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Mueller F, Witteveldt J, Macias S. Antiviral Defence Mechanisms during Early Mammalian Development. Viruses 2024; 16:173. [PMID: 38399949 PMCID: PMC10891733 DOI: 10.3390/v16020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The type-I interferon (IFN) response constitutes the major innate immune pathway against viruses in mammals. Despite its critical importance for antiviral defence, this pathway is inactive during early embryonic development. There seems to be an incompatibility between the IFN response and pluripotency, the ability of embryonic cells to develop into any cell type of an adult organism. Instead, pluripotent cells employ alternative ways to defend against viruses that are typically associated with safeguard mechanisms against transposable elements. The absence of an inducible IFN response in pluripotent cells and the constitutive activation of the alternative antiviral pathways have led to the hypothesis that embryonic cells are highly resistant to viruses. However, some findings challenge this interpretation. We have performed a meta-analysis that suggests that the susceptibility of pluripotent cells to viruses is directly correlated with the presence of receptors or co-receptors for viral adhesion and entry. These results challenge the current view of pluripotent cells as intrinsically resistant to infections and raise the fundamental question of why these cells have sacrificed the major antiviral defence pathway if this renders them susceptible to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mueller
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jeroen Witteveldt
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Sara Macias
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
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2
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Wang F, Zhang J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Han D. Viral tropism for the testis and sexual transmission. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040172. [PMID: 36439102 PMCID: PMC9682072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian testis adopts an immune privileged environment to protect male germ cells from adverse autoimmune reaction. The testicular immune privileged status can be also hijacked by various microbial pathogens as a sanctuary to escape systemic immune surveillance. In particular, several viruses have a tropism for the testis. To overcome the immune privileged status and mount an effective local defense against invading viruses, testicular cells are well equipped with innate antiviral machinery. However, several viruses may persist an elongated duration in the testis and disrupt the local immune homeostasis, thereby impairing testicular functions and male fertility. Moreover, the viruses in the testis, as well as other organs of the male reproductive system, can shed to the semen, thus allowing sexual transmission to partners. Viral infection in the testis, which can impair male fertility and lead to sexual transmission, is a serious concern in research on known and on new emerging viruses. To provide references for our scientific peers, this article reviews research achievements and suggests future research focuses in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yongmei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Daishu Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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3
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Meinhardt A, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Bhushan S. Testicular macrophages: development and function in health and disease. Trends Immunol 2021; 43:51-62. [PMID: 34848166 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages comprise a heterogeneous immune cell population and display niche-specific phenotypes and functions in almost all organs. Testicular macrophages (TMs) perform essential immune and non-immune functions in the mammalian male gonads. Here, we discuss the most recent findings on TM ontogeny, heterogeneity, and function under steady state and inflammatory conditions. We also highlight new discoveries regarding the functions of macrophages during bacterial and viral infections of the testes and how macrophages may indirectly help the establishment of a reservoir through virus seeding. Understanding TM function and macrophage-related mechanisms of disease might assist in developing new opportunities for intervention in male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Meinhardt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Dutta S, Sandhu N, Sengupta P, Alves MG, Henkel R, Agarwal A. Somatic-Immune Cells Crosstalk In-The-Making of Testicular Immune Privilege. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:2707-2718. [PMID: 34580844 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunological infertility contributes significantly to the etiology of idiopathic male infertility. Shielding the spermatogenic cells from systemic immune responses is fundamental to secure normal production of spermatozoa. The body's immune system is tuned with the host self-components since the early postnatal period, while sperm first develops during puberty, thus rendering spermatogenic proteins as 'non-self' or 'antigenic.' Development of antibodies to these antigens elicits autoimmune responses affecting sperm motility, functions, and fertility. Therefore, the testes need to establish a specialized immune-privileged microenvironment to protect the allogenic germ cells by orchestration of various testicular cells and resident immune cells. This is achieved through sequestration of antigenic germ cells by blood-testis barrier and actions of various endocrine, paracrine, immune-suppressive, and immunomodulatory mechanisms. The various mechanisms are very complex and need conceptual integration to disclose the exact physiological scenario, and to facilitate detection and management of immunogenic infertility caused by disruption of testicular immune regulation. The present review aims to (a) discuss the components of testicular immune privilege; (b) explain testicular somatic and immune cell interactions in establishing and maintaining the testicular immune micro-environment; and (c) illustrate the integration of multiple mechanisms involved in the control of immune privilege of the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Dutta
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Narpal Sandhu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ralf Henkel
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- LogixX Pharma, Theale, Berkshire, UK
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Mail Code X-11, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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MERTK-Mediated LC3-Associated Phagocytosis (LAP) of Apoptotic Substrates in Blood-Separated Tissues: Retina, Testis, Ovarian Follicles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061443. [PMID: 34207717 PMCID: PMC8229618 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Timely and efficient elimination of apoptotic substrates, continuously produced during one’s lifespan, is a vital need for all tissues of the body. This task is achieved by cells endowed with phagocytic activity. In blood-separated tissues such as the retina, the testis and the ovaries, the resident cells of epithelial origin as retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE), testis Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells (GC) provide phagocytic cleaning of apoptotic cells and cell membranes. Disruption of this process leads to functional ablation as blindness in the retina and compromised fertility in males and females. To ensure the efficient elimination of apoptotic substrates, RPE, Sertoli cells and GC combine various mechanisms allowing maintenance of tissue homeostasis and avoiding acute inflammation, tissue disorganization and functional ablation. In tight cooperation with other phagocytosis receptors, MERTK—a member of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)—plays a pivotal role in apoptotic substrate cleaning from the retina, the testis and the ovaries through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis process LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis). In this review, we focus on the interplay between TAM RTKs, autophagy-related proteins, LAP, and Toll-like receptors (TLR), as well as the regulatory mechanisms allowing these components to sustain tissue homeostasis and prevent functional ablation of the retina, the testis and the ovaries.
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Bryan ER, Barrero RA, Cheung E, Tickner JAD, Trim LK, Richard D, McLaughlin EA, Beagley KW, Carey AJ. DNA damage contributes to transcriptional and immunological dysregulation of testicular cells during Chlamydia infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13400. [PMID: 33565167 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted bacterial infection, with 127 million notifications worldwide each year. Both males and females are susceptible to the pathological impacts on fertility that Chlamydia infections can induce. However, male chlamydial infections, particularly within the upper reproductive tract, including the testis, are not well characterized. In this study, using mouse testicular cell lines, we examined the impact of infection on testicular cell lineage transcriptomes and potential mechanisms for this impact. The somatic cell lineages exhibited significantly fragmented genomes during infection. Likely resulting from this, each of the Leydig, Sertoli and germ cell lineages experienced extensive transcriptional dysregulation, leading to significant changes in cellular biological pathways, including interferon and germ-Sertoli cell signalling. The cell lineages, as well as isolated spermatozoa from infected mice, also contained globally hypomethylated DNA. Cumulatively, the DNA damage and epigenetic-mediated transcriptional dysregulation observed within testicular cells during chlamydial infection could result in the production of spermatozoa with abnormal epigenomes, resulting in previously observed subfertility in infected animals and congenital defects in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Bryan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Roberto A Barrero
- eResearch Office and Division of Research & Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD, Australia
| | - Eddie Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacob A D Tickner
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Genomics and Precision Health Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Logan K Trim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek Richard
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Genomics and Precision Health Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Alison J Carey
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a carefully orchestrated male germ cell differentiation process by which spermatogonia differentiate to spermatozoa in the testis. A highly organized testicular microenvironment is therefore necessary to support spermatogenesis. Regarding immunologic aspects, the testis adapts a specialized immune environment for the protection of male germ cells and testicular functions. The mammalian testis possesses two immunologic features: (1) it is an immunoprivileged organ where immunogenic germ cells do not induce deleterious immune responses under physiologic conditions; and (2) it creates its own effective innate defense system against microbial infection. Various pathologic conditions may disrupt testicular immune homeostasis, thereby resulting in a detrimental immune response and perturbing testicular functions, one of the etiologic factors of male infertility. Understanding the mechanisms underlying immunoregulation in the testis can aid in establishing strategies for the prevention and therapy of immunologic testicular dysfunction and male infertility. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms underlying immune privilege, local innate immunity, and immunologic diseases of the testis.
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Payne K, Kenny P, Scovell JM, Khodamoradi K, Ramasamy R. Twenty-First Century Viral Pandemics: A Literature Review of Sexual Transmission and Fertility Implications in Men. Sex Med Rev 2020; 8:518-530. [PMID: 32713674 PMCID: PMC7378513 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 21st century has seen a series of viral pandemics that have collectively infected millions of individuals. To understand factors that may contribute to viral spread and address long-term health sequelae for survivors, it is important to review evidence regarding viral presence in semen, sexual transmission potential, and possible effects on fertility. AIM To review the current literature regarding the sexual transmissibility of recent viral pandemics and their effects on semen parameters and fertility. We review evidence for the following viruses: Ebola, Zika, West Nile, pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS A literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies. Titles and abstracts were reviewed for relevance. References from identified articles were searched and included, if appropriate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measure of this study was reviewing of peer-reviewed literature. RESULTS Both the Ebola virus and Zika virus are present in semen, but only the Zika virus shows consistent evidence of sexual transmission. Current evidence does not support the presence of the West Nile virus, pandemic influenza, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 in semen. The Zika virus appears to alter semen parameters in a way that diminishes fertility, but the effect is likely time limited. The West Nile virus and SARS have been associated with orchitis in a small number of case reports. Viruses that cause febrile illness, such as pandemic influenza, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2, are associated with decreased sperm count and motility and abnormal morphology. SARS and SARS-CoV-2 may interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors present in the testes, which could impact spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We have reported the presence in semen, sexual transmission potential, and fertility side effects of recent viral pandemics. Overall, semen studies and fertility effects are highly understudied in viral pandemics, and rigorous study on these topics should be undertaken as novel pandemics emerge. Payne K, Kenny P, Scovell JM, et al. Twenty-First Century Viral Pandemics: A Literature Review of Sexual Transmission and Fertility Implications for Men. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:518-530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Payne
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Kenny
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason M Scovell
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kajal Khodamoradi
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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Shanaka KASN, Tharuka MDN, Priyathilaka TT, Lee J. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) viperin, and its ability to enervate RNA virus transcription and replication in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:655-666. [PMID: 31252045 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viperin, also known as RSAD2 (Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2), is an interferon-induced endoplasmic reticulum-associated antiviral protein. Previous studies have shown that viperin levels are elevated in the presence of viral RNA, but it has rarely been characterized in marine organisms. This study was designed to functionally characterize rockfish viperin (SsVip), to examine the effects of different immune stimulants on its expression, and to determine its subcellular localization. SsVip is a 349 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 40.24 kDa. It contains an S-adenosyl l-methionine binding conserved domain with a CNYKCGFC sequence. Unchallenged tissue expression analysis using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) revealed SsVip expression to be the highest in the blood, followed by the spleen. When challenged with poly I:C, SsVip was upregulated by approximately 60-fold in the blood after 24 h, and approximately 50-fold in the spleen after 12 h. Notable upregulation was detected throughout the poly I:C challenge experiment in both tissues. Significant expression of SsVip was detected in the blood following Streptococcus iniae and lipopolysaccharide challenge, and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) gene transcription was significantly downregulated during SsVip overexpression. Furthermore, cell viability assay and virus titer quantification with the presence of SsVip revealed a significant reduction in virus replication. As with previously identified viperin counterparts, SsVip was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our findings show that SsVip is an antiviral protein crucial to innate immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A S N Shanaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Naas H, de Oliveira AA, Karpova T, Nunes KP. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a possible pathological mechanism in hyperglycemia-associated testicular dysfunction. Med Hypotheses 2019; 127:116-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Matusali G, Houzet L, Satie AP, Mahé D, Aubry F, Couderc T, Frouard J, Bourgeau S, Bensalah K, Lavoué S, Joguet G, Bujan L, Cabié A, Avelar G, Lecuit M, Le Tortorec A, Dejucq-Rainsford N. Zika virus infects human testicular tissue and germ cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4697-4710. [PMID: 30063220 DOI: 10.1172/jci121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a teratogenic mosquito-borne flavivirus that can be sexually transmitted from man to woman. The finding of high viral loads and prolonged viral shedding in semen suggests that ZIKV replicates within the human male genital tract, but its target organs are unknown. Using ex vivo infection of organotypic cultures, we demonstrated here that ZIKV replicates in human testicular tissue and infects a broad range of cell types, including germ cells, which we also identified as infected in semen from ZIKV-infected donors. ZIKV had no major deleterious effect on the morphology and hormonal production of the human testis explants. Infection induced a broad antiviral response but no IFN upregulation and minimal proinflammatory response in testis explants, with no cytopathic effect. Finally, we studied ZIKV infection in mouse testis and compared it to human infection. This study provides key insights into how ZIKV may persist in semen and alter semen parameters, as well as a valuable tool for testing antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Matusali
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Satie
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Inserm U1117, Paris, France
| | - Julie Frouard
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Salomé Bourgeau
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Karim Bensalah
- Service d'Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvain Lavoué
- Unité de coordination hospitalière des prélèvements d'organes et de tissus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Joguet
- Centre Caribéen de Médecine de la Reproduction-CECOS CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Louis Bujan
- Research Group on Human Fertility EA 3694, University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III - CECOS, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - André Cabié
- Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1424, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, and Service de maladies infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Gleide Avelar
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Inserm U1117, Paris, France.,Paris-Descartes University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anna Le Tortorec
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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Luca G, Arato I, Sorci G, Cameron DF, Hansen BC, Baroni T, Donato R, White DGJ, Calafiore R. Sertoli cells for cell transplantation: pre-clinical studies and future perspectives. Andrology 2018; 6:385-395. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
- Division of Medical Andrology and Endocrinology of Reproduction; University of Perugia and Saint Mary Hospital; Terni Italy
| | - I. Arato
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - G. Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
- Inter-University Institute of Myology (IIM)
| | - D. F. Cameron
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - B. C. Hansen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - T. Baroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - R. Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
- Inter-University Institute of Myology (IIM)
- Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale; Perugia Italy
| | - D. G. J. White
- Robarts Research Institute; University of Western Ontario; London ON Canada
| | - R. Calafiore
- Division of Medical Andrology and Endocrinology of Reproduction; University of Perugia and Saint Mary Hospital; Terni Italy
- Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
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Wu H, Zhao X, Wang F, Jiang Q, Shi L, Gong M, Liu W, Gao B, Song C, Li Q, Chen Y, Han D. Mouse Testicular Cell Type-Specific Antiviral Response against Mumps Virus Replication. Front Immunol 2017; 8:117. [PMID: 28239382 PMCID: PMC5300993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) infection has high tropism to the testis and usually leads to orchitis, an etiological factor in male infertility. However, MuV replication in testicular cells and the cellular antiviral responses against MuV are not fully understood. The present study showed that MuV infected the majority of testicular cells, including Leydig cells (LC), testicular macrophages, Sertoli cells (SC), and male germ cells (GC). MuV was replicated at relatively high efficiencies in SC compared with LC and testicular macrophages. In contrast, MuV did not replicate in male GC. Notably, testicular cells exhibited different innate antiviral responses against MuV replication. We showed that interferon β (IFN-β) inhibited MuV replication in LC, macrophages, and SC, which were associated with the upregulation of major antiviral proteins. We provided primary evidence that autophagy plays a role in blocking MuV replication in male GC. Autophagy was also involved in limiting MuV replication in testicular macrophages but not in Leydig and SC. These findings indicate the involvement of the innate defense against MuV replication in testicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Qian Jiang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Lili Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Maolei Gong
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Weihua Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Bo Gao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Chengyi Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Daishu Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
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Chen Q, Deng T, Han D. Testicular immunoregulation and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mumps virus-induced innate immune responses in mouse Sertoli and Leydig cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19507. [PMID: 26776505 PMCID: PMC4725973 DOI: 10.1038/srep19507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) infection frequently causes orchitis and impairs male fertility. However, the mechanisms underlying the innate immune responses to MuV infection in the testis have yet to be investigated. This study showed that MuV induced innate immune responses in mouse Sertoli and Leydig cells through TLR2 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling, which result in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, CXCL10, and type 1 interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β). By contrast, MuV did not induce the cytokine production in male germ cells. In response to MuV infection, Sertoli cells produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines but lower levels of type 1 IFNs than Leydig cells did. The MuV-induced cytokine production by Sertoli and Leydig cells was significantly reduced by the knockout of TLR2 or the knockdown of RIG-I signaling. The local injection of MuV into the testis triggered the testicular innate immune responses in vivo. Moreover, MuV infection suppressed testosterone synthesis by Leydig cells. This is the first study examining the innate immune responses to MuV infection in testicular cells. The results provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the MuV-induced innate immune responses in the testis.
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Rosa JDL, Cavariani MM, Borges CDS, Leite GAA, Anselmo-Franci JA, Kempinas WDG. Lack of Reproductive Toxicity in Adult Male Rats Exposed to Interferon-Alpha. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1288-1298. [PMID: 26488366 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1083518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN- α), a type I IFN, is a protein with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory activities, widely used in the treatment of several types of cancers as well as hepatitis B and C. Decrease of libido and erectile dysfunction are commonly reported by male patients during treatment of chronic hepatitis C with IFN- α . However, IFN therapy-associated underlying factors attributed to sexual dysfunction are still not well defined. Currently, there are few studies investigating the effects of IFN on male reproductive system functions. Given that, the aim of the present investigation was to examine effects of subchronic exposure to IFN- α (5 × 10(4) U/kg and 10 × 10(4) U/kg, 30 d) on serum hormones, sperm parameters, fertility, and testicular and epididymal hystopathology and morphometry in adult male Wistar rats. None of the evaluated parameters was markedly altered by IFN- α . Thus, our results suggest that exposure to IFN- α , in this experimental design, did not adversely affect sperm quality and fertile capacity of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane de Lima Rosa
- a Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction and Development, Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marilia Martins Cavariani
- a Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction and Development, Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cibele dos Santos Borges
- a Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction and Development, Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite
- a Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction and Development, Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Janete Aparecida Anselmo-Franci
- b Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, School of Dentistry , USP-Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Wilma De Grava Kempinas
- a Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction and Development, Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu , São Paulo , Brazil
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Zhao S, Zhu W, Xue S, Han D. Testicular defense systems: immune privilege and innate immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:428-37. [PMID: 24954222 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian testis possesses a special immunological environment because of its properties of remarkable immune privilege and effective local innate immunity. Testicular immune privilege protects immunogenic germ cells from systemic immune attack, and local innate immunity is important in preventing testicular microbial infections. The breakdown of local testicular immune homeostasis may lead to orchitis, an etiological factor of male infertility. The mechanisms underlying testicular immune privilege have been investigated for a long time. Increasing evidence shows that both a local immunosuppressive milieu and systemic immune tolerance are involved in maintaining testicular immune privilege status. The mechanisms underlying testicular innate immunity are emerging based on the investigation of the pattern recognition receptor-mediated innate immune response in testicular cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of testicular defense mechanisms and identifies topics that merit further investigation.
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Zhu W, Chen Q, Yan K, Liu Z, Li N, Zhang X, Yu L, Chen Y, Han D. RIG-I-like receptors mediate innate antiviral response in mouse testis. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1455-67. [PMID: 23820901 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis is an immune privileged organ in which the tissue-specific cells have adopted effective innate immune functions against microbial pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate innate immune response in the testis. The current study demonstrates that melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) initiate the testicular innate antiviral response. Both MDA5 and RIG-I are expressed in Leydig cells, and MDA5 is also expressed in spermatids. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], a common agonist of MDA5 and RIG-I, significantly induces the expression of type I interferons (IFN-α/β) and antiviral proteins, including IFN-stimulated gene 15, 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, and Mx GTPase 1, in primary TLR3-deficient (TLR3(-/-)) Leydig and germ cells. Moreover, major proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, are significantly up-regulated by poly(I:C) in these testicular cells. The poly(I:C)-induced innate antiviral response in the testicular cells is significantly reduced by knockdown of individual MDA5 and RIG-I using specific small interfering RNA. We also provide evidence that local injection of poly(I:C) induces antiviral response in the testis of TLR3(-/-) mice. These data provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying testicular antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005 China
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21
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Li N, Wang T, Han D. Structural, cellular and molecular aspects of immune privilege in the testis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:152. [PMID: 22701457 PMCID: PMC3371599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis presents a special immunological environment, considering its property of immune privilege that tolerates allo- and auto-antigens. Testicular immune privilege was once believed to be mainly based on the sequestration of antigens from the immune system by the blood–testis barrier in the seminiferous epithelium. Substantial evidence supports the view that the combination of physical structure, testicular cells, and cytokines controls immune responses in the testis to preserve the structural and functional integrity of testicular immune privilege. Both systemic immune tolerance and local immunosuppression help maintain the immune privilege status. Constitutive expression of anti-inflammatory factors in testicular cells is critical for local immunosuppression. However, the testis locally generates an efficient innate immune system against pathogens. Disruption of these mechanisms may lead to orchitis and impair fertility. This review article highlights the current understanding of structural, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying the unique immune environment of the testis, particularly its immune privilege status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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22
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Wang T, Zhang X, Chen Q, Deng T, Zhang Y, Li N, Shang T, Chen Y, Han D. Toll-like receptor 3-initiated antiviral responses in mouse male germ cells in vitro. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:106. [PMID: 22262694 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.096719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis is an immunoprivileged site where local cell-initiated innate immunity plays a crucial role in antimicrobial responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate innate immune responses in testicular somatic cells. Although several TLRs are expressed in some stages of male germ cells, the potential role of TLRs in triggering antimicrobial responses in the germ cells has yet to be exclusively studied. The current study demonstrates that TLR3 is constitutively expressed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes and can be activated by a synthetic double-strained RNA analog, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. TLR3 activation in these male germ cells up-regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin IL1B, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, through activation of nuclear factor kappa B; it also induces production of type 1 interferons (IFNA and IFNB) through the activation of IFN regulatory factor 3. In addition, TLR3 activation increases the production of two major antiviral proteins, namely, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase and MX1 protein, by germ cells. Data in this article describe an antiviral response of male germ cells through the activation of TLR3 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Shang T, Zhang X, Wang T, Sun B, Deng T, Han D. Toll-like receptor-initiated testicular innate immune responses in mouse Leydig cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2827-36. [PMID: 21540291 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The testis is an immunoprivileged site, where the local cell-initiated testicular innate immune responses play a crucial role in defense against microbial infections. Mechanisms modulating the testicular cell-built defense system remain to be clarified. In this article, we demonstrate that Leydig cells, a major cell population in the testicular interstitium, initiate innate immunity through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Several TLRs are expressed in mouse Leydig cells; among these, TLR3 and TLR4 are expressed at relatively high levels compared with other TLR members. Both TLR3 and TLR4 can be activated by their agonists (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and lipopolysaccharide) in Leydig cells and subsequently induce the production of inflammatory factors, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and type 1 interferons (IFN) (IFN-α and IFN-β). Notably, the activation of TLR3 and TLR4 suppresses steroidogenesis by Leydig cells. Further, we provide evidence that Axl and Mer receptor tyrosine kinases are expressed in Leydig cells and regulate TLR-mediated innate immune responses negatively. Data presented here describe a novel function of Leydig cells in eliciting testicular innate immune responses that should contribute to the protection of the testis from microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shang
- Department of Cell Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, 100005 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Satie AP, Mazaud-Guittot S, Seif I, Mahé D, He Z, Jouve G, Jégou B, Dejucq-Rainsford N. Excess type I interferon signaling in the mouse seminiferous tubules leads to germ cell loss and sterility. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23280-95. [PMID: 21515676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.229120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I (α and β) interferons (IFNs) elicit antiproliferative and antiviral activities via the surface receptor IFNAR. Serendipitous observations in transgenic mice in 1988 strongly suggested that IFNα/β overexpression in the testis disrupts spermatogenesis. Here, we compare a new mouse strain transgenic for IFNβ (Tg10) and a sister strain lacking the IFNAR1 subunit of IFNAR (Tg10-Ifnar1(-/-)), both strains expressing the transgene in the testis. The main source of IFNβ RNA was the spermatid population. Importantly, the Tg10 mice, but not the double mutant Tg10-Ifnar1(-/-), showed altered spermatogenesis. The first IFNAR-dependent histological alteration was a higher apoptosis index in all germ cell categories apart from non-dividing spermatogonia. This occurred 3 weeks after the onset of IFNβ production at postnatal day 20 and in the absence of somatic cell defects in terms of cell number, expression of specific cell markers, and hormonal activities. Several known interferon-stimulated genes were up-regulated in Tg10 Sertoli cells and prepachytene germ cells but not in pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids. In concordance with this, pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids isolated from wild-type testes did not display measurable amounts of IFNAR1 and phosphorylated STAT1 upon IFNβ challenge in vitro, suggesting hyporesponsiveness of these cell types to IFN. At day 60, Tg10 males were sterile, and Sertoli cells showed increased amounts of anti-Mullerian hormone and decreased production of inhibin B, both probably attributable to the massive germ cell loss. Type I interferon signaling may lead to idiopathic infertilities by affecting the interplay between germ cells and Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Pascale Satie
- INSERM, Unité 625, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes, France
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Abstract
A large body of evidence points to the existence of a close, dynamic relationship between the immune system and the male reproductive tract, which has important implications for our understanding of both systems. The testis and the male reproductive tract provide an environment that protects the otherwise highly immunogenic spermatogenic cells and sperm from immunological attack. At the same time, secretions of the testis, including androgens, influence the development and mature functions of the immune system. Activation of the immune system has negative effects on both androgen and sperm production, so that systemic or local infection and inflammation compromise male fertility. The mechanisms underlying these interactions have begun to receive the attention from reproductive biologists and immunologists that they deserve, but many crucial details remain to be uncovered. A complete picture of male reproductive tract function and its response to toxic agents is contingent upon continued exploration of these interactions and the mechanisms involved.
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Key Words
- cytokines
- immunity
- immunoregulation
- inflammation
- leydig cell
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- nitric oxide
- prostanoids
- seminal plasma
- sertoli cell
- sperm
- spermatogenesis
- steroidogenesis
- toll-like receptors
- 16:0a-lpc, 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 18:1a-lpc, 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 18:2a-lpc, 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 20:4a-lpc, 1-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- aid, acquired immune deviation
- aire, autoimmune regulator
- ap1, activated protein 1
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- bambi, bmp and activin membrane-bound inhibitor
- bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- crry, complement receptor-related protein
- ctl, cytotoxic t lymphocyte
- eao, experimental autoimmune orchitis
- eds, ethane dimethane sulfonate
- enos, endothelial nos
- fadd, fas-associated death domain protein
- fasl, fas ligand
- fsh, follicle-stimulating hormone
- gc, glucocorticoid
- hcg, human chorionic gonadotropin
- hla, human leukocyte antigen
- hmgb1, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1
- ice, il1 converting enzyme
- ifn, interferon
- ifnar, ifnα receptor
- il, interleukin
- il1r, interleukin 1 receptor
- il1ra, il1 receptor antagonist
- inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- irf, interferon regulatory factor
- jak/stat, janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription
- jnk, jun n-terminal kinase
- lh, luteinizing hormone
- lpc, lysoglycerophosphatidylcholine
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mif, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88
- nfκb, nuclear factor kappa b
- nk, cell natural killer cell
- nkt cell, natural killer t cell
- nlr, nod-like receptor
- nnos, neuronal nos
- nod, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain
- p450c17, 17α-hydroxylase/c17-c20 lyase
- p450scc, cholesterol side-chain cleavage complex
- paf, platelet-activating factor
- pamp, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- pc, phosphocholine
- pg, prostaglandin
- pges, pge synthase
- pgi, prostacyclin
- pla2, phospholipase a2
- pmn, polymorphonuclear phagocyte
- pparγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- rig, retinoic acid-inducible gene
- rlh, rig-like helicase
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- star, steroidogenic acute regulatory
- tcr, t cell receptor
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th cell, helper t cell
- tir, toll/il1r
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- tnfr, tnf receptor
- tr1, t regulatory 1
- tradd, tnfr-associated death domain protein
- traf, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor
- treg, regulatory t cell
- trif, tir domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon β
- tx, thromboxane
- txas, thromboxane a synthase
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Le Tortorec A, Denis H, Satie AP, Patard JJ, Ruffault A, Jégou B, Dejucq-Rainsford N. Antiviral responses of human Leydig cells to mumps virus infection or poly I:C stimulation. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:2095-103. [PMID: 18567898 PMCID: PMC2517156 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immuno-privileged status of the testis is essential to the maintenance of its functions, and innate immunity is likely to play a key role in limiting harmful viral infections, as demonstrated in the rat. In men mumps virus infects Leydig cells and has deleterious effects on testosterone production and spermatogenesis. The aim of this study was to test whether mumps virus infection of isolated human Leydig cells was associated with an inhibition of their innate antiviral defences. METHODS Leydig cell production of mRNA and protein for interferons (IFNs) and of three antiviral proteins—2′5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (2′5′OAS), double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) and MxA—was investigated, in the absence or presence of mumps virus or viral stimuli including poly I:C, a mimetic of RNA viruses replication product. RESULTS Stimulated or not, human Leydig cells appeared unable to produce routinely detectable IFNs α, β and γ. Although the level of PKR remained unchanged after stimulation, the expression of 2′5′OAS and MxA was enhanced following either mumps virus or poly I:C exposure (P < 0.05 versus control). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results demonstrate that mumps virus replication in human Leydig cells is not associated with a specific inhibition of IFNs or 2′5′OAS, MxA and PKR production and that these cells display relatively weak endogenous antiviral abilities, as opposed to their rat counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Le Tortorec
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
| | - H. Denis
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
| | - A-P. Satie
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
| | - J-J. Patard
- Service d'Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - A. Ruffault
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - B. Jégou
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
| | - N. Dejucq-Rainsford
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
- Correspondence address. Tel: +33-2-23-23-50-69; Fax: +33-2-23-23-50-55; E-mail:
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Dal Secco V, Riccioli A, Padula F, Ziparo E, Filippini A. Mouse Sertoli Cells Display Phenotypical and Functional Traits of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Response to Interferon Gamma. Biol Reprod 2008; 78:234-42. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.063578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Grafström G, Jönsson BA, El Hassan AM, Tennvall J, Strand SE. Rat testis as a radiobiological in vivo model for radionuclides. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2006; 118:32-42. [PMID: 16046556 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The radiobiological effect of intracellularly localised radionuclides emitting low energy electrons (Auger electrons) has received much attention. Most in vivo studies reported have been performed in the mouse testis. We have investigated the rat testis as an in vivo radiobiological model, with sperm-head survival, testis weight loss and also alteration in the blood plasma hormone levels of FSH and LH as radiobiological endpoints. Validation of the rat testis model was evaluated by using mean absorbed doses of up to 10 Gy from intratesticularly (i.t.) injected (111)In oxine or local X-ray irradiation. Biokinetics of the i.t. injected radionuclide was analysed by scintillation camera imaging and used in the absorbed dose estimation. By the analysis of the autoradiographs, the activity distribution was revealed. Cell fractionation showed (111)In to be mainly associated with the cell nuclei. External irradiations were monitored by thermoluminescence dosimeters. The sperm-head survival was the most sensitive radiobiological parameter correlated to the mean absorbed dose, with a D(37) of 2.3 Gy for (111)In oxine and 1.3 Gy for X rays. The levels of plasma pituitary gonadal hormones FSH and LH were elevated for absorbed doses >7.7 Gy. This investigation shows that the radiobiological model based on the rat testis has several advantages compared with the previously commonly used mouse testis model. The model is appropriate for further investigations of basic phenomena such as radiation geometry, intracellular kinetics and heterogeneity, crucial for an understanding of the biological effect of low-energy electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grafström
- Departament of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interactions and their significance in germ cell movement in the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis. Endocr Rev 2004; 25:747-806. [PMID: 15466940 DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the process by which a single spermatogonium develops into 256 spermatozoa, one of which will fertilize the ovum. Since the 1950s when the stages of the epithelial cycle were first described, reproductive biologists have been in pursuit of one question: How can a spermatogonium traverse the epithelium, while at the same time differentiating into elongate spermatids that remain attached to the Sertoli cell throughout their development? Although it was generally agreed upon that junction restructuring was involved, at that time the types of junctions present in the testis were not even discerned. Today, it is known that tight, anchoring, and gap junctions are found in the testis. The testis also has two unique anchoring junction types, the ectoplasmic specialization and tubulobulbar complex. However, attention has recently shifted on identifying the regulatory molecules that "open" and "close" junctions, because this information will be useful in elucidating the mechanism of germ cell movement. For instance, cytokines have been shown to induce Sertoli cell tight junction disassembly by shutting down the production of tight junction proteins. Other factors such as proteases, protease inhibitors, GTPases, kinases, and phosphatases also come into play. In this review, we focus on this cellular phenomenon, recapping recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Com E, Bourgeon F, Evrard B, Ganz T, Colleu D, Jégou B, Pineau C. Expression of antimicrobial defensins in the male reproductive tract of rats, mice, and humans. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:95-104. [PMID: 12493700 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.005389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that play a major role in innate immunity. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunochemistry, or both, we performed a search of all presently known defensins in rat testis, epididymis, and isolated testicular cells; in mouse testis and epididymis; and in human testis and ejaculates. In the rat, all alpha- and beta-defensins except RNP-4 were expressed within the testis, whereas alpha-defensins RNP1-2, RNP-4, and beta-defensins RBD-1 and RBD-2 were present within the epididymis. In the mouse, the cryptdin transcripts CRS1C, mBD-1, and mBD-2 were detected in the testis and epididymis, whereas mBD-3 and mBD-4 were expressed only in the epididymis, and CRS4C was absent in both organs. In the human testis, transcripts for four known defensins were expressed with the consistent exception of HBD-2 and HBD-3. In rat interstitial tissue, resident macrophages expressed most of the defensins studied, whereas Leydig cells produced only RBD-2. In contrast, all studied defensins except RNP-4 were present in the seminiferous tubules. Within these tubules, peritubular and Sertoli cells expressed most of the studied alpha- and beta-defensins, whereas spermatogonia displayed only alpha-defensins, but at relatively high levels. Meiotic pachytene spermatocytes expressed only beta-defensins, whereas postmeiotic spermatids and their cytoplasmic lobes displayed both types. In humans, the HBD-1 peptide was expressed mainly in the germ line from pachytene spermatocytes to late spermatids. The peptide was also present in ejaculated spermatozoa and seminal plasma, where multiple soluble forms were present. Finally, high salt concentration or dithiothreitol-sensitive cationic extracts from human seminal plasma were indeed found to display antimicrobial activity. We conclude that the male reproductive tract produces defensins that most probably assume an important, innate organ defense system against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Com
- GERM-INSERM U.435, Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes I, 35042 Rennes Cedex, Bretagne, France
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Melaine N, Liénard MO, Dorval I, Le Goascogne C, Lejeune H, Jégou B. Multidrug resistance genes and p-glycoprotein in the testis of the rat, mouse, Guinea pig, and human. Biol Reprod 2002; 67:1699-707. [PMID: 12444043 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.003558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of the multidrug resistance phenomenon in tumor cell lines has led to the discovery of the product of the multidrug resistance (MDR) type 1 genes, the plasma membrane P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that functions as an energy-dependent pump for the efflux of diverse anticancer drugs. P-gp was also recently identified in normal epithelial cells with secretory/excretory functions and in the endothelial cells of the capillary blood vessels in the brain and the testis. These endothelial cells are key elements of the blood-brain and blood-testis barriers, respectively. The aim of this study, in the rat, mouse, guinea pig, and human, was to determine whether testicular cells other than the capillary endothelial cells could express MDR type I genes. Immunohistochemistry on testicular sections revealed that P-gp is present in interstitial cells in the mouse, rat, and human testes, in early and late spermatids in guinea pig testis, and in late spermatids in the rat, mouse, and human. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis on isolated mouse, rat, and human cells showed that all somatic testicular cells (Leydig cells, macrophages, peritubular cells, and Sertoli cells) and the cytoplasmic lobes from rat late spermatids expressed MDR type I mRNAs, whereas spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes, and early spermatids did not. An ontogenesis study in the mouse reveals that type I MDR gene expression begins at 13.5 days postcoitum at the time when the seminiferous cords and the blood vessels appear and are maintained thereafter. Finally, two functional tests on isolated rat cells, the doxorubicin and rhodamine uptake assays, demonstrated that rat testicular macrophages, Leydig cells, peritubular cells, and Sertoli cells displayed a multidrug-resistance activity, whereas spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes, and early spermatids did not. Western blot experiments have revealed that a P-gp of 175 kDa is present in the human testis as well as in the rat Leydig cells, testicular macrophages, peritubular cells, and Sertoli cells, but is absent in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and early spermatids. We conclude that P-gp is involved in the self-protection of the somatic cells and is most probably one of the molecules that confers its functionality to the blood-testis barrier. The absence of expression of MDR type I genes in mitotic and meiotic germ cells probably explains their particular vulnerability to various anticancer drugs. In contrast, expression of the P-gp in the haploid cells most likely reflects the ability of spermatozoa to assume their own antidrug defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Melaine
- GERM-INSERM U.435, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, Bretagne, France
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Le Goffic R, Mouchel T, Aubry F, Patard JJ, Ruffault A, Jégou B, Samson M. Production of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, growth-related oncogene, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 is induced by the Sendai virus in human and rat testicular cells. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1434-40. [PMID: 11897701 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.4.8735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several viruses infect the testis, inducing inflammation, which may lead to infertility. In this study we investigated the production in rat and human testicular cells exposed to the Sendai virus of several chemokines that play a major role in inflammatory processes. Exposure of rat testicular macrophages and Sertoli, Leydig, and peritubular cells to the Sendai virus led to the production of mRNA and protein for monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, growth-related oncogene-alpha, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10. In rat peritubular cells exposed to the Sendai virus, MCP-1 production was time and dose dependent. In contrast, rat germ cells did not produce these chemokines. Chemokine synthesis was detected in human Leydig cells exposed to the Sendai virus, but not in human total germ cells, suggesting that rats and humans display similar responses in terms of chemokine production. MCP-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, growth-related oncogene-alpha, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 have been reported to be chemoattractants for a large variety of leukocytes. The ability of the Sendai virus to induce chemokine production in somatic cells (mostly peritubular and Leydig cells) may therefore increase the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Le Goffic
- GERM-INSERM, U-435, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, Bretagne, France
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Mori K, Yoshida K, Tani J, Nakagawa Y, Hoshikawa S, Ito S. Double-stranded RNA-induced interferon regulatory factor-1 gene expression in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 184:77-86. [PMID: 11694343 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) plays a role in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis as well as in the cellular antiviral responses. However, it remains unknown if dsRNA-activated signaling systems are functional in the thyroid. Here we report the presence of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. In poly(I)-poly(C) (pIC)-stimulated cells, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF kappa B) binding was clearly induced. Incubation of FRTL-5 cells with pIC resulted in a marked increase in interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) mRNA and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) levels. Addition of pIC to cells led to type I interferon (IFN) gene expression, especially IFN beta, which can induce STAT1 phosphorylation, suggesting that dsRNA indirectly induced STAT1 phosphorylation through expression of type I IFN. Thus, our results suggest that the dsRNA-activated signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of IFN-inducible genes in the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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Dejucq N, Jégou B. Viruses in the mammalian male genital tract and their effects on the reproductive system. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001; 65:208-31 ; first and second pages, table of contents. [PMID: 11381100 PMCID: PMC99025 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.65.2.208-231.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the various viruses identified in the semen and reproductive tracts of mammals (including humans), their distribution in tissues and fluids, their possible cell targets, and the functional consequences of their infectivity on the reproductive and endocrine systems. The consequences of these viral infections on the reproductive tract and semen can be extremely serious in terms of organ integrity, development of pathological and cancerous processes, and transmission of diseases. Furthermore, of essential importance is the fact that viral infection of the testicular cells may result not only in changes in testicular function, a serious risk for the fertility and general health of the individual (such as a fall in testosteronemia leading to cachexia), but also in the possible transmission of virus-induced mutations to subsequent generations. In addition to providing an exhaustive account of the data available in these domains, this review focuses attention on the fact that the interface between endocrinology and virology has so far been poorly explored, particularly when major health, social and economical problems are posed. Our conclusions highlight the research strategies that need to be developed. Progress in all these domains is essential for the development of new treatment strategies to eradicate viruses and to correct the virus-induced dysfunction of the endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dejucq
- GERM-INSERM U435, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Karamfilov T, Wollina U, Hipler UC, Graefe T, Schreiber G. Effects of adjuvant interferon-alpha low-dose therapy in melanoma patients on serum inhibin B. J Dermatol 2000; 27:639-42. [PMID: 11092267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Because the primary aim of adjuvant therapy for melanoma is not curative, all the possible aspects of quality of life have to be considered. One aspect of increasing importance is fertility. The effect of adjuvant interferon alpha-therapy for malignant melanoma on male fertility has not been systematically investigated. In the present study, twelve male patients with primary cutaneous melanoma (pT3, 4; N0; M0) who were taking adjuvant low-dose interferon alpha2b (3 x 3 mio U/week) for one year were included. Inhibin B--an established marker of male fertility-was measured with an immunosorbent assay before and after one year of interferon alpha-therapy to investigate whether this treatment has any influence on fertility. The results were compared with those from normal controls (n=40). The mean serum inhibin B concentration in melanoma patients before interferon therapy was 225.4 +/- 112.5 pg/mL; after treatment the level was 229.6 +/- 82.0 pg/mL. This difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The serum inhibin B concentration in controls was 201.5 +/- 17.1 pg/mL, which was not statistically different from either untreated or interferon-treated melanoma patients (p>0.05). We conclude that low-dose interferon alpha does not have a significant (negative) effect on inhibin B or male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Karamfilov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
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Wojcik C, Benchaib M, Lornage J, Czyba JC, Guerin JF. Proteasomes in human spermatozoa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2000; 23:169-77. [PMID: 10844543 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2000.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we describe the localization of proteasomes in human spermatozoa by means of immunolabelling with different monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies detected by confocal microscopy. Western blotting confirmed the specificity of the antibodies and has shown that proteasomes are present in spermatozoa and in seminal fluid. In spermatozoa proteasomes are concentrated in the neck region where the centrioles are located. Some labelling was also detected at the periphery of the head, but no proteasomal antigens were detected in either the nucleus or associated with the flagellum. Proteasome inhibitors did not affect the motility of the spermatozoa, acrosome reaction nor zona binding. It is hypothesized that paternal proteasomes enter the oocyte during fertilization in tight association with the centrioles and may serve a special function during further development which can be associated with the function of a hypothetical proteolysis centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wojcik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Biostructure Centre, Warsaw Medical Academy, ul. Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine whether or not the sperm cell has the expression of receptors for interferon (IFN) -alpha and -gamma. This was investigated using specific antibodies. Antibody to IFN-alpha receptor reacted with the acrosomal and tail regions of the murine sperm cell in the indirect immunofluorescence technique (IFT) and immunoscanning electron microscopic procedure (ISEP). In the immunoprecipitation and Western blot procedures, this antibody specifically recognized a protein band of approximately 100 kD, which corresponds to the molecular weight of IFN-alpha receptor present in other cell types. Antibody to IFN-gamma receptor specifically reacted with the posterior head, midpiece, and tail regions of sperm cell in IFT and ISEP, and recognized a band of approximately 85 kD in the immunoprecipitation and Western blot procedures, corresponding to the IFN-alpha receptor. Similar bands of approximately 100 kD and approximately 85 kD molecular identities were also detected in the testes extracts and sperm extracts of other mammalian species namely human, rabbit, and pig, the species tested. These findings indicate that the mammalian sperm cell has expression of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma receptors, which seem to develop during spermatogenesis in the testes. These findings may have implications in male infertility and antisperm contraceptive vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Naz
- Division of Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614-5806, USA.
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Aubry F, Habasque C, Satie AP, Jégou B, Samson M. Expression and regulation of the CC-chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in rat testicular cells in primary culture. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:1427-35. [PMID: 10775197 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.5.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular inflammation is classically observed in pathogenesis caused by infectious agents, environmental toxins, trauma, or autoimmune reactions and can lead to transitory or even permanent sterility. In these situations, a leukocyte infiltration is generally encountered. Macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)-1alpha and -1beta and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are CC-chemokines involved in macrophage and lymphocyte chemoattraction. In the present study, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Northern blot, and a specific ELISA, we investigated whether or not these chemokines are present within the testis and whether they are induced by a number of proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta were not detected in Sertoli cells, germ cells, peritubular cells, or Leydig cells. In contrast, MCP-1 mRNA and protein were found to be expressed by control isolated peritubular cells, and expression was markedly stimulated by interleukin-1alpha and-1beta (IL-1alpha and IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon gamma, and LPS. Leydig cells expressed MCP-1 when stimulated by IL-1beta. In contrast, MCP-1 was not found to be produced by Sertoli cells or germ cells as established by Northern blot and ELISA techniques. The kinetics of MCP-1 production by peritubular cells, as demonstrated by expression as early as 8 h poststimulation, are compatible with there being a rapid mobilization of these cells and this chemokine in an inflammatory process. Moreover, MCP-1 production by peritubular cells after half-maximal stimulation by LPS, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta (2 pg/ml-0.9 ng/ml) is also compatible with the physiologic concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines generally found in an inflammatory site. It is concluded that MCP-1 is produced by Leydig cells and peritubular cells and that it could be involved in the mobilization and migration of leukocytes observed during testicular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aubry
- GERM-INSERM U. 435, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, Bretagne, France
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Stéphan J, Melaine N, Ezan E, Hakovirta H, Maddocks S, Toppari J, Garnier D, Wdzieczak-Bakala J, Jégou B. Source, catabolism and role of the tetrapeptide N-acetyl-ser-asp-lys-Pro within the testis. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 1):113-21. [PMID: 10591630 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetrapeptide N-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline (AcSDKP) is a natural regulator of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. The present study was aimed at investigating the presence and the role of AcSDKP in rat testis. Specific immunoreactivity was always observed in the interstitial tissue at all stages of testicular development and in elongated spermatids at 45 days of age and in adults. In accordance with the interstitial labeling, high AcSDKP levels were detected in Leydig cell and testicular macrophage culture media and cell extracts, as well as in the testicular interstitial fluid (TIF). Much lower concentrations were found in peritubular cells and Sertoli cells cultures, whereas very low concentrations were present in cultured spermatocytes and spermatids. In contrast to the slight degradation rate of AcSDKP observed in the spermatocyte and spermatid culture media, no catabolism of the peptide was seen in testicular somatic cell culture medium. Furthermore, the degradation rate of AcSDKP was much lower in TIF than in peripheral blood plasma. Despite the very strong evidence indicating that Leydig cells and testicular macrophages produce AcSDKP, the selective destruction of these cells did not result in any change in AcSDKP levels in TIF or in plasma. This suggests a compensatory mechanism ensuring constant levels of the peptide in TIF when interstitial cells are absent. Finally, in vitro, in the presence of AcSDKP, significantly more [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was found in A spermatogonia. In conclusion, this study establishes the presence of very high concentrations of AcSDKP in rat testis and demonstrates its Leydig cell and testicular macrophage origin. The presence of AcSDKP in the TIF and its stimulatory effect on thymidine incorporation in spermatogonia very strongly suggest its implication in the paracrine control of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stéphan
- Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez le Mâle (GERM), INSERM U-435, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, Bretagne, France
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Abstract
Inflammatory disease has been established to affect male reproductive function and fertility. Relevant inflammatory diseases include general and chronic infectious diseases as well as localized acute or chronic infections of the male genitourinary tract. Male accessory gland infections account for almost 15% of all cases of male infertility seen in infertility clinics while fertility usually is not a clinical objective among patients with acute systemic infections such as Gram-negative sepsis. Infections of the male accessory glands frequently are associated with increased counts of white blood cells in semen and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in semen and the testis. There is a mounting body of evidence that demonstrates the importance of cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of testicular and glandular function during pathophysiological states as well as under normal physiological conditions when cytokines act as growth and differentiation factors. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of cytokines in the regulation of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in the testis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions and considers clinical investigations that help to improve the evaluation and treatment of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612-7342, USA.
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