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Wu D, Khan FA, Zhang K, Pandupuspitasari NS, Negara W, Guan K, Sun F, Huang C. Retinoic acid signaling in development and differentiation commitment and its regulatory topology. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110773. [PMID: 37977248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the derivative of vitamin A/retinol, is a signaling molecule with important implications in health and disease. It is a well-known developmental morphogen that functions mainly through the transcriptional activity of nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and, uncommonly, through other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Intracellular RA is under spatiotemporally fine-tuned regulation by synthesis and degradation processes catalyzed by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and P450 family enzymes, respectively. In addition to dictating the transcription architecture, RA also impinges on cell functioning through non-genomic mechanisms independent of RAR transcriptional activity. Although RA-based differentiation therapy has achieved impressive success in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, RA also has pro-tumor activity. Here, we highlight the relevance of RA signaling in cell-fate determination, neurogenesis, visual function, inflammatory responses and gametogenesis commitment. Genetic and post-translational modifications of RAR are also discussed. A better understanding of RA signaling will foster the development of precision medicine to improve the defects caused by deregulated RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | | | - Windu Negara
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Chunjie Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Maimaitiyiming Y, Wang QQ, Yang C, Ogra Y, Lou Y, Smith CA, Hussain L, Shao YM, Lin J, Liu J, Wang L, Zhu Y, Lou H, Huang Y, Li X, Chang KJ, Chen H, Li H, Huang Y, Tse E, Sun J, Bu N, Chiou SH, Zhang YF, Hua HY, Ma LY, Huang P, Ge MH, Cao FL, Cheng X, Sun H, Zhou J, Vasliou V, Xu P, Jin J, Bjorklund M, Zhu HH, Hsu CH, Naranmandura H. Hyperthermia Selectively Destabilizes Oncogenic Fusion Proteins. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:388-401. [PMID: 34661159 PMCID: PMC8513904 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The PML/RARα fusion protein is the oncogenic driver in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Although most APL cases are cured by PML/RARα-targeting therapy, relapse and resistance can occur due to drug-resistant mutations. Here we report that thermal stress destabilizes the PML/RARα protein, including clinically identified drug-resistant mutants. AML1/ETO and TEL/AML1 oncofusions show similar heat shock susceptibility. Mechanistically, mild hyperthermia stimulates aggregation of PML/RARα in complex with nuclear receptor corepressors leading to ubiquitin-mediated degradation via the SIAH2 E3 ligase. Hyperthermia and arsenic therapy destabilize PML/RARα via distinct mechanisms and are synergistic in primary patient samples and in vivo, including three refractory APL cases. Collectively, our results suggest that by taking advantage of a biophysical vulnerability of PML/RARα, thermal therapy may improve prognosis in drug-resistant or otherwise refractory APL. These findings serve as a paradigm for therapeutic targeting of fusion oncoprotein-associated cancers by hyperthermia. SIGNIFICANCE Hyperthermia destabilizes oncofusion proteins including PML/RARα and acts synergistically with standard arsenic therapy in relapsed and refractory APL. The results open up the possibility that heat shock sensitivity may be an easily targetable vulnerability of oncofusion-driven cancers.See related commentary by Wu et al., p. 300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasen Maimaitiyiming
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Qian Wang
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Yang
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yinjun Lou
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Clayton A. Smith
- Blood Disorders and Cellular Therapies Center, University of Colorado Hospital, Denver, Colorado
| | - Liaqat Hussain
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ming Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiebo Lin
- Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfang Wang
- Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Haiyan Lou
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Zhejiang Province Lishui Municipal Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kao-Jung Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Program in Epigenetics, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Eric Tse
- Department of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Bu
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital Department of Medical Research, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Yan Fang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Li Ya Ma
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Hua Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Lin Cao
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongzhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Vasilis Vasliou
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mikael Bjorklund
- Zhejiang University–University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Hu Zhu
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chih-Hung Hsu
- Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, and Department of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Naranmandura
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Xu A, Zhang N, Cao J, Zhu H, Yang B, He Q, Shao X, Ying M. Post-translational modification of retinoic acid receptor alpha and its roles in tumor cell differentiation. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Rodriguez V, Bailey R, Larion M, Gilbert MR. Retinoid receptor turnover mediated by sumoylation, ubiquitination and the valosin-containing protein is disrupted in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16250. [PMID: 31700049 PMCID: PMC6838077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to therapeutic use of retinoids in glioma has been observed for over 20 years; however, the exact mechanism of resistance remains unknown. To understand retinoic acid resistance in glioma, we studied the turnover mechanism of retinoid receptor proteins in neural stem cells and glioma stem-like cells. Here, we show that in normal neural stem cells, proteasomal degradation of retinoid receptors involves sumoylation, ubiquitination and recognition by the valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97/Cdc48). We find that Sumo1 modification has a dual role to stabilize the retinoid receptor from unwanted degradation and signal additional modification via ubiquitination. Subsequently, the modified receptor binds to the VCP chaperone and both proteins are degraded by the proteasome. Additionally, we reveal that all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces VCP expression, creating a positive feedback loop that enhances degradation. In contrast, the pathway is impaired in the glioma stem-like cells resulting in the accumulation of sumoylated and high molecular weight forms of retinoid receptors that lack transcriptional activity and fail to be recognized by the proteasome. Moreover, modified receptor accumulation occurs before ATRA treatment; therefore, the transcritptional defect in glioma is due to a block in the proteasomal degradation pathway that occurs after the sumo modification step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Rodriguez
- Neuro-oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Rolanda Bailey
- Neuro-oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mioara Larion
- Neuro-oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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Hussain L, Maimaitiyiming Y, Islam K, Naranmandura H. Acute promyelocytic leukemia and variant fusion proteins: PLZF-RARα fusion protein at a glance. Semin Oncol 2019; 46:133-144. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Ni X, Hu G, Cai X. The success and the challenge of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:S71-S80. [PMID: 30277803 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1509201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays important roles in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and embryonic development. The effects of ATRA are mediated by nuclear retinoid receptors as well as non-genomic signal pathway, such as MAPK and PKA. The great success of differentiation therapy with ATRA in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) not only improved the prognosis of APL but also spurred the studies of ATRA in the treatment of other tumors. Since the genetic and physiopathological simplicity of APL is not common in human malignancies, the combination of ATRA with other agents (chemotherapy, epigenetic modifiers, and arsenic trioxide, etc) had been extensively investigated in a variety of tumors. In this review, we will discuss in details about ATRA and its role in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Ni
- a Department of General Surgery , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Guohua Hu
- a Department of General Surgery , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xun Cai
- b Shanghai Institute of Hematology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics , Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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Grace CS, Mikkola HKA, Dou DR, Calvanese V, Ronn RE, Purton LE. Protagonist or antagonist? The complex roles of retinoids in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells and their specification from pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2018; 65:1-16. [PMID: 29981365 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.06.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent cells responsible for the maintenance of the hematopoietic system throughout life. Dysregulation of the balance in HSC self-renewal, death, and differentiation can have serious consequences such as myelodysplastic syndromes or leukemia. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the biologically active metabolite of vitamin A/RA, has been shown to have pleiotropic effects on hematopoietic cells, enhancing HSC self-renewal while also increasing differentiation of more mature progenitors. Furthermore, ATRA has been shown to have key roles in regulating the specification and formation of hematopoietic cells from pluripotent stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we summarize the known roles of vitamin A and RA receptors in the regulation of hematopoiesis from HSCs, ES, and iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clea S Grace
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hanna K A Mikkola
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana R Dou
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Calvanese
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger E Ronn
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E Purton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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8
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Baik H, Boulanger M, Hosseini M, Kowalczyk J, Zaghdoudi S, Salem T, Sarry JE, Hicheri Y, Cartron G, Piechaczyk M, Bossis G. Targeting the SUMO Pathway Primes All- trans Retinoic Acid-Induced Differentiation of Nonpromyelocytic Acute Myeloid Leukemias. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2601-2613. [PMID: 29487199 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapies using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) are highly efficient at treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, their efficacy, if any, is limited in the case of non-APL AML. We report here that inhibition of SUMOylation, a posttranslational modification related to ubiquitination, restores the prodifferentiation and antiproliferative activities of retinoids in non-APL AML. Controlled inhibition of SUMOylation with the pharmacologic inhibitors 2-D08 or anacardic acid, or via overexpression of SENP deSUMOylases, enhanced the ATRA-induced expression of key genes involved in differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in non-APL AML cells. This activated ATRA-induced terminal myeloid differentiation and reduced cell proliferation and viability, including in AML cells resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. Conversely, enhancement of SUMOylation via overexpression of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 dampened expression of ATRA-responsive genes and prevented differentiation. Thus, inhibition of the SUMO pathway is a promising strategy to sensitize patients with non-APL AML to retinoids and improve the treatment of this poor-prognosis cancer.Significance: SUMOylation silences key ATRA-responsive genes in nonpromyelocytic acute myeloid leukemias. Cancer Res; 78(10); 2601-13. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Baik
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathias Boulanger
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohsen Hosseini
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Kowalczyk
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Zaghdoudi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Tamara Salem
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Sarry
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yosr Hicheri
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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PFN2a, a new partner of RARα in the cytoplasm. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:846-853. [PMID: 29158086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are classically considered as nuclear ligand-dependent regulators of transcription. Here we highlighted a novel face of the RARα subtype: RARα is present in low amounts in the cytoplasm of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) where it interacts with profilin2a (PFN2A), a small actin-binding protein involved in filaments polymerization. The interaction involves the N-terminal proline-rich motif (PRM) of RARα and the SH3-like domain of PFN2a. When increased in the cytoplasm, RARα competes with other PFN2a-binding proteins bearing PRMs and involved in actin filaments elongation. Consequently, the actin filament network is altered and MEFs adhesion is decreased. This novel role opens novel avenues for the understanding of pathologies characterized by increased levels of cytoplasmic RARα.
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Wu D, Huang CJ, Khan FA, Jiao XF, Liu XM, Pandupuspitasari NS, Brohi RD, Huo LJ. SENP3 grants tight junction integrity and cytoskeleton architecture in mouse Sertoli cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58430-58442. [PMID: 28938568 PMCID: PMC5601664 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells develop in a sophisticated immune privileged microenvironment provided by specialized junctions contiguous the basement membrane of the adjacent Sertoli cells that constituted the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in seminiferous epithelium of testis in mammals. Deciphering the molecular regulatory machinery of BTB activity is central to improve male fertility and the role of post-translational modification including SUMOylation pathway is one of the key factors. Herein, we unveiled the mystery of the SUMO-2/3 specific protease SENP3 (Sentrin-specific protease 3) in BTB dynamics regulation. SENP3 is predominantly expressed in the nucleus of Sertoli and spermatocyte cells in adult mouse testis, and knockdown of SENP3 compromises tight junction in Sertoli cells by destructing the permeability function with a concomitant decline in trans-epithelial electrical resistance in primary Sertoli cells, which could attribute to the conspicuous dysfunction of tight junction (TJ) proteins (e.g., ZO-1, occludin) at the cell-cell interface due to the inactivation of STAT3. Moreover, SENP3 knockdown disrupts F-actin architecture in Sertoli cells through intervening Rac1/CDC42-N-WASP-Arp2/3 signaling pathway and Profilin-1 abundance. Our study pinpoints SENP3 might be a novel determinant of multiple pathways governing BTB dynamics in testis to support germ cells development in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chun-Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital and Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nuruliarizki Shinta Pandupuspitasari
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Rahim Dad Brohi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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11
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Weitzel JM. Impaired Repressor Function in SUMOylation-Defective Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoforms. Eur Thyroid J 2016; 5:152-163. [PMID: 27843805 PMCID: PMC5091228 DOI: 10.1159/000447232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many nuclear receptors are modified by posttranslational modifications. OBJECTIVES The transcriptional activity of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) is modified by the influence of its ligand (thyroid hormones T3 and T4), but is also affected by posttranslational modifications. This study focuses on the SUMOylation of TR isoforms and the consequences on transcriptional activity and promoter occupancy. METHODS SUMOylation of TR wild-type as well as isoform-specific point mutations have been studied in vitro. The promoter occupancy of TR (wild-type and double- or triple-mutated versions) and transcriptional cofactors have been investigated in chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and Re-ChIP analysis. RESULTS TR is modified by SUMO proteins at defined residues: the isoform TRα is mainly modified at lysines 281 and 387, whereas lysines 50 and 443 are major SUMOylation sites of isoform TRβ. Lysine residues K281 (TRα) and K50 (TRβ) are isoform-specific SUMOylation sites influencing differing TR domains, whereas K387 (TRα) and K443 (TRβ) are orthologous residues. TRs are targets of all three SUMO variants (SUMO-1, -2, and -3). The transcriptional activity of SUMOylation-defective mutants of TR alters gene transcription from positively and negatively regulated T3 target genes. CONCLUSIONS The most pronounced effect is an impaired repressor function of SUMOylation-deficient TR in the absence of T3. The transcriptional properties of SUMOylation-defective TRs can be at least in part ascribed to altered interaction with transcriptional cofactors such as SRC-1 and NCoR. Thus, these data indicate that posttranslational modification of TR by SUMOylation contribute to the fine tuning of its transcriptional response maintaining effects on cellular and physiological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim M. Weitzel
- *Joachim M. Weitzel, Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm, Animal Biology (FBN), FBN Dummerstorf, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, DE-18196 Dummerstorf (Germany), E-Mail
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12
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Bauer NC, Doetsch PW, Corbett AH. Mechanisms Regulating Protein Localization. Traffic 2015; 16:1039-61. [PMID: 26172624 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions are dictated by protein content and activity. There are numerous strategies to regulate proteins varying from modulating gene expression to post-translational modifications. One commonly used mode of regulation in eukaryotes is targeted localization. By specifically redirecting the localization of a pool of existing protein, cells can achieve rapid changes in local protein function. Eukaryotic cells have evolved elegant targeting pathways to direct proteins to the appropriate cellular location or locations. Here, we provide a general overview of these localization pathways, with a focus on nuclear and mitochondrial transport, and present a survey of the evolutionarily conserved regulatory strategies identified thus far. We end with a description of several specific examples of proteins that exploit localization as an important mode of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Role of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling in post-natal male germ cell differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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di Masi A, Leboffe L, De Marinis E, Pagano F, Cicconi L, Rochette-Egly C, Lo-Coco F, Ascenzi P, Nervi C. Retinoic acid receptors: from molecular mechanisms to cancer therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 41:1-115. [PMID: 25543955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the major bioactive metabolite of retinol or vitamin A, induces a spectrum of pleiotropic effects in cell growth and differentiation that are relevant for embryonic development and adult physiology. The RA activity is mediated primarily by members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subfamily, namely RARα, RARβ and RARγ, which belong to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors. RARs form heterodimers with members of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) subfamily and act as ligand-regulated transcription factors through binding specific RA response elements (RAREs) located in target genes promoters. RARs also have non-genomic effects and activate kinase signaling pathways, which fine-tune the transcription of the RA target genes. The disruption of RA signaling pathways is thought to underlie the etiology of a number of hematological and non-hematological malignancies, including leukemias, skin cancer, head/neck cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, glioblastoma and neuroblastoma. Of note, RA and its derivatives (retinoids) are employed as potential chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents because of their differentiation, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-oxidant effects. In humans, retinoids reverse premalignant epithelial lesions, induce the differentiation of myeloid normal and leukemic cells, and prevent lung, liver, and breast cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that regulate the RA and retinoid signaling pathways. Moreover, mechanisms through which deregulation of RA signaling pathways ultimately impact on cancer are examined. Finally, the therapeutic effects of retinoids are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Marinis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Laura Cicconi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy
| | - Cécile Rochette-Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104 - Inserm U 964, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, Illkirch Cedex F-67404, France.
| | - Francesco Lo-Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, Roma I-00146, Italy.
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100.
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Mouton J, Loos B, Moolman-Smook JC, Kinnear CJ. Ascribing novel functions to the sarcomeric protein, myosin binding protein H (MyBPH) in cardiac sarcomere contraction. Exp Cell Res 2014; 331:338-51. [PMID: 25449695 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myosin binding protein H (MyBPH) is a protein of unknown function, which shares sequence and structural similarities with myosin binding protein C (cMyBPC), a protein frequently implicated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Given the similarity between cMyBPC and MyBPH, we proposed that MyBPH, like cMyBPC, could be involved in HCM pathogenesis and we therefore sought to determine its function. We identified MyBPH-interacting proteins by using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis. The role of MyBPH and cMyBPC in cardiac cell contractility was analysed by measuring the planar cell surface area of differentiated H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes in response to β-adrenergic stress after siRNA knockdown of MyBPH and cMyBPC. Individual knockdown of either protein had no effect on cardiac contractility, while concurrent knockdowns reduced cardiac contractility. These proteins therefore functionally compensate for one another and are critical for cardiac contractility. We further show that both proteins co-localise with the autophagosomal membrane protein LC3, suggesting that both proteins are involved in autophagosomal membrane maturation processes. The results of this study ascribe novel functions to MyBPH, which may contribute to our understanding of its role in the sarcomere. This study provides evidence for a potential role of MyBPH in HCM, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomien Mouton
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Merriman Street, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Johanna C Moolman-Smook
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Craig J Kinnear
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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16
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Ablain J, de Thé H. Retinoic acid signaling in cancer: The parable of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2262-72. [PMID: 25130873 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inevitably fatal some 40 years, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) can now be cured in more than 95% of cases. This clinical success story is tightly linked to tremendous progress in our understanding of retinoic acid (RA) signaling. The discovery of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) was followed by the cloning of the chromosomal translocations driving APL, all of which involve RARA. Since then, new findings on the biology of nuclear receptors have progressively enlightened the basis for the clinical efficacy of RA in APL. Reciprocally, the disease offered a range of angles to approach the cellular and molecular mechanisms of RA action. This virtuous circle contributed to make APL one of the best-understood cancers from both clinical and biological standpoints. Yet, some important questions remain unanswered including how lessons learnt from RA-triggered APL cure can help design new therapies for other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ablain
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris Cedex 10, France; INSERM U 944, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris Cedex 10, France; CNRS UMR 7212, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris Cedex 10, France
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17
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Zhou Q, Zhang L, Chen Z, Zhao P, Ma Y, Yang B, He Q, Ying M. Small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 modification regulates all-trans-retinoic acid-induced differentiation via stabilization of retinoic acid receptor α. FEBS J 2014; 281:3032-47. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zibo Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Central South University of Forestry and Technology; Changsha China
| | - Pingge Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Yiwu Central Hospital; China
| | - Yaxi Ma
- Department of Gynecology; the Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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18
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Davidson J, Tate R, Rotondo D. Genetics and molecular biology: the role of retinoic acid receptor genes in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:364-5. [PMID: 23839334 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328363b199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Gauchotte G, Lacomme S, Brochin L, Tournier B, Cahn V, Monhoven N, Piard F, Klein M, Martinet N, Rochette-Egly C, Vignaud JM. Retinoid acid receptor expression is helpful to distinguish between adenoma and well-differentiated carcinoma in the thyroid. Virchows Arch 2013; 462:619-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Al Tanoury Z, Piskunov A, Rochette-Egly C. Vitamin A and retinoid signaling: genomic and nongenomic effects. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1761-75. [PMID: 23440512 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r030833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A or retinol is arguably the most multifunctional vitamin in the human body, as it is essential from embryogenesis to adulthood. The pleiotropic effects of vitamin A are exerted mainly by one active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which regulates the expression of a battery of target genes through several families of nuclear receptors (RARs, RXRs, and PPARβ/δ), polymorphic retinoic acid (RA) response elements, and multiple coregulators. It also involves extranuclear and nontranscriptional effects, such as the activation of kinase cascades, which are integrated in the nucleus via the phosphorylation of several actors of RA signaling. However, vitamin A itself proved recently to be active and RARs to be present in the cytosol to regulate translation and cell plasticity. These new concepts expand the scope of the biologic functions of vitamin A and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Tanoury
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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21
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Wang YE, Pernet O, Lee B. Regulation of the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of viral and cellular proteins by ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-related modifiers. Biol Cell 2011; 104:121-38. [PMID: 22188262 PMCID: PMC3625690 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of many cellular proteins is regulated by nuclear import/export signals as well as post-translational modifications such as covalent conjugation of ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs). Ubiquitination and SUMOylation are rapid and reversible ways to modulate the intracellular localisation and function of substrate proteins. These pathways have been co-opted by some viruses, which depend on the host cell machinery to transport their proteins in and out of the nucleus. In this review, we will summarise our current knowledge on the ubiquitin/SUMO-regulated nuclear/subnuclear trafficking of cellular proteins and describe examples of viral exploitation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao E Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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22
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Sato T, Okumura F, Kano S, Kondo T, Ariga T, Hatakeyama S. TRIM32 promotes neural differentiation through retinoic acid receptor-mediated transcription. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3492-502. [PMID: 21984809 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.088799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of vitamin A, plays versatile roles in development, differentiation, cell cycles and regulation of apoptosis by regulating gene transcription through nuclear receptor activation. Ubiquitinylation, which is one of the post-translational modifications, appears to be involved in the transcriptional activity of intranuclear receptors including retinoic acid receptor α (RARα). Mutations in the tripartite motif-containing protein 32 gene (TRIM32; also known as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase) have been reported to be responsible for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H in humans, and its encoded protein has been shown to interact with several other important proteins. In this study, we found that TRIM32 interacts with RARα and enhances its transcriptional activity in the presence of RA. We also found that overexpression of TRIM32 in mouse neuroblastoma cells and embryonal carcinoma cells promoted stability of RARα, resulting in enhancement of neural differentiation. These findings suggest that TRIM32 functions as one of the co-activators for RARα-mediated transcription, and thereby TRIM32 is a potential therapeutic target for developmental disorders and RA-dependent leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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Abstract
Sumoylation is a posttranslational modification process in which SUMO proteins are covalently and reversibly conjugated to their targets via enzymatic cascade reactions. Since the discovery of SUMO-1 in 1996, the SUMO pathway has garnered increased attention due to its role in a number of important biological activities such as cell cycle progression, epigenetic modulation, signal transduction, and DNA replication/repair, as well as its potential implication in human pathogenesis such as in cancer development and metastasis, neurodegenerative disorders and craniofacial defects. The role of the SUMO pathway in regulating cardiogenic gene activity, development and/or disorders is just emerging. Our review is based on recent advances that highlight the regulation of cardiac gene activity in cardiac development and disease by the SUMO conjugation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Engineering, Department of Basic Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Robert J Schwartz
- Center for Stem Cell Engineering, Department of Basic Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX
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