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Huang S, Yu C, Hu M, Wen Q, Wen X, Li S, Li K, Ma H. Electroacupuncture ameliorates hepatic defects in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome induced by letrozole and a high-fat diet. Acupunct Med 2024; 42:87-99. [PMID: 38044823 DOI: 10.1177/09645284231207863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to evaluate the effects of low-frequency electroacupuncture (EA) on glucose and lipid disturbances in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and hepatic steatosis. METHODS The PCOS rat model was induced by continuous administration of letrozole (LET) combined with a high-fat diet (HFD). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following four groups: control, control + EA, LET + HFD and LET + HFD + EA. EA was administered five or six times a week with a maximum of 20 treatment sessions. Body weight, estrous cyclicity, hormonal status, glucose and insulin tolerance, lipid profiles, liver inflammation factors, liver morphology and changes in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt (protein kinase B) pathway were evaluated. RESULTS The rat model presented anovulatory cycles, increased body weight, elevated testosterone, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, IR, liver inflammation, hepatic steatosis and dysregulation of the insulin-mediated PI3-K/Akt signaling axis. EA reduced fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, area under the curve for glucose, homeostasis model assessment of IR indices, triglycerides and free fatty acids, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, low-frequency EA downregulated mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, upregulated mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, increased protein expression of phosphorylated (p)-Akt (Ser473), p-glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β (Ser9) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), increased the ratio of p-GSK3β to GSK3β and downregulated protein expression of GSK3β. CONCLUSION An obese PCOS rat model with IR and hepatic steatosis was successfully established by the combination of LET and HFD. EA improved dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in this PCOS-IR rat model, and the molecular mechanism appeared to involve regulation of the expression of key molecules of the PI3-K/Akt insulin signaling pathway in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiya Huang
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyi Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qidan Wen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuna Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunyin Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Tsai YR, Liao YN, Kang HY. Current Advances in Cellular Approaches for Pathophysiology and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:2189. [PMID: 37681921 PMCID: PMC10487183 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent gynecological and endocrine disorder that results in irregular menstruation, incomplete follicular development, disrupted ovulation, and reduced fertility rates among affected women of reproductive age. While these symptoms can be managed through appropriate medication and lifestyle interventions, both etiology and treatment options remain limited. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in cellular approaches utilized for investigating the pathophysiology of PCOS through in vitro cell models, to avoid the confounding systemic effects such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy. The primary objective is to enhance the understanding of abnormalities in PCOS-associated folliculogenesis, particularly focusing on the aberrant roles of granulosa cells and other relevant cell types. Furthermore, this article encompasses analyses of the mechanisms and signaling pathways, microRNA expression and target genes altered in PCOS, and explores the pharmacological approaches considered as potential treatments. By summarizing the aforementioned key findings, this article not only allows us to appreciate the value of using in vitro cell models, but also provides guidance for selecting suitable research models to facilitate the identification of potential treatments and understand the pathophysiology of PCOS at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- An-Ten Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Nung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yo Kang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Center for Hormone and Reproductive Medicine Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
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Li S, Zhai J, Chu W, Geng X, Wang D, Jiao L, Lu G, Chan WY, Sun K, Sun Y, Chen ZJ, Du Y. Alleviation of Limosilactobacillus reuteri in polycystic ovary syndrome protects against circadian dysrhythmia-induced dyslipidemia via capric acid and GALR1 signaling. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:47. [PMID: 37422471 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge gaps that limit the development of therapies for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) concern various environmental factors that impact clinical characteristics. Circadian dysrhythmia contributes to glycometabolic and reproductive hallmarks of PCOS. Here, we illustrated the amelioration of Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) on biorhythm disorder-ignited dyslipidemia of PCOS via a microbiota-metabolite-liver axis. A rat model of long-term (8 weeks) darkness treatment was used to mimic circadian dysrhythmia-induced PCOS. Hepatic transcriptomics certified by in vitro experiments demonstrated that increased hepatic galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) due to darkness exposure functioned as a critical upstream factor in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B pathway to suppress nuclear receptors subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (NR1D1) and promoted sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), inducing lipid accumulation in the liver. Further investigations figured out a restructured microbiome-metabolome network following L. reuteri administration to protect darkness rats against dyslipidemia. Notably, L. reuteri intervention resulted in the decrease of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 as well as gut microbiota-derived metabolite capric acid, which could further inhibit GALR1-NR1D1-SREBP1 pathway in the liver. In addition, GALR antagonist M40 reproduced similar ameliorative effects as L. reuteri to protect against dyslipidemia. While exogenous treatment of capric acid restrained the protective effects of L. reuteri in circadian disruption-induced PCOS through inhibiting GALR1-dependent hepatic lipid metabolism. These findings purport that L. reuteri could serve for circadian disruption-associated dyslipidemia. Manipulation of L. reuteri-capric acid-GALR1 axis paves way for clinical therapeutic strategies to prevent biorhythm disorder-ignited dyslipidemia in PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Junyu Zhai
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Weiwei Chu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Xueying Geng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Dongshuang Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Luwei Jiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Gang Lu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shandong University Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China.
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- NMU-SD Suzhou Collaborative Innovation Center for Reproductive Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yanzhi Du
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200135, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200135, China.
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Targeting Nuclear Receptors in Lung Cancer—Novel Therapeutic Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050624. [PMID: 35631448 PMCID: PMC9145966 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer, is the major cause of fatalities worldwide for both men and women, with an estimated 2.2 million new incidences and 1.8 million deaths, according to GLOBOCAN 2020. Although various risk factors for lung cancer pathogenesis have been reported, controlling smoking alone has a significant value as a preventive measure. In spite of decades of extensive research, mechanistic cues and targets need to be profoundly explored to develop potential diagnostics, treatments, and reliable therapies for this disease. Nuclear receptors (NRs) function as transcription factors that control diverse biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, development, and metabolism. The aberrant expression of NRs has been involved in a variety of disorders, including cancer. Deregulation of distinct NRs in lung cancer has been associated with numerous events, including mutations, epigenetic modifications, and different signaling cascades. Substantial efforts have been made to develop several small molecules as agonists or antagonists directed to target specific NRs for inhibiting tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion and inducing apoptosis in lung cancer, which makes NRs promising candidates for reliable lung cancer therapeutics. The current work focuses on the importance of various NRs in the development and progression of lung cancer and highlights the different small molecules (e.g., agonist or antagonist) that influence NR expression, with the goal of establishing them as viable therapeutics to combat lung cancer.
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Gangwar SK, Kumar A, Jose S, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Nuclear receptors in oral cancer-emerging players in tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Han Y, Lin B, Lu W, Wang X, Tang W, Tao X, Cai H, He C, Liu C. Time-restricted feeding improves metabolic and endocrine profiles in mice with polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1057376. [PMID: 36619541 PMCID: PMC9815607 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1057376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathy disorders in premenopausal women, which is characterized by hyperandrogenemia, anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a new intermittent restriction dietary pattern, which has been shown to have positive benefits on obesity and glycolipid metabolism disorders. We aimed to explore the effect of the feeding regimen (ad libitum vs. TRF) on the glycolipid metabolism and reproductive endocrine disorders in a PCOS mouse model. METHODS PCOS mouse model was induced by continuous subcutaneous administration of dihydrotestosterone for 21 days. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks on an ad libitum or time- restricted diet (from 10:30 p.m. to 6:30 a.m.). RESULTS Compared to control mice, PCOS mice that received TRF treatment had significantly lower body weight, reduced adiposity, lower area under the curve (AUC) of glucose response in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and lower AUC in the insulin tolerance test (ITT). TRF also ameliorated lipid metabolism, as shown by a reduction in plasma lipid profiles (triglycerides and cholesterol) and the triglyceride content in the liver of PCOS mice. In terms of reproduction, the plasma androgen level, plasma estrogen (E2) level, and luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio in PCOS mice were significantly reduced after 8 weeks of TRF treatment. In addition, ovarian histology showed that TRF inhibits cyst formation and promotes corpus luteum formation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, TRF improved metabolic and endocrine profiles in mice with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Baiwei Lin
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Disease, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshuai Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Disease, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinge Tao
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Changqin Liu, ; Chunmei He,
| | - Changqin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Changqin Liu, ; Chunmei He,
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7
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Abstract
The etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear, although studies indicate that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the syndrome. In 2012, Tremellen and Pearce proposed the idea that dysbiosis of the intestinal (gut) microbiome is a causative factor of metabolic and reproductive manifestations of PCOS. In the past 5 years, studies in both humans and rodent models have demonstrated that changes in the taxonomic composition of gut bacteria are associated with PCOS. Studies have also clearly shown that these changes in gut microbiota are associated with PCOS as opposed to obesity, since these changes are observed in women with PCOS that are both of a normal weight or obese, as well as in adolescent girls with PCOS and obesity compared with body mass index- and age-matched females without the disorder. Additionally, studies in both women with PCOS and rodent models of PCOS demonstrated that hyperandrogenism is associated with gut microbial dysbiosis, indicating that androgens may modulate the gut microbial community in females. One study reported that the fecal microbiome transplantation of stool from women with PCOS or exposure to certain bacteria resulted in a PCOS-like phenotype in mice, while other studies showed that exposure to a healthy gut microbiome, pre/probiotics, or specific gut metabolites resulted in protection from developing PCOS-like traits in mice. Altogether, these results suggest that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome may be sufficient to develop PCOS-like symptoms and that modulation of the gut microbiome may be a potential therapeutic target for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryan G Rizk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Varykina G Thackray
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Munkboel CH, Hansen HS, Jessen JB, Johannsen ML, Styrishave B. Oral anti-diabetic drugs as endocrine disruptors in vitro - No evidence for additive effects in binary mixtures. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105007. [PMID: 33002602 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the World's most concerning health problems and millions of patients are using anti-diabetic drugs (ADDs) in order to control blood glucose. The in vitro H295R steroidogenesis assay was implemented to investigate endocrine effects of three ADDs, metformin (MET), glimepiride (GLIM), sitagliptin (SIT) and the cholesterol-lowering drug simvastatin (SIM) individually and in three binary mixtures. Steroid hormones were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Mixture effects were assessed by applying the Concentration Addition (CA) model. All tested drugs and binary mixtures interrupted the H295R steroidogenesis with different potency. The effects of MET:GLIM on the steroidogenesis were overall similar to the steroidogenic profile of GLIM, however effects were less pronounced. The binary mixture of MET:SIT showed overall minor effects on steroid production and only at very high concentrations. The SIM:SIT mixture showed inhibition downstream from cholesterol, which was attributed to the effects of SIM. The CA model partly predicted the effect of MET:SIT on some steroids but significantly overestimated the effects of MET:GLIM and SIM:SIT. Thus, the applicability of the CA model was limited and cocktail effects appeared to be intermediate responses of individual drugs, rather than additive. The complexity of dynamic pathways such as steroidogenesis appears to significantly reduce the use of the CA model. In conclusion, more dynamic models are needed to predict mixture effects in complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Hurup Munkboel
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 OE Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helene Stenbæk Hansen
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 OE Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Buchholt Jessen
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 OE Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene Louise Johannsen
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 OE Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 OE Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Xu J, Dun J, Yang J, Zhang J, Lin Q, Huang M, Ji F, Huang L, You X, Lin Y. Letrozole Rat Model Mimics Human Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Changes in Insulin Signal Pathways. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923073. [PMID: 32638705 PMCID: PMC7366789 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore whether letrozole and high-fat diets (HFD) can induce obese insulin-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with all reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in a rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four 3-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 4 groups: control, Letrozole, HFD, and Letrozol+HFD. The PCOS model was induced by 12 weeks of Letrozole treatment (1 mg/kg p.o. dissolved in 0.5% CMC solutions once daily) and HFD. Ovarian morphology, estrous cyclicity, hormonal status, body weight, glucose and insulin tolerance, lipid profile, and insulin signaling pathway were investigated. RESULTS The rat model manifests anovulatory cycles and PCO morphology, increased body weight, elevated testosterone levels, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. The rat model also expresses significantly decreased phosphorylation of 6 essential signaling proteins - INSR, IRS, PI3K, AKT, ERK1, ERK2 - in the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways in the classic insulin-sensitive tissues (e.g., quadriceps femoris muscle, omentum majus, and liver), as well as non-classic target ovary tissues. Disrupted insulin signaling contributes to the decrease in insulin sensitivity and compensatory hyperinsulinemia in PCOS rats. CONCLUSIONS Continuous administration of letrozole and high-fat diets can induce PCOS, metabolic phenotypes, and disrupted activation of the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbang Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Jingjing Dun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Junxin Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Qiuping Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Mingqing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Ji
- College of Acupuncture, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Lishan Huang
- College of Acupuncture, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Xiumi You
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Lin
- College of Acupuncture, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
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Nejabati HR, Samadi N, Shahnazi V, Mihanfar A, Fattahi A, Latifi Z, Bahrami-asl Z, Roshangar L, Nouri M. Nicotinamide and its metabolite N1-Methylnicotinamide alleviate endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in adipose and ovarian tissues in rat model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 324:109093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jiang H, Zhou XE, Shi J, Zhou Z, Zhao G, Zhang X, Sun Y, Suino-Powell K, Ma L, Gao H, Yu X, Li J, Li J, Melcher K, Xu HE, Yi W. Identification and structural insight of an effective PPARγ modulator with improved therapeutic index for anti-diabetic drug discovery. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2260-2268. [PMID: 32190280 PMCID: PMC7059199 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and an important target for the development of modern anti-diabetic drugs. However, current PPARγ-targeting anti-diabetic drugs such as classical thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are associated with undesirable side effects. To address this concern, we here describe the structure-based design, synthesis, identification and detailed in vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel, decanoic acid (DA)-based and selective PPARγ modulator (SPPARγM), VSP-77, especially (S)-VSP-77, as the potential "hit" for the development of improved and safer anti-diabetic therapeutics. We have also determined the co-crystal structure of the PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) in complex with two molecules of (S)-VSP-77, which reveal a previously undisclosed allosteric binding mode. Overall, these findings not only demonstrate the therapeutic advantage of (S)-VSP-77 over current TZD drugs and representative partial agonist INT131, but also provide a rational basis for the development of future SPPARγMs as safe and highly efficacious anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Jiang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China . .,National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Structural Biology Program , Center for Cancer and Cell Biology , Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , USA
| | - Jingjing Shi
- VARI/SIMM Center , Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets , CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China .
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China .
| | - Guanguan Zhao
- VARI/SIMM Center , Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets , CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China .
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - Yili Sun
- National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - Kelly Suino-Powell
- Structural Biology Program , Center for Cancer and Cell Biology , Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , USA
| | - Lei Ma
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China .
| | - Hui Gao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China .
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China .
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - Jingya Li
- National Center for Drug Screening , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . ;
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Structural Biology Program , Center for Cancer and Cell Biology , Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China . .,VARI/SIMM Center , Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets , CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China . .,Structural Biology Program , Center for Cancer and Cell Biology , Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , USA
| | - Wei Yi
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511436 , China . .,VARI/SIMM Center , Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets , CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China .
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12
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Wang L, Lu M, Zhang R, Guo W, Lin P, Yang D, Chen H, Tang K, Zhou D, Wang A, Jin Y. Inhibition of Luman/CREB3 expression leads to the upregulation of testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15257-15269. [PMID: 30673139 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Luman, also known as cAMP-response element-binding protein 3, is an endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein that has been identified as a novel transcriptional coregulator of a variety of nuclear receptors. Herein, immunohistochemistry results showed that Luman was specifically expressed in mouse Leydig cells in an age-dependent increase manner, from prepuberty to sexual maturation. Luman was not detected in Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules at any developmental period. The immunofluorescent experiment indicated that Luman was mainly located within the cytoplasm of murine Leydig tumor cells (MLTC-1) and primary Leydig cells (PLCs). To investigate the physiological function of Luman, experiments were conducted to examine the consequences of short hairpin RNA- and small interfering RNA-mediated Luman knock-down in MLTC-1 and PLCs, respectively. Luman knock-down significantly upregulated the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory, cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzymes, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17-α-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase in MLTC-1 cells and PLCs. Luman knock-down caused an increase in human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone production in vitro and in vivo. The nuclear receptors SF-1 and Nur-77 were significantly increased upon Luman knock-down in MLTC-1. By contrast, the level of the nuclear receptor SHP decreased. Luciferase reporter assay results demonstrated that Luman knock-down upregulated the activity of SF-1 and Nur-77 promoters. These data suggested that Luman expressed in mouse Leydig cells in an age-dependent increase manner. Luman knock-down upregulated the activity of SF-1 and Nur-77 promoters, which lead to the increase of testosterone synthesis and steroidogenesis genes expression. In conclusion, these findings provide us with new insights into the role Luman played in male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minjie Lu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenwen Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Diqi Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Keqiong Tang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Rodriguez Paris V, Bertoldo MJ. The Mechanism of Androgen Actions in PCOS Etiology. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7090089. [PMID: 31466345 PMCID: PMC6780983 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7090089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition in reproductive-age women. By comprising reproductive, endocrine, metabolic and psychological features—the cause of PCOS is still unknown. Consequently, there is no cure, and management is persistently suboptimal as it depends on the ad hoc management of symptoms only. Recently it has been revealed that androgens have an important role in regulating female fertility. Androgen actions are facilitated via the androgen receptor (AR) and transgenic Ar knockout mouse models have established that AR-mediated androgen actions have a part in regulating female fertility and ovarian function. Considerable evidence from human and animal studies currently reinforces the hypothesis that androgens in excess, working via the AR, play a key role in the origins of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Identifying and confirming the locations of AR-mediated actions and the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of PCOS is critical to provide the knowledge required for the future development of innovative, mechanism-based interventions for the treatment of PCOS. This review summarises fundamental scientific discoveries that have improved our knowledge of androgen actions in PCOS etiology and how this may form the future development of effective methods to reduce symptoms in patients with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rodriguez Paris
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Bertoldo
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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14
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Osuka S, Nakanishi N, Murase T, Nakamura T, Goto M, Iwase A, Kikkawa F. Animal models of polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of hormone-induced rodent models focused on hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis and neuropeptides. Reprod Med Biol 2019; 18:151-160. [PMID: 30996678 PMCID: PMC6452010 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age and a major cause of infertility; however, the pathophysiology of this syndrome is not fully understood. This can be addressed using appropriate animal models of PCOS. In this review, we describe rodent models of hormone-induced PCOS that focus on the perturbation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis and abnormalities in neuropeptide levels. METHODS Comparison of rodent models of hormone-induced PCOS. MAIN FINDINGS The main method used to generate rodent models of PCOS was subcutaneous injection or implantation of androgens, estrogens, antiprogestin, or aromatase inhibitor. Androgens were administered to animals pre- or postnatally. Alterations in the levels of kisspeptin and related molecules have been reported in these models. CONCLUSION The most appropriate model for the research objective and hypothesis should be established. Dysregulation of the HPO axis followed by elevated serum luteinizing hormone levels, hyperandrogenism, and metabolic disturbance contribute to the complex etiology of PCOS. These phenotypes of the human disease are recapitulated in hormone-induced PCOS models. Thus, evidence from animal models can help to clarify the pathophysiology of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Osuka
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- Department of Maternal and Perinatal MedicineNagoya University HospitalNagoyaJapan
| | - Natsuki Nakanishi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Tomohiko Murase
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Tomoko Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Maki Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGunma University Graduate School of MedicineMaebashiJapan
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
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15
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Ye Q, Cai S, Wang S, Zeng X, Ye C, Chen M, Zeng X, Qiao S. Maternal short and medium chain fatty acids supply during early pregnancy improves embryo survival through enhancing progesterone synthesis in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 69:98-107. [PMID: 31063920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exploring strategies to prevent miscarriage in women or early pregnancy loss in mammals is of great importance. Manipulating maternal lipid metabolism to maintain sufficient progesterone level is an effective way. To investigated the embryo loss and progesterone synthesis impacts of short and medium chain fatty acids on the lipid metabolism, pregnancy outcome and embryo implantation were investigated in rats fed the pregnancy diets supplemented without or with 0.1% sodium butyrate (SB), 0.1% sodium hexanoate (SH), or 0.1% sodium caprylate (SC) during the entire pregnancy and early pregnancy, respectively, followed with evaluation of potential mechanisms. Maternal SB, SH, or SC supply significantly improved live litter size and embryo implantation in rats. Serum progesterone, arachidonic acid, and phospholipid metabolites levels were significantly increased in response to maternal SB, SH, and SC supply. The expression of key genes involved in ovarian steroidogenesis and granulosa cell luteinization were elevated in ovaries and primary cultured granulosa cells, including cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1). Additionally, the expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (LPA3) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) related with phospholipid metabolism were enhanced in uterus in vivo and in in vitro cultured uterine tissue. In conclusion, maternal SB, SH and SC supply reduced early pregnancy loss through modulating maternal phospholipid metabolism and ovarian progesterone synthesis in rats. Our results have important implications that short or medium chain fatty acids have the potential to prevent miscarriage in women or early pregnancy loss in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of bio-feed additives, Beijing 100193, PR, China.
| | - Shuang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of bio-feed additives, Beijing 100193, PR, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR. China.
| | - Xiangzhou Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of bio-feed additives, Beijing 100193, PR, China.
| | - Changchuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of bio-feed additives, Beijing 100193, PR, China.
| | - Meixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of bio-feed additives, Beijing 100193, PR, China.
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of bio-feed additives, Beijing 100193, PR, China.
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of bio-feed additives, Beijing 100193, PR, China.
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16
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Yu J, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zhai D, Song L, Cai Z, Yu C. Baicalin inhibits recruitment of GATA1 to the HSD3B2 promoter and reverses hyperandrogenism of PCOS. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:JOE-18-0678.R2. [PMID: 30650063 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High androgen levels in patients suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can be effectively reversed if the herb Scutellaria baicalensis is included in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. To characterize the effects of baicalin, extracted from S. baicalensis, on androgen biosynthesis in NCI-H295R cells and on hyperandrogenism in PCOS model rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The optimum concentration and intervention time for baicalin treatment of NCI-H295R cells were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The functional genes affected by baicalin were studied by gene expression profiling (GEP), and the key genes were identified using a dual luciferase assay, RNA interference technique, and genetic mutations. Besides, hyperandrogenic PCOS model rats were induced and confirmed before and after baicalin intervention. As a result, Baicalin decreased the testosterone concentrations in a dose-and time-dependent manner in NCI-H295R cells. GEP revealed that 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2) was the key enzyme of androgen biosynthesis, and baicalin inhibited the expression of HSD3B2 by regulating the binding of transcription factor GATA-binding factor 1 (GATA1) to the HSD3B2 promoter. Hyperandrogenic PCOS model rats treated with baicalin significantly reversed the high androgen levels of serum and the abnormal ovarian status, restored the estrous cyclicity, and decreased the expression of HSD3B2 in ovarian. In summary , our data revealed that GATA1 is an important transcription factor activating the HSD3B2 promoter in steroidogenesis, and baicalin potentially be an effective therapeutic agent for hyperandrogenism in PCOS by inhibiting the recruitment of GATA1 to the HSD3B2 promoter in ovarian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- J Yu, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Y Yang, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Danying Zhang
- D Zhang, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Zhai
- D Zhai, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyi Song
- L Song, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Zailong Cai
- Z Cai, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqin Yu
- C Yu, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
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17
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Wu L, Chen L. Characteristics of Nur77 and its ligands as potential anticancer compounds (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4793-4801. [PMID: 30272297 PMCID: PMC6236262 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1; also termed Nur77/TR3/NGFIB), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed as an early response gene to regulate the expression of multiple target genes. Nur77 has the typical structure of a nuclear receptor, including an N‑terminal domain, a DNA binding domain, and a ligand‑binding domain. The expression and localization of Nur77 are closely associated with its roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Nur77 was first identified as an orphan receptor, the endogenous ligand of which has not yet been identified; however, an increasing number of compounds targeting Nur77 have been reported to have beneficial effects in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. This review provides a brief overview of the identification, structure, expression and localization, transcriptional role and non‑genomic function of Nur77, and summarizes the ligands that have been shown to interact with Nur77, including cytosporone B, cisplatin, TMPA, PDNPA, CCE9, THPN, Z‑ligustilide, celastrol and bisindole methane compounds, which may potentially be used to treat cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
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18
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Patel S. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an inflammatory, systemic, lifestyle endocrinopathy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 182:27-36. [PMID: 29678491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder, afflicting females of reproductive age. This syndrome leads to infertility, insulin resistance, obesity, and cardiovascular problems, including a litany of other health issues. PCOS is a polygenic, polyfactorial, systemic, inflammatory, dysregulated steroid state, autoimmune disease, manifesting largely due to lifestyle errors. The advent of biochemical tests and ultrasound scanning has enabled the detection of PCOS in the affected females. Subsequently, a huge amount of insight on PCOS has been garnered in recent times. Interventions like oral contraceptive pills, metformin, and hormone therapy have been developed to bypass or reverse the ill effects of PCOS. However, lifestyle correction to prevent aberrant immune activation and to minimize the exposure to inflammatory agents, appears to be the sustainable therapy of PCOS. This holistic review with multiple hypotheses might facilitate to devise better PCOS management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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19
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Tamadon A, Hu W, Cui P, Ma T, Tong X, Zhang F, Li X, Shao LR, Feng Y. How to choose the suitable animal model of polycystic ovary syndrome? TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND MODERN MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s2575900018300047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a gynecological metabolic and endocrine disorder with uncertain etiology. To understand the etiology of PCOS or the evaluation of various therapeutic agents, different animal models have been introduced. Considering this fact that is difficult to develop an animal model that mimics all aspects of this syndrome, but, similarity of biological, anatomical, and/or biochemical features of animal model to the human PCOS phenotypes can increase its application. This review paper evaluates the recently researched animal models and introduced the best models for different research purposes in PCOS studies. During January 2013 to January 2017, 162 studies were identified which applied various kinds of animal models of PCOS including rodent, primate, ruminant and fish. Between these models, prenatal and pre-pubertal androgen rat models and then prenatal androgen mouse model have been studied in detail than others. The comparison of main features of these models with women PCOS demonstrates higher similarity of these three models to human conditions. Thereafter, letrozole models can be recommended for the investigation of various aspects of PCOS. Interestingly, similarity of PCOS features of post-pubertal insulin and human chorionic gonadotropin rat models with women PCOS were considerable which can make it as a good choice for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Tamadon
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Tong Ma
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tong
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Linus R. Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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20
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Walters KA, Bertoldo MJ, Handelsman DJ. Evidence from animal models on the pathogenesis of PCOS. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:271-281. [PMID: 29779581 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition in women, and is characterized by reproductive, endocrine and metabolic features. However, there is no simple unequivocal diagnostic test for PCOS, its etiology remains unknown and there is no cure. Hence, the management of PCOS is suboptimal as it relies on the ad hoc empirical management of its symptoms only. Decisive studies are required to unravel the origins of PCOS, but due to ethical and logistical reasons these are not possible in humans. Experimental animal models for PCOS have been established which have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying PCOS and propose novel mechanism-based therapies to treat the condition. This review examines the findings from various animal models to reveal the current knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning the development of PCOS, and also provides insights into the implications from these studies for improved clinical management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Walters
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - M J Bertoldo
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - D J Handelsman
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia.
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21
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Pyun BJ, Yang H, Sohn E, Yu SY, Lee D, Jung DH, Ko BS, Lee HW. Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze Regulates Androgen Production in a Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051173. [PMID: 29757997 PMCID: PMC6099488 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze (TTK) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various diseases such as diabetic, inflammatory, and female-related disorders. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinological disorder in women of reproductive age, and hyperandrogenism is a prominent feature of PCOS resulting in anovulation and infertility. In this study, we investigated the effects of a TTK extract on androgen generation and regulation of steroidogenic enzymes in vitro and in vivo. Human adrenocortical NCI-H295R cells were used to assess the effects of TTK extract on production of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone, as well as the protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes. Further, a letrozole-induced PCOS rat model was used in vivo to assess whether dietary administration of TTK extract restores normal hormones and reduces PCOS symptoms. TTK extract significantly inhibited forskolin (FOR)-induced androgen production in NCI-H295R cells and serum luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and follicular cysts, but not estradiol, were reduced in letrozole-induced PCOS rats orally administered the TTK extract. In addition, TTK extract inhibits androgen biosynthesis through the ERK-CREB signaling pathway, which regulates CYP17A1 or HSD3B2 expression. TTK extract could be utilized for the prevention and treatment of hyperandrogenism and other types of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Jeong Pyun
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Hyun Yang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Eunjin Sohn
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Song Yi Yu
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Dongoh Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Dong Ho Jung
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Byoung Seob Ko
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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Yang C, Lim W, Bazer FW, Song G. Decanoic acid suppresses proliferation and invasiveness of human trophoblast cells by disrupting mitochondrial function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 339:121-132. [PMID: 29248464 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Decanoic acid (DA) is a medium-chain fatty acid used in the manufacture of various products including plastics, cosmetics, and lubricants. In addition to antiviral and antibacterial effects, DA's, reported biological activities include regulation of signaling pathways and redox homeostasis in various human cell types. The influence of DA on functional properties of human trophoblasts, including proliferation, invasion and apoptosis is currently unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of DA on the human trophoblast cell line HTR8/SVneo. In addition, DA induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of lipid peroxidation (LPO). This oxidative stress was accompanied by activation of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway in HTR8/SVneo cells. We also observed elevated mitochondrial Ca2+, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in response to DA treatment. Chelation of mitochondrial Ca2+ using BAPTA-AM rescued cellular proliferation suppressed by DA. We also verified that signaling proteins including AKT, P70S6K, S6, and ERK1/2 and their targets were significantly reduced in HTR8/SVneo cells by DA treatment. Pre-treatment of cells with selective inhibitors of AKT (LY294002) and ERK1/2 (U0126) revealed that the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways regulated by DA displayed cross-talk in HTR8/SVneo cells. Collectively, these results suggest that personal products containing DA will have harmful effects on human trophoblasts, and could cause implantation and placentation failure during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA; Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Hormone-induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review. Life Sci 2017; 191:259-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sam S, Ehrmann DA. Metformin therapy for the reproductive and metabolic consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1656-1661. [PMID: 28770330 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age, has various metabolic and reproductive consequences. Metformin was originally shown to lower testosterone levels in women with PCOS in the 1990s, an effect presumably related to its insulin sensitising actions. However, the precise mechanisms of metformin action in PCOS remain unclear and there is considerable heterogeneity in the clinical response to this therapy in women with PCOS. Recent evidence indicates that genetic factors may play a significant role in predicting response to metformin therapy in PCOS and future studies are needed to further identify women who are most likely to benefit from this therapy. At present, there is no clear evidence to support broad metformin use in PCOS. Well-designed prospective trials are needed to establish clear benefit for metformin use in the treatment of the reproductive and metabolic consequences associated with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sam
- Department of Medicine, Section of Adult and Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC1027, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - David A Ehrmann
- Department of Medicine, Section of Adult and Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC1027, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Tan EM, Li L, Indran IR, Chew N, Yong EL. TRAF6 Mediates Suppression of Osteoclastogenesis and Prevention of Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss by a Novel Prenylflavonoid. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:846-860. [PMID: 27813153 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Given the limitations of current therapeutic options for postmenopausal osteoporosis, there is a need for alternatives with minimal adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of icaritin (ICT), a natural prenylflavonoid, on osteoclastogenesis both in vitro and in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model and investigated its underlying molecular mechanism(s) of action. ICT inhibited osteoclast formation in two osteoclast precursor models, RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte cell line and human PBMC. ICT also inhibited sealing zone and resorption pit formation in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, ICT inhibited RANKL-induced NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 pathways to suppress gene expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)c1, the master transcription regulator of osteoclast differentiation. ICT, by inhibiting the TRAF6/c-Src/PI3K pathway, suppressed NADPH oxidase-1 activation to attenuate intracellular ROS production and downregulate calcineurin phosphatase activity. As a result, NFATc1 nuclear translocation and activity was suppressed. Crucially, ICT promoted proteasomal degradation of TRAF6, the critical adaptor protein that transduces RANKL/RANK signaling, and the inhibitory effect of ICT on osteoclastogenesis was reversed by the proteasomal inhibitor MG 132. ICT administration inhibited OVX-induced bone loss and resorption by suppressing osteoclast formation and activity. Consistent with cellular studies, ICT downregulated TRAF6 and NFATc1 protein expression in CD11b+ /Gr-1-/low osteoclast precursors isolated from OVX rats. Put together, we present novel findings that ICT, by downregulating TRAF6, coordinates inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK/AP-1, and ROS signaling pathways to reduce expression and activity of NFATc1. These results demonstrate the potential of ICT for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and point to TRAF6 as a promising target for novel anti-osteoporotic drugs. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Min Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Inthrani Raja Indran
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Chew
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eu-Leong Yong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Cellular and Animal Studies: Insights into Pathophysiology and Therapy of PCOS. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2016; 37:12-24. [PMID: 27118251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Basic science studies have advanced our understanding of the role of key enzymes in the steroidogenesis pathway and those that affect the pathophysiology of PCOS. Studies with ovarian theca cells taken from women with PCOS have demonstrated increased androgen production due to increased CYP17A1 and HSD3B2 enzyme activities. Furthermore, overexpression of DENND1A variant 2 in normal theca cells resulted in a PCOS phenotype with increased androgen production. Notably, cellular steroidogenesis models have facilitated the understanding of the mechanistic effects of pharmacotherapies, including insulin sensitizers (e.g., pioglitazone and metformin) used for the treatment of insulin resistance in PCOS, on androgen production. In addition, animal models of PCOS have provided a critical platform to study the effects of therapeutic agents in a manner closer to the physiological state. Indeed, recent breakthroughs have demonstrated that natural derivatives such as the dietary medium-chain fatty acid decanoic acid (DA) can restore estrous cyclicity and lower androgen levels in an animal model of PCOS, thus laying the platform for novel therapeutic developments in PCOS. This chapter reviews the current understanding on the pathways modulating androgen biosynthesis, and the cellular and animal models that form the basis for preclinical research in PCOS, and sets the stage for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Guo
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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