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Haraguchi T, Hamamoto Y, Kuwata H, Yamazaki Y, Nakatani S, Hyo T, Yamada Y, Yabe D, Seino Y. Effect of Roxadustat on Thyroid Function in Patients With Renal Anemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:e69-e75. [PMID: 37597171 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Roxadustat, a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitor, a recently developed class of drugs for treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD), is reported to have a structure unlike that of other HIF-PH inhibitors but similar to that of triiodothyronine and bind to the thyroid hormone receptor in vitro. However, reports on the effects of roxadustat on thyroid function are limited and not detailed, and it remains unknown whether other HIF-PH inhibitors also affect thyroid function. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of roxadustat with daprodustat, another HIF-PH inhibitor, on thyroid function in patients with renal anemia in CKD. METHODS This retrospective observational study included a total of 26 patients with anemia in CKD who were treated with roxadustat or daprodustat; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured before and after treatment with the drugs. RESULTS After initiation of roxadustat, TSH showed a significant decrease (2.4732 [1.7858-4.9016] μIU/mL before treatment and 0.659 [0.112-2.005] μIU/mL after treatment, P < .05); FT4 showed a significant decrease (0.93 [0.84-1.05] ng/dL before treatment and 0.70 [0.53-0.85] ng/dL after treatment, P < .01). After daprodustat initiation, neither TSH nor FT4 showed a significant change (TSH: 3.044 [1.853-4.171] μIU/mL before treatment and 2.893 [1.866-4.894] μIU/mL after treatment, P = .635; FT4 was 0.93 [0.81-1.00] ng/dL before treatment and 0.97 [0.87-1.05] ng/dL after treatment, P = .328). CONCLUSION Roxadustat decreases TSH and FT4 levels while daprodustat does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Haraguchi
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hamamoto
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwata
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamazaki
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakatani
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takanori Hyo
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yabe
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yutaka Seino
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Henry Z, Meadows V, Guo GL. FXR and NASH: an avenue for tissue-specific regulation. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0127. [PMID: 37058105 PMCID: PMC10109454 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
NASH is within the spectrum of NAFLD, a liver condition encompassing liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and fibrosis. The prevalence of NASH-induced cirrhosis is rapidly rising and has become the leading indicator for liver transplantation in the US. There is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacological intervention for NASH. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is essential in regulating bile acid homeostasis, and dysregulation of bile acids has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NASH. As a result, modulators of FXR that show desirable effects in mitigating key characteristics of NASH have been developed as promising therapeutic approaches. However, global FXR activation causes adverse effects such as cholesterol homeostasis imbalance and pruritus. The development of targeted FXR modulation is necessary for ideal NASH therapeutics, but information regarding tissue-specific and cell-specific FXR functionality is limited. In this review, we highlight FXR activation in the regulation of bile acid homeostasis and NASH development, examine the current literature on tissue-specific regulation of nuclear receptors, and speculate on how FXR regulation will be beneficial in the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakiyah Henry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vik Meadows
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Tang Q, Zeng M, Chen L, Fu N. Targeting Thyroid Hormone/Thyroid Hormone Receptor Axis: An Attractive Therapy Strategy in Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:871100. [PMID: 35721201 PMCID: PMC9201453 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.871100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone/thyroid hormone receptor (TH/TR) axis is characterized by TH with the assistance of plasma membrane transporters to combine with TR and mediate biological activities. Growing evidence suggests that TH/TR participates in plenty of hepatic metabolism. Thus, this review focuses on the role of the TH/TR axis in the liver diseases. To be specific, the TH/TR axis may improve metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver injury while exacerbating the progression of acute liver failure and alcoholic liver disease. Also, the TH/TR axis has paradoxical roles in hepatocellular carcinoma. The TH/TR axis may be a prospecting target to cure hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liuyang Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Basic Medical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Laboratory of Liver Disease, Institute of Clinical Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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4
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Ferrara SJ, Chaudhary P, DeBell MJ, Marracci G, Miller H, Calkins E, Pocius E, Napier BA, Emery B, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. TREM2 is thyroid hormone regulated making the TREM2 pathway druggable with ligands for thyroid hormone receptor. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:239-248.e4. [PMID: 34375614 PMCID: PMC8818810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor on macrophages and microglia that senses and responds to disease-associated signals to regulate the phenotype of these innate immune cells. The TREM2 signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of diseases ranging from neurodegeneration in the central nervous system to metabolic disease in the periphery. Here, we report that TREM2 is a thyroid hormone-regulated gene and its expression in macrophages and microglia is stimulated by thyroid hormone and synthetic thyroid hormone agonists (thyromimetics). Our findings report the endocrine regulation of TREM2 by thyroid hormone, and provide a unique opportunity to drug the TREM2 signaling pathway with orally active small-molecule therapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/chemical synthesis
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/pathology
- Models, Molecular
- Phenols/chemical synthesis
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Phenoxyacetates/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Response Elements
- Retinoid X Receptors/chemistry
- Retinoid X Receptors/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Hormones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar J Ferrara
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Margaret J DeBell
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gail Marracci
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hannah Miller
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Evan Calkins
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Edvinas Pocius
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Brooke A Napier
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, OR 97201, USA
| | - Ben Emery
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Tan J, Chen H, Chen S, Hu J, Wang X, Wang Y, Liao S, Chen P, Liang C, Dai M, Du Q, Hou L. The interactive effects of ethinylestradiol and progesterone on transcriptional expression of genes along the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150371. [PMID: 34818814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Progestins and estrogens are widespread in various aquatic environments and their potential endocrine disruption effects to aquatic organisms have drawn growing concern. However, their combined effects in aquatic organisms remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the binary mixtures of gestodene (GES) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using the eleuthero-embryos. Embryos were exposed to GES and EE2 alone or in combination at concentrations ranging from 41 to 5329 ng L-1 (nominal ones from 50 to 5000 ng L-1) for 48 h, 96 h and 144 h post fertilization (hpf). The results showed that the transcripts of the genes along the HPT axis displayed pronounced alterations. There was no clear pattern in the change of the transcripts of these genes over time and with concentrations. However, in general, the transcripts of the genes were inversely affected by EE2 (increase 0.5 to 4.2-folds) and GES (inhibition 0.4 to 4.9-folds), and their mixtures showed interactive effects in embryonic zebrafish. In addition, physiological data (mortality, malformation, body length and heart rate etc.) denoted higher toxicity of the two chemicals in combination than alone based on the developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity (locomotor behavior). These results indicated that the interactive effects of these two chemicals might be different between at the transcriptional level and at the whole organismal level. In summary, GES and EE2 affect the HPT axis (related genes expression and thyroid hormones (THs) levels) and exhibit developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanduo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Shuling Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Peixian Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chuyan Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Menglin Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Qianping Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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Jin M, Dang J, Paudel YN, Wang X, Wang B, Wang L, Li P, Sun C, Liu K. The possible hormetic effects of fluorene-9-bisphenol on regulating hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145963. [PMID: 33639463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF) is a bisphenol A substitute, which has been introduced for the production of so-called 'bisphenol A (BPA)-free' plastics. However, it has been reported that BHPF can enter living organisms through using commercial plastic bottles and cause adverse effects. To date, the majority of the toxicologic study of BHPF focused on investigating its doses above the toxicological threshold. Here, we studied the effects of BHPF on development, locomotion, neuron differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS), and the expression of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in zebrafish exposed to different doses of BHPF ranging from 1/5 of LD1 to LD50 (300, 500, 750, 1500, 3000, and 4500 nM). As a result, the possible hormetic effects of BHPF on regulating the HPT axis were revealed, in which low-dose BHPF positively affected the HPT axis while this regulation was inhibited as the dose increased. Underlying mechanism investigation suggested that BHPF disrupted myelination through affecting HPT axis including related genes expression and TH levels, thus causing neurotoxic characteristics. Collectively, this study provides the full understanding of the environmental impact of BHPF and its toxicity on living organisms, highlighting a substantial and generalized ongoing dose-response relationship with great implications for the usage and risk assessment of BHPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jiao Dang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xixin Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Baokun Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peihai Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Chen Sun
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
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7
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Ferrara SJ, Chaudhary P, DeBell MJ, Marracci G, Miller H, Calkins E, Pocius E, Napier BA, Emery B, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. TREM2 is thyroid hormone regulated making the TREM2 pathway druggable with ligands for thyroid hormone receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33532772 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.25.428149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor on macrophages and microglia that senses and responds to disease associated signals to regulate the phenotype of these innate immune cells. The TREM2 signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of diseases ranging from neurodegeneration in the central nervous system to metabolic disease in the periphery. We report here that TREM2 is a thyroid hormone regulated gene and its expression in macrophages and microglia is stimulated by thyroid hormone. Both endogenous thyroid hormone and sobetirome, a synthetic thyroid hormone agonist drug, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production from myeloid cells including macrophages that have been treated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein which produces a strong, pro-inflammatory phenotype. Thyroid hormone agonism was also found to induce phagocytic behavior in microglia, a phenotype consistent with activation of the TREM2 pathway. The thyroid hormone antagonist NH-3 blocks the anti-inflammatory effects of thyroid hormone agonists and suppresses microglia phagocytosis. Finally, in a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) multiple sclerosis model, treatment with Sob-AM2, a CNS-penetrating sobetirome prodrug, results in increased Trem2 expression in disease lesion resident myeloid cells which correlates with therapeutic benefit in the EAE clinical score and reduced damage to myelin. Our findings represent the first report of endocrine regulation of TREM2 and provide a unique opportunity to drug the TREM2 signaling pathway with orally active small molecule therapeutic agents.
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8
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Ferrara SJ, Scanlan TS. A CNS-Targeting Prodrug Strategy for Nuclear Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9742-9751. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Skylar J. Ferrara
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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9
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Hartley MD, Shokat MD, DeBell MJ, Banerji T, Kirkemo LL, Scanlan TS. Pharmacological Complementation Remedies an Inborn Error of Lipid Metabolism. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:551-559.e4. [PMID: 32169163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a rare, genetic disease in which increased very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the central nervous system (CNS) cause demyelination and axonopathy, leading to neurological deficits. Sobetirome, a potent thyroid hormone agonist, has been shown to lower VLCFAs in the periphery and CNS. In this study, two pharmacological strategies for enhancing the effects of sobetirome were tested in Abcd1 KO mice, a murine model with the same inborn error of metabolism as X-ALD patients. First, a sobetirome prodrug (Sob-AM2) with increased CNS penetration lowered CNS VLCFAs more potently than sobetirome and was better tolerated with reduced peripheral exposure. Second, co-administration of thyroid hormone with sobetirome enhanced VLCFA lowering in the periphery but did not produce greater lowering in the CNS. These data support the conclusion that CNS VLCFA lowering in Abcd1 knockout mice is limited by a mechanistic threshold related to slow lipid turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D Hartley
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Mitra D Shokat
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Margaret J DeBell
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Tania Banerji
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Lisa L Kirkemo
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA.
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Sinha RA, Bruinstroop E, Singh BK, Yen PM. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hypercholesterolemia: Roles of Thyroid Hormones, Metabolites, and Agonists. Thyroid 2019; 29:1173-1191. [PMID: 31389309 PMCID: PMC6850905 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormones (THs) exert a strong influence on mammalian lipid metabolism at the systemic and hepatic levels by virtue of their roles in regulating circulating lipoprotein, triglyceride (TAG), and cholesterol levels, as well as hepatic TAG storage and metabolism. These effects are mediated by intricate sensing and feedback systems that function at the physiological, metabolic, molecular, and transcriptional levels in the liver. Dysfunction in the pathways involved in lipid metabolism disrupts hepatic lipid homeostasis and contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypercholesterolemia. There has been strong interest in understanding and employing THs, TH metabolites, and TH mimetics as lipid-modifying drugs. Summary: THs regulate many processes involved in hepatic TAG and cholesterol metabolism to decrease serum cholesterol and intrahepatic lipid content. TH receptor β analogs designed to have less side effects than the natural hormone are currently being tested in phase II clinical studies for NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. The TH metabolites, 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (T2) and T1AM (3-iodothyronamine), have different beneficial effects on lipid metabolism compared with triiodothyronine (T3), although their clinical application is still under investigation. Also, prodrugs and glucagon/T3 conjugates have been developed that direct TH to the liver. Conclusions: TH-based therapies show clinical promise for the treatment of NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. Strategies for limiting side effects of TH are being developed and may enable TH metabolites and analogs to have specific effects in the liver for treatments of these conditions. These liver-specific effects and potential suppression of the hypothalamic/pituitary/thyroid axis raise the issue of monitoring liver-specific markers of TH action to assess clinical efficacy and dosing of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A. Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Eveline Bruinstroop
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brijesh K. Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul M. Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Hartley MD, Banerji T, Tagge IJ, Kirkemo LL, Chaudhary P, Calkins E, Galipeau D, Shokat MD, DeBell MJ, Van Leuven S, Miller H, Marracci G, Pocius E, Banerji T, Ferrara SJ, Meinig JM, Emery B, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. Myelin repair stimulated by CNS-selective thyroid hormone action. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126329. [PMID: 30996143 PMCID: PMC6538346 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte processes wrap axons to form neuroprotective myelin sheaths, and damage to myelin in disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), leads to neurodegeneration and disability. There are currently no approved treatments for MS that stimulate myelin repair. During development, thyroid hormone (TH) promotes myelination through enhancing oligodendrocyte differentiation; however, TH itself is unsuitable as a remyelination therapy due to adverse systemic effects. This problem is overcome with selective TH agonists, sobetirome and a CNS-selective prodrug of sobetirome called Sob-AM2. We show here that TH and sobetirome stimulated remyelination in standard gliotoxin models of demyelination. We then utilized a genetic mouse model of demyelination and remyelination, in which we employed motor function tests, histology, and MRI to demonstrate that chronic treatment with sobetirome or Sob-AM2 leads to significant improvement in both clinical signs and remyelination. In contrast, chronic treatment with TH in this model inhibited the endogenous myelin repair and exacerbated disease. These results support the clinical investigation of selective CNS-penetrating TH agonists, but not TH, for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Hartley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tania Banerji
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Lisa L. Kirkemo
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Evan Calkins
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Danielle Galipeau
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Mitra D. Shokat
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Margaret J. DeBell
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Shelby Van Leuven
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hannah Miller
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gail Marracci
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Edvinas Pocius
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Tapasree Banerji
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Skylar J. Ferrara
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - J. Matthew Meinig
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ben Emery
- Department of Neurology, and
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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