that is, nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. The diagnosis of
familial thyroid cancer provides an opportunity for early detection and possible prevention in
family members. Understanding the syndromes associated with familial thyroid cancer allows
clinicians to evaluate and treat patients for coexisting pathologic conditions. About five
percents of patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma have a familial disease.
Patients with familial non-medullalry thyroid cancer have more aggressive tumors with
increased rates of extrathyroid extension, lymph node metastases, and frequently show the
phenomenon of “anticipation” (earlier age at disease onset and increased severity in
successive generations). So far, four predisposition loci have been identified in relatively rare
extended pedigrees, and association studies have identified multiple predisposing variants for
differentiated thyroid cancer. This suggests that there is a high degree of genetic
heterogeneity and that the development of this type of tumor is a multifactorial and complex
process in which predisposing genetic variants interact with a number of incompletely
understood environmental risk factors. Thus, the search for the causative variants is still open
and will surely benefit from the new technological approaches that have been developed in
recent years.
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Saji M, Ringel MD. The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in initiation and progression of thyroid tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 321:20-8. [PMID: 19897009 PMCID: PMC2849843 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-3 (OH) kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade is involved in regulating glucose uptake and metabolism, growth, motility, and other essential functions for cell survival. Unregulated activation of this pathway commonly occurs in cancer through a variety of mechanisms, including genetic mutations of kinases and regulatory proteins, epigenetic alterations that alter gene expression and translation, and posttranslational modifications. In thyroid cancer, constitutive activation of PI3K signaling has been shown to play a role in the genetic predisposition for thyroid neoplasia in Cowden's syndrome, and is recognized to be frequently overactivated in sporadic forms of thyroid cancer including those with aggressive clinical behaviors. In this review, the key signaling molecules in the PI3K signaling cascade, the abnormalities known to occur in thyroid cancer, and the potential for therapeutic targeting of PI3K pathway members will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Medical Center, The Ohio State University and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Medical Center, The Ohio State University and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, The Ohio State University and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine & Molecular Virology, Immunology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, The Ohio State University and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Thyroid cancer: current molecular perspectives. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:351679. [PMID: 20369062 PMCID: PMC2847382 DOI: 10.1155/2010/351679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid cancer is a rare oncological entity, representing no more than 1% of all human malignant neoplasms. Recently, it has been demonstrated a sharp increase in incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, equally occurring in both sexes. So far, multiple genetic alterations have been identified in differentiated thyroid carcinoma, leading to investigate the clinical utility of genetic studies. In particular, molecular genetic approaches searching for gene mutations in the material collected by fine needle ago-biopsy may have a particular utility in small nodules and in those specimens with an indeterminate cytology. The expansion of knowledge about genetic mutations occurring in different thyroid tumors has characterized recent years, allowing the identification of a correlation between specific mutations and phenotypic characteristics of thyroid cancers, essential for their prognosis. This review will briefly report on the histological features and the new entity represented by thyroid microcarcinoma and will focus on both environmental and genetic aspects associated with the occurrence of thyroid cancer.
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Algeciras-Schimnich A, Milosevic D, McIver B, Flynn H, Reddi HV, Eberhardt NL, Grebe SKG. Evaluation of the PAX8/PPARG translocation in follicular thyroid cancer with a 4-color reverse-transcription PCR assay and automated high-resolution fragment analysis. Clin Chem 2010; 56:391-8. [PMID: 20056739 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.134015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular testing of thyroid malignancies, in combination with cytologic and histologic examination, is becoming increasingly attractive as a tool for refining traditional morphologic diagnosis. The molecular changes associated with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) are point mutations in RAS oncogenes or the presence of PAX8/PPARG (paired box 8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) rearrangement. METHODS We developed and validated a clinical assay for the detection of PAX8/PPARG rearrangements that uses a 4-color reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay and high-resolution fragment analysis. RESULTS The RT-PCR assay is applicable for detecting the various described fusion transcripts of PAX8/PPARG in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid tissue and in fine-needle aspirate biopsy washes from thyroid nodules. The analytical sensitivity of the assay is 1 abnormal cell in a background of 100-10 000 translocation-negative cells. A comparison of the RT-PCR assay with dual-fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization showed an overall concordance of 95%. With this assay, we obtained a prevalence for the PAX8/PPARG rearrangement in FTC of 62% (13 of 21 cases), compared with a 5% prevalence (3 of 55) for other follicular cell-derived neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of this assay into clinical practice could provide useful information for the diagnosis and possibly for the prognosis and treatment of thyroid cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Yoshida S, Furukawa N, Haruta S, Tanase Y, Kanayama S, Noguchi T, Sakata M, Yamada Y, Oi H, Kobayashi H. Theoretical model of treatment strategies for clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: focus on perspectives. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 35:608-15. [PMID: 19665848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Among epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), clear cell carcinomas (CCC) differ from the other histologic types with respect to their clinical characteristics, carcinogenesis and prognosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge and future perspective on the new therapeutic targets and treatment strategies for CCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present article reviews the English language literature for preclinical and clinical trials and promising molecular targets on CCC of the ovary, based on the gene expression profiling studies. RESULTS Here, we show that (1) the expression of the genes involved in transcription, signaling, cell cycle, adhesion, matrix, proteinase, and detoxification was greatly increased in the CCC carcinogenesis; (2) upregulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (HNF-1beta) and Polo-like kinase (PLK)-Early mitotic inhibitor-1 (Emi1) as well as their downstream targets are specifically found in most CCC. The promising molecular targeting approach will emerge in the context of HNF-1beta and PLK-Emi1 biology; and 3) several significant common pathways observed in CCC of the ovary overlap the datasets identified in CCC of the kidney. To improve the outcome in CCC therapy, we must learn various adaptive treatment strategies for renal CCC, although it is not supported by any preliminary clinical data. CONCLUSION The inhibitors that target HNF-1beta and PLK-Emi1 and their downstream signaling molecules would be evaluated. In addition, the therapy currently used in renal CCC should be considered as an alternative for the present treatments or an attractive therapeutic option for ovarian CCC. The challenges accompanying the recent advance are described in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor PPARgamma is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the control of gene expression linked to a variety of physiological processes. PPARgamma was initially characterized as the master regulator for the development of adipose cells. Ligands for PPARgamma include naturally occurring fatty acids and the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic drugs. Activation of PPARgamma improves insulin sensitivity in rodents and humans through a combination of metabolic actions, including partitioning of lipid stores and the regulation of metabolic and inflammatory mediators termed adipokines. PPARgamma signaling has also been implicated in the control of cell proliferation, atherosclerosis, macrophage function, and immunity. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the diverse biological actions of PPARgamma with an eye toward the expanding therapeutic potential of PPARgamma agonist drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abstract
There is much interest in the application of genome biology to the field of thyroid neoplasia, despite the relatively low mortality rate associated with thyroid cancer in general. The principal reason for this interest is that the field of thyroid neoplasia stands to benefit from the application of genomic information to address a variety of pathologic and clinical issues. In addition to practical patient care issues, there is an excellent opportunity of expand the basic understanding of thyroid carcinogenesis. In this article, the most relevant genomic work on thyroid tumors performed to date is reviewed along with some general comments about the potential impact of genomic biology on thyroid pathology and the management of patients with thyroid nodules and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRB-2, C570D, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system. The most frequent type of thyroid malignancy is papillary carcinoma. These tumors frequently have genetic alterations leading to the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Most common mutations in papillary carcinomas are point mutations of the BRAF and RAS genes and RET/PTC rearrangement. These genetic alterations are found in >70% of papillary carcinomas and they rarely overlap in the same tumor. Most frequent alterations in follicular carcinomas, the second most common type of thyroid malignancy, include RAS mutations and PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement. RET point mutations are crucial for the development of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Many of these mutations, particularly those leading to the activation of the MAPK pathway, are being actively explored as therapeutic targets for thyroid cancer. A number of compounds have been studied and showed antitumor effects in preclinical studies and are being tested in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E. Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Hester SD, Nesnow S. Transcriptional responses in thyroid tissues from rats treated with a tumorigenic and a non-tumorigenic triazole conazole fungicide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 227:357-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Nikiforova MN, Nikiforov YE. Molecular genetics of thyroid cancer: implications for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2008; 8:83-95. [PMID: 18088233 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system and accounts for approximately 1% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases. The most frequent type of thyroid malignancy is papillary carcinoma, which constitutes approximately 80% of all cases. Papillary carcinomas frequently have genetic alterations leading to the activation of the MAPK signal pathway. Those include RET/PTC rearrangement and point mutations of the BRAF and RAS genes. Mutations in these genes are found in over 70% of papillary carcinomas and they rarely overlap in the same tumor. Frequent genetic alterations in follicular carcinomas, the second most common type of thyroid malignancy, include RAS mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement. RET point mutations are crucial for the development of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Many of these mutations, particularly those leading to the activation of the MAPK pathway, are being actively explored as therapeutic targets for thyroid cancer. Detection of these genetic alterations using molecular techniques is important for preoperative fine-needle aspiration diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N Nikiforova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Heinzel T, Krämer OH. Pharmacodynamic markers for histone deacetylase inhibitor development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chromosomal rearrangements and the pathogenesis of differentiated thyroid cancer. Oncol Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-007-0010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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