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Tominaga FK, Boiani NF, Silva TT, Garcia VSG, Borrely SI. Acute and chronic ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals and their mixtures in Daphnia similis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136671. [PMID: 36209851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have increasingly received attention from the scientific community due to their growing intake, improved detection and potential ecological risks. Several pharmaceuticals, including antidepressants, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic compounds and antibiotics, have been described as contaminants in different water matrices. In this context, the aim of the present study was to assess the acute and chronic effects of four classes of pharmaceuticals (acetylsalicylic acid, fluoxetine, metformin and ciprofloxacin) individually and in binary and quartenary mixture. Furthermore, the toxicity of binary mixtures containing the antidepressant fluoxetine was also evaluated. The results of the single acute and chronic toxicity assays indicate lower acetylsalicylic acid and higher fluoxetine toxicity towards Daphnia similis. Regarding the evaluated mixture toxicity, the nature of potential toxicological interactions was predicted by applying mathematical concentration addition and independent action models. The findings revealed both antagonistic and synergistic features, depending on the applied amounts and doses. Finally, the chronic assays performed with the quaternary mixture indicated the presence of a hormetic effect at low concentrations. In sum, the present study demonstrated that the effects of individual pharmaceuticals can underestimate the risk level of these contaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Kiyoshi Tominaga
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Radiation Technology Center - IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Nathalia Fonseca Boiani
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Radiation Technology Center - IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thalita Tieko Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Radiation Technology Center - IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Granadeiro Garcia
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Radiation Technology Center - IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sueli Ivone Borrely
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Radiation Technology Center - IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
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2
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Genaro K, Yoshimura RF, Doan BP, Johnstone TB, Hogenkamp DJ, Gee KW. Allosteric modulators of the δ GABA A receptor subtype demonstrate a therapeutic effect in morphine-antinociceptive tolerance and withdrawal in mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 219:109221. [PMID: 36084794 PMCID: PMC11012237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of compounds targeting extrasynaptic δ subunit-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (δ*-GABAARs) to interrogate the role of tonic inhibition in the development of antinociceptive tolerance caused by repeated morphine administration. We investigated the effect of subchronic or acute treatment with non-steroidal positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of δ*-GABAARs, such as 2-261, on the morphine-antinociceptive tolerance. Mice were treated twice daily with morphine for 9 days and antinociception was measured using the hot water tail immersion test. Co-treatment with 2-261 and morphine prevented morphine-antinociceptive tolerance and acute administration of 2-261 on day 9 was sufficient to reverse the tolerance. Other compounds with activity at δ*-GABAARs also reversed morphine tolerance, whereas an enaminone that lacked activity at δ*-GABAARs did not. Acute administration of 2-261 did not cause an additive or synergistic antinociceptive effect when combined with an acute submaximal dose of morphine. We then used Cre/LoxP recombination to generate GABAA δ-subunit knockout mice to corroborate the pharmacological results. Observations of male δ-knockout mice demonstrated that the δ*-GABAARs was necessary for 2-261 modulation of both analgesic tolerance and somatic withdrawal symptoms produced by subchronic morphine. While female mice still benefited from the positive effects of 2-261, the δ-subunit was not necessary for these effects, highlighting a distinction of the different pathways that could have implications for some of the sex-related differences seen in human opioid-induced outcomes. Consequently, subtype-specific allosteric modulators of GABAARs may warrant further investigation as pharmacological targets to manage tolerance and withdrawal from opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Genaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - R F Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA.
| | - B P Doan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - T B Johnstone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA
| | - D J Hogenkamp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA
| | - K W Gee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA
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3
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Gosset A, Wiest L, Fildier A, Libert C, Giroud B, Hammada M, Hervé M, Sibeud E, Vulliet E, Polomé P, Perrodin Y. Ecotoxicological risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern identified by "suspect screening" from urban wastewater treatment plant effluents at a territorial scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146275. [PMID: 33714835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are a major vector of highly ecotoxic contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) for urban and sub-urban streams. Ecotoxicological risk assessments (ERAs) provide essential information to public environmental authorities. Nevertheless, ERAs are mainly performed at very local scale (one or few WWTPs) and on pre-selected list of CECs. To cope with these limits, the present study aims to develop a territorial-scale ERA on CECs previously identified by a "suspect screening" analytical approach (LC-QToF-MS) and quantified in the effluents of 10 WWTPs of a highly urbanized territory during three periods of the year. Among CECs, this work focused on pharmaceutical residue and pesticides. ERA was conducted following two complementary methods: (1) a single substance approach, based on the calculation for each CEC of risk quotients (RQs) by the ratio of Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) and Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC), and (2) mixture risk assessment ("cocktail effect") based on a concentration addition model (CA), summing individual RQs. Chemical results led to an ERA for 41 CEC (37 pharmaceuticals and 4 pesticides) detected in treated effluents. Single substance ERA identified 19 CECs implicated in at least one significant risk for streams, with significant risks for DEET, diclofenac, lidocaine, atenolol, terbutryn, atorvastatin, methocarbamol, and venlafaxine (RQs reaching 39.84, 62.10, 125.58, 179.11, 348.24, 509.27, 1509.71 and 3097.37, respectively). Mixture ERA allowed the identification of a risk (RQmix > 1) for 9 of the 10 WWTPs studied. It was also remarked that CECs leading individually to a negligible risk could imply a significant risk in a mixture. Finally, the territorial ERA showed a diversity of risk situations, with the highest concerns for 3 WWTPs: the 2 biggest of the territory discharging into a large French river, the Rhône, and for the smallest WWTP that releases into a small intermittent stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gosset
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France; Université de Lyon & Université Lyon 2, Lyon, F-69007, CNRS, UMR 5824 GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne, Ecully F-69130, France; Ecole Urbaine de Lyon, Institut Convergences, Commissariat général aux investissements d'avenir, Bât. Atrium, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélie Fildier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Libert
- Grand Lyon Urban Community, Water and Urban Planning Department, 69003 Lyon, 9, France
| | - Barbara Giroud
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Myriam Hammada
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Matthieu Hervé
- Grand Lyon Urban Community, Water and Urban Planning Department, 69003 Lyon, 9, France
| | - Elisabeth Sibeud
- Grand Lyon Urban Community, Water and Urban Planning Department, 69003 Lyon, 9, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Polomé
- Université de Lyon & Université Lyon 2, Lyon, F-69007, CNRS, UMR 5824 GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne, Ecully F-69130, France
| | - Yves Perrodin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
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Rogliani P, Ritondo BL, Cavalli F, Giorgino F, Girolami A, Pane G, Pezzuto G, Zerillo B, Puxeddu E, Ora J. Synergy across the drugs approved for the treatment of asthma. Minerva Med 2021; 113:17-30. [PMID: 33496162 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.21.07266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhaled corticosteroids are the cornerstone for the treatment of stable asthma, however, when disease severity increases, escalating therapy to combinations of drugs acting on distinct signalling pathways is required. It is advantageous to providing evidence of a synergistic interaction across drug combinations, as it allows optimizing bronchodilation while lowering the dose of single agents. In the respiratory pharmacology field, two statistical models are accepted as gold standard to characterize drug interactions, namely the Bliss Independence criterion and the Unified Theory. In this review, pharmacological interactions across drugs approved for the treatment of asthma have been systematically assessed. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive literature search was performed in MEDLINE for studies that used a validated pharmacological method for assessing drug interaction. The results were extracted and reported via qualitative synthesis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Overall, 45 studies were identified from literature search and 5 met the inclusion criteria. Current evidence coming from ex vivo models of asthma indicates that drug combinations modulating bronchial contractility induce a synergistic bronchorelaxant effect. In murine models of lung inflammation, the combination between inhaled corticosteroids and β2- adrenoceptor agonists synergistically improve lung function and the inflammatory profile. CONCLUSIONS There is still limited knowledge regarding the mechanistic basis underlying pharmacological interactions across drugs approved for asthma. The synergism elicited by combined agents is an effect of class. Specifically designed clinical trials are needed to confirm the results coming from preclinical evidence, but also to establish the minimal dose for combined agents to induce a synergistic interaction and maximize bronchodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy - .,Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy -
| | - Beatrice L Ritondo
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavalli
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Giorgino
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Girolami
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Pane
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pezzuto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Zerillo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ermanno Puxeddu
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Josuel Ora
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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5
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Zhang Y, Guo P, Wang M, Wu Y, Sun Y, Su H, Deng J. Mixture toxicity effects of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florfenicol in Daphnia magna under different temperatures. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:31-42. [PMID: 33247806 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute toxicities of chloramphenicol (CAP), thiamphenicol (TAP), and florfenicol (FLO) and their mixtures on Daphnia magna under two representative temperatures of the aquatic environment (20 and 25 °C) have been examined. Their toxicities depicted with an order of 72-h EC50 values were as follows: CAP > FLO > TAP and CAP ≈ FLO > TAP under 20 and 25 °C, separately. Furthermore, the acute toxicity significantly increased with the rise of temperature from 20 to 25 °C in nearly all separate and mixture phenicol antibiotics. Meanwhile, the most toxic combination under two different temperatures was diverse. The nature of toxicological interactions of phenicol antibiotic mixtures was analyzed by Combination Index (CI) equation. In general, a dual synergism-antagonism effect was dominant in nearly all mixtures at both temperatures. The prediction suitability of Concentration Addition (CA), Independent Action (IA) models, and CI method was compared, suggesting that the CI equation seems to be more appropriate for predicting the toxicity values of phenicol drugs than CA and IA models. In brief, phenicol antibiotic mixtures with temperature variation may pose more significant hazards and risks to aquatic organisms; hence, the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Peiyong Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, 361021, Xiamen, China.
| | - Meixian Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanmei Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Yinshi Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Haitao Su
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, 361021, Xiamen, China
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6
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Evstratova ES, Petin VG. Synergistic ideas in oncology: prospects for practical implementation. RESEARCH AND PRACTICAL MEDICINE JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.17709/2409-2231-2020-7-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the analysis of the problem of synergistic ideas application in oncology after simultaneous combined application of agents. An example of the determination and quantification of the synergistic enhancement ratio is presented. It is emphasized that independent addition is determined by product of probabilities of the effects induced by each agent applied separately. Elevated temperatures synergistically enhance the lethal effect of ionizing radiation and chemical compounds used in the treatment of cancer. Analyzing the dependence of the synergistic effect on the acting temperature after its simultaneous application with ionizing radiation or cisplatin, the existence of an optimal temperature ensuring the greatest synergistic interaction was shown for cultured mammalian and yeast cells. The universal regularities of the manifestation of synergism, independent on the agents, biological objects and tests used, are noted. The greatest synergy is observed with the simultaneous application of agents. The synergism recorded as a result of the combined effects of two factors is observed only with a certain ratio of the effects induced by each agent. Synergism depends on the intensity of the factors used — the current temperature, the dose rate of ionizing radiation or the concentration of chemical agents. These universal patterns have been demonstrated for proand eukaryotic cells, including oncological origin. The existence of universal patterns of synergism indicates the need to develop a new paradigm and theoretical model of synergism, which should take into account the identified patterns. An original biophysical concept of synergistic interaction is proposed. Concrete results are presented that demonstrate the possible ways of using the ideas of synergism in oncology by achieving the greatest synergistic enhancement ratio for the combined effects of various physical and chemical agents. It is concluded that the knowledge and the application of the ideas and general patterns of synergy described in this paper can be useful for specialists using the simultaneous action of various agents to optimize combined treatment methods in modern oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. G. Petin
- A.F.Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center – Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center (A.F.Tsyb MRRC)
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7
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Godoy AA, Oliveira ÁCD, Silva JGM, Azevedo CCDJ, Domingues I, Nogueira AJA, Kummrow F. Single and mixture toxicity of four pharmaceuticals of environmental concern to aquatic organisms, including a behavioral assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:373-382. [PMID: 31271997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in aquatic environments as mixtures and can cause toxic effects to non-target organisms. We aimed to evaluate the single and mixture effects of the pharmaceuticals metformin, bisoprolol, ranitidine and sotalol using Daphnia similis and Danio rerio. In addition, we aimed to test the predictive accuracy of the mathematical models concentration addition and independent action and to evaluate the nature of the possible toxicological interactions among these pharmaceuticals using the combination index-isobologram model. The acute toxicity of these four pharmaceuticals individually and of their binary mixtures were evaluated using the D. similis tests. Developmental and behavioral effects induced by the pharmaceuticals in quaternary mixtures were evaluated using D. rerio embryos. We observed that most of the binary mixture effects were in the zone between the effects predicted by the concentration addition and the independent action model. The combination index-isobologram model showed to be adequate to describe the nature of possible interactions occurring between the combined pharmaceuticals. Developmental and behavioral acute adverse effects seem not to be induced by the joint action of the quaternary mixture of the evaluated pharmaceuticals on D. rerio embryos, at the concentrations at which they are usually found in surface fresh waters. However, from the results obtained with D. similis, we can conclude that assessing the ecological risk based on the effects of individual pharmaceuticals can underestimate the risk level posed by these environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Andrade Godoy
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil; Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, 11,999, Poços de Caldas, MG, 37715-400, Brazil
| | - Ádria Caloto de Oliveira
- Faculty of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Mesquita Silva
- Faculty of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | | | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Fábio Kummrow
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Rua São Nicolau, 210, 09972-270, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Ma J, Motsinger-Reif A. Current Methods for Quantifying Drug Synergism. PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS : CURRENT RESEARCH 2019; 1:43-48. [PMID: 32043089 PMCID: PMC7010330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of drug combinations for treatment of a variety of complex diseases is well established. "Drug cocktail" treatments are often prescribed to improve the overall efficacy, decrease toxicity, alter pharmacodynamics, etc in an overall treatment strategy. Specifically, if when combined, drugs interact in some way that causes the total effect to be greater than that predicted by their individual potencies, then drugs are considered synergistic. While there are established ways to quantify the impact of drug combinations clinically, it is an open challenge to quantitatively summarize a synergistic interaction. In this paper, we discuss an overview of the current statistical and mathematical methods for the study of drug combination effects, especially drug synergy quantification (where the interaction effect is not just detected, but quantified according to its magnitude). We first introduce two popular reference models for testing to null hypothesis of non-interaction for a combination, including the Bliss independence model and the Loewe additivity model. Then we discuss several methods for quantifying drug synergism. The advantages and disadvantages with these methods are also provided, and finally, we discuss important next directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
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9
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Jamieson KC, Traves SL, Kooi C, Wiehler S, Dumonceaux CJ, Maciejewski BA, Arnason JW, Michi AN, Leigh R, Proud D. Rhinovirus and Bacteria Synergistically Induce IL-17C Release from Human Airway Epithelial Cells To Promote Neutrophil Recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:160-170. [PMID: 30504421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Virus-bacteria coinfections are associated with more severe exacerbations and increased risk of hospital readmission in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The airway epithelium responds to such infections by releasing proinflammatory and antimicrobial cytokines, including IL-17C. However, the regulation and role of IL-17C is not well understood. In this study, we examine the mechanisms regulating IL-17C production and its potential role in COPD exacerbations. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE) obtained from normal, nontransplanted lungs or from brushings of nonsmokers, healthy smokers, or COPD patients were exposed to bacteria and/or human rhinovirus (HRV). RNA and protein were collected for analysis, and signaling pathways were assessed with pharmacological agonists, inhibitors, or small interfering RNAs. HBE were also stimulated with IL-17C to assess function. HRV-bacterial coinfections synergistically induced IL-17C expression. This induction was dependent on HRV replication and required NF-κB-mediated signaling. Synergy was lost in the presence of an inhibitor of the p38 MAP kinase pathway. HBE exposed to IL-17C show increased gene expression of CXCL1, CXCL2, NFKBIZ, and TFRC, and release CXCL1 protein, a neutrophil chemoattractant. Knockdown of IL-17C significantly reduced induction of CXCL1 in response to HRV-bacterial coinfection as well as neutrophil chemotaxis. HBE from healthy smokers release less IL-17C than cells from nonsmokers, but cells from COPD patients release significantly more IL-17C compared with either nonsmokers or healthy smokers. These data suggest that IL-17C may contribute to microbial-induced COPD exacerbations by promoting neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla C Jamieson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and
| | - Suzanne L Traves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and
| | - Cora Kooi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Shahina Wiehler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and
| | - Curtis J Dumonceaux
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Barbara A Maciejewski
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and
| | - Jason W Arnason
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Aubrey N Michi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada; and
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10
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Walters FS, Graser G, Burns A, Raybould A. When the Whole is Not Greater than the Sum of the Parts: A Critical Review of Laboratory Bioassay Effects Testing for Insecticidal Protein Interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:484-497. [PMID: 29432611 PMCID: PMC5888968 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted to investigate synergism among insecticidal proteins; however, a consensus on minimal data requirements and interpretation is lacking. While some have concluded that all additive predictive-type models should be abandoned, we advocate that additivity models can remain useful as assessment tools and that an appropriately designed interaction study will never systematically underestimate the existence of synergism, irrespective of which additivity model (or none at all) may be used. To generate the most meaningful synergy assessment datasets in support of safety assessments, we highlight two beneficial steps to follow: (i) select a testing model which is the most consistent with current knowledge regarding the action of the insecticidal proteins and (ii) avoid using bioassay methods which may result in excess response heterogeneity. We also outline other experimental design elements to consider, which may be crucial for conducting future studies of this type. A contrast of underlying testing assumptions associated with the additivity models is provided, along with a comprehensive review of interaction data for Cry1, Cry2, Cry3, Cry9, and Vip3A insecticidal proteins. Our review captures four recurrent findings: i) experiments reporting synergistic interactions are a minority, ii) the degree of synergism reported is low in magnitude, iii) reported interactions are sometimes equivocal/inconclusive due to unconfirmed model assumptions or other bioassay challenges, and iv) due to biological response variation many of the reported interactions may be artefactual. A brief overview of the positioning of interaction testing data in safety assessments of GM food crops is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerson Graser
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Davis Drive, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Burns
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Davis Drive, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alan Raybould
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schwarzwaldallee, Basel, Switzerl
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Roell KR, Reif DM, Motsinger-Reif AA. An Introduction to Terminology and Methodology of Chemical Synergy-Perspectives from Across Disciplines. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:158. [PMID: 28473769 PMCID: PMC5397413 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of synergistic interactions between drugs and chemicals has been an important issue in the biomedical world for over a century. As complex diseases, especially cancer, are being treated with various drug cocktails, understanding the interactions among these drugs is increasingly vital to ensuring successful treatment regimens. However, the idea of synergy is not limited to only the biomedical realm and these ideas have developed across many different disciplines, as well. In this review, we first discuss the various terminology surrounding the idea of synergy, providing a comprehensive list of terms defined across numerous disciplines. We then review the most common methodology for detection and quantification of synergy, including the two most prominent reference models for describing additive interactions: Loewe Additivity and Bliss Independence. We also discuss advantages and limitations to each method, with a focus on the Chou-Talalay Combination Index method. Finally, we describe how methods development and terminology have developed among disciplines outside of biomedicine and pharmacology, to synthesize the literature for readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Roell
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - David M Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Alison A Motsinger-Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Statistics, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
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Siranart N, Blakely EA, Cheng A, Handa N, Sachs RK. Mixed Beam Murine Harderian Gland Tumorigenesis: Predicted Dose-Effect Relationships if neither Synergism nor Antagonism Occurs. Radiat Res 2016; 186:577-591. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14411.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nopphon Siranart
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Eleanor A. Blakely
- Biosciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Alden Cheng
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Naval Handa
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Rainer K. Sachs
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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13
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Foucquier J, Guedj M. Analysis of drug combinations: current methodological landscape. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00149. [PMID: 26171228 PMCID: PMC4492765 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 694] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapies exploit the chances for better efficacy, decreased toxicity, and reduced development of drug resistance and owing to these advantages, have become a standard for the treatment of several diseases and continue to represent a promising approach in indications of unmet medical need. In this context, studying the effects of a combination of drugs in order to provide evidence of a significant superiority compared to the single agents is of particular interest. Research in this field has resulted in a large number of papers and revealed several issues. Here, we propose an overview of the current methodological landscape concerning the study of combination effects. First, we aim to provide the minimal set of mathematical and pharmacological concepts necessary to understand the most commonly used approaches, divided into effect-based approaches and dose-effect-based approaches, and introduced in light of their respective practical advantages and limitations. Then, we discuss six main common methodological issues that scientists have to face at each step of the development of new combination therapies. In particular, in the absence of a reference methodology suitable for all biomedical situations, the analysis of drug combinations should benefit from a collective, appropriate, and rigorous application of the concepts and methods reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Foucquier
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, PharnextIssy-Les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Mickael Guedj
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, PharnextIssy-Les-Moulineaux, France
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14
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Trevaskis JL, Sun C, Athanacio J, D'Souza L, Samant M, Tatarkiewicz K, Griffin PS, Wittmer C, Wang Y, Teng CH, Forood B, Parkes DG, Roth JD. Synergistic metabolic benefits of an exenatide analogue and cholecystokinin in diet-induced obese and leptin-deficient rodents. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:61-73. [PMID: 25204356 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the impact of cholecystokinin (CCK) plus either amylin or a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist on metabolic variables in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents. METHODS A stabilized acetylated version of CCK-8 (Ac-Y*-CCK-8), selective CCK1 receptor (CCK1R) or CCK2 receptor (CCK2R) agonists, amylin or the GLP-1R agonist and exenatide analogue AC3174 were administered in select combinations via continuous subcutaneous infusion to DIO rats for 14 days, or Lep(ob) /Lep(ob) mice for 28 days, and metabolic variables were assessed. RESULTS Combined administration of Ac-Y*-CCK-8 with either amylin or AC3174 induced greater than additive weight loss in DIO rats, with the overall magnitude of effect being greater with AC3174 + Ac-Y*-CCK-8 treatment. Co-infusion of AC3174 with a specific CCK1R agonist, but not a CCK2R agonist, recapitulated the weight loss mediated by AC3174 + Ac-Y*-CCK-8 in DIO rats, suggesting that synergy is mediated by CCK1R activation. In a 4 × 4 full-factorial response surface methodology study in DIO rats, a synergistic interaction between AC3174 and the CCK1R-selective agonist on body weight and food intake was noted. Co-administration of AC3174 and the CCK1R-selective agonist to obese diabetic Lep(ob) /Lep(ob) mice elicited a significantly greater reduction in percentage of glycated haemoglobin and food intake relative to the sum effects of monotherapy groups. CONCLUSIONS The anti-obesity and antidiabetic potential of combined GLP-1R and CCK1R agonism is an approach that warrants further investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Cholecystokinin/administration & dosage
- Cholecystokinin/adverse effects
- Cholecystokinin/analogs & derivatives
- Cholecystokinin/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects
- Energy Intake/drug effects
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Infusions, Subcutaneous
- Islet Amyloid Polypeptide/administration & dosage
- Islet Amyloid Polypeptide/adverse effects
- Islet Amyloid Polypeptide/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/adverse effects
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Random Allocation
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/agonists
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/metabolism
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/agonists
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucagon/agonists
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
- Weight Loss/drug effects
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15
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Crews D, Gillette R, Miller-Crews I, Gore AC, Skinner MK. Nature, nurture and epigenetics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 398:42-52. [PMID: 25102229 PMCID: PMC4300943 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Real life by definition combines heritability (e.g., the legacy of exposures) and experience (e.g. stress during sensitive or 'critical' periods), but how to study or even model this interaction has proven difficult. The hoary concept of evaluating traits according to nature versus nurture continues to persist despite repeated demonstrations that it retards, rather than advances, our understanding of biological processes. Behavioral genetics has proven the obvious, that genes influence behavior and, vice versa, that behavior influences genes. The concept of Genes X Environment (G X E) and its modern variants was viewed as an improvement on nature-nurture but has proven that, except in rare instances, it is not possible to fractionate phenotypes into these constituent elements. The entanglement inherent in terms such as nature-nurture or G X E is a Gordian knot that cannot be dissected or even split. Given that the world today is not what it was less than a century ago, yet the arbitrator (differential survival and reproduction) has stayed constant, de novo principles and practices are needed to better predict what the future holds. Put simply, the transformation that is now occurring within and between individuals as a product of global endocrine disruption is quite independent of what has been regarded as evolution by selection. This new perspective should focus on how epigenetic modifications might revise approaches to understand how the phenotype and, in particular its components, is shaped. In this review we summarize the literature in this developing area, focusing on our research on the fungicide vinclozolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crews
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Ross Gillette
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Isaac Miller-Crews
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael K Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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