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Serioli S, Agostini L, Pietrantoni A, Valeri F, Costanza F, Chiloiro S, Buffoli B, Piazza A, Poliani PL, Peris-Celda M, Iavarone F, Gaudino S, Gessi M, Schinzari G, Mattogno PP, Giampietro A, De Marinis L, Pontecorvi A, Fontanella MM, Lauretti L, Rindi G, Olivi A, Bianchi A, Doglietto F. Aggressive PitNETs and Potential Target Therapies: A Systematic Review of Molecular and Genetic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15719. [PMID: 37958702 PMCID: PMC10650665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics have allowed a more thorough understanding of tumorigenesis in aggressive PitNETs (pituitary neuroendocrine tumors) through the identification of specific essential genes, crucial molecular pathways, regulators, and effects of the tumoral microenvironment. Target therapies have been developed to cure oncology patients refractory to traditional treatments, introducing the concept of precision medicine. Preliminary data on PitNETs are derived from preclinical studies conducted on cell cultures, animal models, and a few case reports or small case series. This study comprehensively reviews the principal pathways involved in aggressive PitNETs, describing the potential target therapies. A search was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for English papers published between 1 January 2004, and 15 June 2023. 254 were selected, and the topics related to aggressive PitNETs were recorded and discussed in detail: epigenetic aspects, membrane proteins and receptors, metalloprotease, molecular pathways, PPRK, and the immune microenvironment. A comprehensive comprehension of the molecular mechanisms linked to PitNETs' aggressiveness and invasiveness is crucial. Despite promising preliminary findings, additional research and clinical trials are necessary to confirm the indications and effectiveness of target therapies for PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serioli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Agostini
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Federico Valeri
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Flavia Costanza
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Chiloiro
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Barbara Buffoli
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Amedeo Piazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Division, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Peris-Celda
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario IRCCS “A. Gemelli”, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Gaudino
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Institute of Radiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Gessi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Schinzari
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Mattogno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Maria Fontanella
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Liverana Lauretti
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guido Rindi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Doglietto
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Kolnes AJ, Øystese KAB, Sjöstedt E, Olarescu NC, Heck A, Pahnke J, Dahlberg D, Berg-Johnsen J, Ringstad G, Casar-Borota O, Bollerslev J, Jørgensen AP. TGFBR3L is associated with gonadotropin production in non-functioning gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Pituitary 2023:10.1007/s11102-023-01310-x. [PMID: 36952069 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-023-01310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-beta receptor 3-like (TGFBR3L) is a pituitary enriched membrane protein selectively detected in gonadotroph cells. TGFBR3L is named after transforming growth factor-beta receptor 3 (TGFBR3), an inhibin A co-receptor in mice, due to sequence identity to the C-terminal region. We aimed to characterize TGFBR3L detection in a well-characterized, prospectively collected cohort of non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (NF-PitNETs) and correlate it to clinical data. METHODS 144 patients operated for clinically NF-PitNETs were included. Clinical, radiological and biochemical data were recorded. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for FSHβ and LHβ was scored using the immunoreactive score (IRS), TGFBR3L and TGFBR3 were scored by the percentage of positive stained cells. RESULTS TGFBR3L staining was selectively present in 52% of gonadotroph tumours. TGFBR3L was associated to IRS of LHβ (median 2 [IQR 0-3] in TGFBR3L negative and median 6 [IQR 3-9] in TGFBR3L positive tumours, p < 0.001), but not to the IRS of FSHβ (p = 0.32). The presence of TGFBR3L was negatively associated with plasma gonadotropin concentrations in males (P-FSH median 5.5 IU/L [IQR 2.9-9.6] and median 3.0 [IQR 1.8-5.6] in TGFBR3L negative and positive tumours respectively, p = 0.008) and P-LH (median 2.8 IU/L [IQR 1.9-3.7] and median 1.8 [IQR 1.1-3.0] in TGFBR3L negative and positive tumours respectively, p = 0.03). TGFBR3 stained positive in 22% (n = 25) of gonadotroph tumours with no correlation to TGFBR3L. CONCLUSION TGFBR3L was selectively detected in half (52%) of gonadotroph NF-PitNETs. The association to LHβ staining and plasma gonadotropins suggests that TGFBR3L may be involved in hormone production in gonadotroph NF-PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Jensen Kolnes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Astrid Berland Øystese
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Evelina Sjöstedt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicoleta Cristina Olarescu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ansgar Heck
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Pahnke lab (Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology), Lübeck Institute of Dermatology, LIED, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Daniel Dahlberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Berg-Johnsen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Ringstad
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Palmstrøm Jørgensen
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Portovedo S, Neto LV, Soares P, Carvalho DPD, Takiya CM, Miranda-Alves L. Aggressive nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Brain Tumor Pathol 2022; 39:183-199. [PMID: 35725837 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-022-00441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PitNETs) are tumors that are not associated with clinical evidence of hormonal hypersecretion. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are some subtypes of PitNETs that exhibit more aggressive behavior than others. Among the types of potentially aggressive PitNETs, three are nonfunctional: silent sparsely granulated somatotropinomas, silent corticotropinomas, and poorly differentiated PIT-1 lineage tumors. Several biological markers have been investigated in NF-PitNETs. However, there is no single biomarker able to independently predict aggressive behavior in NF-PitNETs. Thus, a more complex and multidisciplinary proposal of a comprehensive definition of aggressive NF-PitNETs is necessary. Here, we suggest a combined and more complete criterion for the NF-PitNETs classification. We propose that aggressiveness is due to a multifactorial combination, and we emphasize the need to include new emerging markers that are involved in the aggressiveness of NF-PitNETs and the need to identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Portovedo
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco F - Sala F1-015 - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-912, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vieira Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco F - Sala F1-015 - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-912, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Øystese KAB, Casar-Borota O, Berg-Johnsen J, Berg JP, Bollerslev J. Distribution of E- and N-cadherin in subgroups of non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Endocrine 2022; 77:151-159. [PMID: 35674926 PMCID: PMC9242907 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinically non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (NF-PitNETs) present a varying degree of aggressiveness, and reliable prognostic markers are lacking. We aimed to characterise the distribution of E- and N-cadherin in corticotroph, PIT1 and null-cell NF-PitNETs, and link it to the course of the tumours. METHODS The distribution of E- and N-cadherin was investigated by immunohistochemistry in a retrospective cohort of 30 tumours of the less common NF-PitNETs (corticotroph (N = 18), PIT1 (N = 8) and null-cell PitNETs (N = 4)). Immunoreactive scores (IRS) were compared to previously presented cohorts of gonadotroph NF-PitNETs (N = 105) and corticotroph functioning PitNETs (N = 17). RESULTS We found a low IRS for the extra-cellular domain of E-cadherin (median 0 (IQR 0-0, N = 135)), a medium to high IRS for the intra-cellular domain of E-cadherin (median 6 (IQR 4-9)) and a high IRS for N-cadherin (median 12 (IQR 10.5-12)) throughout the cohort of NF-PitNETs. The corticotroph NF-PitNETs presented a higher IRS for both the extra- and intra-cellular domain of E-cadherin (median 0 (IQR 0-1) and median 9 (IQR 6-12), respectively) than the gonadotroph NF-PitNETs (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Presence of nuclear E-cadherin was associated with a weaker staining for the intra-cellular domain of E-cadherin (median 4 (IQR 0.5-6) and median 9 (IQR 9-12), for tumours with and without nuclear E-cadherin, respectively), and with a lower rate of re-intervention (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Considering our results and the benign course of NF-PitNETs, we suggest that a high N-cadherin and downregulation of membranous E-cadherin are not associated with a more aggressive tumour behaviour in these subgroups of NF-PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Astrid B Øystese
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Berg-Johnsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Petter Berg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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King RE, Ward-Shaw ET, Hu R, Lambert PF, Thibeault SL. Expanded Basal Compartment and Disrupted Barrier in Vocal Fold Epithelium Infected with Mouse Papillomavirus MmuPV1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051059. [PMID: 35632798 PMCID: PMC9146965 DOI: 10.3390/v14051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal infection with low-risk human papillomaviruses can cause recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), a disease with severe effects on vocal fold epithelium resulting in impaired voice function and communication. RRP research has been stymied by limited preclinical models. We recently reported a murine model of laryngeal MmuPV1 infection and disease in immunodeficient mice. In the current study, we compare quantitative and qualitative measures of epithelial proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and barrier between mice with MmuPV1-induced disease of the larynx and surrounding tissues and equal numbers of uninfected controls. Findings supported our hypothesis that laryngeal MmuPV1 infection recapitulates many features of RRP. Like RRP, MmuPV1 increased proliferation in infected vocal fold epithelium, expanded the basal compartment of cells, decreased differentiated cells, and altered cell–cell junctions and basement membrane. Effects of MmuPV1 on apoptosis were equivocal, as with RRP. Barrier markers resembled human neoplastic disease in severe MmuPV1-induced disease. We conclude that MmuPV1 infection of the mouse larynx provides a useful, if imperfect, preclinical model for RRP that will facilitate further study and treatment development for this intractable and devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E. King
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (R.E.K.); (E.T.W.-S.); (P.F.L.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ella T. Ward-Shaw
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (R.E.K.); (E.T.W.-S.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (R.E.K.); (E.T.W.-S.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Susan L. Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence:
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Alibardi L. Review: Regeneration of the tail in lizards appears regulated by a balanced expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151824. [PMID: 34478856 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tail regeneration in lizards is the only case of large multi-tissue organ regeneration in amniotes. METHODS The present Review summarizes numerous immunolocalization and gene-expression studies indicating that after tail amputation in lizards the stump is covered in 7-10 days by the migration of keratinocytes. This allows the accumulation of mesenchymal-fibroblasts underneath the wound epidermis and forms a regenerative blastema and a new tail. RESULTS During migration keratinocytes transit from a compact epidermis into relatively free keratinocytes in a process of "Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition" (EMT). While EMT has been implicated in carcinogenesis no malignant transformation is observed during these cell movements in the regenerative blastema. Immunolabeling for E-cadherin and snail shows that these proteins are present in the cytoplasm and nuclei of migrating keratinocytes. The basal layer of the wound epithelium of the apical blastema express onco-proteins (wnt2b, egfr, c-myc, fgfs, fgfr, rhov, etc.) and tumor suppressors (p53/63, fat2, ephr, apc, retinoblastoma, arhgap28 etc.). This suggests that their balanced action regulates proliferation of the blastema. CONCLUSIONS While apical epidermis and mesenchyme are kept under a tight proliferative control, in more proximal regions of the regenerating tail the expression of tumor-suppressors triggers the differentiation of numerous tissues, forming the large myomeres, axial cartilage, simple spinal cord and nerves, new scales, arteries and veins, fat deposits, dermis and other connective tissues. Understanding gene expression patterns of developmental pathways activated during tail regeneration in lizards is useful for cancer research and for future attempts to induce organ regeneration in other amniotes including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Dipartmento di Biologia, Universita' di Bologna, Italy.
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of Cell Adhesion Molecules during tail regeneration in the lizard
Podarcis muralis
indicates coordinated control of epithelial differentiation. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova Department of Biology University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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HMGA2 as a Critical Regulator in Cancer Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020269. [PMID: 33668453 PMCID: PMC7917704 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group protein 2 (HMGA2) regulates gene expression by binding to AT-rich regions of DNA. Akin to other DNA architectural proteins, HMGA2 is highly expressed in embryonic stem cells during embryogenesis, while its expression is more limited at later stages of development and in adulthood. Importantly, HMGA2 is re-expressed in nearly all human malignancies, where it promotes tumorigenesis by multiple mechanisms. HMGA2 increases cancer cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle entry and inhibition of apoptosis. In addition, HMGA2 influences different DNA repair mechanisms and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating signaling via the MAPK/ERK, TGFβ/Smad, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NFkB, and STAT3 pathways. Moreover, HMGA2 supports a cancer stem cell phenotype and renders cancer cells resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss these oncogenic roles of HMGA2 in different types of cancers and propose that HMGA2 may be used for cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes.
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Gil J, Jordà M, Soldevila B, Puig-Domingo M. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Resistance to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Acromegaly. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:646210. [PMID: 33790868 PMCID: PMC8006574 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.646210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process by which epithelial cells loss their phenotype and acquire mesenchymal traits, including increased migratory and invasive capacities. EMT is involved in physiological processes, such as embryogenesis and wound healing, and in pathological processes such as cancer, playing a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis. Pituitary tumors, although typically benign, can be locally invasive. Different studies have shown the association of EMT with increased tumor size and invasion in pituitary tumors, and in particular with a poor response to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands (SRLs) treatment in GH-producing pituitary tumors, the main cause of acromegaly. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding EMT and SRLs resistance in acromegaly and, based on this relation, will suggest new biomarkers and possible therapies to SRLs resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gil
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
| | - Berta Soldevila
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
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10
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Sjöstedt E, Kolnes AJ, Olarescu NC, Mitsios N, Hikmet F, Sivertsson Å, Lindskog C, Øystese KAB, Jørgensen AP, Bollerslev J, Casar-Borota O. TGFBR3L-An Uncharacterised Pituitary Specific Membrane Protein Detected in the Gonadotroph Cells in Non-Neoplastic and Tumour Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010114. [PMID: 33396509 PMCID: PMC7795056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours originate from the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland and may develop from any of the cell lineages responsible for producing the different pituitary hormones. The details related to tumour differentiation and hormone production in these tumours are not fully understood. The aim of our study was to investigate an uncharacterised pituitary enriched protein, transforming growth factor beta-receptor 3 like (TGFBR3L). The TGFBR3L protein is highly expressed in the pituitary compared to other organs. We found the protein to be gonadotroph-specific, i.e., detected in the cells that express follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones (FSH/LH). The gonadotroph-specific nature of TGFBR3L, a correlation to both FSH and LH as well as an inverse correlation to membranous E-cadherin and oestrogen receptor β suggests a role in gonadotroph cell development and function and, possibly, tumour progression. Abstract Here, we report the investigation of transforming growth factor beta-receptor 3 like (TGFBR3L), an uncharacterised pituitary specific membrane protein, in non-neoplastic anterior pituitary gland and pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. A polyclonal antibody produced within the Human Protein Atlas project (HPA074356) was used for TGFBR3L staining and combined with SF1 and FSH for a 3-plex fluorescent protocol, providing more details about the cell lineage specificity of TGFBR3L expression. A cohort of 230 pituitary neuroendocrine tumours were analysed. In a subgroup of previously characterised gonadotroph tumours, correlation with expression of FSH/LH, E-cadherin, oestrogen (ER) and somatostatin receptors (SSTR) was explored. TGFBR3L showed membranous immunolabeling and was found to be gonadotroph cell lineage-specific, verified by co-expression with SF1 and FSH/LH staining in both tumour and non-neoplastic anterior pituitary tissues. TGFBR3L immunoreactivity was observed in gonadotroph tumours only and demonstrated intra-tumour heterogeneity with a perivascular location. TGFBR3L immunostaining correlated positively to both FSH (R = 0.290) and LH (R = 0.390) immunostaining, and SSTR3 (R = 0.315). TGFBR3L correlated inversely to membranous E-cadherin staining (R = −0.351) and oestrogen receptor β mRNA (R = −0.274). In conclusion, TGFBR3L is a novel pituitary gland specific protein, located in the membrane of gonadotroph cells in non-neoplastic anterior pituitary gland and in a subset of gonadotroph pituitary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Sjöstedt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden;
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.H.); (C.L.); (O.C.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-73-956-7077
| | - Anders J. Kolnes
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicoleta C. Olarescu
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicholas Mitsios
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Feria Hikmet
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.H.); (C.L.); (O.C.-B.)
| | - Åsa Sivertsson
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, 171 65 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.H.); (C.L.); (O.C.-B.)
| | - Kristin A. B. Øystese
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders P. Jørgensen
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.H.); (C.L.); (O.C.-B.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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A biomimetic model of 3D fluid extracellular macromolecular crowding microenvironment fine-tunes ovarian cancer cells dissemination phenotype. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120610. [PMID: 33388691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An early fundamental step in ovarian cancer progression is the dissemination of cancer cells through liquid environments, one of them being cancer ascites accumulated in the peritoneal cavity. These biological fluids are highly crowded with a high total macromolecule concentration. This biophysical property of fluids is widely used in tissue engineering for a few decades now, yet is largely underrated in cancer biomimetic models. To unravel the role of fluids extracellular macromolecular crowding (MMC), we exposed ovarian cancer cells (OCC) to high molecular weight inert polymer solutions. High macromolecular composition of extracellular liquid presented a differential effect: i) it impeded non-adherent OCC aggregation in suspension and, decreased their adhesion; ii) it promoted adherent OCC migration by decreasing extracellular matrix deposition. Besides, there seemed to be a direct link between the extracellular MMC and intracellular processes, especially the actin cytoskeleton organization and the nucleus morphology. In conclusion, extracellular fluid MMC orients OCC dissemination phenotype. Integrating MMC seems crucial to produce more relevant mimetic 3D in vitro fluid models to study ovarian dissemination but also to screen drugs.
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12
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Flores-Martinez Á, Venegas-Moreno E, Dios E, Remón-Ruiz P, Gros-Herguido N, Vázquez-Borrego MC, Madrazo-Atutxa A, Japón MA, Kaen A, Cárdenas-Valdepeñas E, Roldán F, Castaño JP, Luque RM, Cano DA, Soto-Moreno A. Quantitative Analysis of Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptors Gene Expression Levels in Non-functioning Pituitary Tumors and Association with Clinical and Molecular Aggressiveness Features. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093052. [PMID: 32971845 PMCID: PMC7565399 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary treatment for non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs) is surgery, but it is often unsuccessful. Previous studies have reported that NFPTs express receptors for somatostatin (SST1-5) and dopamine (DRDs) providing a rationale for the use of dopamine agonists and somatostatin analogues. Here, we systematically assessed SST1-5 and DRDs expression by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in a large group of patients with NFPTs (n = 113) and analyzed their potential association with clinical and molecular aggressiveness features. SST1-5 expression was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. SST3 was the predominant SST subtype detected, followed by SST2, SST5, and SST1. DRD2 was the dominant DRD subtype, followed by DRD4, DRD5, and DRD1. A substantial proportion of NFPTs displayed marked expression of SST2 and SST5. No major association between SSTs and DRDs expression and clinical and molecular aggressiveness features was observed in NFPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Flores-Martinez
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Elena Dios
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Pablo Remón-Ruiz
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Noelia Gros-Herguido
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - M. Carmen Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.C.V.-B.); (J.P.C.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ainara Madrazo-Atutxa
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Miguel A. Japón
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Ariel Kaen
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (A.K.); (E.C.-V.)
| | | | - Florinda Roldán
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.C.V.-B.); (J.P.C.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.C.V.-B.); (J.P.C.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David A. Cano
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.C.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.C.); (A.S.-M.)
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13
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Kolnes AJ, Øystese KAB, Olarescu NC, Ringstad G, Berg-Johnsen J, Casar-Borota O, Bollerslev J, Jørgensen AP. FSH Levels Are Related to E-cadherin Expression and Subcellular Location in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5839824. [PMID: 32421791 PMCID: PMC7758833 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) can express follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) or be hormone negative, but they rarely secrete hormones. During tumor development, epithelial cells develop a mesenchymal phenotype. This process is characterized by decreased membranous E-cadherin and translocation of E-cadherin to the nucleus. Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate both E-cadherin and FSH expression and secretion. Whether the hormone status of patients with gonadotroph PitNETs is regulated by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and ERs is unknown. OBJECTIVES To study the effect of EMT on hormone expression in gonadotroph nonfunctioning (NF)-PitNETs. DESIGN Molecular and clinical analyses of 105 gonadotroph PitNETs. Immunohistochemical studies and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed for FSH, LH, E-cadherin, and ERα. Further analyses included blood samples, clinical data, and radiological images. SETTING All patients were operated on in the same tertiary referral center. RESULTS NF-PitNET with high FSH expression had decreased immunohistochemical staining for membranous E-cadherin (P < .0001) and increased staining for nuclear E-cadherin (P < .0001). Furthermore, high FSH expression was associated with increased ERα staining (P = .0002) and ERα mRNA (P = .0039). Circulating levels of plasma-FSH (P-FSH) correlated with FSH staining in gonadotroph NF-PitNET (P = .0025). Tumor size and invasiveness was not related to FSH staining, E-cadherin, or ERα. LH expression was not associated with E-cadherin or ERα. CONCLUSION In gonadotroph PitNETs, FSH staining is related to E-cadherin, ERα expression, and circulating levels of P-FSH. There was no association between FSH staining and invasiveness. The clinical significance of these findings will be investigated in ongoing prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders J Kolnes
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Anders Jensen Kolnes, Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, E-mail:
| | - Kristin A B Øystese
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicoleta C Olarescu
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Ringstad
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Berg-Johnsen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders P Jørgensen
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Kassouf T, Larive RM, Morel A, Urbach S, Bettache N, Marcial Medina MC, Mèrezègue F, Freiss G, Peter M, Boissière-Michot F, Solassol J, Montcourrier P, Coopman P. The Syk Kinase Promotes Mammary Epithelial Integrity and Inhibits Breast Cancer Invasion by Stabilizing the E-Cadherin/Catenin Complex. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121974. [PMID: 31817924 PMCID: PMC6966528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While first discovered in immunoreceptor signaling, the Syk protein kinase behaves as a tumor and metastasis suppressor in epithelial cells. Its reduced expression in breast and other carcinomas is correlated with decreased survival and increased metastasis risk, but its action mechanism remains largely unknown. Using phosphoproteomics we found that Syk phosphorylated E-cadherin and α-, β-, and p120-catenins on multiple tyrosine residues that concentrate at intercellular junctions. Increased Syk expression and activation enhanced E-cadherin/catenin phosphorylation, promoting their association and complex stability. In human breast cancer cells, Syk stimulated intercellular aggregation, E-cadherin recruitment and retention at adherens junctions, and promoted epithelial integrity, whereas it inhibited cell migration and invasion. Opposite effects were obtained with Syk knockdown or non-phosphorylatable mutant E-cadherin expression. Mechanistically, Syk stimulated the interaction of the E-cadherin/catenin complex with zonula occludens proteins and the actin cytoskeleton. Conditional Syk knockout in the lactating mouse mammary gland perturbed alveologenesis and disrupted E-cadherin localization at adherens junctions, corroborating the observations in cells. Hence, Syk is involved in the maintenance of the epithelial integrity of the mammary gland via the phosphorylation and stabilization of the E-cadherin/catenin adherens junction complex, thereby inhibiting cell migration and malignant tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufic Kassouf
- IRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Universit@#xE9; de Montpellier, ICM, 208 Rue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier, France; (T.K.); (R.M.L.); (G.F.); (M.P.); (J.S.)
- CRBM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Romain Maxime Larive
- IRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Universit@#xE9; de Montpellier, ICM, 208 Rue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier, France; (T.K.); (R.M.L.); (G.F.); (M.P.); (J.S.)
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 15 avenue Charles Flahault - BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier, France;
| | - Anne Morel
- CRBM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Serge Urbach
- Functional Proteomics Platform, IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France;
| | - Nadir Bettache
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 15 avenue Charles Flahault - BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier, France;
| | | | - Fabrice Mèrezègue
- BioMV Department, Université de Montpellier CC25000, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Gilles Freiss
- IRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Universit@#xE9; de Montpellier, ICM, 208 Rue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier, France; (T.K.); (R.M.L.); (G.F.); (M.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Marion Peter
- IRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Universit@#xE9; de Montpellier, ICM, 208 Rue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier, France; (T.K.); (R.M.L.); (G.F.); (M.P.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Jérôme Solassol
- IRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Universit@#xE9; de Montpellier, ICM, 208 Rue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier, France; (T.K.); (R.M.L.); (G.F.); (M.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Philippe Montcourrier
- IRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Universit@#xE9; de Montpellier, ICM, 208 Rue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier, France; (T.K.); (R.M.L.); (G.F.); (M.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Peter Coopman
- IRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Universit@#xE9; de Montpellier, ICM, 208 Rue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier, France; (T.K.); (R.M.L.); (G.F.); (M.P.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-467-61-3191
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15
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Serioli S, Doglietto F, Fiorindi A, Biroli A, Mattavelli D, Buffoli B, Ferrari M, Cornali C, Rodella L, Maroldi R, Gasparotti R, Nicolai P, Fontanella MM, Poliani PL. Pituitary Adenomas and Invasiveness from Anatomo-Surgical, Radiological, and Histological Perspectives: A Systematic Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1936. [PMID: 31817110 PMCID: PMC6966643 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasiveness in pituitary adenomas has been defined and investigated from multiple perspectives, with varying results when its predictive value is considered. A systematic literature review, following PRISMA guidelines, was performed, searching PubMed and Scopus databases with terms that included molecular markers, histological, radiological, anatomical and surgical data on invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The results showed that differing views are still present for anatomical aspects of the sellar region that are relevant to the concept of invasiveness; radiological and histological diagnoses are still limited, but might improve in the future, especially if they are related to surgical findings, which have become more accurate thanks to the introduction of the endoscope. The aim is to achieve a correct distinction between truly invasive pituitary adenomas from those that, in contrast, present with extension in the parasellar area through natural pathways. At present, diagnosis of invasiveness should be based on a comprehensive analysis of radiological, intra-operative and histological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serioli
- Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (M.M.F.)
| | - Francesco Doglietto
- Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (M.M.F.)
- Neurosurgery, Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fiorindi
- Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (M.M.F.)
| | - Antonio Biroli
- Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (M.M.F.)
| | - Davide Mattavelli
- Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (D.M.); (M.F.); (P.N.)
| | - Barbara Buffoli
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (B.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (D.M.); (M.F.); (P.N.)
| | - Claudio Cornali
- Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (M.M.F.)
- Neurosurgery, Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Rodella
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (B.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Roberto Maroldi
- Radiology, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Roberto Gasparotti
- Neuroradiology, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Piero Nicolai
- Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (D.M.); (M.F.); (P.N.)
| | - Marco Maria Fontanella
- Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (M.M.F.)
- Neurosurgery, Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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16
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E-cadherin clone 36 nuclear staining dictates adverse disease outcome in lobular breast cancer patients. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1574-1586. [PMID: 31231125 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and additional biomarkers for individually predicting patient outcomes are needed. Aberrant membrane E-cadherin immunoexpression has been demonstrated in lobular breast cancer. Also, E-cadherin nuclear staining has been reported, associating with prognosis in various tumors. Here, we explore whether membrane or nuclear staining of E-cadherin has the potential to dictate prognosis of patients with lobular breast cancer. We selected a cohort of 285 consecutively diagnosed lobular breast cancer patients and performed immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin (clones 36, EP700Y, and NCH38) and P-cadherin (clone 56C1) in representative formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks. All patients were female, HER2-negative and surgically treated in a single institution. Survival curves were computed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Hazard ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox regression models. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Nuclear staining for E-cadherin clone 36 was frequent (35%), contrarily to other antibodies tested. Negative correlation was found between nuclear and membrane E-cadherin clone 36 immunostaining (rs = -0.30, p < 0.001), whereas positive correlation was found between membrane immunoexpression of E-cadherin clone 36 and P-cadherin (rs = 0.31, p < 0.001). Patients with any evidence of E-cadherin clone 36 nuclear immunostaining disclosed significantly worse overall survival, disease-specific-survival and disease/progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 2.059, 95% confidence interval 1.313-3.230; hazard ratio = 1.980, 95% confidence interval 1.121-3.495; and hazard ratio = 2.341, 95% confidence interval 1.403-3.905, respectively). Differences in survival were more remarkable when considering nuclear E-cadherin immunoexpression in ≥50% tumor cells. Poorer survival was maintained in multivariable analysis, after adjusting for age, menopausal and PR status, treatment course, vascular invasion, tumor grade and stage. Our results support the use of antibodies against the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin, such as clone 36, which may reveal nuclear immunostaining and indicate more aggressive clinical course in patients with lobular breast cancer. We hypothesize that E-cadherin is cleaved and translocated to nucleus functioning as transcription factor.
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17
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The Transcription Factor Elf3 Is Essential for a Successful Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080858. [PMID: 31404945 PMCID: PMC6721682 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) are two critical biological processes that are involved in both physiological events such as embryogenesis and development and also pathological events such as tumorigenesis. They present with dramatic changes in cellular morphology and gene expression exhibiting acute changes in E-cadherin expression. Despite the comprehensive understanding of EMT, the regulation of MET is far from being understood. To find novel regulators of MET, we hypothesized that such factors would correlate with Cdh1 expression. Bioinformatics examination of several expression profiles suggested Elf3 as a strong candidate. Depletion of Elf3 at the onset of MET severely impaired the progression to the epithelial state. This MET defect was explained, in part, by the absence of E-cadherin at the plasma membrane. Moreover, during MET, ELF3 interacts with the Grhl3 promoter and activates its expression. Our findings present novel insights into the regulation of MET and reveal ELF3 as an indispensable guardian of the epithelial state. A better understanding of MET will, eventually, lead to better management of metastatic cancers.
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18
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ZHU Z, TAN J, DENG H. [Nucleus translocation of membrane/cytoplasm proteins in tumor cells]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019; 48:318-325. [PMID: 31496165 PMCID: PMC8800772 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.06.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the physical basis of life and perform all kinds of life activities. Proteins have different orientations and function in different tissues. The same protein, located in different subcellular regions, can perform different and even opposite functions. Both functional and structural proteins are capable of undergoing re-localization which can directly or indirectly participate in signal transduction. Due to abnormal transduction of signals during carcinogenesis, the proteins originally expressed in the cytoplasm are translocated into the nucleus and lead to functional changes in the tumor tissue. The changes of protein localization are affected by many factors, including the interaction between proteins, expression level of proteins and the cleaved intracellular domain of transmembrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong DENG
- 邓红(1964-), 女, 博士, 副教授, 硕士生导师, 主要从事肿瘤分子病理学研究; E-mail:
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6815-9144
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19
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Fuentes-Fayos AC, García-Martínez A, Herrera-Martínez AD, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Vázquez-Borrego MC, Castaño JP, Picó A, Gahete MD, Luque RM. Molecular determinants of the response to medical treatment of growth hormone secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2019; 44:109-128. [PMID: 30650942 DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.19.02970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic systemic disease mainly caused by a growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNETs), which is associated with many health complications and increased mortality when not adequately treated. Transsphenoidal surgery is considered the treatment of choice in GH-secreting PitNETs, but patients in whom surgery cannot be considered or with persistent disease after surgery require medical therapy. Treatment with available synthetic somatostatin analogues (SSAs) is considered the mainstay in the medical management of acromegaly which exert their beneficial effects through the binding to a family of G-protein coupled receptors encoded by 5 genes (SSTR1-5). However, although it has been demonstrated that the SST1-5 receptors are physically present in tumor cells, SSAs are in many cases ineffective (i.e. approximately 10-30% of patients with GH-secreting PitNET are unresponsive to SSAs), suggesting that other cellular/molecular determinants could be essential for the response to the pharmacological treatment in patients with GH-secreting PitNETs. Therefore, the scrutiny of these determinants might be used for the identification of subgroups of patients in whom an appropriate pharmacological treatment can be successfully employed (responders vs. non-responders). In this review, we will describe some of the existing, classical and novel, genetic and molecular determinants involved in the response of patients with GH-secreting PitNETs to the available therapeutic treatments, as well as new molecular/therapeutic approaches that could be potentially useful for the treatment of GH-secreting PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Araceli García-Martínez
- Research Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante-Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Picó
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante-ISABIAL, Miguel Hernández University, CIBERER, Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain - .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
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20
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Fadhlullah SFB, Halim NBA, Yeo JYT, Ho RLY, Um P, Ang BT, Tang C, Ng WH, Virshup DM, Ho IAW. Pathogenic mutations in neurofibromin identifies a leucine-rich domain regulating glioma cell invasiveness. Oncogene 2019; 38:5367-5380. [PMID: 30967630 PMCID: PMC6755990 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor of the brain. NF1, a tumor suppressor gene and RAS-GTPase, is one of the highly mutated genes in GBM. Dysregulated NF1 expression promotes cell invasion, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. Loss of NF1 expression in glioblastoma is associated with increased aggressiveness of the tumor. Here, we show that NF1-loss in patient-derived glioma cells using shRNA increases self-renewal, heightens cell invasion, and promotes mesenchymal subtype and epithelial mesenchymal transition-specific gene expression that enhances tumorigenesis. The neurofibromin protein contains at least four major domains, with the GAP-related domain being the most well-studied. In this study, we report that the leucine-rich domain (LRD) of neurofibromin inhibits invasion of human glioblastoma cells without affecting their proliferation. Moreover, under conditions tested, the NF1-LRD fails to hydrolyze Ras-GTP to Ras-GDP, suggesting that its suppressive function is independent of Ras signaling. We further demonstrate that rare variants within the NF1-LRD domain found in a subset of the patients are pathogenic and reduce NF1-LRD’s invasion suppressive function. Taken together, our results show, for the first time, that NF1-LRD inhibits glioma invasion, and provides evidence of a previously unrecognized function of NF1-LRD in glioma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Farah Bte Fadhlullah
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Lucence Diagnostics Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jacqueline Y T Yeo
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Rachel L Y Ho
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Phoebe Um
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Beng Ti Ang
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Carol Tang
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Wai H Ng
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ivy A W Ho
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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21
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Venegas-Moreno E, Flores-Martinez A, Dios E, Vazquez-Borrego MC, Ibañez-Costa A, Madrazo-Atutxa A, Japón MA, Castaño JP, Luque RM, Cano DA, Soto-Moreno A. E-cadherin expression is associated with somatostatin analogue response in acromegaly. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3088-3096. [PMID: 30843342 PMCID: PMC6484433 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a rare disease resulting from hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) typically caused by pituitary adenomas, which is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) represent the primary medical therapy for acromegaly and are currently used as first‐line treatment or as second‐line therapy after unsuccessful pituitary surgery. However, a considerable proportion of patients do not adequately respond to SSAs treatment, and therefore, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers predictors of response to SSAs. The aim of this study was to examine E‐cadherin expression by immunohistochemistry in fifty‐five GH‐producing pituitary tumours and determine the potential association with response to SSAs as well as other clinical and histopathological features. Acromegaly patients with tumours expressing low E‐cadherin levels exhibit a worse response to SSAs. E‐cadherin levels are associated with GH‐producing tumour histological subtypes. Our results indicate that the immunohistochemical detection of E‐cadherin might be useful in categorizing acromegaly patients based on the response to SSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alvaro Flores-Martinez
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Dios
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mari C Vazquez-Borrego
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibañez-Costa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ainara Madrazo-Atutxa
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel A Japón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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22
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Yang Q, Li X. Molecular Network Basis of Invasive Pituitary Adenoma: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:7. [PMID: 30733705 PMCID: PMC6353782 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases with pituitary adenoma comprise 10-25% of intracranial neoplasm, being the third most common intracranial tumor, most of the adenomas are considered to be benign. About 35% of pituitary adenomas are invasive. This review summarized the known molecular basis of the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The study pointed out that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, pituitary tumor transforming gene, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs, mainly MMP-2, and MMP-9) are core molecules responsible for the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The reason is that these molecules have the ability to directly or indirectly induce cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, degradation, and remodeling of extracellular matrix. HIF-1α induced by hypoxia or apoplexy inside the adenoma might be the initiating factor of invasive transformation, followed with angiogenesis for overexpressed VEGF, EMT for overexpressed PTTG, degradation of ECM for overexpressed MMPs, creating a suitable microenvironment within the tumor. Together, they form a complex interactive network. More investigations are required to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas.
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23
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Øystese KAB, Berg JP, Normann KR, Zucknick M, Casar-Borota O, Bollerslev J. The role of E and N-cadherin in the postoperative course of gonadotroph pituitary tumours. Endocrine 2018; 62:351-360. [PMID: 30051197 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gonadotroph tumours are the most abundant of the clinically silent pituitary tumours. There is a lack of reliable prognostic markers predicting their clinical course. Our aim was to determine the level of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in a cohort of clinically silent gonadotroph pituitary tumours, and compare them to the rate of reintervention. METHODS Tumour tissue from primary surgery was retrospectively investigated and compared with clinical data. Immunohistochemical (N = 105) and real time-qPCR (N = 85) analyses for the levels of N-cadherin and the extra- and intracellular domains of E-cadherin were performed. The immunoreactive scores (IRS) and mRNA relative quantity were compared to the rate of reintervention. RESULTS The tumours presented a high IRS for N-cadherin (Median 12 (IQR 12-12)) and almost no immunoreactivity for the extracellular domain of E-cadherin (Median 0 (IQR 0-0)). The membranous staining for the intracellular domain of E-cadherin varied (Median 6 (IQR 4-6). Reduced membranous expression of the intracellular domain of E-cadherin was associated with nuclear presence of the same domain. Nuclear staining for the intracellular domain of E-cadherin was associated with a lower rate of reintervention (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION We found that silent gonadotroph tumours presented high IRS for N-cadherin and low IRS for the extracellular domain of E-cadherin. A substantial proportion of the tumours presented nuclear staining for the intracellular domain of E-cadherin, accompanied by a reduced membranous expression of the intracellular domain of E-cadherin. Absence of nuclear staining for the intracellular domain of E-cadherin served as an independent predictor of reintervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Astrid Berland Øystese
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.b.4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine (IMF), OUS Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jens Petter Berg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Ringvoll Normann
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.b.4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine (IMF), OUS Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.b.4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Ongaratti BR, Haag T, D'Ávila MF, Trott G, Ferreira NP, Rech CGSL, Pereira-Lima JFS, da Costa Oliveira M. Gene and protein expression of E-cadherin and NCAM markers in non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 38:59-61. [PMID: 30419428 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) are classified as benign tumors of slow growth, but 40% of them present local invasion, a characteristic of behavior still unpredictable with the use of current tumor markers. This work aims to evaluate the tissue markers E-cadherin and NCAM, which act on cell adhesion, in tumor tissue samples of NFPA and its relationship with the degree of local invasiveness. Gene expression of E-cadherin (CDH1) and NCAM (NCAM1) was assessed by real-time PCR and tissue expression by immunohistochemistry. Fifty-three patients with macroadenomas were submitted to transsphenoidal surgery, presented grade II invasive adenomas in 16 cases (30.2%), grade III in 7 (13.2%) and grade IV in 30 (56.6%). In the immunohistochemistry, one case was negative for E-cadherin, 7 showed weak immunostaining, 17 moderate and 28 strong, whereas for NCAM, 5 showed negative, 28 weakly, 14 moderate and 6 strong. Regarding gene expression, 43.3% showed expression for CDH1 (mean of 2.12) and 50% for NCAM1 (mean of 1.86). There was no significant correlation between the immunohistochemical expression of the markers, as well as the gene expression, the degree of invasiveness and clinical data. The results suggest that E-cadherin and NCAM markers are not directly related to the invasiveness in NFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Roberta Ongaratti
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Taiana Haag
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marícia Fantinel D'Ávila
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Geraldine Trott
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nelson Pires Ferreira
- Neuroendocrinology Center, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Av. Independência, 75 - Independência, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-072 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Garcia Soares Leães Rech
- Neuroendocrinology Center, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Av. Independência, 75 - Independência, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-072 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia Fernanda Semmelmman Pereira-Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neuroendocrinology Center, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Av. Independência, 75 - Independência, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-072 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Miriam da Costa Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245 - Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neuroendocrinology Center, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Av. Independência, 75 - Independência, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-072 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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25
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Hua G, Yanjiao H, Qian L, Jichao W, Yazhuo Z. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with pituitary tumors. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:336. [PMID: 29587659 PMCID: PMC5870253 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that have shed from a primary tumor and circulate in the peripheral blood. Recent experimental and clinical studies show that CTCs can be detected in early-stage disease. CASE PRESENTATION We report three cases of pituitary adenoma (PA) in which tumor cells with particles were detected in the interstitial vascular compartment by transmission electron microscopy. Tumors were completely resected. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a β-catenin score of 10.5 ± 1.5 in the three cases with CTCs compared with 2.4 ± 0.5 in 24 control adenomas. The Ki-67 labeling index was 2.1 ± 0.7 in CTCs vs. 0.2 ± 0.3 in control cases (p = 0.043), and the p53 score was 4.33 ± 1.3 vs. 0.31 ± 0.17 (p = 0.000). The E-cadherin score did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS CTCs can be detected in benign tumors such as PAs and not only in late-stage malignant tumors with apparent distant metastases. The present findings suggest that pituitary carcinomas develop from adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Hua
- Beijing Neurosurgical Insititute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,Key laboratory of central nervous system injury research, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - He Yanjiao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Insititute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liu Qian
- Beijing Neurosurgical Insititute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wang Jichao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000, China
| | - Zhang Yazhuo
- Beijing Neurosurgical Insititute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Key laboratory of central nervous system injury research, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China. .,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.
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26
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Mendes GA, Haag T, Trott G, Rech CGSL, Ferreira NP, Oliveira MC, Kohek MB, Pereira-Lima JFS. Expression of E-cadherin, Slug and NCAM and its relationship to tumor invasiveness in patients with acromegaly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 51:e6808. [PMID: 29267504 PMCID: PMC5731331 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas account for 10–15% of primary intracranial tumors. Growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenomas account for 13% of all pituitary adenomas and cause acromegaly. These tumors can be aggressive, invade surrounding structures and are highly recurrent. The objective of this study was to evaluate E-cadherin, Slug and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas and its relationship to tumor invasiveness. A cross–sectional study of patients who underwent hypophysectomy due to GH-secreting pituitary adenoma from April 2007 to December 2014 was carried out. The medical records were reviewed to collect clinical data. Immediately after surgery, tumor samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a biofreezer at –80°C for assessment of E-cadherin 1 (CDH1), SLUG (SNAI2), and NCAM (NCAM1) by real-time PCR. The samples were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin and NCAM. Thirty-five patients with acromegaly were included in the study. Of these, 65.7% had invasive tumors. Immunohistochemically, E-cadherin was expressed in 96.7% of patients, and NCAM in 80% of patients. There was no statistically significant relationship between tumor grade or invasiveness and immunohistochemical expression of these markers. Regarding gene expression, 50% of cases expressed CDH1, none expressed SNAI2, and 53.3% expressed NCAM1. There was no statistically significant relationship between tumor grade or invasiveness and gene expression of CDH1, SNAI2, and NCAM1. The absence of Slug overexpression and of E-cadherin and NCAM suppression suggests that expression of these markers is not associated with tumor invasiveness in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - T Haag
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - G Trott
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - C G S L Rech
- Centro de Neuroendocrinologia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - N P Ferreira
- Centro de Neuroendocrinologia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - M C Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Centro de Neuroendocrinologia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - M B Kohek
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - J F S Pereira-Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Centro de Neuroendocrinologia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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WT1 expression in breast cancer disrupts the epithelial/mesenchymal balance of tumour cells and correlates with the metabolic response to docetaxel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45255. [PMID: 28345629 PMCID: PMC5366898 DOI: 10.1038/srep45255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WT1 is a transcription factor which regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal balance during embryonic development and, if mutated, can lead to the formation of Wilms' tumour, the most common paediatric kidney cancer. Its expression has also been reported in several adult tumour types, including breast cancer, and usually correlates with poor outcome. However, published data is inconsistent and the role of WT1 in this malignancy remains unclear. Here we provide a complete study of WT1 expression across different breast cancer subtypes as well as isoform specific expression analysis. Using in vitro cell lines, clinical samples and publicly available gene expression datasets, we demonstrate that WT1 plays a role in regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal balance of breast cancer cells and that WT1-expressing tumours are mainly associated with a mesenchymal phenotype. WT1 gene expression also correlates with CYP3A4 levels and is associated with poorer response to taxane treatment. Our work is the first to demonstrate that the known association between WT1 expression in breast cancer and poor prognosis is potentially due to cancer-related epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and poor chemotherapy response.
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28
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Functions and Epigenetic Regulation of Wwox in Bone Metastasis from Breast Carcinoma: Comparison with Primary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010075. [PMID: 28045433 PMCID: PMC5297710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms influence molecular patterns important for the bone-metastatic process, and here we highlight the role of WW-domain containing oxidoreductase (Wwox). The tumor-suppressor Wwox lacks in almost all cancer types; the variable expression in osteosarcomas is related to lung-metastasis formation, and exogenous Wwox destabilizes HIF-1α (subunit of Hypoxia inducible Factor-1, HIF-1) affecting aerobic glycolysis. Our recent studies show critical functions of Wwox present in 1833-osteotropic clone, in the corresponding xenograft model, and in human bone metastasis from breast carcinoma. In hypoxic-bone metastatic cells, Wwox enhances HIF-1α stabilization, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation. Consistently, in bone-metastasis specimens Wwox localizes in cytosolic/perinuclear area, while TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) and HIF-1α co-localize in nuclei, playing specific regulatory mechanisms: TAZ is a co-factor of HIF-1, and Wwox regulates HIF-1 activity by controlling HIF-1α. In vitro, DNA methylation affects Wwox-protein synthesis; hypoxia decreases Wwox-protein level; hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) phosphorylates Wwox driving its nuclear shuttle, and counteracting a Twist program important for the epithelial phenotype and metastasis colonization. In agreement, in 1833-xenograft mice under DNA-methyltransferase blockade with decitabine, Wwox increases in nuclei/cytosol counteracting bone metastasis with prolongation of the survival. However, Wwox seems relevant for the autophagic process which sustains metastasis, enhancing more Beclin-1 than p62 protein levels, and p62 accumulates under decitabine consistent with adaptability of metastasis to therapy. In conclusion, Wwox methylation as a bone-metastasis therapeutic target would depend on autophagy conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms regulating Wwox may influence the phenotype of bone metastasis.
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29
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PS1/ γ-Secretase-Mediated Cadherin Cleavage Induces β-Catenin Nuclear Translocation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:3865315. [PMID: 28053606 PMCID: PMC5178376 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3865315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are considered a promising tool for bone bioengineering. However, the mechanisms controlling osteoblastic commitment are still unclear. Osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs requires the activation of β-catenin signaling, classically known to be regulated by the canonical Wnt pathway. However, BMSCs treatment with canonical Wnts in vitro does not always result in osteogenic differentiation and evidence indicates that a more complex signaling pathway, involving cadherins, would be required to induce β-catenin signaling in these cells. Here we showed that Wnt3a alone did not induce TCF activation in BMSCs, maintaining the cells at a proliferative state. On the other hand, we verified that, upon BMSCs osteoinduction with dexamethasone, cadherins were cleaved by the PS1/γ-secretase complex at the plasma membrane, and this event was associated with an enhanced β-catenin translocation to the nucleus and signaling. When PS1/γ-secretase activity was inhibited, the osteogenic process was impaired. Altogether, we provide evidence that PS1/γ-secretase-mediated cadherin cleavage has as an important role in controlling β-catenin signaling during the onset of BMSCs osteogenic differentiation, as part of a complex signaling pathway responsible for cell fate decision. A comprehensive map of these pathways might contribute to the development of strategies to improve bone repair.
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30
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Zheng X, Li S, Zhang W, Zang Z, Hu J, Yang H. Current biomarkers of invasive sporadic pituitary adenomas. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:658-667. [PMID: 27659267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Though pituitary adenomas (PA) are considered benign, some of them exhibit invasive behaviors such as recurrence and low rate of total surgical resection. Reliable prognostic biomarkers for invasive PA are highly desired; however they remain to be identified. In this review, we summarize the current controversial findings of biomarkers for invasive sporadic PA, and we discuss the possible reasons for the controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Jintao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China.
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31
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Yu L, Hu R, Sullivan C, Swanson RJ, Oehninger S, Sun YP, Bocca S. MFGE8 regulates TGF-β-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. Reproduction 2016; 152:225-33. [PMID: 27340235 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor 8 (MFGE8) in TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of endometrial epithelial cells. These were in vitro studies using human endometrial epithelial cells and mouse blastocysts. We investigated the ability of TGF-β to induce EMT in endometrial epithelial cells (HEC-1A) by assessment of cytological phenotype (by light and atomic force microscopy), changes in expression of the markers of cell adhesion/differentiation E- and N-cadherin, and of the transcription factor Snail (by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting), and competence to support embryo attachment in a mouse blastocyst outgrowth assay. We also studied the effects of E-cadherin expression in cells transfected by retroviral shRNA vectors specifically silencing MFGE8. Results demonstrated that TGF-β induced EMT as demonstrated by phenotypic cell changes, by a switch of cadherin expression as well as by upregulation of the expression of the mesenchymal markers Snail and Vimentin. Upon MFGE8 knockdown, these processes were interfered with, suggesting that MFGE8 and TGF-β together may participate in regulation of EMT. This study demonstrated for the first time that endometrial MFGE8 modulates TGF-β-induced EMT in human endometrium cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- The Jones Institute for Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA Reproductive Medical CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Reproductive Medicine CenterKey Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Claretta Sullivan
- Department of SurgeryEastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - R James Swanson
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Sergio Oehninger
- The Jones Institute for Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Ying-Pu Sun
- Reproductive Medical CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Silvina Bocca
- The Jones Institute for Reproductive MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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32
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Gu Y, Zhou X, Hu F, Yu Y, Xie T, Huang Y, Zhao X, Zhang X. Differential DNA methylome profiling of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas suggesting tumour invasion is correlated with cell adhesion. J Neurooncol 2016; 129:23-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Molecular Characterization of Growth Hormone-producing Tumors in the GC Rat Model of Acromegaly. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16298. [PMID: 26549306 PMCID: PMC4637865 DOI: 10.1038/srep16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a disorder resulting from excessive production of growth hormone (GH) and consequent increase of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), most frequently caused by pituitary adenomas. Elevated GH and IGF-I levels results in wide range of somatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, metabolic, and gastrointestinal morbidities. Subcutaneous implantation of the GH-secreting GC cell line in rats leads to the formation of tumors. GC tumor-bearing rats develop characteristics that resemble human acromegaly including gigantism and visceromegaly. However, GC tumors remain poorly characterized at a molecular level. In the present work, we report a detailed histological and molecular characterization of GC tumors using immunohistochemistry, molecular biology and imaging techniques. GC tumors display histopathological and molecular features of human GH-producing tumors, including hormone production, cell architecture, senescence activation and alterations in cell cycle gene expression. Furthermore, GC tumors cells displayed sensitivity to somatostatin analogues, drugs that are currently used in the treatment of human GH-producing adenomas, thus supporting the GC tumor model as a translational tool to evaluate therapeutic agents. The information obtained would help to maximize the usefulness of the GC rat model for research and preclinical studies in GH-secreting tumors.
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34
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Shen J, Lu J, Sui L, Wang D, Yin M, Hoffmann I, Legler A, Pflugfelder GO. The orthologous Tbx transcription factors Omb and TBX2 induce epithelial cell migration and extrusion in vivo without involvement of matrix metalloproteinases. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11998-2015. [PMID: 25344916 PMCID: PMC4322970 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors TBX2 and TBX3 are overexpressed in various human cancers. Here, we investigated the effect of overexpressing the orthologous Tbx genes Drosophila optomotor-blind (omb) and human TBX2 in the epithelium of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc and observed two types of cell motility. Omb/TBX2 overexpressing cells could move within the plane of the epithelium. Invasive cells migrated long-distance as single cells retaining or regaining normal cell shape and apico-basal polarity in spite of attenuated apical DE-cadherin concentration. Inappropriate levels of DE-cadherin were sufficient to drive cell migration in the wing disc epithelium. Omb/TBX2 overexpression and reduced DE-cadherin-dependent adhesion caused the formation of actin-rich lateral cell protrusions. Omb/TBX2 overexpressing cells could also delaminate basally, penetratingthe basal lamina, however, without degradation of extracellular matrix. Expression of Timp, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases, blocked neither intraepithelial motility nor basal extrusion. Our results reveal an MMP-independent mechanism of cell invasion and suggest a conserved role of Tbx2-related proteins in cell invasion and metastasis-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Sui
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Inka Hoffmann
- Institute of Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Legler
- Institute of Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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35
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Preda V, Larkin SJ, Karavitaki N, Ansorge O, Grossman AB. The Wnt signalling cascade and the adherens junction complex in craniopharyngioma tumorigenesis. Endocr Pathol 2015; 26:1-8. [PMID: 25355426 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-014-9341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas are epithelial, sellar tumours with adamantinomatous (aCP) and papillary (pCP) subtypes. The aCP type usually occurs during childhood and pCP in middle-aged adults; aCPs often contain mutations in CTNNB1, encoding β-catenin, a component of the adherens junction and a mediator of Wnt signalling. No such mutational event has been associated with pCPs, where the BRAF gene appears to be more important. In a large series of 95 craniopharyngiomas, we show that the aCP subtype harbours mutations in CTNNB1 in 52 % of cases, while the pCP subtype does not, with agreement between immunohistochemistry and sequencing methods in the majority of cases. When present, the CTNNB1 mutation is found throughout the aCP tumour, while translocation of β-catenin from membrane to cytosol and nucleus is restricted to small cell clusters near the invading tumour front. We observed translocated β-catenin in 100 % of aCPs, occurring not only in cell clusters but also in individual cells scattered throughout the tumour. We characterised the adherens junction involving α-catenin, β-catenin, γ-catenin, p120 and E-cadherin (cytosolic and membranous components). Although suggested to be important in other sellar mass tumourigenesis pathways, there was no disruption of the adherens junction in these tumours, indicating that a loss of junctional integrity is not associated with β-catenin translocation or mutation. We conclude that mutations in CTNNB1 underlie tumourigenesis in the majority of aCPs, which are distinct morphologically and at the molecular level from pCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Preda
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Old Rd, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK,
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36
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Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors that may occur as part of a complex syndrome or as an isolated endocrinopathy and both forms can be familial or non-familial. Studies of syndromic and non-syndromic pituitary adenomas have yielded important insights about the molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. Thus, syndromic forms, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), MEN4, Carney Complex and McCune Albright syndrome, have been shown to be due to mutations of the tumor-suppressor protein menin, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p27Kip1), the protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1-α, and the G-protein α-stimulatory subunit (Gsα), respectively. Non-syndromic forms, which include familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) and sporadic tumors, have been shown to be due to abnormalities of: the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein; Gsα; signal transducers; cell cycle regulators; transcriptional modulators and miRNAs. The roles of these molecular abnormalities and epigenetic mechanisms in pituitary tumorigenesis, and their therapeutic implications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Yates
- a 1 Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LJ, UK
- b 2 Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Melbourne Health, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia
| | - Kate E Lines
- a 1 Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- a 1 Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LJ, UK
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Unno K, Ono M, Winder AD, Maniar KP, Paintal AS, Yu Y, Wei JJ, Lurain JR, Kim JJ. Establishment of human patient-derived endometrial cancer xenografts in NOD scid gamma mice for the study of invasion and metastasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116064. [PMID: 25542024 PMCID: PMC4277433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Most endometrial cancers are detected early and have a good prognosis, while some endometrial cancers are highly invasive, metastasize early, and respond suboptimally to therapy. Currently, appropriate model systems to study the aggressive nature of these tumors are lacking. The objective of this study was to establish a mouse xenograft model of endometrial tumors derived from patients in order to study the biological aggressive characteristics that underlie invasion and metastasis. Methods Endometrial tumor tissue fragments (1.5 mm×1.5 mm) from patients undergoing surgery, were transplanted under the renal capsule of NOD scid gamma mice. After 6–8 weeks, tumors were excised and serially transplanted into additional mice for propagation. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumors was done for various tumor markers. Results Four cases of different subtypes of endometrial cancer were grown and propagated in mice. Three of the four tumor cases invaded into the kidneys and to adjacent organs. While all tumors exhibited minimal to no staining for estrogen receptor α, progesterone receptor staining was observed for tumor grafts. In addition, levels and localization of E-cadherin, cytokeratin and vimentin varied depending on subtype. Finally, all tumor xenografts stained positively for urokinase plasminogen activator while 3 tumor xenografts, which showed invasive characteristics, stained positively for urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. Conclusion Endometrial tumors transplanted under the renal capsule exhibit growth, invasion and local spread. These tumors can be propagated and used to study aggressive endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Unno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States of America
| | - Masanori Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States of America
| | - Abigail D. Winder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States of America
| | - Kruti P. Maniar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States of America
| | - Ajit S. Paintal
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States of America
| | - Yanni Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States of America
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States of America
| | - John R. Lurain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States of America
| | - J. Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Du W, Liu X, Fan G, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wang T, Zhao R, Wang G, Zhao C, Zhu Y, Ye F, Jin X, Zhang F, Zhong Z, Li X. From cell membrane to the nucleus: an emerging role of E-cadherin in gene transcriptional regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1712-9. [PMID: 25164084 PMCID: PMC4196647 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a well-known mediator of cell–cell adherens junctions. However, many other functions of E-cadherin have been reported. Collectively, the available data suggest that E-cadherin may also act as a gene transcriptional regulator. Here, evidence supporting this claim is reviewed, and possible mechanisms of action are discussed. E-cadherin has been shown to modulate the activity of several notable cell signalling pathways, and given that most of these pathways in turn regulate gene expression, we proposed that E-cadherin may regulate gene transcription by affecting these pathways. Additionally, E-cadherin has been shown to accumulate in the nucleus where documentation of an E-cadherin fragment bound to DNA suggests that E-cadherin may directly regulate gene transcription. In summary, from the cell membrane to the nucleus, a role for E-cadherin in gene transcription may be emerging. Studies specifically focused on this potential role would allow for a more thorough understanding of this transmembrane glycoprotein in mediating intra- and intercellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Du
- Department of Digestion, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Wang X, Li S. Protein mislocalization: mechanisms, functions and clinical applications in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:13-25. [PMID: 24709009 PMCID: PMC4141035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The changes from normal cells to cancer cells are primarily regulated by genome instability, which foster hallmark functions of cancer through multiple mechanisms including protein mislocalization. Mislocalization of these proteins, including oncoproteins, tumor suppressors, and other cancer-related proteins, can interfere with normal cellular function and cooperatively drive tumor development and metastasis. This review describes the cancer-related effects of protein subcellular mislocalization, the related mislocalization mechanisms, and the potential application of this knowledge to cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Klibanski A. Genetic and epigenetic mutations of tumor suppressive genes in sporadic pituitary adenoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:16-33. [PMID: 24035864 PMCID: PMC3943596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human pituitary adenomas are the most common intracranial neoplasms. Approximately 5% of them are familial adenomas. Patients with familial tumors carry germline mutations in predisposition genes, including AIP, MEN1 and PRKAR1A. These mutations are extremely rare in sporadic pituitary adenomas, which therefore are caused by different mechanisms. Multiple tumor suppressive genes linked to sporadic tumors have been identified. Their inactivation is caused by epigenetic mechanisms, mainly promoter hypermethylation, and can be placed into two groups based on their functional interaction with tumor suppressors RB or p53. The RB group includes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, RB1, BMP4, CDH1, CDH13, GADD45B and GADD45G; AIP and MEN1 genes also belong to this group. The p53 group includes MEG3, MGMT, PLAGL1, RASSF1, RASSF3 and SOCS1. We propose that the tumor suppression function of these genes is mainly mediated by the RB and p53 pathways. We also discuss possible tumor suppression mechanisms for individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Zhou
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Xun Zhang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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Evang JA, Bollerslev J, Casar-Borota O, Lekva T, Ramm-Pettersen J, Berg JP. Different levels of various glucocorticoid-regulated genes in corticotroph adenomas. Endocrine 2013; 44:220-7. [PMID: 23315031 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, correlations between corticotroph tumor dedifferentiation and both E-cadherin immunostaining and reduced mRNA expression of the E-cadherin gene (CDH1) have been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to explore whether tumor dedifferentiation correlated with glucocorticoid resistance and whether the resistance was associated with both positively and negatively regulated genes. Tumor material from 20 patients with verified Cushing's disease or Nelson's syndrome operated on at Rikshospitalet, Oslo. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes such as E-cadherin (CDH1), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) was performed. The correlations between the expression of the GILZ, TXNIP, and POMC genes in different stages of corticotroph adenomas, the E-cadherin mRNA expression and staining pattern, and the preoperative 24-h cortisol excretion were examined. The GILZ and TXNIP expression levels were positively correlated to the CDH1 expression and were highest in microadenomas and in tumors with a high membranous E-cadherin reactivity. In contrast, the POMC expression was not significantly different between the groups. This divergence between the genes that were positively and negatively regulated by glucocorticoids could not be supported by other gene expression analyses. No correlations to urinary cortisol were found. The expression of the glucocorticoid-responsive genes POMC, GILZ, and TXNIP in corticotroph adenomas showed a remarkable variation. The pattern and variability of glucocorticoid resistance in corticotroph adenomas seem to correlate with a loss of the epithelial phenotype associated with corticotroph tumor dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Arild Evang
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
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Sánchez-Tejada L, Sánchez-Ortiga R, Moreno-Pérez Ó, Montañana CF, Niveiro M, Tritos NA, Alfonso AMP. Pituitary tumor transforming gene and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor expression and immunohistochemical measurement of Ki-67 as potential prognostic markers of pituitary tumors aggressiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 60:358-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhou K, Jin H, Luo Y. Expression and Significance of E-Cadherin and β-Catenins in Pituitary Adenoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2013; 21:363-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896912471850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study used immunohistochemical methods for detecting the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in pituitary adenoma. Specimens were collected from 91 cases. EnVision was used for immunohistochemical staining. The results were graded depending on the staining intensity and range. Associations between E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and tumor subtype, invasiveness, and postoperative recurrence were investigated. There was a significant downregulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin in growth hormone (GH)-type tumors when compared with prolactin-type tumors ( uc = 2.693 and 2.109, respectively; P < .05). E-cadherin and β-catenin were downregulated in invasive pituitary adenomas ( uc = 3.563 and 4.166, respectively; P < .05) and in clinically recurring pituitary adenomas ( uc = 2.871 and 3.866, respectively; P < .05). There was no difference in the percentage of invasive prolactin and GH secreting tumors (28.57% and 22.86%, respectively; P > .05). The expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in pituitary adenoma was significantly downregulated and related to subtype, invasiveness, and postoperative recurrence.
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Marsden CG, Wright MJ, Carrier L, Moroz K, Rowan BG. Disseminated breast cancer cells acquire a highly malignant and aggressive metastatic phenotype during metastatic latency in the bone. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47587. [PMID: 23173031 PMCID: PMC3500091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow may exist in a dormant state for extended periods of time, maintaining the ability to proliferate upon activation, engraft at new sites, and form detectable metastases. However, understanding of the behavior and biology of dormant breast cancer cells in the bone marrow niche remains limited, as well as their potential involvement in tumor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of dormant disseminated breast cancer cells (prior to activation) in the bone marrow. Methodology/Principal Findings Total bone marrow, isolated from mice previously injected with tumorspheres into the mammary fat pad, was injected into the mammary fat pad of NUDE mice. As a negative control, bone marrow isolated from non-injected mice was injected into the mammary fat pad of NUDE mice. The resultant tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Mouse lungs, livers, and kidneys were analyzed by H+E staining to detect metastases. The injection of bone marrow isolated from mice previously injected with tumorspheres into the mammary fat pad, resulted in large tumor formation in the mammary fat pad 2 months post-injection. However, the injection of bone marrow isolated from non-injected mice did not result in tumor formation in the mammary fat pad. The DTC-derived tumors exhibited accelerated development of metastatic lesions within the lung, liver and kidney. The resultant tumors and the majority of metastatic lesions within the lung and liver exhibited a mesenchymal-like phenotype. Conclusions/Significance Dormant DTCs within the bone marrow are highly malignant upon injection into the mammary fat pad, with the accelerated development of metastatic lesions within the lung, liver and kidney. These results suggest the acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype of DTCs during metastatic latency within the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G. Marsden
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, The Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mary Jo Wright
- Department of Surgery, The Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Latonya Carrier
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, The Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Section of Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology, Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Rowan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, The Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang K, Li N, Yeung C, Li J, Wang H, Cooper T. Oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways in the cancer-resistant epididymis have implications for cancer research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:57-71. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gas051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Roy S, Smith MA, Cieply KM, Acquafondata MB, Parwani AV. Primary bladder adenocarcinoma versus metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma: a persisting diagnostic challenge. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:151. [PMID: 23121893 PMCID: PMC3502416 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study attempted to distinguish primary bladder adenocarcinoma (PBA) from metastatic colonic adenocarcinomas (MCA), which is a difficult diagnostic and clinical problem. Methods Twenty-four cases of bladder adenocarcinomas (12 primary & 12 metastatic colorectal) were included in the study with urothelial carcinoma (UC) and colonic adenocarcinoma (CA) as controls. A panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) stains along with fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), using the UroVysion probe set, was performed. Results The majority of the PBAs presented with advanced disease. Enteric histologic subtype was the most common morphological variant. Strong nuclear with cytoplasmic-membranous staining of β-catenin was seen in 75% of MCA and only 16.7% PBA (<10% staining cells). Although abnormal nuclear staining with E-cadherin was seen in both PBA and MCA, it was more frequent in former. CK-7, CK-20, villin and CDX-2 stains were not helpful in distinguishing the two entities. FISH did not reveal any unique differences in chromosomal abnormality between the two groups. Conclusion Although there was a statistically significant difference in β-catenin and E-cadherin staining between two groups, we did not find any IHC or FISH marker that was specific for PBA. Distinction between PBA and MCA remains a diagnostic problem and clinical correlation is vital before rendering a diagnosis. Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1393156268152357
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Affiliation(s)
- Somak Roy
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Keck B, Wach S, Kunath F, Bertz S, Taubert H, Lehmann J, Stöckle M, Wullich B, Hartmann A. Nuclear E-cadherin Expression is Associated with the Loss of Membranous E-cadherin, Plasmacytoid Differentiation and Reduced Overall Survival in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20:2440-5. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mackowiak II, Gentile LB, Chaible LM, Nagamine MK, Guerra JM, Mota EFF, Matera JM, Mennecier G, Sanches DS, Dagli MLZ. E-cadherin in canine mast cell tumors: decreased expression and altered subcellular localization in Grade 3 tumors. Vet J 2012; 194:405-11. [PMID: 22766308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most frequent round cell tumors in dogs and comprise approximately 21% of all canine cutaneous tumors. MCTs are highly invasive and metastatic corresponding to the histological grade. E-cadherin is an adhesion molecule expressed in epithelial cells and although it is an epithelial cellular marker, studies have shown expression of E-cadherin in canine round cell tumors. To better characterize the expression pattern of E-cadherin in several different histological grades of MCTs in dogs, the expression and localization of the adhesion molecule was investigated using immunohistochemistry. For this purpose, 18 cutaneous MCTs were classified into three histological grades, 1, 2 or 3. Clinical history and follow-up data were available for all of the dogs. Cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of E-cadherin in all three types of tumors were verified by immunostaining using two different antibodies. There was decreased E-cadherin expression in the more aggressive MCTs (Grade 3), suggesting an association between E-cadherin and tumor aggressiveness. Additionally, the loss of E-cadherin expression in either the cytoplasm or nucleus in more aggressive and undifferentiated tumor types confirmed the importance of cellular adhesion in tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Matteucci E, Maroni P, Luzzati A, Perrucchini G, Bendinelli P, Desiderio MA. Bone metastatic process of breast cancer involves methylation state affecting E-cadherin expression through TAZ and WWOX nuclear effectors. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:231-44. [PMID: 22717556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of Hippo-related pathways in bone metastasis from breast cancer, by evaluating E-cadherin expression downstream of WWdomain-containing oxidoreductase (Wwox) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). These nuclear effectors functioned in a context-specific fashion on transcriptome, depending on breast-cancer aggressiveness and methylation state. Wwox and E-cadherin were found in human specimens of bone metastasis but not in primary-ductal breast carcinoma, while TAZ showed a characteristic localisation in metastasis nuclei. Wwox and E-cadherin were higher in 1833-metastatic clone with bone avidity than in parental-MDA-MB231 cells, while only metastatic cells presented TAZ. In 1833 cells, a complex interplay of transcriptional signalling controlled E-cadherin transactivation. Wwox and TAZ activated Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) binding to E-cadherin promoter, while Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) intervened in E-cadherin transactivation favouring and preventing Wwox and TAZ functions, respectively. Methylation impinged on Hippo-related pathways through Wwox and TAZ, modifying metastatic phenotype. The protract exposure to 5-azacytidine (Aza), by affecting methylation state modified the shape of 1833 cells, becoming mesenchymal as that of MDA-MB231 cells and reduced spontaneous-Matrigel invasion. The underlying-molecular mechanisms were diminutions of E-cadherin, Wwox, matrix metalloproteases 2 and 9, HIF-1- and PPARγ-activities, inversely correlated to Snail and nuclear-TAZ accumulations. Exogenous WWOX restored 1833-Aza invasion. Thus, 1833-Aza cells permitted to study the role played by methylation in metastasis plasticity, being E-cadherin loss part of an entire-gene reprogramming. Of note, bone-metastasis formation in 1833-Aza xenograft was partially impaired, prolonging mice survival. In conclusion, the methylation-heritable changes seemed important for cancer progression to establish bone metastasis engraftment/growth, by affecting steps requiring homotipic and/or heterotypic-adhesive properties and matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Matteucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Holen I, Whitworth J, Nutter F, Evans A, Brown HK, Lefley DV, Barbaric I, Jones M, Ottewell PD. Loss of plakoglobin promotes decreased cell-cell contact, increased invasion, and breast cancer cell dissemination in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R86. [PMID: 22632416 PMCID: PMC3446349 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The majority of deaths from breast cancer are a result of metastases; however, little is understood about the genetic alterations underlying their onset. Genetic profiling has identified the adhesion molecule plakoglobin as being three-fold reduced in expression in primary breast tumors that have metastasized compared with nonmetastatic tumors. In this study, we demonstrate a functional role for plakoglobin in the shedding of tumor cells from the primary site into the circulation. Methods We investigated the effects of plakoglobin knockdown on breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and invasion in vitro and on tumor growth and intravasation in vivo. MCF7 and T47D cells were stably transfected with miRNA sequences targeting the plakoglobin gene, or scramble vector. Gene and protein expression was monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot. Cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion were measured by cell counting, flow cytometry, and scratch and Boyden Chamber assays. For in vivo experiments, plakoglobin knockdown and control cells were inoculated into mammary fat pads of mice, and tumor growth, shedding of tumor cells into the bloodstream, and evidence of metastatic bone lesions were monitored with caliper measurement, flow cytometry, and microcomputed tomography (μCT), respectively. Results Plakoglobin and γ-catenin expression were reduced by more than 80% in all knockdown cell lines used but were unaltered after transfection with the scrambled sequence. Reduced plakoglobin resulted in significantly increased in MCF7 and T47D cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, compared with control, with significantly more tumor cells being shed into the bloodstream of mice bearing plakoglobin knockdown tumors. In addition, plakoglobin knockdown cells showed a >250% increase in invasion through basement membrane and exhibited reduced cell-to-cell adhesion compared with control cells. Conclusion Decreased plakoglobin expression increases the invasive behavior of breast cancer cells. This is the first demonstration of a functional role for plakoglobin/γ-catenin in the metastatic process, indicating that this molecule may represent a target for antimetastatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
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