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Timmerman SA, Mullen N, Taylor AE, Gilligan LC, Pyle M, Shrestha TB, Sebek J, Highland MA, Challapalli R, Arlt W, Bossmann SH, Dennedy MC, Prakash P, Basel MT. Characterization of a Biochemical Mouse Model of Primary Aldosteronism for Thermal Therapies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.592955. [PMID: 38766205 PMCID: PMC11100708 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.592955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) is the most common cause of endocrine-related hypertension but surgery is not always feasible. Current medical interventions are associated with significant side effects and poor patient compliance. New APA animal models that replicate basic characteristics of APA and give physical and biochemical feedback are needed to test new non-surgical treatment methods, such as image-guided thermal ablation. Methods A model of APA was developed in nude mice using HAC15 cells, a human adrenal carcinoma cell line. Tumor growth, aldosterone production, and sensitivity to angiotensin II were characterized in the model. The utility of the model was validated via treatment with microwave ablation and characterization of the resulting physical and biochemical changes in the tumor. Results The APA model showed rapid and relatively homogeneous growth. The tumors produced aldosterone and steroid precursors in response to angiotensin II challenge, and plasma aldosterone levels were significantly higher in tumor bearing mice two hours after challenge verses non-tumor bearing mice. The model was useful for testing microwave ablation therapy, reducing aldosterone production by 80% in treated mice. Conclusion The HAC15 model is a useful tumor model to study and develop localized treatment methods for APA.
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van Rooyen D, Lerario AM, Little DW, Ullenbruch MR, Taylor MJ, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Hammer GD, Rainey WE. Chronic activation of adrenal Gq signaling induces Cyp11b2 expression in the zona fasciculata and hyperaldosteronism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 585:112176. [PMID: 38341019 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Hyperaldosteronism is often associated with inappropriate aldosterone production and aldosterone synthase (Cyp11b2) expression. Normally, Cyp11b2 expression is limited to the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) and regulated by angiotensin II which signals through Gq protein-coupled receptors. As cells migrate inwards, they differentiate into 11β-hydroxylase-expressing zona fasciculata (ZF) cells lacking Cyp11b2. The mechanism causing ZG-specific aldosterone biosynthesis is still unclear. We investigated the effect of chronic Gq signaling using transgenic mice with a clozapine N-oxide (CNO)-activated human M3 muscarinic receptor (DREADD) coupled to Gq (hM3Dq) that was expressed throughout the adrenal cortex. CNO raised circulating aldosterone in the presence of a high sodium diet with greater response seen in females compared to males. Immunohistochemistry and transcriptomics indicated disrupted zonal Cyp11b2 expression while Wnt signaling remained unchanged. Chronic Gq-DREADD signaling also induced an intra-adrenal RAAS in CNO-treated mice. Chronic Gq signaling disrupted adrenal cortex zonal aldosterone production associated with ZF expression of Cyp11b2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmaré van Rooyen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donald W Little
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew R Ullenbruch
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew J Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Development Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Paul B, Shewade LH, Buchholz DR. cyp21a2 Knockout Tadpoles Survive Metamorphosis Despite Low Corticosterone. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6775874. [PMID: 36301177 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are so vital for organ maturation that reduced corticosteroid signaling during postembryonic development causes death in terrestrial vertebrates. Indeed, death occurs at metamorphosis in frogs lacking proopiomelanocortin (pomc) or the glucocorticoid receptor (GR; nr3c1). Some residual corticosteroids exist in pomc mutants to activate the wild-type (WT) GR and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and the elevated corticosteroids in GR mutants may activate MR. Thus, we expected a more severe developmental phenotype in tadpoles with inactivation of 21-hydroxylase, which should eliminate all interrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis. Using CRISPR/Cas9 in Xenopus tropicalis, we produced an 11-base pair deletion in cyp21a2, the gene encoding 21-hydroxylase. Growth and development were delayed in cyp21a2 mutant tadpoles, but unlike the other frog models, they survived metamorphosis. Consistent with an absence of 21-hydroxylase, mutant tadpoles had a 95% reduction of aldosterone in tail tissue, but they retained some corticosterone (∼40% of WT siblings), an amount, however, too low for survival in pomc mutants. Decreased corticosteroid signaling was evidenced by reduced expression of corticosteroid-response gene, klf9, and by impaired negative feedback in the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis with higher messenger RNA expression levels of crh, pomc, star, and cyp11b2 and an approximately 30-fold increase in tail content of progesterone. In vitro tail-tip culture showed that progesterone can transactivate the frog GR. The inadequate activation of GR by corticosterone in cyp21a2 mutants was likely compensated for by sufficient corticosteroid signaling from other GR ligands to allow survival through the developmental transition from aquatic to terrestrial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Leena H Shewade
- Biotherapeutics Division, Codexis Inc., San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Daniel R Buchholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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4
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Gancayco CA, Gerding MR, Breault DT, Beenhakker MP, Barrett PQ, Guagliardo NA. Intrinsic Adrenal TWIK-Related Acid-Sensitive TASK Channel Dysfunction Produces Spontaneous Calcium Oscillations Sufficient to Drive AngII (Angiotensin II)-Unresponsive Hyperaldosteronism. Hypertension 2022; 79:2552-2564. [PMID: 36129175 PMCID: PMC10167771 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Ion channel mutations in calcium regulating genes strongly associate with AngII (angiotensin II)-independent aldosterone production. Here, we used an established mouse model of in vivo aldosterone autonomy,
Cyp11b2
-driven deletion of TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channels (TASK-1 and TASK-3, termed zona glomerulosa [zG]-TASK-loss-of-function), and selective pharmacological TASK channel inhibition to determine whether channel dysfunction in native, electrically excitable zG cell rosette-assemblies: (1) produces spontaneous calcium oscillatory activity and (2) is sufficient to drive substantial aldosterone autonomy.
Methods:
We imaged calcium activity in adrenal slices expressing a zG-specific calcium reporter (GCaMP3), an in vitro experimental approach that preserves the native rosette assembly and removes potentially confounding extra-adrenal contributions. In parallel experiments, we measured acute aldosterone production from adrenal slice cultures.
Results:
Absent from untreated WT slices, we find that either adrenal-specific genetic deletion or acute pharmacological TASK channel inhibition produces spontaneous oscillatory bursting behavior and steroidogenic activity (2.4-fold) that are robust, sustained, and equivalent to activities evoked by 3 nM AngII in WT slices. Moreover, spontaneous activity in zG-TASK-loss-of-function slices and inhibitor-evoked activity in WT slices are unresponsive to AngII regulation over a wide range of concentrations (50 pM to 3 µM).
Conclusions:
We provide proof of principle that spontaneous activity of zG cells within classic rosette assemblies evoked solely by a change in an intrinsic, dominant resting-state conductance can be a significant source of AngII-independent aldosterone production from native tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly R. Gerding
- Department of Pharmacology (M.R.G., M.P.B., P.Q.B., N.A.G.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - David T. Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, MA (D.T.B.)
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (D.T.B.)
| | - Mark P. Beenhakker
- Department of Pharmacology (M.R.G., M.P.B., P.Q.B., N.A.G.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Paula Q. Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology (M.R.G., M.P.B., P.Q.B., N.A.G.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Nick A. Guagliardo
- Department of Pharmacology (M.R.G., M.P.B., P.Q.B., N.A.G.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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5
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Nishiyama M, Iwasaki Y, Makino S. Animal Models of Cushing's Syndrome. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6761324. [PMID: 36240318 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is characterized by unique clinical features and comorbidities, and progress in the analysis of its genetic pathogenesis has been achieved. Moreover, prescribed glucocorticoids are also associated with exogenous Cushing's syndrome. Several animal models have been established to explore the pathophysiology and develop treatments for Cushing's syndrome. Here, we review recent studies reporting animal models of Cushing's syndrome with different features and complications induced by glucocorticoid excess. Exogenous corticosterone (CORT) administration in drinking water is widely utilized, and we found that CORT pellet implantation in mice successfully leads to a Cushing's phenotype. Corticotropin-releasing hormone overexpression mice and adrenal-specific Prkar1a-deficient mice have been developed, and AtT20 transplantation methods have been designed to examine the medical treatments for adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. We also review recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced complications using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Nishiyama
- Health Care Center, Kochi University, Kochi city, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka city, Mie 510-0293Japan
| | - Shinya Makino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Gyomeikan Hospital, Osaka city, Osaka 554-0012Japan
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Ponzoni M, Bachetti T, Corrias MV, Brignole C, Pastorino F, Calarco E, Bensa V, Giusto E, Ceccherini I, Perri P. Recent advances in the developmental origin of neuroblastoma: an overview. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:92. [PMID: 35277192 PMCID: PMC8915499 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric tumor that originates from neural crest-derived cells undergoing a defective differentiation due to genomic and epigenetic impairments. Therefore, NB may arise at any final site reached by migrating neural crest cells (NCCs) and their progeny, preferentially in the adrenal medulla or in the para-spinal ganglia. NB shows a remarkable genetic heterogeneity including several chromosome/gene alterations and deregulated expression of key oncogenes that drive tumor initiation and promote disease progression. NB substantially contributes to childhood cancer mortality, with a survival rate of only 40% for high-risk patients suffering chemo-resistant relapse. Hence, NB remains a challenge in pediatric oncology and the need of designing new therapies targeted to specific genetic/epigenetic alterations become imperative to improve the outcome of high-risk NB patients with refractory disease or chemo-resistant relapse. In this review, we give a broad overview of the latest advances that have unraveled the developmental origin of NB and its complex epigenetic landscape. Single-cell RNA sequencing with spatial transcriptomics and lineage tracing have identified the NCC progeny involved in normal development and in NB oncogenesis, revealing that adrenal NB cells transcriptionally resemble immature neuroblasts or their closest progenitors. The comparison of adrenal NB cells from patients classified into risk subgroups with normal sympatho-adrenal cells has highlighted that tumor phenotype severity correlates with neuroblast differentiation grade. Transcriptional profiling of NB tumors has identified two cell identities that represent divergent differentiation states, i.e. undifferentiated mesenchymal (MES) and committed adrenergic (ADRN), able to interconvert by epigenetic reprogramming and to confer intra-tumoral heterogeneity and high plasticity to NB. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing has disclosed the existence of two super-enhancers and their associated transcription factor networks underlying MES and ADRN identities and controlling NB gene expression programs. The discovery of NB-specific regulatory circuitries driving oncogenic transformation and maintaining the malignant state opens new perspectives on the design of innovative therapies targeted to the genetic and epigenetic determinants of NB. Remodeling the disrupted regulatory networks from a dysregulated expression, which blocks differentiation and enhances proliferation, toward a controlled expression that prompts the most differentiated state may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Ponzoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bachetti
- U.O. Proteomica e Spettrometria di Massa, IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Corrias
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Brignole
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Pastorino
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enzo Calarco
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Veronica Bensa
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Giusto
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Ceccherini
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics of Rare Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Perri
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
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7
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Shalomov B, Handklo-Jamal R, Reddy HP, Theodor N, Bera AK, Dascal N. A revised mechanism of action of hyperaldosteronism-linked mutations in cytosolic domains of GIRK4 (KCNJ5). J Physiol 2021; 600:1419-1437. [PMID: 34957562 DOI: 10.1113/jp282690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Mutations in GIRK4 (KCNJ5) G-protein gated channels cause primary aldosteronism, a major cause of secondary hypertension. The primary mechanism is believed to be loss of K+ selectivity. R52H and E246K, aldosteronism-causing mutations in cytosolic N- and C- termini of GIRK4, were reported to cause loss of K+ selectivity. We show that R52H, E246K and G247R mutations render homotetrameric GIRK channels non-functional. In heterotetrameric context with GIRK1, these mutations impair membrane expression, interaction with Gβγ and open probability, but do not alter K+ selectivity or inward rectification. In human aldosterone-secreting cell line, a GIRK4 opener and overexpression of heterotetrameric GIRK1/4WT , but not over-expression of GIRK1/4 mutants, reduced aldosterone secretion. Aldosteronism-causing mutations in cytosolic domain of GIRK4 are loss-of-function mutations rather than gain-of-function, selectivity-loss mutations. Deciphering of exact biophysical mechanism that impairs the channel is crucial for setting the course of treatment. ABSTRACT G-protein gated, inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK) mediate inhibitory transmission in brain and heart, and are present in adrenal cortex. GIRK4 (KCNJ5) subunits are abundant in the heart and adrenal cortex. Multiple mutations of KCNJ5 cause primary aldosteronism (PA). Mutations in the pore region of GIRK4 cause loss of K+ selectivity, Na+ influx, and depolarization of zona glomerulosa cells followed by hypersecretion of aldosterone. The concept of selectivity loss has been extended to mutations in cytosolic domains of GIRK4 channels, remote from the pore. We expressed aldosteronism-linked GIRK4R52H , GIRK4E246K , and GIRK4G247R mutants in Xenopus oocytes. Whole-cell currents of heterotetrameric GIRK1/4R52H and GIRK1/4E246K channels were greatly reduced compared to GIRK1/4WT . Nevertheless, all heterotetrameric mutants retained full K+ selectivity and inward rectification. When expressed as homotetramers, only GIRK4WT , but none of the mutants, produced whole-cell currents. Confocal imaging, single channel and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analyses showed: 1) reduction of membrane abundance of all mutated channels, especially as homotetramers, 2) impaired interaction with Gβγ subunits, and 3) reduced open probability of GIRK1/4R52H . VU0529331, a GIRK4 opener, activated homotetrameric GIRK4G247R channels, but not GIRK4R52H and GIRK4E246K . In human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (HAC15), VU0529331 and over-expression of heterotetrameric GIRK1/4WT , but not over-expression of GIRK1/4 mutants, reduced aldosterone secretion. Our results suggest that, contrary to pore mutants of GIRK4, non-pore mutants R52H and E246K mutants are loss-of-function rather than gain-of-function/selectivity-loss mutants. Hence, GIRK4 openers may be a potential course of treatment for patients with cytosolic N- and C-terminal mutations. Abstract Figure: There are two mutations types in KCNJ5 (GIRK4) that can cause excessive secretion of aldosterone, leading to primary aldosteronism. Mutations of the first type render the channel non-selective to monovalent cations and often constitutively active, thus depolarizing the zona granulosa cells. This previously described mechanism underlies the disease-causing effects of mutations of amino acid residues located in the pore region (red color). Blockers of the channel may be useful as potential treatment to reduce aldosterone secretion. Here we show that mutations of the second type, located in the cytosolic domain remote from the pore, act by a different mechanism. They do not alter channel's ion selectivity or rectification but cause poor expression or poor activation by Gβγ, resulting in a reduction in cell's K+ conductance and depolarization. In this case, GIRK4 openers can potentially be useful to prevent the excessive aldosterone secretion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Shalomov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Reem Handklo-Jamal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Haritha P Reddy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Neta Theodor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amal K Bera
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Nathan Dascal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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8
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Bedoya-Reina OC, Li W, Arceo M, Plescher M, Bullova P, Pui H, Kaucka M, Kharchenko P, Martinsson T, Holmberg J, Adameyko I, Deng Q, Larsson C, Juhlin CC, Kogner P, Schlisio S. Single-nuclei transcriptomes from human adrenal gland reveal distinct cellular identities of low and high-risk neuroblastoma tumors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5309. [PMID: 34493726 PMCID: PMC8423786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood neuroblastoma has a remarkable variability in outcome. Age at diagnosis is one of the most important prognostic factors, with children less than 1 year old having favorable outcomes. Here we study single-cell and single-nuclei transcriptomes of neuroblastoma with different clinical risk groups and stages, including healthy adrenal gland. We compare tumor cell populations with embryonic mouse sympatho-adrenal derivatives, and post-natal human adrenal gland. We provide evidence that low and high-risk neuroblastoma have different cell identities, representing two disease entities. Low-risk neuroblastoma presents a transcriptome that resembles sympatho- and chromaffin cells, whereas malignant cells enriched in high-risk neuroblastoma resembles a subtype of TRKB+ cholinergic progenitor population identified in human post-natal gland. Analyses of these populations reveal different gene expression programs for worst and better survival in correlation with age at diagnosis. Our findings reveal two cellular identities and a composition of human neuroblastoma tumors reflecting clinical heterogeneity and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Bedoya-Reina
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - W Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Arceo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Plescher
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Bullova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Pui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Kaucka
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - P Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T Martinsson
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Holmberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C C Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Kogner
- Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Schlisio
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Wu J, Ding X, Tan X. A patent review of aldosterone synthase inhibitors (2014-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 32:13-28. [PMID: 34365871 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1965991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aldosterone synthase (AS) is a key enzyme involved in the final three rate-limiting steps of the biosynthesis pathway of aldosterone, and its inhibition has been considered as an effective strategy to treat hypertension, heart failure, and related cardio-metabolic diseases. AREA COVERED This review provides an update on the discovery and development of aldosterone synthase inhibitors by means of patents published between January 2014 and March 2021. The molecules are classified by pharmaceutical company with progress that has been made in clinical trials being highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) and aldosterone synthase inhibitors (ASI) represent two of the main approaches for the blockade of aldosterone. Clinical success, as well as foreseen side effects of steroidal MRAs, prompted the discovery and development of ASI. Since the observation of decreased cortisol levels in clinical trials for LCI699, subsequent efforts have been largely focused on improving its selectivity over hCYP11B1. Candidates with improved potency and selectivity are under investigation across a wide range of indications. Whether ASI will provide an additional therapeutic advantage over current safe and selective non-steroidal MRAs is highly anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefei Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai, China
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar C Bedoya-Reina
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Susanne Schlisio
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Vohra T, Kemter E, Sun N, Dobenecker B, Hinrichs A, Burrello J, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Wang J, Kinker IS, Teupser D, Fischer K, Schnieke A, Peitzsch M, Eisenhofer G, Walch A, Reincke M, Wolf E, Williams TA. Effect of Dietary Sodium Modulation on Pig Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Transcriptome Profiles. Hypertension 2020; 76:1769-1777. [PMID: 33070662 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a frequent form of endocrine hypertension caused by aldosterone overproduction from the adrenal cortex. Regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis has been studied in rodents despite differences in adrenal physiology with humans. We, therefore, investigated pig adrenal steroidogenesis, morphology, and transcriptome profiles of the zona glomerulosa (zG) and zona fasciculata in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by dietary sodium restriction. Six-week-old pigs were fed a low- or high-sodium diet for 14 days (3 pigs per group, 0.4 g sodium/kg feed versus 6.8 g sodium/kg). Plasma aldosterone concentrations displayed a 43-fold increase (P=0.011) after 14 days of sodium restriction (day 14 versus day 0). Low dietary sodium caused a 2-fold increase in thickness of the zG (P<0.001) and an almost 3-fold upregulation of CYP11B (P<0.05) compared with high dietary sodium. Strong immunostaining of the KCNJ5 (G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4), which is frequently mutated in primary aldosteronism, was demonstrated in the zG. mRNA sequencing transcriptome analysis identified significantly altered expression of genes modulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the zG (n=1172) and zona fasciculata (n=280). These genes included many with a known role in the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and adrenal function. The most highly enriched biological pathways in the zG were related to cholesterol biosynthesis, steroid metabolism, cell cycle, and potassium channels. This study provides mechanistic insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of aldosterone production in a species closely related to humans and shows the suitability of pigs as a translational animal model for human adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Vohra
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Na Sun
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (B.D.)
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jacopo Burrello
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Division, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.).,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Isabella-Sabrina Kinker
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital (D.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III (G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Martin Reincke
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
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12
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Taylor MJ, Ullenbruch MR, Frucci EC, Rege J, Ansorge MS, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Begum S, Laufer E, Breault DT, Rainey WE. Chemogenetic activation of adrenocortical Gq signaling causes hyperaldosteronism and disrupts functional zonation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:83-93. [PMID: 31738186 DOI: 10.1172/jci127429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is produced in the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) under the control of the renin-angiotensin II (AngII) system. Primary aldosteronism (PA) results from renin-independent production of aldosterone and is a common cause of hypertension. PA is caused by dysregulated localization of the enzyme aldosterone synthase (Cyp11b2), which is normally restricted to the ZG. Cyp11b2 transcription and aldosterone production are predominantly regulated by AngII activation of the Gq signaling pathway. Here, we report the generation of transgenic mice with Gq-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) specifically in the adrenal cortex. We show that adrenal-wide ligand activation of Gq DREADD receptors triggered disorganization of adrenal functional zonation, with induction of Cyp11b2 in glucocorticoid-producing zona fasciculata cells. This result was consistent with increased renin-independent aldosterone production and hypertension. All parameters were reversible following termination of DREADD-mediated Gq signaling. These findings demonstrate that Gq signaling is sufficient for adrenocortical aldosterone production and implicate this pathway in the determination of zone-specific steroid production within the adrenal cortex. This transgenic mouse also provides an inducible and reversible model of hyperaldosteronism to investigate PA therapeutics and the mechanisms leading to the damaging effects of aldosterone on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew R Ullenbruch
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily C Frucci
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark S Ansorge
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Salma Begum
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward Laufer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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13
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Jin W, Ma R, Zhai L, Xu X, Lou T, Huang Q, Wang J, Zhao D, Li X, Sun L. Ginsenoside Rd attenuates ACTH-induced corticosterone secretion by blocking the MC2R-cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in Y1 mouse adrenocortical cells. Life Sci 2020; 245:117337. [PMID: 31972205 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher levels of glucocorticoids (GCs), and impaired regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may cause or exacerbate the occurrence of metabolic and psychiatric disorders. It has been reported that ginseng saponin extract (GSE) has an inhibitory effect on the hyperactivity of the HPA axis induced by stresses and increased corticosterone level induced by intraperitoneal injection of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in mice. However, the molecular mechanisms by which GSE and its active ginsenosides inhibit corticosterone secretion remain elusive. MAIN METHODS Y1 mouse adrenocortical cells were treated with ACTH for up to 60 min to establish a cell model of corticosterone secretion. After treatment with different concentrations of GSE or ginsenoside monomers for 24 h prior to the addition of ACTH, analyses of cAMP content, PKA activity, and the levels of steroidogenesis regulators, melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R), and melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) in ACTH-induced Y1 cells were performed. RESULTS We demonstrated that GSE inhibits ACTH-stimulated corticosterone production in Y1 cells by inhibiting factors critical for steroid synthesis. Ginsenoside Rd, an active ingredient of GSE, inhibits corticosterone secretion in the cells and impedes ACTH-induced corticosterone biosynthesis through down-regulation of proteins in the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. In addition, Western blot and qPCR analyses showed that ginsenoside Rd attenuated the induction of MC2R and MRAP by ACTH. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that ginsenoside Rd inhibits ACTH-induced corticosterone production through blockading the MC2R-cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in adrenocortical cells. Overall, this mechanism may represent an important therapeutic option for the treatment of stress-related disorders, further supporting the pharmacological benefits of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Jin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Zhai
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tingting Lou
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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14
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Lerman LO, Kurtz TW, Touyz RM, Ellison DH, Chade AR, Crowley SD, Mattson DL, Mullins JJ, Osborn J, Eirin A, Reckelhoff JF, Iadecola C, Coffman TM. Animal Models of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2019; 73:e87-e120. [PMID: 30866654 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world, yet the precise cause of elevated blood pressure often cannot be determined. Animal models have been useful for unraveling the pathogenesis of hypertension and for testing novel therapeutic strategies. The utility of animal models for improving the understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hypertension and its comorbidities depends on their validity for representing human forms of hypertension, including responses to therapy, and on the quality of studies in those models (such as reproducibility and experimental design). Important unmet needs in this field include the development of models that mimic the discrete hypertensive syndromes that now populate the clinic, resolution of ongoing controversies in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and the development of new avenues for preventing and treating hypertension and its complications. Animal models may indeed be useful for addressing these unmet needs.
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15
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Guagliardo NA, Yao J, Stipes EJ, Cechova S, Le TH, Bayliss DA, Breault DT, Barrett PQ. Adrenal Tissue-Specific Deletion of TASK Channels Causes Aldosterone-Driven Angiotensin II-Independent Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 73:407-414. [PMID: 30580687 PMCID: PMC6326871 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system tightly controls aldosterone synthesis. Dysregulation is evident in hypertension (primary aldosteronism), low renin, and resistant hypertension) but also can exist in normotension. Whether chronic, mild aldosterone autonomy can elicit hypertension remains untested. Previously, we reported that global genetic deletion of 2 pore-domain TWIK-relative acid-sensitive potassium channels, TASK-1 and TASK-3, from mice produces striking aldosterone excess, low renin, and hypertension. Here, we deleted TASK-1 and TASK-3 channels selectively from zona glomerulosa cells and generated a model of mild aldosterone autonomy with attendant hypertension that is aldosterone-driven and Ang II (angiotensin II)-independent. This study shows that a zona glomerulosa-specific channel defect can produce mild autonomous hyperaldosteronism sufficient to cause chronic blood pressure elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A Guagliardo
- From the Department of Pharmacology (N.A.G., J.Y., E.J.S., D.A.B, P.Q.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Junlan Yao
- From the Department of Pharmacology (N.A.G., J.Y., E.J.S., D.A.B, P.Q.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Eric J Stipes
- From the Department of Pharmacology (N.A.G., J.Y., E.J.S., D.A.B, P.Q.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Sylvia Cechova
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Douglas A Bayliss
- From the Department of Pharmacology (N.A.G., J.Y., E.J.S., D.A.B, P.Q.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - David T Breault
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (D.T.B.)
| | - Paula Q Barrett
- From the Department of Pharmacology (N.A.G., J.Y., E.J.S., D.A.B, P.Q.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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16
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CaF 2 nanoparticles as peroxidase mimics for rapid and sensitive detection of aldosterone. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1078:119-124. [PMID: 31358209 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, CaF2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple direct precipitation method and firstly used as a peroxidase mimics for rapid and high sensitive colorimetric detection of aldosterone. The CaF2 nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The CaF2 nanoparticles can oxidize 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to produce a blue product oxidized TMB (oxTMB) in the presence of H2O2 and this peroxidase-like activity of CaF2 is found out to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Experiments showed that the catalytic mechanism of CaF2 nanoparticles was attributed to that it could result in the decomposition of H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The absorbance change value of the reaction system was linear with the aldosterone concentration in the range of 2.0-40.0 nM, and the detection limit was 0.6 nM. Moreover, the developed method was applied to detect aldosterone in human serum samples. It provides a new platform for enzyme functional simulation and analytical sensing research.
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17
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Göppner C, Orozco IJ, Hoegg-Beiler MB, Soria AH, Hübner CA, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Zennaro MC, Jentsch TJ. Pathogenesis of hypertension in a mouse model for human CLCN2 related hyperaldosteronism. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4678. [PMID: 31615979 PMCID: PMC6794291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primary aldosteronism (PA) can be caused by mutations in several ion channel genes but mouse models replicating this condition are lacking. We now show that almost all known PA-associated CLCN2 mutations markedly increase ClC-2 chloride currents and generate knock-in mice expressing a constitutively open ClC-2 Cl− channel as mouse model for PA. The Clcn2op allele strongly increases the chloride conductance of zona glomerulosa cells, provoking a strong depolarization and increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. Clcn2op mice display typical features of human PA, including high serum aldosterone in the presence of low renin activity, marked hypertension and hypokalemia. These symptoms are more pronounced in homozygous Clcn2op/op than in heterozygous Clcn2+/op mice. This difference is attributed to the unexpected finding that only ~50 % of Clcn2+/op zona glomerulosa cells are depolarized. By reproducing essential features of human PA, Clcn2op mice are a valuable model to study the pathological mechanisms underlying this disease. Mutations in the chloride channel ClC-2 have been found in primary aldosteronism (PA). Here, Göppner et al. generate transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of ClC-2 that displays increased chloride currents like patient mutations, and find it recapitulates the key pathological features of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Göppner
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian J Orozco
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja B Hoegg-Beiler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Audrey H Soria
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fabio L Fernandes-Rosa
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany. .,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany. .,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Clinical characteristics of snoring patients with primary aldosteronism and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 33:693-700. [PMID: 31089199 PMCID: PMC6760756 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 2016 guideline on the work-up of primary aldosteronism recommended that patients with obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAS) be screened. This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics of snoring patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) complicated by OSAS. Sixty-eight self-reported or witnessed snoring patients and 609 non-snoring patients diagnosed with PA between 2010 and 2015 were recruited in this retrospective study. Compared to non-snoring patients, snoring patients had significantly (P < 0.05) higher body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and serum and urinary sodium, as well as lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Moreover, snoring patients exhibited significantly (P < 0.01) higher plasma renin activity levels and lower plasma aldosterone levels and aldosterone-to-renin activity ratios (ARRs) than patients with PA alone. When age, sex, duration of hypertension, and BMI were matched between groups, snoring patients still showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher plasma renin activity, serum and urinary sodium, and lower ARR and eGFR than those in the PA-only group. All 68 snoring patients underwent polysomnography, with 7 having mild (apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 and <15), 21 moderate (AHI ≥ 15 and <30), and 40 severe (AHI ≥ 30) OSAS. The BMI of patients with OSAS was negatively correlated with the lowest SaO2 (r = −0.318, P = 0.018) but not with the AHI. In conclusion, snoring patients with PA tend to have increased BMI and DBP, as well as decreased eGFR and ARR. Snoring patients with PA had higher prevalence of moderate-to-severe OSAS.
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19
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Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rossi GP. The Biology of Normal Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma: Pathological Implications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:1029-1056. [PMID: 30007283 PMCID: PMC6236434 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The identification of several germline and somatic ion channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and detection of cell clusters that can be responsible for excess aldosterone production, as well as the isolation of autoantibodies activating the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, have rapidly advanced the understanding of the biology of primary aldosteronism (PA), particularly that of APA. Hence, the main purpose of this review is to discuss how discoveries of the last decade could affect histopathology analysis and clinical practice. The structural remodeling through development and aging of the human adrenal cortex, particularly of the zona glomerulosa, and the complex regulation of aldosterone, with emphasis on the concepts of zonation and channelopathies, will be addressed. Finally, the diagnostic workup for PA and its subtyping to optimize treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
| | | | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
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20
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Tetti M, Castellano I, Venziano F, Magnino C, Veglio F, Mulatero P, Monticone S. Role of Cryptochrome-1 and Cryptochrome-2 in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas and Adrenocortical Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061675. [PMID: 29874863 PMCID: PMC6032245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking the core-clock components, cryptochrome-1 (CRY1) and cryptochrome-2 (CRY2) display a phenotype of hyperaldosteronism, due to the upregulation of type VI 3β-hydroxyl-steroid dehydrogenase (Hsd3b6), the murine counterpart to the human type I 3β-hydroxyl-steroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B1) gene. In the present study, we evaluated the role of CRY1 and CRY2 genes, and their potential interplay with HSD3B isoforms in adrenal pathophysiology in man. Forty-six sporadic aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and 20 paired adrenal samples were included, with the human adrenocortical cells HAC15 used as the in vitro model. In our cohort of sporadic APAs, CRY1 expression was 1.7-fold [0.75–2.26] higher (p = 0.016), while CRY2 showed a 20% lower expression [0.80, 0.52–1.08] (p = 0.04) in APAs when compared with the corresponding adjacent adrenal cortex. Type II 3β-hydroxyl-steroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2) was 317-fold [200–573] more expressed than HSD3B1, and is the main HSD3B isoform in APAs. Both dehydrogenases were more expressed in APAs when compared with the adjacent cortex (5.7-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively, p < 0.001 and p = 0.001) and HSD3B1 was significantly more expressed in APAs composed mainly of zona glomerulosa-like cells. Treatment with angiotensin II (AngII) resulted in a significant upregulation of CRY1 (1.7 ± 0.25-fold, p < 0.001) at 6 h, and downregulation of CRY2 at 12 h (0.6 ± 0.1-fold, p < 0.001), through activation of the AngII type 1 receptor. Independent silencing of CRY1 and CRY2 genes in HAC15 cells resulted in a mild upregulation of HSD3B2 without affecting HSD3B1 expression. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that CRY1 and CRY2, being AngII-regulated genes, and showing a differential expression in APAs when compared with the adjacent adrenal cortex, might be involved in adrenal cell function, and in the regulation of aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tetti
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Isabella Castellano
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino,10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Venziano
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino,10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Corrado Magnino
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Franco Veglio
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Monticone
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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