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Kim S, Jo S, Paek SH, Kang SS, Chung H. SUZ12 inhibition attenuates cell proliferation of glioblastoma via post-translational regulation of CDKN1B. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1623-1632. [PMID: 37856053 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human gliomas are aggressive brain tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Differential expression of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) has been reported in various subtypes of glioma. However, the role of PRC2 in uncontrolled growth in glioma and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the functional role of PRC2 in human glioblastoma cell growth by silencing SUZ12, the non-catalytic core component of PRC2. METHODS Knockdown of SUZ12 was achieved by infecting T98G cells with lentivirus carrying sequences specifically targeting SUZ12 (shSUZ12). Gene expression was examined by quantitative PCR and western analysis. The impact of shSUZ12 on cell growth was assessed using a cell proliferation assay. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry, and protein stability was evaluated in cycloheximide-treated cells. Subcellular localization was examined through immunofluorescence staining and biochemical cytoplasmic-nuclear fractionation. Gene expression analysis was also performed on human specimens from normal brain and glioblastoma patients. RESULTS SUZ12 knockdown (SUZ12 KD) led to widespread decrease in the PRC2-specific histone mark, accompanied by a slowdown of cell proliferation through G1 arrest. In SUZ12 KD cells, the degradation of CDKN1B protein was reduced, resulting from alterations in the MYC-SKP2-CDKN1B axis. Furthermore, nuclear localization of CDKN1B was enhanced in SUZ12 KD cells. Analysis of human glioblastoma samples yielded increased expression of EZH2 and MYC along with reduced CDKN1B compared to normal human brain tissue. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a novel role for SUZ12 in cell proliferation through post-translational regulation of CDKN1B in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daegu Health College, Daegu, 41453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsin Jo
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research (HYIRR), Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyoung Chung
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kane JF, Johnson RW. Re-Evaluating the Role of PTHrP in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2670. [PMID: 37345007 PMCID: PMC10216606 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid-hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a protein with a long history of association with bone metastatic cancers. The paracrine signaling of PTHrP through the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR1) facilitates tumor-induced bone destruction, and PTHrP is known as the primary driver of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. In addition to paracrine signaling, PTHrP is capable of intracrine signaling independent of PTHR1 binding, which is essential for cytokine-like functions in normal physiological conditions in a variety of tissue types. Pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating the role of PTHrP in breast cancer have yielded contradictory conclusions, in some cases indicating the protein is tumor suppressive, and in other studies, pro-growth. This review discusses the possible molecular basis for the disharmonious prognostic indications of these studies and highlights the implications of the paracrine, intracrine, and nuclear functions of the protein. This review also examines the current understanding of the functional domains of PTHrP and re-evaluates their role in the unique context of the breast cancer environment. This review will expand on the current understanding of PTHrP by attempting to reconcile the functional domains of the protein with its intracrine signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F. Kane
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachelle W. Johnson
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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3
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Shi YN, Liu LP, Deng CF, Zhao TJ, Shi Z, Yan JY, Gong YZ, Liao DF, Qin L. Celastrol ameliorates vascular neointimal hyperplasia through Wnt5a-involved autophagy. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2561-2575. [PMID: 34326694 PMCID: PMC8315023 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia caused by the excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the pathological basis of restenosis. However, there are few effective strategies to prevent restenosis. Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpene, has been recently documented to be beneficial to certain cardiovascular diseases. Based on its significant effect on autophagy, we proposed that celastrol could attenuate restenosis through enhancing autophagy of VSMCs. In the present study, we found that celastrol effectively inhibited the intimal hyperplasia and hyperproliferation of VSMCs by inducing autophagy. It was revealed that autophagy promoted by celastrol could induce the lysosomal degradation of c-MYC, which might be a possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of VSMCs proliferation. The Wnt5a/PKC/mTOR signaling pathway was found to be an underlying mechanism for celastrol to induce autophagy and inhibit the VSMCs proliferation. These observations indicate that celastrol may be a novel drug with a great potential to prevent restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Femoral Artery/injuries
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neointima
- Pentacyclic Triterpenes/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Wnt-5a Protein/metabolism
- Wound Healing/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ning Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Le-Ping Liu
- Institue of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang-Feng Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tan-Jun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian-Ye Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong-Zhen Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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4
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Sabit H, Tombuloglu H, Cevik E, Abdel-Ghany S, El-Zawahri E, El-Sawy A, Isik S, Al-Suhaimi E. Knockdown of c-MYC Controls the Proliferation of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in vitro via Dynamic Regulation of Key Apoptotic Marker Genes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2021; 10:45-55. [PMID: 34268253 PMCID: PMC8256829 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.10.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant epithelial cancer occurring in the oral cavity, where it accounts for nearly 90% of all oral cavity neoplasms. The c-MYC transcription factor plays an important role in the control of programmed cell death, normal-to-malignant cellular transformation, and progression of the cell cycle. However, the role of c-MYC in controlling the proliferation of OSCC cells is not well known. In this study, c-MYC gene was silenced in OSCC cells (ORL-136T), and molecular and cellular responses were screened. To identify the pathway through which cell death occurred, cytotoxicity, colony formation, western blotting, caspase-3, and RT-qPCR analyzes were performed. Results indicated that knockdown of c-MYC has resulted in a significant decrease in the cell viability and c-MYC protein synthesis. Furthermore, caspase-3 was shown to be upregulated leading to apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway. In response to c-MYC knockdown, eight cell proliferation-associated genes showed variable expression profiles: c-MYC (-21.2), p21 (-2.5), CCNA1(1.8), BCL2 (-1.4), p53(-3.7), BAX(1.1), and CYCS (19.3). p27 expression was dramatically decreased in c-MYC-silenced cells in comparison with control, and this might indicate that the relative absence of c-MYC triggered intrinsic apoptosis in OSCC cells via p27 and CYCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Sabit
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huseyin Tombuloglu
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Cevik
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa Abdel-Ghany
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Engy El-Zawahri
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amr El-Sawy
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sevim Isik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,SANKARA Brain & Biotechnology Research Center, Istanbul Biotechnology Inc, Technocity, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebtesam Al-Suhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Identification of the antidepressive properties of C1, a specific inhibitor of Skp2, in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:62-72. [PMID: 33416256 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that SMIP004, an inhibitor of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), displays antidepressant-like activities in stress-naïve and chronically stressed mice. Here, we investigated the antidepressant-like effect of C1, another inhibitor of Skp2, in mouse models following acute or chronic drug administration at different doses and treatment times by using the tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), and social interaction test (SIT). The time- and dose-dependent results showed that the antidepressant-like effect of C1 occurred 8 days after the drug treatment, and C1 produced antidepressant-like activities at the dose of 5 and 10 but not 1 mg/kg in male or female mice. C1 administration (5 mg/kg) also induced antidepressant-like effects in stress-naïve mice in a three-times administration mode within 24 h (24, 5, and 1 h before the test) but not in an acute administration mode (1 h before the test). The C1 and fluoxetine co-administration produced additive effect on depression-like behaviors in stress-naïve mice. The antidepressant-like effect of C1 was not associated with the change in locomotor activity, as no increased locomotor activity was observed in different treatment modes. Furthermore, the long-term C1 treatment (5 mg/kg) was found to ameliorate the depression-like behaviors in chronic social defeat stress-exposed mice, suggesting that C1 can produce antidepressant-like actions in stress conditions. Since C1 is a specific inhibitor of Skp2, our results demonstrate that inhibition of Skp2 might be a potential strategy for the treatment of depression, and Skp2 may be potential target for the development of novel antidepressants.
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6
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Liu Y, Wang Q, Wang Q, Cui M, Jin Y, Wang R, Mao Z, Miao D, Karaplis AC, Zhang YP, Shields LBE, Shields CB, Zhang Y. Role of PTHrP nuclear localization and carboxyl terminus sequences in postnatal spinal cord development. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:47-62. [PMID: 33275829 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) acts under physiological conditions to regulate normal development of several tissues and organs. The role of PTHrP in spinal cord development has not been characterized. Pthrp knock in (Pthrp KI) mice were genetically modified to produce PTHrP in which there is a deficiency of the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and C-terminus. Using this genetically modified mouse model, we have characterized its effect on spinal cord development early postnatally. The spinal cords from Pthrp KI mice displayed a significant reduction in its length, weight, and cross-sectional area compared to wild-type controls. Histologically, there was a decreased development of neurons and glial cells that caused decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. The neural stem cells (NSCs) cultures also revealed decreased cell proliferation and differentiation and increased apoptosis. The proposed mechanism of delayed spinal cord development in Pthrp KI mice may be due to alteration in associated pathways in regulation of cell-division cycles and apoptosis. There was significant downregulation of Bmi-1 and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27, p21, and p16 in Pthrp KI animals. We conclude that NLS and C-terminus peptide segments of PTHrP play an important role in inhibiting cell apoptosis and stimulation of cellular proliferation necessary for normal spinal cord development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qiangcheng Wang
- The First Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yaoyao Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Diseases of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Mao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Diseases of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Diseases of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Andrew C Karaplis
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Diseases of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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7
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García M, Rodríguez-Hernández CJ, Mateo-Lozano S, Pérez-Jaume S, Gonçalves-Alves E, Lavarino C, Mora J, de Torres C. Parathyroid hormone-like hormone plays a dual role in neuroblastoma depending on PTH1R expression. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1959-1975. [PMID: 31293052 PMCID: PMC6717746 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the expression of parathyroid hormone‐like hormone (PTHLH) in well‐differentiated, Schwannian stroma‐rich neuroblastic tumors. The aim of this study was to functionally assess the role of PTHLH and its receptor, PTH1R, in neuroblastoma. Stable knockdown of PTHLH and PTH1R was conducted in neuroblastoma cell lines to investigate the succeeding phenotype induced both in vitro and in vivo. Downregulation of PTHLH reduced MYCN expression and subsequently induced cell cycle arrest, senescence, and migration and invasion impairment in a MYCN‐amplified, TP53‐mutated neuroblastoma cell line. These phenotypes were associated with reduced tumorigenicity in a murine model. We also show that PTHLH expression is not under the control of the calcium‐sensing receptor in neuroblastoma. Conversely, its production is stimulated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Accordingly, irreversible EGFR inhibition with canertinib abolished PTHLH expression. The oncogenic role of PTHLH appeared to be a consequence of its intracrine function, as downregulation of its receptor, PTH1R, increased anchorage‐independent growth and induced a more undifferentiated, invasive phenotype. Respectively, high PTH1R mRNA expression was found in MYCN nonamplified primary tumors and also significantly associated with other prognostic factors of good outcome. This study provides the first evidence of the dual role of PTHLH in the behavior of neuroblastomas. Moreover, the identification of EGFR as a transcriptional regulator of PTHLH in neuroblastoma provides a novel therapeutic opportunity to promote a less aggressive tumor phenotype through irreversible inhibition of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Mateo-Lozano
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Sara Pérez-Jaume
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Eliana Gonçalves-Alves
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cinzia Lavarino
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carmen de Torres
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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8
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Zhong K, Yang F, Han Q, Chen J, Wang J. Skp2 expression has different clinicopathological and prognostic implications in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2873-2880. [PMID: 30127874 PMCID: PMC6096237 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High expression of S-phase kinase associated protein 2 (Skp2) is associated with numerous clinicopathological parameters, including histology, lymph node metastasis, smoking status, differentiation and Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Skp2 protein is overexpressed in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), compared with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), whilst the clinicopathological and prognostic implications in LUAD or LUSC remain unclear. A larger study is required to assess the differences in Skp2 expression between these NSCLC types. In the present study, the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical expression of the Skp2 protein were studied in 500 patients with NSCLC (351 with LUAD and 149 with LUSC). Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model. Skp2 associated genes were identified based on the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Skp2 was overexpressed in patients with LUSC, compared with LUAD (P<0.001). In histology subgroup analysis, differences in Skp2 protein expression were observed in patients with LUAD, based on sex, differentiation, smoking history, stage, lymph node metastasis and tumor diameter (P<0.05), but not in patients with LUSC except for smoking status. High Skp2 protein expression in patients with LUAD was associated with reduced overall survival (OS; P<0.001), but not in patients with LUSC (P=0.686). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that Skp2 expression is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS in patients with LUAD (RR=1.845, P<0.05). Bioinformatics analyses revealed that minichromosome maintenance complex component 2, cell division cycle 45, replication factor C subunit 4, which are differently expressed in LUAD and LUSC, are associated with Skp2 expression and participate in DNA replication and G1/S transition. Skp2 protein expression differs in LUAD and LUSC. The clinicopathological and prognostic implications based on Skp2 expression in LUAD and LUSC should be considered different. LUSC with high Skp2 expression may have robust proliferation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaize Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Qiuying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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9
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Wilhelmson AS, Fagman JB, Johansson I, Zou ZV, Andersson AG, Svedlund Eriksson E, Johansson ME, Lindahl P, Fogelstrand P, Tivesten Å. Increased Intimal Hyperplasia After Vascular Injury in Male Androgen Receptor-Deficient Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3915-3923. [PMID: 27533884 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia is a vascular pathological process involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Data suggest that T, the most important sex steroid hormone in males, protects men from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. T mainly acts via the androgen receptor (AR), and in this study we evaluated formation of intimal hyperplasia in male AR knockout (ARKO) mice using a vascular injury model. Two weeks after ligation of the carotid artery, male ARKO mice showed increased intimal area and intimal thickness compared with controls. After endothelial denudation by an in vivo scraping injury, there was no difference in the reendothelialization in ARKO compared with control mice. Ex vivo, we observed increased outgrowth of vascular smooth muscle cells from ARKO compared with control aortic tissue explants; the number of outgrown cells was almost doubled in ARKO. In vitro, stimulation of human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells with a physiological T concentration inhibited both migration and proliferation of the cells. Analyzing the expression of central regulators of cell proliferation and migration, we found that mRNA and protein levels of p27 were lower in uninjured arteries from ARKO mice and that T replacement to castrated male mice increased p27 mRNA in an AR-dependent manner. In conclusion, AR deficiency in male mice increases intimal hyperplasia in response to vascular injury, potentially related to the effects of androgens/AR to inhibit proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Wilhelmson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan B Fagman
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Johansson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhiyuan V Zou
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel G Andersson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elin Svedlund Eriksson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria E Johansson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Lindahl
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Åsa Tivesten
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kim W, Takyar FM, Swan K, Jeong J, VanHouten J, Sullivan C, Dann P, Yu H, Fiaschi-Taesch N, Chang W, Wysolmerski J. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Promotes Breast Cancer by Stimulating Intracrine Actions of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5348-60. [PMID: 27450451 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) contributes to the development and metastatic progression of breast cancer by promoting hypercalcemia, tumor growth, and osteolytic bone metastases, but it is not known how PTHrP is upregulated in breast tumors. Here we report a central role in this process for the calcium-sensing receptor, CaSR, which enables cellular responses to changes in extracellular calcium, through studies of CaSR-PTHrP interactions in the MMTV-PymT transgenic mouse model of breast cancer and in human breast cancer cells. CaSR activation stimulated PTHrP production by breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Tissue-specific disruption of the casr gene in mammary epithelial cells in MMTV-PymT mice reduced tumor PTHrP expression and inhibited tumor cell proliferation and tumor outgrowth. CaSR signaling promoted the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines and tumor cells cultured from MMTV-PyMT mice. Further, CaSR activation inhibited cell death triggered by high extracellular concentrations of calcium. The actions of the CaSR appeared to be mediated by nuclear actions of PTHrP that decreased p27(kip1) levels and prevented nuclear accumulation of the proapoptotic factor apoptosis inducing factor. Taken together, our findings suggest that CaSR-PTHrP interactions might be a promising target for the development of therapeutic agents to limit tumor cell growth in bone metastases and in other microenvironments in which elevated calcium and/or PTHrP levels contribute to breast cancer progression. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5348-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonnam Kim
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Farzin M Takyar
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Karena Swan
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Jaekwang Jeong
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Joshua VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Catherine Sullivan
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Herbert Yu
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Nathalie Fiaschi-Taesch
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco and Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut.
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11
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Qiu L, Lv J, Chen Y, Wang J, Wu R. Expression of Skp2 and p27 kip1 proteins in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its clinical significance. Oncol Lett 2016; 10:3756-3760. [PMID: 26788203 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kinase-interacting protein 1 (p27kip1) protein expression on the occurrence and development of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The protein expression levels of Skp2 and p27kip1 were detected in 42 hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 15 normal hypopharyngeal mucous membrane specimens using the an immunohistochemical PV-9000 two-step method. The expression levels of Skp2 protein were significantly different in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and normal hypopharyngeal mucous membranes (61.90 vs. 26.67%; P<0.05). By contrast, the protein expression levels of Skp2 were significantly positively correlated with tumor T stage (rs=0.329, P<0.05) and cervical lymph node metastasis (rs=0.402, P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of p27kip1 protein were significantly different in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and normal hypopharyngeal mucous membranes (11.9 vs. 53.33%; P<0.05), while p27kip1 protein expression was significantly negatively correlated with tumor T-stage (rs=-0.351, P<0.05) and cervical lymph node metastasis (rs=-0.371, P<0.05). Notably, a significant negative correlation was observed between the expression levels of Skp2 and p27kip1 proteins in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.05). In addition, abnormal expression levels of Skp2 and p27kip1 proteins were observed in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues. Thus, Skp2 and p27kip1 proteins may be involved in the development of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The current study proposed that combined detection of Skp2 and p27kip1 may be useful for assessing the characteristics and prognosis of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Qiu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Jiabao Lv
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Jiarong Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Ruishan Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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12
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Yan LH, Wang XT, Yang J, Kong FB, Lian C, Wei WY, Luo W, Xie YB, Xiao Q. Reversal of multidrug resistance in gastric cancer cells by E2F-1 downregulation in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:34-41. [PMID: 24038122 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transcription Factor E2F-1 plays a critical role in cell cycle regulation and other biological processes in cells. However whether or not it is involved in the multi-drug resistance (MDR) process of gastric cancer has not been fully elucidated yet. To explore the role of E2F-1 in the MDR process of gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo, a cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cell line with stable downregulation of E2F-1 was established. E2F-1 shRNA led to downregulation of endogenous E2F-1 mRNA and protein. It significantly promoted the sensitivity of SGC7901/DDP cells to cisplatin, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil. Flow cytometry confirmed that the percentage of apoptotic cells increased after E2F-1 downregulation. This notion was further supported by the observation that downregulation of E2F-1 blocked entry into the S-phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, downregulation of E2F-1 significantly increased intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin. In addition, we determined the in vivo effects of E2F-1 small interfering RNA (shRNA) on tumor size, and apoptotic cells in tumor tissues were detected by deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling and hematoxylin and eosin staining. In molecular studies, semiquantitative RT-PCR and western blotting revealed that E2F-1 downregulation could inhibit expression of MDR1, MRP, Bcl-2/Bax, c-Myc, Skp2, Survivin, and Cyclin D1. IN CONCLUSION E2F-1 may be involved in regulating multiple signaling pathways in reversing MDR, suggesting that E2F-1 may represent a novel target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hai Yan
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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13
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Polyploid giant cancer cells with budding and the expression of cyclin E, S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, stathmin associated with the grading and metastasis in serous ovarian tumor. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:576. [PMID: 25106448 PMCID: PMC4137091 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) exhibit cancer stem cell properties and express cell cycle-related proteins. HEY PGCCs induced by cobalt chloride generated daughter cells and the daughter cells had a strong migratory and invasive ability. This study is to compare the expression of cyclin E, S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2), and stathmin between PGCCs with budding and control HEY cells, and determine the clinicopathological significance of cell cycle-related protein expression in ovarian tumors. METHODS We used western blot and immunocytochemical staining to compare the expression levels of cyclin E, SKP2 and stathmin between PGCC with budding daughter cells and control HEY cells. In addition, immunohistochemical staining for cyclin E, SKP2 and stathmin was performed on a total of 80 paraffin-embedded serous ovarian tumor tissue samples. The samples included 21 cases of primary high-grade carcinoma (group I) and their metastatic tumors (group II), 26 cases of primary low-grade carcinoma without metastasis (group III), and 12 cases of serous borderline cystadenoma (group IV). RESULTS Single PGCC with budding in the stroma showed high correlation with the metastasis of ovarian carcinoma. Group I had a significantly higher number of single PGCCs with budding in the stroma than group III (85.71% [18/21] vs. 23.08% [6/26] cases; χ2 = 18.240, P = 0.000). The expression of cyclin E, SKP2, and stathmin was compared among the four groups. The expression levels of cyclin E, SKP2, and stathmin increased with the malignant grade of ovarian tumors and group II had the highest expression levels. The expression of cyclin E (χ2 = 17.985, P = 0.000), SKP2 (χ2 = 12.384, P = 0.000), and stathmin (χ2 = 20.226, P = 0.000) was significantly different among the 4 groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin E, SKP2, and stathmin may be valuable biomarkers to evaluate the metastasis in patients with ovarian serous carcinoma.
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García-Martín A, Ardura JA, Maycas M, Lozano D, López-Herradón A, Portal-Núñez S, García-Ocaña A, Esbrit P. Functional roles of the nuclear localization signal of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in osteoblastic cells. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:925-34. [PMID: 24725082 PMCID: PMC5414844 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PTHrP is an important regulator of bone remodelling, apparently by acting through several sequence domains. We here aimed to further delineate the functional roles of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) comprising the 88-107 amino acid sequence of PTHrP in osteoblasts. PTHrP mutants from a human PTHrP (-36/+139) cDNA (wild type) cloned into pcDNA3.1 plasmid with deletion (Δ) of the signal peptide (SP), NLS, T(107), or T107A replacing T(107) by A(107) were generated and stably transfected into osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. In these cells, intracellular trafficking, cell proliferation and viability, as well as cell differentiation were evaluated. In these transfected cells, PTHrP was detected in the cytoplasm and also in the nucleus, except in the NLS mutant. Meanwhile, the PTH type 1 receptor (PTH1R) accumulates in the cytoplasm except for the ΔSP mutant in which the receptor remains at the cell membrane. PTHrP-wild type cells showed enhanced growth and viability, as well as an increased matrix mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteocalcin gene expression; and these features were inhibited or abolished in ΔNLS or ΔT(107) mutants. Of note, these effects of PTHrP overexpression on cell growth and function were similarly decreased in the ΔSP mutant after PTH1R small interfering RNA transfection or by a PTH1R antagonist. The present in vitro findings suggest a mixed model for PTHrP actions on osteoblastic growth and function whereby this protein needs to be secreted and internalized via the PTH1R (autocrine/paracrine pathway) before NLS-dependent shuttling to the nucleus (intracrine pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Martín
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Óseo (A.G-M., J.A.A., M.M., D.L., A.L-H., S.P-N., P.E.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz and Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28040, Spain; and Department of Medicine (A.G-O.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Boras-Granic K, Dann P, VanHouten J, Karaplis A, Wysolmerski J. Deletion of the nuclear localization sequences and C-terminus of PTHrP impairs embryonic mammary development but also inhibits PTHrP production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90418. [PMID: 24785493 PMCID: PMC4006745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) can be secreted from cells and interact with its receptor, the Type 1 PTH/PTHrP Receptor (PTHR1) in an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine fashion. PTHrP can also remain inside cells and be transported into the nucleus, where its functions are unclear, although recent experiments suggest that it may broadly regulate cell survival and senescence. Disruption of either the PTHrP or PTHR1 gene results in many abnormalities including a failure of embryonic mammary gland development in mice and in humans. In order to examine the potential functions of nuclear PTHrP in the breast, we examined mammary gland development in PTHrP (1-84) knock-in mice, which express a mutant form of PTHrP that lacks the C-terminus and nuclear localization signals and which can be secreted but cannot enter the nucleus. Interestingly, we found that PTHrP (1-84) knock-in mice had defects in mammary mesenchyme differentiation and mammary duct outgrowth that were nearly identical to those previously described in PTHrP-/- and PTHR1-/- mice. However, the mammary buds in PTHrP (1-84) knock-in mice had severe reductions in mutant PTHrP mRNA levels, suggesting that the developmental defects were due to insufficient production of PTHrP by mammary epithelial cells and not loss of PTHrP nuclear function. Examination of the effects of nuclear PTHrP in the mammary gland in vivo will require the development of alternative animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Boras-Granic
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joshua VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim TA, Kang JM, Hyun JS, Lee B, Kim SJ, Yang ES, Hong S, Lee HJ, Fujii M, Niederhuber JE, Kim SJ. The Smad7-Skp2 complex orchestrates Myc stability, impacting on the cytostatic effect of TGF-β. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:411-21. [PMID: 24259667 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.136028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In most human cancers the Myc proto-oncogene is highly activated. Dysregulation of Myc oncoprotein contributes to tumorigenesis in numerous tissues and organs. Thus, targeting Myc stability could be a crucial step for cancer therapy. Here we report Smad7 as a key molecule regulating Myc stability and activity by recruiting the F-box protein, Skp2. Ectopic expression of Smad7 downregulated the protein level of Myc without affecting the transcription level, and significantly repressed its transcriptional activity, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and tumorigenic activity. Furthermore, Smad7 enhanced ubiquitylation of Myc through direct interaction with Myc and recruitment of Skp2. Ablation of Smad7 resulted in less sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effect of TGF-β by inducing stable Myc expression. In conclusion, these findings that Smad7 functions in Myc oncoprotein degradation and enhances the cytostatic effect of TGF-β signaling provide a possible new therapeutic approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Aug Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Korea
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Yan LH, Wang XT, Yang J, Lian C, Kong FB, Wei WY, Luo W, Xiao Q, Xie YB. Reversal of multidrug resistance in gastric cancer cells by CDX2 downregulation. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4155-4165. [PMID: 23864778 PMCID: PMC3710417 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i26.4155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of CDX2 in the multi-drug resistance (MDR) process of gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo.
METHODS: A cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cell line with stable downregulation of CDX2 was established. mRNA and protein expression levels of CDX2, survivin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc were detected by western blotting and semi-quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The influence of downregulation of CDX2 on MDR was assessed by measuring IC50 of SGC7901/DDP cells to cisplatin, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil, rate of doxorubicin efflux, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression detected by flow cytometry. In addition, we determined the in vivo effects of CDX2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) on tumor size, and apoptotic cells in tumor tissues were detected by deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling and hematoxylin and eosin staining.
RESULTS: CDX2 siRNA led to downregulation of endogenous CDX2 mRNA (0.31 ± 0.05 vs 1.10 ± 0.51, 0.31 ± 0.05 vs 1.05 ± 0.21, P = 0.003) and protein (0.12 ± 0.08 vs 0.51 ± 0.07, 0.12 ± 0.08 vs 0.55 ± 0.16, P = 2.57 × 10-4) expression. It significantly promoted the sensitivity of SGC7901/DDP cells to cisplatin (0.12 ± 0.05 vs 0.33 ± 0.08, 0.12 ± 0.05 vs 0.39 ± 0.15, P = 0.001), doxorubicin (0.52 ± 0.13 vs 4.11 ± 1.25, 0.52 ± 0.13 vs 4.05 ± 1.44, P = 2.81 × 10-4), and 5-fluorouracil (0.82 ± 0.13 vs 2.81 ± 0.51, 0.82 ± 0.13 vs 3.28 ± 1.03, P = 1.71 × 10-4). Flow cytometry confirmed that the percentage of apoptotic cells increased after CDX2 downregulation (32.15% ± 2.15% vs 17.63% ± 3.16%, 32.15% ± 2.15% vs 19.3% ± 2.25%, P = 1.73 × 10-6). This notion was further supported by the observation that downregulation of CDX2 blocked entry into the S-phase of the cell cycle (31.53% ± 3.78% vs 65.05% ± 7.25%, 31.53% ± 3.78% vs 62.27% ± 5.02%, P = 7.55 × 10-7). Furthermore, downregulation of CDX2 significantly increased intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin (0.21 ± 0.06 vs 0.41 ± 0.11, 0.21 ± 0.06 vs 0.40 ± 0.08, P = 0.003). In molecular studies, semiquantitative RT-PCR and western blotting revealed that CDX2 downregulation could inhibit expression of c-Myc, survivin and cyclin D1.
CONCLUSION: CDX2 may be involved in regulating multiple signaling pathways in reversing MDR, suggesting that CDX2 may represent a novel target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Hochane M, Raison D, Coquard C, Imhoff O, Massfelder T, Moulin B, Helwig JJ, Barthelmebs M. Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a mitogenic and a survival factor of mesangial cells from male mice: role of intracrine and paracrine pathways. Endocrinology 2013; 154:853-64. [PMID: 23284101 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis is characterized by the proliferation and apoptosis of mesangial cells (MC). The parathyroid-hormone related protein (PTHrP) is a locally active cytokine that affects these phenomena in many cell types, through either paracrine or intracrine pathways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both PTHrP pathways on MC proliferation and apoptosis. In vitro studies were based on MC from male transgenic mice allowing PTHrP-gene excision by a CreLoxP system. MC were also transfected with different PTHrP constructs: wild type PTHrP, PTHrP devoid of its signal peptide, or of its nuclear localization sequence. The results showed that PTHrP deletion in MC reduced their proliferation even in the presence of serum and increased their apoptosis when serum-deprived. PTH1R activation by PTHrP(1-36) or PTH(1-34) had no effect on proliferation but improved MC survival. Transfection of MC with PTHrP devoid of its signal peptide significantly increased their proliferation and minimally reduced their apoptosis. Overexpression of PTHrP devoid of its nuclear localization sequence protected cells from apoptosis without changing their proliferation. Wild type PTHrP transfection conferred both mitogenic and survival effects, which seem independent of midregion and C-terminal PTHrP fragments. PTHrP-induced MC proliferation was associated with p27(Kip1) down-regulation and c-Myc/E2F1 up-regulation. PTHrP increased MC survival through the activation of cAMP/protein kinase A and PI3-K/Akt pathways. These results reveal that PTHrP is a cytokine of multiple roles in MC, acting as a mitogenic factor only through an intracrine pathway, and reducing apoptosis mainly through the paracrine pathway. Thus, PTHrP appears as a probable actor in MC injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazène Hochane
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U682, Equipe Cancer du Rein et Physiopathologie Rénale, Faculté de Médecine, 11 rue Humann, F-67085 Strasbourg, France.
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Abstract
PTHrP was identified as a cause of hypercalcemia in cancer patients 25 yr ago. In the intervening years, we have learned that PTHrP and PTH are encoded by related genes that are part of a larger "PTH gene family." This evolutionary relationship permits them to bind to the same type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor, which explains why humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy resembles hyperparathyroidism. This review will outline basic facts about PTHrP biology and its normal physiological functions, with an emphasis on new findings of the past 5-10 yr. The medical and research communities first became aware of PTHrP because of its involvement in a common paraneoplastic syndrome. Now, research into the basic biology of PTHrP has suggested previously unrecognized connections to a variety of disease states such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and breast cancer and has highlighted how PTHrP itself might be used in therapy for osteoporosis and diabetes. Therefore, the story of this remarkable protein is a paradigm for translational research, having gone from bedside to bench and now back to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, TAC S131, Box 208020, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA.
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Suzuki S, Fukasawa H, Misaki T, Togawa A, Ohashi N, Kitagawa K, Kotake Y, Liu N, Niida H, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI, Yamamoto T, Kitagawa M. The amelioration of renal damage in Skp2-deficient mice canceled by p27 Kip1 deficiency in Skp2-/- p27-/- mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36249. [PMID: 22558406 PMCID: PMC3338689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
SCF-Skp2 E3 ubiquitin ligase (Skp2 hereafter) targets several cell cycle regulatory proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin-dependent pathway. However, the target-specific physiological functions of Skp2 have not been fully elucidated in kidney diseases. We previously reported an increase in Skp2 in progressive nephropathy and amelioration of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) renal injury associated with renal accumulation of p27 in Skp2(-/-) mice. However, it remains unclear whether the amelioration of renal injury in Skp2(-/-) mice is solely caused by p27 accumulation, since Skp2 targets several other proteins. Using Skp2(-/-)p27(-/-) mice, we investigated whether Skp2 specifically targets p27 in the progressive nephropathy mediated by UUO. In contrast to the marked suppression of UUO renal injury in Skp2(-/-) mice, progression of tubular dilatation associated with tubular epithelial cell proliferation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis with increased expression of collagen and α-smooth muscle actin were observed in the obstructed kidneys in Skp2(-/-)p27(-/-) mice. No significant increases in other Skp2 target proteins including p57, p130, TOB1, cyclin A and cyclin D1 were noted in the UUO kidney in Skp2(-/-) mice, while p21, c-Myc, b-Myb and cyclin E were slightly increased. Contrary to the ameliorated UUO renal injure by Skp2-deficiency, the amelioration was canceled by the additional p27-deficiency in Skp2(-/-)p27(-/-) mice. These findings suggest a pathogenic role of the reduction in p27 targeted by Skp2 in the progression of nephropathy in UUO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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