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Esefeld M, Pastor A, de la Torre R, Barroso O, Aikin R, Sarwath H, Engelke R, Schmidt F, Suhre K. The Proteomic Signature of Recombinant Growth Hormone in Recreational Athletes. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab156. [PMID: 34765854 PMCID: PMC8577606 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Administration of human growth hormone (hGH) is prohibited in competitive sport and its detection in an athlete's sample triggers an adverse analytical finding. However, the biological processes that are modulated by recombinant hGH are not well characterized and associated blood serum proteins may constitute new biomarkers for hGH misuse. METHODS Thirty-five recreational athletes were enrolled in a study to investigate the time- and dose-dependent response of serum protein levels to recombinant hGH administration. Participants were randomly assigned to 4 groups, receiving 1 of 3 different doses of recombinant hGH or a placebo. Bio samples were collected at 22 time points over a period of 13 weeks, starting 4 weeks before treatment, during 3 weeks of treatment, and at 6 weeks' follow-up. A total of 749 serum samples were analyzed for 1305 protein markers using the SOMAscan proteomics platform. RESULTS We identified 66 proteins that significantly associated with recombinant hGH administration and dosage, including well known hGH targets, such as IGF1, but also previously unknown hGH-related proteins (eg, protease inhibitors, WFIKKN1, and chemokines, CCL2). Network analysis revealed changes in specific biological pathways, mainly related to the immune system and glucose metabolism. CONCLUSION Our analysis suggests that hGH administration affects biological processes more strongly than previously acknowledged. Some of the proteins were dysregulated even after hGH treatment and could potentially be developed into biomarkers for hGH misuse. Moreover, our findings suggest new roles for hGH-associated proteins in the etiology of hGH-related diseases and may indicate new risks that may be associated with hGH misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Esefeld
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Qatar Foundation–Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antoni Pastor
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group. Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08009 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF)
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group. Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08009 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF)
| | - Osquel Barroso
- World Anti-Doping Agency, Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1B7, Canada
| | - Reid Aikin
- World Anti-Doping Agency, Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1B7, Canada
| | - Hina Sarwath
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Qatar Foundation–Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rudolf Engelke
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Qatar Foundation–Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Qatar Foundation–Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation–Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Abstract
Different patterns of milk and breast cancer rates across countries suggest that several components of milk could affect breast cancer risk. However, the components of diet are complex including milk that could potentially influence risk. Some milk products such as whole milk and cheese have a high fat content which may increase risk. Moreover, milk products may contain pesticides which have carcinogenic potential. In contrast, some contents of milk such as calcium and vitamin D have been hypothesized to reduce breast cancer risk. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of the association between dairy food intake and breast cancer risk. Using the data from 8 available publications, we examined low-fat/skim milk, whole milk, and yogurt in relation to risk of breast cancer by meta-analysis. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the association. However the results of all milk models and the available epidemiologic evidence do not support a strong association between the consumption of milk or milk products and breast cancer risk. Further studies with larger participants worldwide are needed to validate the relationship of dairy food intake and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
| | - Min Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
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Mansson JV, Alves FD, Biolo A, Souza GC. Use of ghrelin in cachexia syndrome: a systematic review of clinical trials. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:659-669. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal wound healing is a highly regulated process that requires the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells and interactions between epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts. Compounds that can be applied topically to the ocular surface and that have the capability of activating corneal epithelial cells to proliferate and/or migrate would be useful to promote corneal wound healing. We hypothesize that human growth hormone (HGH) will activate signal transducers and activators of transcription-5 (STAT5) signaling and promote corneal wound healing by enhancing corneal epithelial cell and fibroblast proliferation and/or migration in vitro. The purpose of this study was to test these hypotheses. METHODS We studied cell signaling, proliferation, and migration using an immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line and primary human corneal fibroblasts in vitro. We also examined whether insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a hormone known to mediate many of HGH's growth promoting actions, may play a role in this effect. RESULTS We show that HGH activates STAT5 signaling and promotes corneal epithelial cell migration in vitro. The migratory effect requires an intact communication between corneal epithelia and fibroblasts and is not mediated by IGF-1. CONCLUSIONS HGH may represent a topical therapeutic to promote corneal epithelial wound healing. This warrants further investigation.
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Clinical development of ghrelin axis-derived molecules for cancer cachexia treatment. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2014; 7:368-75. [PMID: 24145681 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cachexia is a devastating complication of cancer for which there is no approved treatment. Here we review the clinical development of ghrelin and ghrelin mimetics (also known as growth hormone secretagogues or GHS) for cancer cachexia treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Ghrelin, a novel hormone known to increase appetite, lean and fat mass, and growth hormone secretion, is being developed as a therapeutic option for cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS). Recent animal studies suggest that it may also decrease inflammation and that some of its effects may be independent of its only known receptor, the GHS receptor-1a.Clinical studies recently have shown that administration of ghrelin or GHS improves appetite and quality of life as assessed by questionnaires. Weight gain, increased food intake and better tolerance to chemotherapy have also been reported. This treatment appears to be safe and well tolerated. SUMMARY Ghrelin and GHS have the potential to effectively prevent or reverse CACS. Preliminary studies show improvements in weight stabilization and appetite with short-term usage. Further studies are required to fully characterize the role of ghrelin and GHS for the treatment of CACS and to establish the safety of this approach.
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Long M, Li SX, Xiao JF, Wang J, Lozanoff S, Zhang ZG, Luft BJ, Johnson F. Kidney tubular-cell secretion of osteoblast growth factor is increased by kaempferol: a scientific basis for "the kidney controlling the bone" theory of Chinese medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:675-81. [PMID: 25012631 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study, at the cytological level, the basic concept of Chinese medicine that "the Kidney (Shen) controls the bone". METHODS Kaempferol was isolated form Rhizoma Drynariae (Gu Sui Bu, GSB) and at several concentrations was incubated with opossum kidney (OK) cells, osteoblasts (MC3T3 E1) and human fibroblasts (HF) at cell concentrations of 2×10(4)/mL. Opossum kidney cell-conditioned culture media with kaempferol at 70 nmol/L (70kaeOKM) and without kaempferol (0OKM) were used to stimulate MC3T3 E1 and HF proliferation. The bone morphological protein receptors I and II (BMPR I and II) in OK cells were identified by immune-fluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Kaempferol was found to increase OK cell growth (P<0.05), but alone did not promote MC3T3 E1 or HF cell proliferation. However, although OKM by itself increased MC3T3 E1 growth by 198% (P<0.01), the 70kaeOKM further increased the growth of these cells by an additional 127% (P<0.01). It indicates that the kidney cell generates a previously unknown osteoblast growth factor (OGF) and kaempferol increases kidney cell secretion of OGF. Neither of these media had any significant effect on HF growth. Kaempferol also was found to increase the level of the BMPR II in OK cells. CONCLUSIONS This lends strong support to the original idea that the Kidney has a significant influence over bone-formation, as suggested by some long-standing Chinese medical beliefs, kaempferol may also serve to stimulate kidney repair and indirectly stimulate bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Long
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa. John A, Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, 96813, USA,
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Lubbers ER, List EO, Jara A, Sackman-Sala L, Cordoba-Chacon J, Gahete MD, Kineman RD, Boparai R, Bartke A, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Adiponectin in mice with altered GH action: links to insulin sensitivity and longevity? J Endocrinol 2013; 216:363-74. [PMID: 23261955 PMCID: PMC3756886 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is positively correlated with longevity and negatively correlated with many obesity-related diseases. While there are several circulating forms of adiponectin, the high-molecular-weight (HMW) version has been suggested to have the predominant bioactivity. Adiponectin gene expression and cognate serum protein levels are of particular interest in mice with altered GH signaling as these mice exhibit extremes in obesity that are positively associated with insulin sensitivity and lifespan as opposed to the typical negative association of these factors. While a few studies have reported total adiponectin levels in young adult mice with altered GH signaling, much remains unresolved, including changes in adiponectin levels with advancing age, proportion of total adiponectin in the HMW form, adipose depot of origin, and differential effects of GH vs IGF1. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to address these issues using assorted mouse lines with altered GH signaling. Our results show that adiponectin is generally negatively associated with GH activity, regardless of age. Further, the amount of HMW adiponectin is consistently linked with the level of total adiponectin and not necessarily with previously reported lifespan or insulin sensitivity of these mice. Interestingly, circulating adiponectin levels correlated strongly with inguinal fat mass, implying that the effects of GH on adiponectin are depot specific. Interestingly, rbGH, but not IGF1, decreased circulating total and HMW adiponectin levels. Taken together, these results fill important gaps in the literature related to GH and adiponectin and question the frequently reported associations of total and HMW adiponectin with insulin sensitivity and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R. Lubbers
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
| | - Adam Jara
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | | | | | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Research and Development, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Rhonda D. Kineman
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Research and Development, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Ravneet Boparai
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
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Guillory B, Splenser A, Garcia J. The Role of Ghrelin in Anorexia–Cachexia Syndromes. ANOREXIA 2013; 92:61-106. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410473-0.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:233-47. [PMID: 22531108 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283542fb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ding J, Berryman DE, Jara A, Kopchick JJ. Age- and sex-associated plasma proteomic changes in growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 67:830-40. [PMID: 22156438 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted (GHR-/-) mice are dwarf, insulin sensitive, and long lived despite being obese. In order to identify characteristics associated with their increased longevity, we studied age-related plasma proteomic changes in these mice. Male and female GHR-/- mice and their littermate controls were followed longitudinally at 8, 16, and 24 months of ages for plasma proteomic analysis. Relative to control littermates, GHR-/- mice had increased levels of apolipoprotein A-4 and retinol-binding protein-4 and decreased levels of apolipoprotein E, haptoglobin, and mannose-binding protein-C. Female GHR-/- mice showed decreased inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Additionally, sex differences were found in specific isoforms of apolipoprotein E, RBP-4, haptoglobin, albumin, and hemoglobin subunit beta. In conclusion, we find plasma proteomic changes in GHR-/- mice that favor a longer life span as well as sex differences indicative of an improved health span in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ding
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, 1 Water Tower Drive, The Ridges, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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