1
|
Habibullah MM, Mohan S, Syed NK, Makeen HA, Jamal QMS, Alothaid H, Bantun F, Alhazmi A, Hakamy A, Kaabi YA, Samlan G, Lohani M, Thangavel N, Al-Kasim MA. Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176–191 Peptide Enhances the Toxicity of Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1963-1974. [PMID: 35783198 PMCID: PMC9249349 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s367586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous drugs with potent toxicity against cancer cells are available for treating malignancies, but therapeutic efficacies are limited due to their inefficient tumor targeting and deleterious effects on non-cancerous tissue. Therefore, two improvements are mandatory for improved chemotherapy 1) novel delivery techniques that can target cancer cells to deliver anticancer drugs and 2) methods to specifically enhance drug efficacy within tumors. The loading of inert drug carriers with anticancer agents and peptides which are able to bind (target) tumor-related proteins to enhance tumor drug accumulation and local cytotoxicity is a most promising approach. Objective To evaluate the anticancer efficacy of Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with human growth hormone hGH fragment 176–191 peptide plus the clinical chemotherapeutic doxorubicin in comparison with Chitosan loaded with doxorubicin alone. Methods Two sets of in silico experiments were performed using molecular docking simulations to determine the influence of hGH fragment 176–191 peptide on the anticancer efficacy of doxorubicin 1) the binding affinities of hGH fragment 176–191 peptide to the breast cancer receptors, 2) the effects of hGH fragment 176–191 peptide binding on doxorubicin binding to these same receptors. Further, the influence of hGH fragment 176–191 peptide on the anticancer efficacy of doxorubicin was validated using viability assay in Human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results In silico analysis suggested that addition of the hGH fragment to doxorubicin-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles can enhance doxorubicin binding to multiple breast cancer protein targets, while photon correlation spectroscopy revealed that the synthesized dual-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles possess clinically favorable particle size, polydispersity index, as well as zeta potential. Conclusion These dual-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated greater anti-proliferative activity against a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) than doxorubicin-loaded Chitosan. This dual-loading strategy may enhance the anticancer potency of doxorubicin and reduce the clinical side effects associated with non-target tissue exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Habibullah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Mahmoud M Habibullah, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Al Maarefah Road, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 556644205, Email
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nabeel Kashan Syed
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Alothaid
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hakamy
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahia A Kaabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalia Samlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohtashim Lohani
- Emergency Medical Services Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neelaveni Thangavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Al-Kasim
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdullah AZ, Fitri SA, Muniroh M, Agustini TW. Patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fish protein concentrate alters insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and igf binding protein (IGFBP)-3 level of sprague dawley neonate rats-induced malnutrition. POTRAVINARSTVO 2020. [DOI: 10.5219/1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is caused by inadequate protein intake and affects growth factor. High protein from patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fish is a well-known protein source. This study aims to investigate the effect of patin fish protein concentrate (PFPC) in the IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 level of Sprague Dawley (SD) neonate rats-induced malnutrition. Thirty male SD neonate rats were divided randomly into five groups, namely normal control (K1), malnutrition control (K2), malnutrition with PFPC 13.26 mg.g-1 body weight (BW)/day (X1), malnutrition with PFPC 19.89 mg.g-1 BW/d (X2), and malnutrition with casein supplement 13.26 mg.g-1 BW/d (X3). K1 received a standard diet, while the others received a low 8% protein diet (L8PD) since those were born until 21 days. The standard diet was refed for all groups during the intervention (14 days). IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were measured by ELISA. Normal data were analyzed by using One-way ANOVA which then was followed by post-hoc Bonferroni. Meanwhile, the others were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis and followed by Mann-Whitney U-test. Spearman test was used for correlation. PFPC contained 81.07% of protein, 4.08% of fat, 7.24% of moisture, 2.77% of ash, and 4.83% of carbohydrate. These contents had affected the growth factor. As a result, in the PFPC intervention, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels (p <0.05) were decreased, while the controls were increased. The decreased values were shown in IGFBP-3 levels (p <0.05) while the increase was shown in both controls. On the other hand, the increase in body weight was shown in all groups, including control ones. A strong correlation was found between IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. PFPC has additional value on repairing malnutrition that is the best dose in effecting IGF-1 dan IGFBP3 levels is 13.26 mg.g-1 BW/d.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. For this reason, a tremendous effort is being made worldwide to effectively circumvent these afflictions, where insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is being proposed both as a marker and as a central cornerstone in these diseases, making it an interesting molecule to focus on. Firstly, at the initiation of metabolic deregulation by overfeeding, IGF1 is decreased/inhibited. Secondly, such deficiency seems to be intimately related to the onset of MetS and establishment of vascular derangements leading to atherosclerosis and finally playing a definitive part in cerebrovascular and myocardial accidents, where IGF1 deficiency seems to render these organs vulnerable to oxidative and apoptotic/necrotic damage. Several human cohort correlations together with basic/translational experimental data seem to confirm deep IGF1 implication, albeit with controversy, which might, in part, be given by experimental design leading to blurred result interpretation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Aguirre GA, De Ita JR, de la Garza RG, Castilla-Cortazar I. Insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency and metabolic syndrome. J Transl Med 2016; 14:3. [PMID: 26733412 PMCID: PMC4702316 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Consistent evidence associates IGF-1 deficiency and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we will focus on the metabolic effects of IGF-1, the concept of metabolic syndrome and its clinical manifestations (impaired lipid profile, insulin resistance, increased glucose levels, obesity, and cardiovascular disease), discussing whether IGF-1 replacement therapy could be a beneficial strategy for these patients. The search plan was made in Medline for Pubmed with the following mesh terms: IGF-1 and "metabolism, carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, amino acids, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes" between the years 1963-2015. The search includes animal and human protocols. In this review we discuss the relevant actions of IGF-1 on metabolism and the implication of IGF-1 deficiency in the establishment of metabolic syndrome. Multiple studies (in vitro and in vivo) demonstrate the association between IGF-1 deficit and deregulated lipid metabolism, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and an altered metabolic profile of diabetic patients. Based on the available data we propose IGF-1 as a key hormone in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome; due to its implications in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Previous data demonstrates how IGF-1 can be an effective option in the treatment of this worldwide increasing condition. It has to distinguished that the replacement therapy should be only undertaken to restore the physiological levels, never to exceed physiological ranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Aguirre
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - J Rodríguez De Ita
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - R G de la Garza
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - I Castilla-Cortazar
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thevis M, Schänzer W. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
6
|
Cox HD, Smeal SJ, Hughes CM, Cox JE, Eichner D. Detection andin vitrometabolism of AOD9604. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:31-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly D. Cox
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Stacy J. Smeal
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Cole M. Hughes
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - James E. Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and the Metabolmics Core Research Facility; University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vanhee C, Moens G, Deconinck E, De Beer JO. Identification and characterization of peptide drugs in unknown pharmaceutical preparations seized by the Belgian authorities: case report on AOD9604. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:964-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Vanhee
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer safety, Medicinal Products Section; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Goedele Moens
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer safety, Medicinal Products Section; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer safety, Medicinal Products Section; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Jacques O. De Beer
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer safety, Medicinal Products Section; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Isidro ML, Cordido F. Approved and Off-Label Uses of Obesity Medications, and Potential New Pharmacologic Treatment Options. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:125-145. [PMID: 27713245 PMCID: PMC3991023 DOI: 10.3390/ph3010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Available anti-obesity pharmacotherapy options remain very limited and development of more effective drugs has become a priority. The potential strategies to achieve weight loss are to reduce energy intake by stimulating anorexigenic signals or by blocking orexigenic signals, and to increase energy expenditure. This review will focus on approved obesity medications, as well as potential new pharmacologic treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mª Luisa Isidro
- Endocrine Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña As Xubias 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Fernando Cordido
- Endocrine Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña As Xubias 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rixhon M, Tichomirowa MA, Tamagno G, Daly AF, Beckers A. Current and future perspectives on recombinant growth hormone for the treatment of obesity. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:75-90. [PMID: 30743787 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The similarities between patients with untreated growth hormone (GH) deficiency and those with the cardiometabolic syndrome and the beneficial effects of recombinant human GH (rhGH) on body composition have led to the hypothesis that rhGH treatment may have utility in obesity. GH release is reduced in the setting of obesity, primarily due to hyperinsulinism and increased free fatty acid levels. We reviewed the outcomes of 23 clinical studies carried out between 1987 and 2006 that examined the effects of rhGH administration in the obese state. Typically, changes in overall body weight do not occur with rhGH therapy; however, assessment of body composition demonstrates reductions in visceral abdominal fat. Data on the effects of rhGH on lipid and carbohydrate metabolic profiles in obese patients are less clear-cut, with a subset of studies showing a beneficial effect and others a neutral effect. Given the increasing burden of obesity in the general population and the current paucity of effective therapies, it is useful to consider the data on rhGH and obesity from a clinical perspective to highlight potential treatment strategies that harness the somatotropic axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Rixhon
- a Department Universitaire de Médecine Générale, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maria A Tichomirowa
- b Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Tamagno
- b Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Adrian F Daly
- b Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- c Department of Endocrinology, CHU de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
LeRoith D, Yakar S. Mechanisms of disease: metabolic effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:302-10. [PMID: 17315038 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 is a member of a family that is involved in growth, development, cell differentiation, and metabolism. IGF1, IGF2 and insulin act primarily through tyrosine-kinase-linked receptors--the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (IR). The IGF1R binds IGF1 and IGF2 with high affinity and the IR binds insulin with high affinity; however, since both receptors share a high degree of structural and functional homology, the IGF1R can bind insulin and the IR can bind the IGFs with reduced affinity. These two receptors can, moreover, form heterodimers, which bind both ligands. Upon binding to the receptors, cascades of tyrosine and serine kinases are stimulated to facilitate growth or metabolism. The IGF2 receptor is a scavenger receptor, and is, therefore, not involved in mediation of growth or metabolic effects of the IGF family and will not be discussed in the current article. IGF1 is a major gene target of growth hormone and its product mediates many of the actions of growth hormone on growth and development; however, IGF1 has actions distinct from those of growth hormone in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. For example, excess growth hormone causes insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, whereas IGF1 has insulin-like effects that reduce blood glucose levels and has been used experimentally to treat both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy for the management of obesity is primarily aimed at weight loss, weight loss maintenance and risk reduction, and has included thyroid hormone, amphetamines, phentermine, amfepramone (diethylpropion), phenylpropanolamine, mazindol, fenfluramines and, more recently, sibutramine and orlistat. These agents decrease appetite, reduce absorption of fat or increase energy expenditure. Primary endpoints used to evaluate anti-obesity drugs most frequently include mean weight loss, percentage weight loss and proportion of patients losing >or=5% and >or=10% of initial bodyweight. Secondary endpoints may include reduction in body fat, risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the incidences of diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Most pharmacotherapies have demonstrated significantly greater weight loss in patients on active treatment than those receiving placebo in short-term (<or=1 year) randomised controlled trials of pharmacological treatment in conjunction with a calorie-controlled diet or lifestyle intervention. The evidence of long-term efficacy is limited to sibutramine (2 years) and orlistat (4 years). These are the only drugs currently approved for the long-term management of obesity in adults. Sibutramine recipients randomised following 6 months' treatment to either sibutramine or placebo demonstrated significantly better weight maintenance at 2 years than those taking placebo (p<0.001), with >or=10% loss of initial bodyweight in 46% of patients. For patients taking orlistat, weight loss was 2.2 kg greater than those on placebo at 4 years (p<0.001), with significantly more patients achieving >or=10% loss of initial bodyweight (26.2% and 15.6%, respectively; p<0.001). Other drugs that have been evaluated for weight loss include ephedrine, the antidepressants fluoxetine and bupropion, and the antiepileptics topiramate and zonisamide. Two clinical trials with fluoxetine both reported no significant difference in weight loss compared with placebo at 52 weeks. Clinical trials evaluating ephedrine, bupropion, topiramate and zonisamide have demonstrated significantly greater weight loss than placebo but have been limited to 16-26 weeks' treatment. A major obstacle to the evaluation of the clinical trials is the potential bias resulting from low study completion rates. Completion rates varied from 52.8% of phentermine recipients in a 9-month study, to 40% of fenfluramine recipients in a 24-week comparative study with phentermine and 18% of amfepramone recipients in a 24-week study. One-year completion rates range from 51% to 73% for sibutramine and from 66% to 85% for orlistat. Other potential sources of bias include run-in periods and subsequent patient selection based on compliance or initial weight loss. Several potential new therapies targeting weight loss and obesity through the CNS pathways or peripheral adiposity signals are in early phase clinical trials. Over the next decade the drug treatment of obesity is likely to change significantly because of the availability of new pharmacotherapies to regulate eating behaviours, nutrient partitioning and/or energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Ioannides-Demos
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern and environmental factors are involved in its development. The hypothalamus is a primary site for the integration of signals for the regulation of energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of these pathways can lead to weight loss or gain. Some drugs in development can have favourable effects on body weight, acting on some of these pathways and leading to responses resulting in weight loss. Strategies for the management of weight reduction include exercise, diet, behavioural therapy, drug therapy and surgery. Investigational antiobesity medications can modulate energy homeostasis by stimulating catabolic or inhibiting anabolic pathways. Investigational drugs stimulating catabolic pathways consist of leptin, agonists of melanocortin receptor-4, 5-HT and dopamine; bupropion, growth hormone fragments, cholecystokinin subtype 1 receptor agonist, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin, ciliary neurotrophic factor analogue, beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists, adiponectin derivatives and glucagon-like peptide-1. On the other hand, investigational drugs inhibiting anabolic pathways consist of the ghrelin receptor, neuropeptide Y receptor and melanin-concentrating hormone-1 antagonists; somatostatin analogues, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and -beta/delta antagonists, gastric emptying retardation agents, pancreatic lipase inhibitors, topiramate and cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists. These differing approaches are reviewed and commented on in this article.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Body Weight
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Energy Metabolism
- Humans
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Leptin/genetics
- Leptin/pharmacology
- Leptin/therapeutic use
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/drug effects
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/metabolism
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Ghrelin
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio C Mancini
- Sao Paulo University, Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome Group of the Endocrinology & Metabology Service, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cheong HS, Yoon DH, Kim LH, Park BL, Choi YH, Chung ER, Cho YM, Park EW, Cheong IC, Oh SJ, Yi SG, Park T, Shin HD. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) polymorphisms associated with carcass traits of meat in Korean cattle. BMC Genet 2006; 7:35. [PMID: 16749938 PMCID: PMC1524984 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-7-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold carcass weight (CW) and longissimus muscle area (EMA) are the major quantitative traits in beef cattle. In this study, we found several polymorphisms of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene and examined the association of polymorphisms with carcass traits (CW and EMA) in Korean native cattle (Hanwoo). RESULTS By direct DNA sequencing in 24 unrelated Korean cattle, we identified 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms within the 9 kb full gene region, including the 1.5 kb promoter region. Among them, six polymorphic sites were selected for genotyping in our beef cattle (n = 428) and five marker haplotypes (frequency > 0.1) were identified. Statistical analysis revealed that -4241A>T showed significant associations with CW and EMA. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in GHRH might be one of the important genetic factors that influence carcass yield in beef cattle. Sequence variation/haplotype information identified in this study would provide valuable information for the production of a commercial line of beef cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sub Cheong
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., Seoul, 153-803, Korea
| | - Du-Hak Yoon
- National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, 441-706, Korea
| | - Lyoung Hyo Kim
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., Seoul, 153-803, Korea
| | - Byung Lae Park
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., Seoul, 153-803, Korea
| | - Yoo Hyun Choi
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., Seoul, 153-803, Korea
| | - Eui Ryong Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangi University, Wonju, Kangwon Do, 220-702, Korea
| | - Yong Min Cho
- National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, 441-706, Korea
| | - Eng Woo Park
- National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, 441-706, Korea
| | | | - Sung-Jong Oh
- National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, 441-706, Korea
| | - Sung-Gon Yi
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., Seoul, 153-803, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jensen MD. Potential role of new therapies in modifying cardiovascular risk in overweight patients with metabolic risk factors. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14 Suppl 3:143S-149S. [PMID: 16931496 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and endocannabinoid systems, as well as a host of other systems, mediate hunger and satiety signals. Weight loss agents that modulate appetite through pure central nervous system pathways (e.g., APD356, a selective serotonin receptor agonist) and peripheral signals to central nervous system pathways (e.g., cholecystokinin receptor agonists and ghrelin receptor antagonists) are in preclinical or early phase studies. Both devices and pharmacological compounds that facilitate weight loss and/or target multiple components of metabolic risk also are in development. One of the medications that has completed extensive phase III clinical trials and may become available in the foreseeable future is rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid 1-receptor antagonist. Drugs that improve adipose tissue function or fatty acid metabolism (e.g., AOD9604) also are in clinical trials. Some currently available medications may reduce metabolic complications without treating obesity per se (e.g., acipimox, pioglitazone). Surgically implanted gastric pacemaker systems that modulate vagus nerve activity and delay gastric emptying are under study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Jensen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|