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Mezei M, Latif R, Davies TF. The full-length TSH receptor is stabilized by TSH ligand. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108725. [PMID: 38373379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHR), a GPCR, is the primary antigen in autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) caused by stimulating TSHR antibodies. While we have previously published a full length model of the TSHR, including its leucine rich domain (LRD), linker region (LR) and transmembrane domain (TMD), to date, only a partial LRD (aa 21-261) stabilized with TSHR autoantibodies has been crystallized. Recently, however, cryo-EM structures of the full-length TSHR have been published but they include only an incomplete LR. We have now utilized the cryo-EM models, added disulfide bonds to the LR and performed longer (3000 ns) molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to update our previous model of the entire full-length TSHR, with and without the presence of TSH ligand. As in our earlier work, the new model was embedded in a lipid membrane and was solvated with water and counterions. We found that the 3000 ns Molecular Dynamic simulations showed that the structure of the LRD and TMD were remarkably constant while the LR, known more commonly as the "hinge region", again showed significant flexibility, forming several transient secondary structural elements. Analysis of the new simulations permitted a detailed examination of the effect of TSH binding on the structure of the TSHR. We found a structure-stabilizing effect of TSH, including increased stability of the LR, which was clearly demonstrated by analyzing several intrinsic receptor properties including hydrogen bonding, fluctuation of the LRD orientation, and radius of gyration. In conclusion, we were able to quantify the flexibility of the TSHR and show its increased stability after TSH binding. These data indicated the important role of ligands in directing the signaling structure of a receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Núñez Miguel R, Sanders P, Allen L, Evans M, Holly M, Johnson W, Sullivan A, Sanders J, Furmaniak J, Rees Smith B. Structure of full-length TSH receptor in complex with antibody K1-70™. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:e220120. [PMID: 36069797 PMCID: PMC9782461 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the full-length thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) structure by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is described. The TSHR complexed with human monoclonal TSHR autoantibody K1-70™ (a powerful inhibitor of TSH action) was detergent solubilised, purified to homogeneity and analysed by cryo-EM. The structure (global resolution 3.3 Å) is a monomer with all three domains visible: leucine-rich domain (LRD), hinge region (HR) and transmembrane domain (TMD). The TSHR extracellular domain (ECD, composed of the LRD and HR) is positioned on top of the TMD extracellular surface. Extensive interactions between the TMD and ECD are observed in the structure, and their analysis provides an explanation of the effects of various TSHR mutations on TSHR constitutive activity and on ligand-induced activation. K1-70™ is seen to be well clear of the lipid bilayer. However, superimposition of M22™ (a human monoclonal TSHR autoantibody which is a powerful stimulator of the TSHR) on the cryo-EM structure shows that it would clash with the bilayer unless the TSHR HR rotates upwards as part of the M22™ binding process. This rotation could have an important role in TSHR stimulation by M22™ and as such provides an explanation as to why K1-70™ blocks the binding of TSH and M22™ without activating the receptor itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Sanders
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lloyd Allen
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michele Evans
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew Holly
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - William Johnson
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Sullivan
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jane Sanders
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
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Mezei M, Latif R, Davies TF. Modeling TSH Receptor Dimerization at the Transmembrane Domain. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6759649. [PMID: 36223484 PMCID: PMC9761578 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical studies have established that the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TSHR) undergoes posttranslational modifications including dimerization. Following our earlier simulation of a TSHR-transmembrane domain (TMD) monomer (called TSHR-TMD-TRIO) we have now proceeded with a molecular dynamics simulation (MD) of TSHR-TMD dimerization using this improved membrane-embedded model. The starting structure was the TMD protein with all extracellular and intracellular loops and internal waters, which was placed in the relative orientation of the model originally generated with Brownian dynamics. Furthermore, this model was embedded in a DPPC lipid bilayer further solvated with water and added salt. Data from the MD simulation studies showed that the dimeric subunits stayed in the same relative orientation and distance during the 1000 ns of study. Comparison of representative conformations of the individual monomers when dimerized with the conformations from the monomer simulation showed subtle differences as represented by the backbone root mean square deviations. Differences in the conformations of the ligand-binding sites, suggesting variable affinities for these "hot spots," were also revealed by comparing the docking scores of 46 small-molecule ligands that included known TSHR agonists and antagonists as well as their derivatives. These data add further insight into the tendency of the TSHR-TMD to form dimeric and oligomeric structures and show that the differing conformations influence small-molecule binding sites within the TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaly Mezei
- Correspondence: Mihaly Mezei, PhD, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York 10468, USA
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York 10468, USA
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Latif R, Mezei M, Morshed SA, Ma R, Ehrlich R, Davies TF. A Modifying Autoantigen in Graves' Disease. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1008-1020. [PMID: 30822352 PMCID: PMC6455603 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The TSH receptor (TSHR) is the major autoantigen in Graves' disease (GD). Bioinformatic analyses predict the existence of several human TSHR isoforms from alternative splicing, which can lead to the coexpression of multiple receptor forms. The most abundant of these is TSHRv1.3. In silico modeling of TSHRv1.3 demonstrated the structural integrity of this truncated receptor isoform and its potential binding of TSH. Tissue profiling revealed wide expression of TSHRv1.3, with a predominant presence in thyroid, bone marrow, thymus, and adipose tissue. To gain insight into the role of this v1.3 receptor isoform in thyroid pathophysiology, we cloned the entire open reading frame into a mammalian expression vector. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that both TSHR-stimulating antibody and human TSH could bind v1.3. Furthermore, TSHRv1.3 inhibited the stimulatory effect of TSH and TSHR-Ab MS-1 antibody on TSHR-induced cAMP generation in a dose-dependent manner. To confirm the antigenicity of v1.3, we used a peptide ELISA against two different epitopes. Of 13 GD samples, 11 (84.6%) were positive for a carboxy terminal peptide and 10 (76.9%) were positive with a junction region peptide. To demonstrate that intracellular v1.3 could serve as an autoantigen and modulate disease, we used double-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells that expressed both green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged TSHRv1.3 and full-length TSHR. We then induced cell stress and apoptosis using a TSHR monoclonal antibody and observed the culture supernatant contained v1.3-GFP protein, demonstrating the release of the intracellular receptor variant by this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
- Correspondence: Rauf Latif, PhD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Berg 4-43, 1428 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029. E-mail:
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Syed A Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Ehrlich
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
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Basavanhally T, Fonseca R, Uversky VN. Born This Way: Using Intrinsic Disorder to Map the Connections between SLITRKs, TSHR, and Male Sexual Orientation. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800307. [PMID: 30156382 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, genome-wide association study reveals a significant association between specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in men and their sexual orientation. These SNPs (rs9547443 and rs1035144) reside in the intergenic region between the SLITRK5 and SLITRK6 genes and in the intronic region of the TSHR gene and might affect functionality of SLITRK5, SLITRK6, and TSHR proteins that are engaged in tight control of key developmental processes, such as neurite outgrowth and modulation, cellular differentiation, and hormonal regulation. SLITRK5 and SLITRK6 are single-pass transmembrane proteins, whereas TSHR is a heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Mutations in these proteins are associated with various diseases and are linked to phenotypes found at a higher rate in homosexual men. A bioinformatics analysis of SLITRK5, SLITRK6, and TSHR proteins is conducted to look at their structure, protein interaction networks, and propensity for intrinsic disorder. It is assumed that this information might improve understanding of the roles that SLITRK5, SLITRK6, and TSHR play within neuronal and thyroidal tissues and give insight into the phenotypes associated with male homosexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Basavanhally
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Renée Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
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Kleinau G, Worth CL, Kreuchwig A, Biebermann H, Marcinkowski P, Scheerer P, Krause G. Structural-Functional Features of the Thyrotropin Receptor: A Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor at Work. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:86. [PMID: 28484426 PMCID: PMC5401882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a sub-group of class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). TSHR and its endogenous ligand thyrotropin (TSH) are of essential importance for growth and function of the thyroid gland and proper function of the TSH/TSHR system is pivotal for production and release of thyroid hormones. This receptor is also important with respect to pathophysiology, such as autoimmune (including ophthalmopathy) or non-autoimmune thyroid dysfunctions and cancer development. Pharmacological interventions directly targeting the TSHR should provide benefits to disease treatment compared to currently available therapies of dysfunctions associated with the TSHR or the thyroid gland. Upon TSHR activation, the molecular events conveying conformational changes from the extra- to the intracellular side of the cell across the membrane comprise reception, conversion, and amplification of the signal. These steps are highly dependent on structural features of this receptor and its intermolecular interaction partners, e.g., TSH, antibodies, small molecules, G-proteins, or arrestin. For better understanding of signal transduction, pathogenic mechanisms such as autoantibody action and mutational modifications or for developing new pharmacological strategies, it is essential to combine available structural data with functional information to generate homology models of the entire receptor. Although so far these insights are fragmental, in the past few decades essential contributions have been made to investigate in-depth the involved determinants, such as by structure determination via X-ray crystallography. This review summarizes available knowledge (as of December 2016) concerning the TSHR protein structure, associated functional aspects, and based on these insights we suggest several receptor complex models. Moreover, distinct TSHR properties will be highlighted in comparison to other class A GPCRs to understand the molecular activation mechanisms of this receptor comprehensively. Finally, limitations of current knowledge and lack of information are discussed highlighting the need for intensified efforts toward TSHR structure elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gerd Krause,
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Núñez Miguel R, Sanders J, Furmaniak J, Rees Smith B. Glycosylation pattern analysis of glycoprotein hormones and their receptors. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:25-41. [PMID: 27875255 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have studied glycosylation patterns in glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) and glycoprotein hormone receptor (GPHR) extracellular domains (ECD) from different species to identify areas not glycosylated that could be involved in intermolecular or intramolecular interactions. Comparative models of the structure of the TSHR ECD in complex with TSH and in complex with TSHR autoantibodies (M22, stimulating and K1-70, blocking) were obtained based on the crystal structures of the FSH-FSHR ECD, M22-TSHR leucine-rich repeat domain (LRD) and K1-70-TSHR LRD complexes. The glycosylation sites of the GPHRs and GPHs from all species studied were mapped on the model of the human TSH TSHR ECD complex. The areas on the surfaces of GPHs that are known to interact with their receptors are not glycosylated and two areas free from glycosylation, not involved in currently known interactions, have been identified. The concave faces of GPHRs leucine-rich repeats 3-7 are free from glycosylation, consistent with known interactions with the hormones. In addition, four other non-glycosylated areas have been identified, two located on the receptors' convex surfaces, one in the long loop of the hinge regions and one at the C-terminus of the extracellular domains. Experimental evidence suggests that the non-glycosylated areas identified on the hormones and receptors are likely to be involved in forming intramolecular or intermolecular interactions.
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Núñez Miguel R, Sanders J, Furmaniak J, Smith BR. Structure and activation of the TSH receptor transmembrane domain. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2016; 8:2. [PMID: 27921237 PMCID: PMC5136658 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-016-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is the target autoantigen for TSHR-stimulating autoantibodies in Graves' disease. The TSHR is composed of: a leucine-rich repeat domain (LRD), a hinge region or cleavage domain (CD) and a transmembrane domain (TMD). The binding arrangements between the TSHR LRD and the thyroid-stimulating autoantibody M22 or TSH have become available from the crystal structure of the TSHR LRD-M22 complex and a comparative model of the TSHR LRD in complex with TSH, respectively. However, the mechanism by which the TMD of the TSHR and the other glycoprotein hormone receptors (GPHRs) becomes activated is unknown. METHODS We have generated comparative models of the structures of the inactive (TMD_In) and active (TMD_Ac) conformations of the TSHR, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) TMDs. The structures of TMD_Ac and TMD_In were obtained using class A GPCR crystal structures for which fully active and inactive conformations were available. RESULTS Most conserved motifs observed in GPCR TMDs are also observed in the amino acid sequences of GPHR TMDs. Furthermore, most GPCR TMD conserved helix distortions are observed in our models of the structures of GPHR TMDs. Analysis of these structures has allowed us to propose a mechanism for activation of GPHR TMDs. CONCLUSIONS Insight into the mechanism of activation of the TSHR by both TSH and TSHR autoantibodies is likely to be useful in the development of new treatments for Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Sanders
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, CF14 5DU, UK
| | - Jadwiga Furmaniak
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, CF14 5DU, UK
| | - Bernard Rees Smith
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, CF14 5DU, UK.
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Chantreau V, Taddese B, Munier M, Gourdin L, Henrion D, Rodien P, Chabbert M. Molecular Insights into the Transmembrane Domain of the Thyrotropin Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142250. [PMID: 26545118 PMCID: PMC4636318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is member of the leucine-rich repeat subfamily (LGR). In the absence of crystal structure, the success of rational design of ligands targeting the receptor internal cavity depends on the quality of the TSHR models built. In this subfamily, transmembrane helices (TM) 2 and 5 are characterized by the absence of proline compared to most receptors, raising the question of the structural conformation of these helices. To gain insight into the structural properties of these helices, we carried out bioinformatics and experimental studies. Evolutionary analysis of the LGR family revealed a deletion in TM5 but provided no information on TM2. Wild type residues at positions 2.58, 2.59 or 2.60 in TM2 and/or at position 5.50 in TM5 were substituted to proline. Depending on the position of the proline substitution, different effects were observed on membrane expression, glycosylation, constitutive cAMP activity and responses to thyrotropin. Only proline substitution at position 2.59 maintained complex glycosylation and high membrane expression, supporting occurrence of a bulged TM2. The TSHR transmembrane domain was modeled by homology with the orexin 2 receptor, using a protocol that forced the deletion of one residue in the TM5 bulge of the template. The stability of the model was assessed by molecular dynamics simulations. TM5 straightened during the equilibration phase and was stable for the remainder of the simulations. Our data support a structural model of the TSHR transmembrane domain with a bulged TM2 and a straight TM5 that is specific of glycoprotein hormone receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Computational Biology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Evolution, Molecular
- Glycosylation
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phylogeny
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/classification
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/chemistry
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chantreau
- UMR CNRS 6214 –INSERM 1083, Laboratory of Integrated Neurovascular and Mitochondrial Biology, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Bruck Taddese
- UMR CNRS 6214 –INSERM 1083, Laboratory of Integrated Neurovascular and Mitochondrial Biology, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Mathilde Munier
- UMR CNRS 6214 –INSERM 1083, Laboratory of Integrated Neurovascular and Mitochondrial Biology, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Louis Gourdin
- UMR CNRS 6214 –INSERM 1083, Laboratory of Integrated Neurovascular and Mitochondrial Biology, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Reference Centre for the pathologies of hormonal receptivity, Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- UMR CNRS 6214 –INSERM 1083, Laboratory of Integrated Neurovascular and Mitochondrial Biology, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Patrice Rodien
- UMR CNRS 6214 –INSERM 1083, Laboratory of Integrated Neurovascular and Mitochondrial Biology, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Reference Centre for the pathologies of hormonal receptivity, Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marie Chabbert
- UMR CNRS 6214 –INSERM 1083, Laboratory of Integrated Neurovascular and Mitochondrial Biology, University of Angers, Angers, France
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Davies TF, Latif R. Targeting the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor with small molecule ligands and antibodies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:835-47. [PMID: 25768836 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1018181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is the essential molecule for thyroid growth and thyroid hormone production. Since it is also a key autoantigen in Graves' disease and is involved in thyroid cancer pathophysiology, the targeting of the TSHR offers a logical model for disease control. AREAS COVERED We review the structure and function of the TSHR and the progress in both small molecule ligands and TSHR antibodies for their therapeutic potential. EXPERT OPINION Stabilization of a preferential conformation for the TSHR by allosteric ligands and TSHR antibodies with selective modulation of the signaling pathways is now possible. These tools may be the next generation of therapeutics for controlling the pathophysiological consequences mediated by the effects of the TSHR in the thyroid and other extrathyroidal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Davies
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Thyroid Research Unit , 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 , USA +1 212 241 7975 ; +1 212 428 6748 ;
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