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Rossetti CL, Alves BL, Peçanha FLM, Franco AT, Nosé V, Carneiro EM, Lew J, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Werneck-de-Castro JP. Defining the In Vivo Role of mTORC1 in Thyrocytes by Studying the TSC2 Conditional Knockout Mouse Model. Thyroid 2024. [PMID: 38661550 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2024.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background: The thyroid gland is susceptible to abnormal epithelial cell growth, often resulting in thyroid dysfunction. The serine-threonine protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cellular metabolism, proliferation, and growth through two different protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. The PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway's overactivity is well associated with heightened aggressiveness in thyroid cancer, but recent studies indicate the involvement of mTORC2 as well. Methods: To elucidate mTORC1's role in thyrocytes, we developed a novel mouse model with mTORC1 gain of function in thyrocytes by deleting tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), an intracellular inhibitor of mTORC1. Results: The resulting TPO-TSC2KO mice exhibited a 70-80% reduction in TSC2 levels, leading to a sixfold increase in mTORC1 activity. Thyroid glands of both male and female TPO-TSC2KO mice displayed rapid enlargement and continued growth throughout life, with larger follicles and increased colloid and epithelium areas. We observed elevated thyrocyte proliferation as indicated by Ki67 staining and elevated cyclin D3 expression in the TPO-TSC2KO mice. mTORC1 activation resulted in a progressive downregulation of key genes involved in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, including thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase (Tpo), and sodium-iodide symporter (Nis), while Tff1, Pax8, and Mct8 mRNA levels remained unaffected. NIS protein expression was also diminished in TPO-TSC2KO mice. Treatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin prevented thyroid mass expansion and restored the gene expression alterations in TPO-TSC2KO mice. Although total thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and TSH plasma levels were normal at 2 months of age, a slight decrease in T4 and an increase in TSH levels were observed at 6 and 12 months of age while T3 remained similar in TPO-TSC2KO compared with littermate control mice. Conclusions: Our thyrocyte-specific mouse model reveals that mTORC1 activation inhibits thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthesis, suppresses thyrocyte gene expression, and promotes growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ludke Rossetti
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Bruna Lourençoni Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Aime T Franco
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vania Nosé
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Everardo Magalhaes Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - John Lew
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami VA Health Care System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami VA Health Care System, Miami, Florida, USA
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Zoi V, Kyritsis AP, Galani V, Lazari D, Sioka C, Voulgaris S, Alexiou GA. The Role of Curcumin in Cancer: A Focus on the PI3K/Akt Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1554. [PMID: 38672636 PMCID: PMC11048628 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening disease and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite significant advancements in therapeutic options, most available anti-cancer agents have limited efficacy. In this context, natural compounds with diverse chemical structures have been investigated for their multimodal anti-cancer properties. Curcumin is a polyphenol isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa and has been widely studied for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects. Curcumin acts on the regulation of different aspects of cancer development, including initiation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and progression. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway is a key target in cancer therapy, since it is implicated in initiation, proliferation, and cancer cell survival. Curcumin has been found to inhibit the PI3K/Akt pathway in tumor cells, primarily via the regulation of different key mediators, including growth factors, protein kinases, and cytokines. This review presents the therapeutic potential of curcumin in different malignancies, such as glioblastoma, prostate and breast cancer, and head and neck cancers, through the targeting of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Zoi
- Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Vasiliki Galani
- Department of Anatomy Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Diamanto Lazari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrissa Sioka
- Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Spyridon Voulgaris
- Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios A. Alexiou
- Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
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Wang C, Zhang Y. Current Application of Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems to the Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6037-6058. [PMID: 37904863 PMCID: PMC10613415 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s429629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATCs) are a rare subtype of thyroid cancers with a low incidence but extremely high invasiveness and fatality. The treatment of ATCs is very challenging, and currently, a comprehensive individualized therapeutic strategy involving surgery, radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy, BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) and immunotherapy is preferred. For ATC patients in stage IVA/IVB, a surgery-based comprehensive strategy may provide survival benefits. Unfortunately, ATC patients in IVC stage barely get benefits from the current treatment. Recently, nanoparticle delivery of siRNAs, targeted drugs, cytotoxic drugs, photosensitizers and other agents is considered as a promising anti-cancer treatment. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have been mainly explored in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). With the rapid development of drug delivery techniques and nanomaterials, using hybrid nanoparticles as the drug carrier to deliver siRNAs, targeted drugs, immune drugs, chemotherapy drugs and phototherapy drugs to ATC patients have become a hot research field. This review aims to describe latest findings of nanoparticle drug delivery systems in the treatment of ATCs, thus providing references for the further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonggao Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yewei Zhang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
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Clinical Implications of mTOR Expression in Papillary Thyroid Cancer—A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061665. [PMID: 36980552 PMCID: PMC10046096 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) comprises approximately 80% of all thyroid malignancies. Although several etiological factors, such as age, gender, and irradiation, are already known to be involved in the development of PTC, the genetics of cancerogenesis remain undetermined. The mTOR pathway regulates several cellular processes that are critical for tumorigenesis. Activated mTOR is involved in the development and progression of PTC. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of papers studying the expression of the mTOR gene and protein and its relationship with PTC risk and clinical outcome. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases (the search date was 2012–2022). Studies investigating the expression of mTOR in the peripheral blood or tissue of patients with PTC were deemed eligible for inclusion. Seven of the 286 screened studies met the inclusion criteria for mTOR gene expression and four for mTOR protein expression. We also analyzed the data on mTOR protein expression in PTC. We analyzed the association of mTOR expression with papillary thyroid cancer clinicopathological features, such as the TNM stage, BRAF V600E mutation, sex distribution, lymph node and distant metastases, and survival prognosis. Understanding specific factors involved in PTC tumorigenesis provides opportunities for targeted therapies. We also reviewed the possible new targeted therapies and the use of mTOR inhibitors in PTC. This topic requires further research with novel techniques to translate the achieved results to clinical application.
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Sekhar KR, Hanna DN, Cyr S, Baechle JJ, Kuravi S, Balusu R, Rathmell K, Baregamian N. Glutathione peroxidase 4 inhibition induces ferroptosis and mTOR pathway suppression in thyroid cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19396. [PMID: 36371529 PMCID: PMC9653479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) demonstrates significantly reduced patient survival with metastatic progression. Tumor progression can be influenced by metabolism, including antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is a selenoenzyme that uses GSH as a co-factor to regulate lipid peroxidation of cell membranes during increased oxidative stress. GPX4 suppression in tumor cells can induce ferroptosis. This study aims to examine ferroptosis as a potentially critical pathway in effective targeting of thyroid cancer (TC) cells. We treated human TC cells (K1, MDA-T68, MDA-T32, TPC1) with (1S,3R)-RSL3 (RSL3), a small-molecule inhibitor of GPX4 and examined the effects on ferroptosis, tumor cell survival and migration, spheroid formation, oxidative stress, DNA damage repair response, and mTOR signaling pathway in vitro. GPX4 inhibition activated ferroptosis, inducing TC cell death, rapid rise in reactive oxygen species and effectively arrested cell migration in vitro. Suppression of mTOR signaling pathway triggered autophagy. GPX4 genetic knockdown mirrored RSL3 effect on mTOR pathway suppression. RSL3 subdued DNA damage repair response by suppressing phosphorylation of nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1). Thus, observed potent induction of ferroptosis, GPX4-dependent novel suppression of mTOR pathway and DNA damage repair response in preclinical in vitro model of TC supports GPX4 targeting for therapeutic benefit in advanced therapy-resistant thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konjeti R. Sekhar
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 597 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - David N. Hanna
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 597 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Sriram Cyr
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Jordan J. Baechle
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 597 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Sudhakiranmayi Kuravi
- grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Ramesh Balusu
- grid.412016.00000 0001 2177 6375Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Kimryn Rathmell
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Naira Baregamian
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 597 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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Expression Profile and Diagnostic Significance of MicroRNAs in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112679. [PMID: 35681658 PMCID: PMC9179248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has increased in recent years. To improve the diagnostic management of PTC, we propose the use of microRNAs (miRNAs) as a biomarker. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the miRNA expression pattern in PTC using NanoString technology. We identified ten miRNAs deregulated in PTC compared with reference tissue: miR-146b-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-221-5p, miR-34-5p, miR-551b-3p, miR-152-3p, miR-15a-5p, miR-31-5p, and miR-7-5p (FDR < 0.05; |fold change (FC)| ≥ 1.5). The gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed miRNA (DEM) target genes identified the predominant involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, and pathways in cancer in PTC. The highest area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for DEMs was found for miR-146-5p (AUC = 0.770) expression, indicating possible clinical applicability in PTC diagnosis. The combination of four miRNAs (miR-152-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-551b-3p, and miR-7-5p) showed an AUC of 0.841. Validation by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCRs) confirmed our findings. The introduction of an miRNA diagnostic panel based on the results of our study may help to improve therapeutic decision making for questionable cases. The use of miRNAs as biomarkers of PTC may become an aspect of personalized medicine.
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Oskouie AA, Ahmadi MS, Taherkhani A. Identification of Prognostic Biomarkers in Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Developing Non-Invasive Diagnostic Models Through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Microrna 2022; 11:73-87. [PMID: 35068400 DOI: 10.2174/2211536611666220124115445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most frequent subtype of thyroid carcinoma, mainly detected in patients with benign thyroid nodules (BTN). Due to the invasiveness of accurate diagnostic tests, there is a need to discover applicable biomarkers for PTC. So, in this study, we aimed to identify the genes associated with prognosis in PTC. Besides, we performed a machine learning tool to develop a non-invasive diagnostic approach for PTC. METHODS For the study purposes, the miRNA dataset GSE130512 was downloaded from the GEO database and then analyzed to identify the common differentially expressed miRNAs in patients with non-metastatic PTC (nm-PTC)/metastatic PTC (m-PTC) compared with BTNs. The SVM was also applied to differentiate patients with PTC from those patients with BTN using the common DEMs. A protein-protein interaction network was also constructed based on the targets of the common DEMs. Next, functional analysis was performed, the hub genes were determined, and survival analysis was then executed. RESULTS A total of three common miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed among patients with nm-PTC/m-PTC compared with BTNs. In addition, it was established that the autophagosome maturation, ciliary basal body-plasma membrane docking, antigen processing as ubiquitination & proteasome degradation, and class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation are associated with the pathogenesis of PTC. Furthermore, it was illustrated that RPS6KB1, CCNT1, SP1, and CHD4 might serve as new potential biomarkers for PTC prognosis. CONCLUSION RPS6KB1, CCNT1, SP1, and CHD4 may be considered new potential biomarkers used for prognostic aims in PTC. However, performing validation tests is inevitable in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Arefi Oskouie
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeed Ahmadi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Besat Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Taherkhani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Bim LV, Carneiro TNR, Buzatto VC, Colozza-Gama GA, Koyama FC, Thomaz DMD, de Jesus Paniza AC, Lee EA, Galante PAF, Cerutti JM. Molecular Signature Expands the Landscape of Driver Negative Thyroid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5184. [PMID: 34680332 PMCID: PMC8534197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. However, the cytological diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC), and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) and their benign counterparts is a challenge for preoperative diagnosis. Nearly 20-30% of biopsied thyroid nodules are classified as having indeterminate risk of malignancy and incur costs to the health care system. Based on that, 120 patients were screened for the main driver mutations previously described in thyroid cancer. Subsequently, 14 mutation-negative cases that are the main source of diagnostic errors (FTC, HCC, or FVPTC) underwent RNA-Sequencing analysis. Somatic variants in candidate driver genes (ECD, NUP98,LRP1B, NCOR1, ATM, SOS1, and SPOP) and fusions were described. NCOR1 and SPOP variants underwent validation. Moreover, expression profiling of driver-negative samples was compared to 16 BRAF V600E, RAS, or PAX8-PPARg positive samples. Negative samples were separated in two clusters, following the expression pattern of the RAS/PAX8-PPARg or BRAF V600E positive samples. Both negative groups showed distinct BRS, ERK, and TDS scores, tumor mutation burden, signaling pathways and immune cell profile. Altogether, here we report novel gene variants and describe cancer-related pathways that might impact preoperative diagnosis and provide insights into thyroid tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Valdemarin Bim
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 Andar, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; (L.V.B.); (T.N.R.C.); (G.A.C.-G.); (D.M.D.T.); (A.C.d.J.P.)
| | - Thaise Nayane Ribeiro Carneiro
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 Andar, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; (L.V.B.); (T.N.R.C.); (G.A.C.-G.); (D.M.D.T.); (A.C.d.J.P.)
| | - Vanessa Candiotti Buzatto
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Rua Professor Daher Cutait 69, Bela Vista, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil; (V.C.B.); (F.C.K.); (P.A.F.G.)
| | - Gabriel Avelar Colozza-Gama
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 Andar, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; (L.V.B.); (T.N.R.C.); (G.A.C.-G.); (D.M.D.T.); (A.C.d.J.P.)
| | - Fernanda C. Koyama
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Rua Professor Daher Cutait 69, Bela Vista, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil; (V.C.B.); (F.C.K.); (P.A.F.G.)
| | - Debora Mota Dias Thomaz
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 Andar, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; (L.V.B.); (T.N.R.C.); (G.A.C.-G.); (D.M.D.T.); (A.C.d.J.P.)
| | - Ana Carolina de Jesus Paniza
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 Andar, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; (L.V.B.); (T.N.R.C.); (G.A.C.-G.); (D.M.D.T.); (A.C.d.J.P.)
| | - Eunjung Alice Lee
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Pedro Alexandre Favoretto Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Rua Professor Daher Cutait 69, Bela Vista, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil; (V.C.B.); (F.C.K.); (P.A.F.G.)
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pedro de Toledo 669, 11 Andar, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; (L.V.B.); (T.N.R.C.); (G.A.C.-G.); (D.M.D.T.); (A.C.d.J.P.)
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Aydemirli MD, van Eendenburg JDH, van Wezel T, Oosting J, Corver WE, Kapiteijn E, Morreau H. Targeting EML4-ALK gene fusion variant 3 in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:377-389. [PMID: 33878728 PMCID: PMC8183637 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Finding targetable gene fusions can expand the limited treatment options in radioactive iodine-refractory (RAI-r) thyroid cancer. To that end, we established a novel cell line 'JVE404' derived from an advanced RAI-r papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patient, harboring an EML4-ALK gene fusion variant 3 (v3). Different EML4-ALK gene fusions can have different clinical repercussions. JVE404 cells were evaluated for cell viability and cell signaling in response to ALK inhibitors crizotinib, ceritinib and lorlatinib, in parallel to the patient's treatment. He received, after first-line lenvatinib, crizotinib (Drug Rediscovery Protocol (DRUP) trial), and lorlatinib (compassionate use). In vitro treatment with crizotinib or ceritinib decreased viability in JVE404, but most potently and significantly only with lorlatinib. Western blot analysis showed a near total decrease of 99% and 89%, respectively, in pALK and pERK expression levels in JVE404 cells with lorlatinib, in contrast to remaining signal intensities of a half and a third of control, respectively, with crizotinib. The patient had a 6-month lasting stable disease on crizotinib, but progressive disease occurred, including the finding of cerebral metastases, at 8 months. With lorlatinib, partial response, including clinical cerebral activity, was already achieved at 11 weeks' use and ongoing partial response at 7 months. To our best knowledge, this is the first reported case describing a patient-specific targeted treatment with lorlatinib based on an EML4-ALK gene fusion v3 in a thyroid cancer patient, and own cancer cell line. Tumor-agnostic targeted therapy may provide valuable treatment options in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Derya Aydemirli
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Oosting
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem E Corver
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Kapiteijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to H Morreau:
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Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041950. [PMID: 33669363 PMCID: PMC7920269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma consists a group of phenotypically heterogeneous cancers. Recent advances in biological technologies have been advancing the delineation of genetic, epigenetic, and non-genetic factors that contribute to the heterogeneities of these cancers. In this review article, we discuss new findings that are greatly improving the understanding of thyroid cancer biology and facilitating the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention. We review the phenotypic features of different subtypes of thyroid cancers and their underlying biology. We discuss recent discoveries in thyroid cancer heterogeneities and the critical mechanisms contributing to the heterogeneity with emphases on genetic and epigenetic factors, cancer stemness traits, and tumor microenvironments. We also discuss the potential relevance of the intratumor heterogeneity in understanding therapeutic resistance and how new findings in tumor biology can facilitate designing novel targeting therapies for thyroid cancer.
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Qi T, Rong X, Feng Q, Sun H, Cao H, Yang Y, Feng H, Zhu L, Wang L, Du Q. Somatic Mutation Profiling of Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas by Whole-exome Sequencing and Its Relationship with Clinical Characteristics. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2532-2544. [PMID: 34104084 PMCID: PMC8176168 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.50916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) has increased rapidly during the past several decades. Until now, the mechanisms underlying the tumorigenesis of PTCs have remained largely unknown. Next-generation-sequencing (NGS) provides new ways to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of PTCs. To characterize the somatic alterations associated with PTCs, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of PTCs from 23 Chinese patients. This study revealed somatic mutations in genes with relevant functions for tumorigenesis, such as BRAF, BCR, CREB3L2, DNMT1, IRS2, MSH6, and TP53. We also identified novel somatic gene alterations which may be potentially involved in PTC progression. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the cellular response to hormone stimulus, epigenetic modifications, such as protein/histone methylation and protein alkylation, as well as MAPK, PI3K-AKT, and FoxO/mTOR signaling pathways, were significantly altered in the PTCs studied here. Moreover, Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis of our mutated gene selection highlighted EP300, KRAS, PTEN, and TP53 as major core genes. The correlation between gene mutations and clinicopathologic features of the PTCs defined by conventional ultrasonography (US) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) were assessed. These analyses established significant associations between subgroups of mutations and respectively taller-than-wide, calcified, and peak time iso- or hypo-enhanced and metastatic PTCs. In conclusion, our study supplements the genomic landscape of PTCs and identifies new actionable target candidates and clinicopathology-associated mutations. Extension of this study to larger cohorts will help define comprehensive genomic aberrations in PTCs and validate target candidates. These new targets may open methods of individualized treatments adapted to the clinicopathologic specifics of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyue Qi
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Xin Rong
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Qingling Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Hongguang Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Imaging Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Linhai Zhu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China
| | - Qiu Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China.,Central Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, Yangzhou University, China
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12
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Tan J, Liu L, Zuo Z, Song B, Cai T, Ding D, Lu Y, Ye X. Overexpression of novel long intergenic non‑coding RNA LINC02454 is associated with a poor prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1489-1501. [PMID: 32945494 PMCID: PMC7448410 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been revealed from microarray data analysis that long intergenic non-coding RNA 02454 (LINC02454) is highly expressed in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The aim of the present study was to explore the potential role of LINC02454 in the tumorigenesis of PTC. The mRNA expression levels of LINC02454 were assessed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the GSE66783 cohort in thyroid cancer, and were validated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in 104 patients with PTC recruited in the present study. The association between the LINC02454 mRNA expression levels and the clinicopathological features of the 104 patients with PTC were also analyzed. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted on the differentially expressed genes in the high and low LINC02454 expression groups that were identified from the TCGA cohort. RNA interference, using short interfering (si)RNA against LINC02454, was used to investigate the role of LINC02454 in the biological functions of PTC cells in vitro. The expression level of LINC02454 was significantly increased in PTC tissues (P=0.0011) and was significantly associated with a larger tumor size, T stage, an advanced TNM stage and an increased lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), which was consistent with that in the TCGA and GSE66783 cohort. High expression levels of LINC02454 were observed in patients with PTC that also had BRAF mutations (P<0.001), and were significantly associated with a poorer disease-free survival in the TCGA cohort (P<0.05). Functional enrichment analysis indicated that LINC02454-related genes were significantly enriched in Gene Ontology terms, such as ‘positive regulation of cell proliferation’, ‘positive regulation of cell division’ and ‘cell adhesion’, and the following Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways: ‘Pathways in cancer’ ‘proteoglycans in cancer’ and ‘ECM-receptor interaction’. In vitro, the knockdown of LINC02454 markedly arrested the cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and also led to an overall increase in apoptosis, as well as to an unexpected decrease in cell proliferation. LINC02454 may thus potentially function as an oncogene, which inhibits the apoptosis and enhances proliferation of PTC cells. Thus, as suggested by the findings of the present study, LINC02454 may be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for PTC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Dafa Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Yibing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
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13
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Kamakura D, Asano R, Kawai H, Yasunaga M. Mechanism of action of a T cell-dependent bispecific antibody as a breakthrough immunotherapy against refractory colorectal cancer with an oncogenic mutation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:177-188. [PMID: 32666260 PMCID: PMC7838078 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell-dependent bispecific antibody (TDB)-induced T cell activation, which can eliminate tumor cells independent of MHC engagement, is expected to be a novel breakthrough immunotherapy against refractory cancer. However, the mechanism of action of TDBs has not been fully elucidated thus far. We focused on TDB-induced T cell-tumor cell contact as an important initial step in direct T cell-mediated tumor cell killing via transport of cytotoxic cell proteases (e.g., granzymes) with or without immunological synapse formation. Using an anti-EGFR/CD3 TDB, hEx3, we visualized and quantified T cell-tumor cell contact and demonstrated a correlation between the degree of cell contact and TDB efficacy. We also found that cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) secreted by activated T cells, damaged tumor cells in a cell contact-independent manner. Moreover, therapeutic experiences clearly indicated that hEx3, unlike conventional anti-EGFR antibodies, was effective against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with mutant KRAS, BRAF, or PIK3CA. In a pharmacokinetic analysis, T cells spread gradually in accordance with the hEx3 distribution within tumor tissue. Accordingly, we propose that TDBs should have four action steps: 1st, passive targeting via size-dependent tumor accumulation; 2nd, active targeting via specific binding to tumor cells; 3rd, T cell redirection toward tumor cells; and 4th, TDB-induced cell contact-dependent (direct) or -independent (indirect) tumor cell killing. Finally, our TDB hEx3 may be a promising reagent against refractory CRC with an oncogenic mutation associated with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kamakura
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.,Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawai
- Research and Development Department, LPIXEL Inc., Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasunaga
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
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14
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He L, Guo S, Zhu T, Chen C, Xu K. Down-Regulation of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway Mediates the Effects of the Paeonol-Platinum(II) Complex in Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cells and Mouse SW1736 Tumor Xenografts. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922561. [PMID: 32594094 PMCID: PMC7341900 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the effects of the paeonol-platinum(II) (PL-Pt[II]) complex on SW1736 human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line and the BHP7-13 human thyroid papillary carcinoma cell line in vitro and on mouse SW1736 tumor xenografts in vivo. Material/Methods The cytotoxic effects of the PL-Pt(II) complex on SW1736 cells and BHP7-13 cells was measured using the MTT assay. Western blot measured the expression levels of cyclins, cell apoptotic proteins, and signaling proteins. DNA content and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. SW1736 cell thyroid tumor xenografts were established in mice followed by treatment with the PL-Pt(II) complex. Results Treatment of the SW1736 and BHP7-13 cells with the PL-Pt(II) complex reduced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 1.25 μM and 1.0 μM, respectively, and increased the cell fraction in G0/G1phase, inhibited p53, cyclin D1, promoted p27 and p21 expression, and significantly increased the sub-G1 fraction. Treatment with the PL-Pt(II) complex increased caspase-3 degradation, reduced the expression of p-4EBP1, p-4E-BP1 and p-S6, and reduced the expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT. Treatment with the PL-Pt(II) complex reduced the volume of the SW1736 mouse tumor xenografts on day 14 and day 21, and reduced AKT phosphorylation and S6 protein expression and increased degradation of caspase-3. Conclusions The cytotoxic effects of the PL-Pt(II) complex in human thyroid carcinoma cells, including activation of apoptosis and an increased sub-G1 cell fraction of the cell cycle, were mediated by down-regulation of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Song Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Taiyang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Kun Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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15
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Wang C, Zhang R, Tan J, Meng Z, Zhang Y, Li N, Wang H, Chang J, Wang R. Effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles co‑loading with 17‑AAG and Torin2 on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma by targeting VEGFR2. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:1491-1502. [PMID: 32323855 PMCID: PMC7108023 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a highly aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis and a low median survival rate because of insufficient effective therapeutic modalities. Recently, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as a green non-toxic and safe nanomaterial have shown advantages to be a drug carrier and to modify the targeting group to the targeted therapy. To aim of the study was to explore the effects of MSNs co-loading with 17-allylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG; HSP90 inhibitor) and 9-(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2(1H)-one (Torin2; mTOR inhibitor) by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) on the viability of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma FRO cells. The cytotoxicity of 17-AAG and Torin2 were analyzed by MTT assay. The possible synergistic antitumor effects between 17-AAG and Torin2 were evaluated by CompuSyn software. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the VEGFR2 targeting of (17-AAG+Torin2)@MSNs-anti-VEGFR2 ab and uptake by FRO cells. An ATC xenograft mouse model was established to assess the antitumor effect of (17-AAG+Torin2)@MSNs-anti-VEGFR2 ab in vivo. The results revealed that the combination of 17-AAG and Torin2 inhibited the growth of FRO cells more effectively compared with single use of these agents. Additionally, the synergistic antitumor effect appeared when concentration ratio of the two drugs was 1:1 along with total drug concentration greater than 0.52 µM. Furthermore, in an ATC animal model, it was revealed that the (17-AAG+Torin2)@MSNs-anti-VEGFR2 ab therapy modality could most effectively prolong the median survival time [39.5 days vs. 33.0 days (non-targeted) or 27.5 days (control)]. Compared to (17-AAG+Torin2)@MSNs, the (17-AAG+Torin2)@MSNs-anti-VEGFR2 ab could not only inhibit ATC cell growth but also prolong the median survival time of tumor-bearing mice in vivo and vitro more effectively, which may provide a new promising therapy for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Ruiguo Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yueqian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hanjie Wang
- Institute of Nanobiotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Jin Chang
- Institute of Nanobiotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Renfei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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16
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Li J, Jiang L, Liu Z, Li Y, Xu Y, Liu H. Oncogenic pseudogene DUXAP10 knockdown suppresses proliferation and invasion and induces apoptosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells by inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1473-1483. [PMID: 32215944 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pseudogenes, another novel group of non-coding segments without protein-coding capacity, are closely associated with tumourigenesis and cancer progression. Double homeoboxA pseudogene 10 (DUXAP10) is reported to be robustly expressed in thyroid carcinoma. However, the functional role and underlying mechanism of DUXAP10 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) progression remain undefined. DUXAP10 expression in PTC cells was detected by qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation and invasion were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Transwell invasion assay, respectively. Apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry. Protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, protein kinase B (Akt), phosphorylated Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and phosphorylated mTOR was examined by western blot. Results showed that DUXAP10 was significantly overexpressed in PTC cells compared with normal thyroid follicular epithelium cells. DUXAP10 silencing suppressed cell proliferation and invasive ability, reduced the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and increased apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity in PTC cells. Additionally, the Akt/mTOR pathway was inhibited following DUXAP10 knockdown in PTC cells. Activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway by 740Y-P and MHY1485 attenuated DUXAP10 knockdown-induced proliferation reduction, invasion suppression and apoptosis in PTC cells. In conclusion, DUXAP10 knockdown suppressed proliferation and invasion and induced apoptosis in PTC cells at least partially by inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanguo Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
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17
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Jiang N, Yang Y, Zhao G, Yuan Q, Liu Z, Wang X, Geng Z, Jia M, Zheng J, Lu X, Yue J, Fan Y. Knockout of ASAP1 induces autophagy in papillary thyroid carcinoma by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152950. [PMID: 32307199 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to lymph node metastasis and infiltration, surgery for PTC (papillary thyroid carcinoma) is a high-risk treatment strategy. Our work reports for the first time that ASAP1 (ArfGAP with SH3 Domain, Ankyrin Repeat and PH Domain 1) is highly expressed in PTC and that its high expression is related to autophagy. Autophagy and ASAP1 expression in 40 PTC tissues and normal tissues were detected by immunofluorescence. We used the lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 nickase to generate stable cell lines. The difference in autophagy levels between the ASAP1 KO group and the control group was determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. We added chloroquine (CQ) to verify that ASAP1 increased the formation of autophagosomes rather than reducing their degradation. The expression of mTOR activity-related proteins (P-P70S6K, P-MTOR) was studied by Western blotting. ASAP1 was upregulated while autophagy was downregulated in PTC tissues compared to normal tissues. Knockout of ASAP1 induced autophagy in both MDA-T32 and MDA-T85 cells. Knockout of ASAP1 attenuated the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Our studies demonstrated that ASAP1 is upregulated while autophagy is reduced in PTC tissues. In addition, knockout of ASAP1 induces autophagy in PTC by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Jiang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Guannan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Center for Cancer Research, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Qingling Yuan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Zushi Geng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Meng Jia
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Xiubo Lu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Center for Cancer Research, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Yuxia Fan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
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18
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Kari S, Vasko VV, Priya S, Kirschner LS. PKA Activates AMPK Through LKB1 Signaling in Follicular Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:769. [PMID: 31798532 PMCID: PMC6874117 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer affects about one percent of the population, and has seen rising incidence in recent years. Follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) comprises 10-15% of all thyroid cancers. Although FTC is often localized, it can behave aggressively with hematogenous metastasis, leading to an increased risk of cancer death. We previously described a mouse model for FTC caused by tissue-specific ablation of the Protein Kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit Prkar1a, either by itself or in combination with knockout of Pten. Loss of Prkar1a causes enhanced activity of PKA, whereas ablation of Pten causes activation of Akt signaling. At the molecular level, these genetic manipulations caused activation of mTOR signaling, which was also observed in human FTC cases. To understand the mechanism by which PKA activates mTOR, we began by studying intracellular kinases known to modulate mTOR function. Although AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) has been characterized as a negative regulator of mTOR activity, our tumor model exhibited activation of both AMPK and mTOR. To understand the mechanism by which AMPK was turned on, we next studied kinases known to cause its phosphorylation. In this paper, we report that PKA leads to AMPK activation through the LKB1 kinase. Although LKB1 has traditionally been considered a tumor suppressor, our data indicates that it may have a complex role in the thyroid gland, where its activation appears to be frequently associated with follicular thyroid carcinoma in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kari
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vasyl V. Vasko
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shivam Priya
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lawrence S. Kirschner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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19
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Targeting glutaminase-mediated glutamine dependence in papillary thyroid cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:777-790. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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mTOR Pathway in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Different Contributions of mTORC1 and mTORC2 Complexes for Tumor Behavior and SLC5A5 mRNA Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051448. [PMID: 29757257 PMCID: PMC5983778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is overactivated in thyroid cancer (TC). We previously demonstrated that phospho-mTOR expression is associated with tumor aggressiveness, therapy resistance, and lower mRNA expression of SLC5A5 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), while phospho-S6 (mTORC1 effector) expression was associated with less aggressive clinicopathological features. The distinct behavior of the two markers led us to hypothesize that mTOR activation may be contributing to a preferential activation of the mTORC2 complex. To approach this question, we performed immunohistochemistry for phospho-AKT Ser473 (mTORC2 effector) in a series of 182 PTCs previously characterized for phospho-mTOR and phospho-S6 expression. We evaluated the impact of each mTOR complex on SLC5A5 mRNA expression by treating cell lines with RAD001 (mTORC1 blocker) and Torin2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2 blocker). Phospho-AKT Ser473 expression was positively correlated with phospho-mTOR expression. Nuclear expression of phospho-AKT Ser473 was significantly associated with the presence of distant metastases. Treatment of cell lines with RAD001 did not increase SLC5A5 mRNA levels, whereas Torin2 caused a ~6 fold increase in SLC5A5 mRNA expression in the TPC1 cell line. In PTC, phospho-mTOR activation may lead to the activation of the mTORC2 complex. Its downstream effector, phospho-AKT Ser473, may be implicated in distant metastization, therapy resistance, and downregulation of SLC5A5 mRNA expression.
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21
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Tang H, Zhang Y. Identification and bioinformatics analysis of overlapping differentially expressed genes in depression, papillary thyroid cancer and uterine fibroids. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4810-4816. [PMID: 29805500 PMCID: PMC5952074 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that there may be common characteristics between the genetic regulatory networks of different diseases. To identify these potential similarities, analysis of overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in several diseases, which are believed to be associated in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was performed in the present study. The gene expression profiles associated with depression, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and uterine fibroids (UF) were preliminarily analyzed using Gene Expression Omnibus 2R tools. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis of the overlapping DEGs in depression, PTC and UF was performed. The results indicated that multiple genes, including activating transcription factor 3 and WSC domain containing 2 and the phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase b signaling pathway and its downstream effectors may be common factors associated with depression, PTC and/or UF. The neuroendocrine functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis were also identified as being mutually associated with depression, PTC and/or UF. However, due to the limitations of DNA microassays, it is recommended that future studies take epigenetics into consideration. Further transcriptomic, methylomic and metabolomic analyses of depression, PTC and UF are also required to identify and elucidate the key associated biomarkers. In conclusion, the results of the current study shed light on the potential genetic interconnections between depression, PTC and UF, which may be beneficial for understanding their underlying coregulatory mechanisms and contributing to the development of homeotherapy based on bioinformatics prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- The Diagnostic Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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22
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Curatolo P, Moavero R, van Scheppingen J, Aronica E. mTOR dysregulation and tuberous sclerosis-related epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18:185-201. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1428562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Curatolo
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Moavero
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Child Neurology Unit, Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), The Netherlands
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23
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Rashid FA, Mansoor Q, Tabassum S, Aziz H, Arfat WO, Naoum GE, Ismail M, Farooqi AA. Signaling cascades in thyroid cancer: Increasing the armory of archers to hit bullseye. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3798-3808. [PMID: 29243843 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a multifaceted and therapeutically challenging disease and rapidly accumulating experimentally verified findings have considerably improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms which underlie its development. Substantial fraction of information has been added into existing landscape of molecular oncology and we have started to develop a sharper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of thyroid cancer. Wealth of information demystified different intracellular signaling cascades which are frequently deregulated in thyroid cancer. In vitro assays and xenografted mice based studies have helped us to identify drug targets and different synthetic and natural products are currently being tested to effectively treat thyroid cancer. Cabozantinib and vandetanib have been approved to treat medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and two agents (lenvatinib and sorafenib) are also being used to treat radioactive-iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. This review comprehensively summarizes most recent advancements in our knowledge related to dysregulated intracellular signaling cascades in thyroid cancer and how different proteins can be therapeutically exploited. (1) We discuss how loss of TRAIL mediated apoptosis occurred in thyroid cancer cells and how different strategies can be used to restore apoptosis in resistant cancer cells; (2) We provide detailed account of seemingly opposite roles of NOTCH signaling in thyroid cancers; (3) TGF/SMAD mediated signaling also needs detailed research because of context dependent role in thyroid cancer. Researchers have only begun to scratch the surface of how TGF signaling works in thyroid cancer and metastasis; and (4) Role of SHH signaling in thyroid cancer stem cells is also well appreciated and targeting of SHH pathway will be an important aspect in treatment of thyroid cancer. Better concepts and improved knowledge will be helpful for clinicians in getting a step closer to individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Abdul Rashid
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Qaisar Mansoor
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Tabassum
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Aziz
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, H-10 Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waleed O Arfat
- Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer Center, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - George E Naoum
- Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer Center, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Radiation oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
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24
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Pópulo H, Nunes B, Sampaio C, Batista R, Pinto MT, Gaspar TB, Miranda-Alves L, Cai RZ, Zhang XY, Schally AV, Sobrinho-Simões M, Soares P. Inhibitory Effects of Antagonists of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) in Thyroid Cancer. Discov Oncol 2017; 8:314-324. [PMID: 28924876 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a peptide hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary. The extra-hypothalamic GHRH and its cognate receptors (GHRHR and splice variants) play a mitogenic role by stimulating cell proliferation and preventing apoptotic cell death. It is well established that GHRH antagonists inhibit the growth, tumorigenicity, and metastasis of various human malignancies. In this work, we studied the effect of two new GHRH antagonists, MIA602 and MIA690, on thyroid cancer. We studied the effect of MIA602 and MIA690 on thyroid cancer in vitro, using human thyroid cancer cell lines, and in vivo, using chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays. We found that mRNA for GHRH and GHRH receptor is expressed in thyroid cell lines and in samples of thyroid tumors. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of GHRHR protein in specimens of thyroid tumor. We observed that GHRH antagonists inhibited the growth and increased apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells. In vivo, the antagonists inhibited growth and angiogenesis of engrafted thyroid tumors. Our results suggest that GHRH expression may play a role in growth of thyroid cancer and that GHRH antagonists can be a therapeutic option for thyroid cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pópulo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Experimental Endocrinology-GPEEx Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristina Sampaio
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Batista
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Teixeira Pinto
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago B Gaspar
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Experimental Endocrinology-GPEEx Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ren-Zhi Cai
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Hematology-Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xian Yang Zhang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Hematology-Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Hematology-Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Divisions of Endocrinology and Hematology-Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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25
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Nozhat Z, Hedayati M. PI3K/AKT Pathway and Its Mediators in Thyroid Carcinomas. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 20:13-26. [PMID: 26597586 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid malignancies are the most common endocrine system carcinomas, with four histopathological forms. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B/AKT (PI3K-PKB/AKT) pathway is one of the most critical molecular signaling pathways implicated in key cellular processes. Its continuous activation by several aberrant receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and genetic mutations in its downstream effectors result in high cell proliferation in a broad number of cancers, including thyroid carcinomas. In this review article, the role of different signaling pathways of PI3K/AKT in thyroid cancers, with the emphasis on the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), PI3K/AKT/forkhead box O (FOXO) and PI3K/AKT/phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) pathways, and various therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways have been summarized. In most of the in vitro studies, agents inhibiting mTOR in monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy for thyroid malignancies have been introduced as promising anticancer therapies. FOXOs and PTEN are two outstanding downstream targets of the PI3K/AKT pathway. At the present time, no study has been undertaken to consider thyroid cancer treatment via FOXOs and PTEN targeting. According to the critical role of these proteins in cell cycle arrest, it seems that a treatment strategy based on the combination of FOXOs or PTEN activity induction with PI3K/AKT downstream mediators (e.g., mTOR) inhibition will be beneficial and promising in thyroid cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nozhat
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Kakkar A, Majumdar A, Kumar A, Tripathi M, Pathak P, Sharma MC, Suri V, Tandon V, Chandra SP, Sarkar C. Alterations in BRAF gene, and enhanced mTOR and MAPK signaling in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs). Epilepsy Res 2016; 127:141-151. [PMID: 27599148 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, BRAF V600E mutation, and activation of mTOR and MAPK pathways have been identified in various glial/glioneuronal tumors. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs) are epilepsy-associated glioneuronal neoplasms which have not been analyzed extensively in this respect. METHODS Sequencing for BRAF V600E mutation, analysis of BRAF copy number by qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry for mTOR (p-S6, p-4EBP1) and MAPK (p-MAPK) pathways were performed. RESULTS Sixty-four DNTs were identified, accounting for 15.1% of patients with drug-refractory epilepsy (mean age: 15.5 years). Duration of seizures ranged from 1 to 22 years. BRAF V600E mutation was identified in 3.7% of DNTs, while BRAF copy number gain was observed in 33.3%. mTOR-pathway activation indicated by p-S6 or p-4EBP1 immunopositivity was seen in 89.7% cases. Interestingly, p-S6 positivity was also seen in adjacent dysplastic cortex. p-MAPK immunopositivity was seen in 50% cases. MAPK and mTOR pathway activation was independent of BRAF alterations. All patients that underwent incomplete resection had Engel grade II-III outcomes (p<0.001). CONCLUSION BRAF alterations are frequent in DNTs, particularly BRAF copy number gain which is being reported for the first time in these tumors. Evidence of activation of mTOR and MAPK pathways suggests a role for altered signalling in DNT pathogenesis, and will pave the way for development of targeted therapies, particularly relevant for patients having persistent seizures after incomplete resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Kakkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atreye Majumdar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Pathak
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Tandon
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarat P Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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27
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Tavares C, Coelho MJ, Melo M, da Rocha AG, Pestana A, Batista R, Salgado C, Eloy C, Ferreira L, Rios E, Sobrinho-Simões M, Soares P. pmTOR is a marker of aggressiveness in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Surgery 2016; 160:1582-1590. [PMID: 27574774 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the mTOR pathway has been observed in thyroid cancer, but the biologic consequences regarding tumor behavior and patient prognosis remain poorly explored. METHODS We aimed to evaluate the associations of the mTOR pathway with clinicopathologic and molecular features and prognosis through the immunocharacterization of pmTOR and pS6 expression (as readouts of the pathway) in a series of 191 papillary thyroid carcinomas. RESULTS pmTOR expression was associated with distant metastases (P = .05) and persistence of disease (P = .05). Cases with greater expression of pmTOR were submitted to more 131I treatments (r[102] = 0.2; P = .02) and a greater cumulative dose of radioactive iodine (r[100] = 0.3; P = .01). Positive pmTOR expression showed to be an independent risk factor for distant metastases (odds ratio = 18.2; 95% confidence interval 2.1-157.9; P = .01). In contrast, pS6 expression was associated with absence of extrathyroid extension (P = .001), well-defined tumor margins (P = .05), and wild-type BRAF status (P = .01). There was no correlation between the expression of pmTOR and pS6 expression (r[140] = 0.1; P = .3). CONCLUSION pmTOR expression is an indicator of aggressive, metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma, being possibly implicated in refractoriness to therapy, while pS6 expression is associated with less aggressive pathologic features. Further studies are needed to understand better the biologic consequences of activation of the mTOR pathway in the behavior of thyroid cancer, namely the contribution of other pmTOR downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Tavares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Coelho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar of the University of Porto (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Melo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University and Hospital Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Gaspar da Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; University and Hospital Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Pestana
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Batista
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Salgado
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Eloy
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Rios
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Hospital de S.João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Hospital de S.João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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28
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Cazarin JM, Coelho RG, Hecht F, Andrade BM, Carvalho DP. 5'-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Papillary (TPC-1 and BCPAP) Thyroid Cancer Cell Survival, Migration, Invasion, and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Thyroid 2016; 26:933-42. [PMID: 27121619 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC) are associated with a good prognosis and a high survival rate. However, tumor recurrence occurs in approximately 20-30% of DTC patients, reinforcing the importance of identifying new molecular targets for cancer management. It has been shown that the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is over-activated in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). This study aimed to investigate the effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside (AICAR), an AMPK activator, on various aspects of thyroid cancer cell behavior, including cell survival, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in the human thyroid cancer cell lines BCPAP and TPC-1. METHODS BCPAP and TPC-1 cells were cultivated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, and the non-tumor-derived cell line Nthy-ORI was grown in RPMI. Cells were treated or not with AICAR for different periods of time. The cell growth rate, cell cycle phase, apoptosis, cell migration, and invasion were analyzed using transwell inserts, and EMT was quantified by the expression of mesenchymal and epithelial markers. RESULTS AMPK is activated in thyroid cancer cell lines, and AICAR treatment further increased AMPK phosphorylation. After 48 hours of AICAR treatment, the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase decreased, and a G0/G1-phase arrest was induced in both cell lines. AMPK activation effectively induced apoptosis in the BCPAP and TPC-1 cancer cell lines, while no apoptosis induction was observed in Nthy-ORI cells. AICAR also reduced the migration of Nthy-ORI and BCPAP cells by 30% and approximately 60% in TPC-1 cells. AICAR had no effect on cell invasion in Nthy-ORI and TPC-1 cells, but a significant reduction of cell invasion was observed in BCPAP cells. AICAR induced a significant reduction of N-cadherin and no changes in the expression of vimentin or TCF/Zeb1 protein in BCPAP cells. No differences in the expression of EMT markers were found in the AICAR-treated Nthy-ORI cells. A remarkable reduction of vimentin, TCF/Zeb1, and N-cadherin protein expression was detected in the TPC-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased activation of AMPK in PTC cell lines leads to a strong antitumor response, as measured by the inhibition of cell proliferation, cell migration, and induction of cell death. AMPK activation also reverses EMT in TPC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Cazarin
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Coelho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hecht
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Andrade
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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Craps J, Joris V, De Jongh B, Sonveaux P, Horman S, Lengelé B, Bertrand L, Many MC, Colin IM, Gérard AC. Involvement of mTOR and Regulation by AMPK in Early Iodine Deficiency-Induced Thyroid Microvascular Activation. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2545-59. [PMID: 27035650 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency (ID) induces TSH-independent microvascular activation in the thyroid via the reactive oxygen species/nitric oxide-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. We hypothesized the additional involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a positive regulator of this pathway and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a negative feedback regulator to explain the transient nature of ID-induced microvascular changes under nonmalignant conditions. mTOR and AMPK involvement was investigated using an in vitro model (human thyrocytes in primary cultures) and 2 murine models of goitrogenesis (normal NMRI and RET-PTC mice [a papillary thyroid cancer model]). In NMRI mice, ID had no effect on the phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K), a downstream target of mTOR. However, rapamycin inhibited ID-induced thyroid blood flow and VEGF protein expression. In the RET-PTC model, ID strongly increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K, whereas rapamycin completely inhibited the ID-induced increase in p70S6K phosphorylation, thyroid blood flow, and VEGF-A expression. In vitro, although ID increased p70S6K phosphorylation, the ID-stimulated hypoxia-inducible factor/VEGF pathway was inhibited by rapamycin. Activation of AMPK by metformin inhibited ID effects both in vivo and in vitro. In AMPK-α1 knockout mice, the ID-induced increase in thyroid blood flow and VEGF-A protein expression persisted throughout the treatment, whereas both parameters returned to control values in wild-type mice after 4 days of ID. In conclusion, mTOR is required for early ID-induced thyroid microvascular activation. AMPK negatively regulates this pathway, which may account for the transient nature of ID-induced TSH-independent vascular effects under benign conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Craps
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - V Joris
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - B De Jongh
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - P Sonveaux
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - S Horman
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - B Lengelé
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - L Bertrand
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - M-C Many
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - I M Colin
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - A-C Gérard
- Pôle de Morphologie (J.C., B.D.J., B.L., M.-C.M., I.M.C., A.-C.G.), de Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique (V.J., P.S.), de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (S.H., L.B.), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, and Institut des Sciences de la Vie (A.-C.G.), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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Plantinga TS, Tesselaar MH, Morreau H, Corssmit EPM, Willemsen BK, Kusters B, van Engen-van Grunsven ACH, Smit JWA, Netea-Maier RT. Autophagy activity is associated with membranous sodium iodide symporter expression and clinical response to radioiodine therapy in non-medullary thyroid cancer. Autophagy 2016; 12:1195-205. [PMID: 27105307 PMCID: PMC4990989 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1174802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) generally has a good prognosis, 30-40% of patients with distant metastases develop resistance to radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy due to tumor dedifferentiation. For these patients, treatment options are limited and prognosis is poor. In the present study, expression and activity of autophagy was assessed in large sets of normal, benign and malignant tissues and was correlated with pathology, SLC5A5/hNIS (solute carrier family 5 member 5) protein expression, and with clinical response to RAI ablation therapy in NMTC patients. Fluorescent immunostaining for the autophagy marker LC3 was performed on 100 benign and 80 malignant thyroid tissues. Semiquantitative scoring was generated for both diffuse LC3-I intensity and number of LC3-II-positive puncta and was correlated with SLC5A5 protein expression and clinical parameters. Degree of diffuse LC3-I intensity and number of LC3-II-positive puncta scoring were not discriminative for benign vs. malignant thyroid lesions. Interestingly, however, in NMTC patients significant associations were observed between diffuse LC3-I intensity and LC3-II-positive puncta scoring on the one hand and clinical response to RAI therapy on the other hand (odds ratio [OR] = 3.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.91-5.12, P = 0.01; OR = 5.68, 95%CI = 3.02-10.05, P = 0.002, respectively). Mechanistically, the number of LC3-II-positive puncta correlated with membranous SLC5A5 expression (OR = 7.71, 95%CI = 4.15-11.75, P<0.001), number of RAI treatments required to reach remission (P = 0.014), cumulative RAI dose (P = 0.026) and with overall remission and recurrence rates (P = 0.031). In conclusion, autophagy activity strongly correlates with clinical response of NMTC patients to RAI therapy, potentially by its capacity to maintain tumor cell differentiation and to preserve functional iodide uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo S Plantinga
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,b Division of Endocrinology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Department of Pathology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Marika H Tesselaar
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,b Division of Endocrinology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Department of Pathology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- d Department of Pathology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora P M Corssmit
- e Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Brigith K Willemsen
- c Department of Pathology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Benno Kusters
- c Department of Pathology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes W A Smit
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,b Division of Endocrinology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,b Division of Endocrinology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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31
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Jeon MJ, Kim WG, Lim S, Choi HJ, Sim S, Kim TY, Shong YK, Kim WB. Alpha lipoic acid inhibits proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition of thyroid cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:113-23. [PMID: 26463583 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring short-chain fatty acid, α-lipoic acid (ALA) is a powerful antioxidant which is clinically used for treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Recent studies suggested the possibility of ALA as a potential anti-cancer agent, because it could activate adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibit transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathway. In this study, we evaluate the effects of ALA on thyroid cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. We performed in vitro cell proliferation analysis using BCPAP, HTH-83, CAL-62 and FTC-133 cells. ALA suppressed thyroid cancer cell proliferation through activation of AMPK and subsequent down-regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-S6 signaling pathway. Low-dose ALA, which had minimal effects on cell proliferation, also decreased cell migration and invasion of BCPAP, CAL-62 and HTH-83 cells. ALA inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) evidently by increase of E-cadherin and decreases of activated β-catenin, vimentin, snail, and twist in these cells. ALA suppressed TGFβ production and inhibited induction of p-Smad2 and twist by TGFβ1 or TGFβ2. These findings indicate that ALA reduces cancer cell migration and invasion through suppression of TGFβ production and inhibition of TGFβ signaling pathways in thyroid cancer cells. ALA also significantly suppressed tumor growth in mouse xenograft model using BCPAP and FTC-133 cells. This is the first study to show anti-cancer effect of ALA on thyroid cancer cells. ALA could be a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of advanced thyroid cancer, possibly as an adjuvant therapy with other systemic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Gu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seonhee Lim
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Soyoung Sim
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Kee Shong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Bae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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32
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Vaisman F, Carvalho DP, Vaisman M. A new appraisal of iodine refractory thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R301-10. [PMID: 26307020 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing all over the world - mostly due to an increase in the detection of small tumors that were previously undetected. A small percentage of these tumors lose the ability to uptake and/or to respond to radioiodine (RAI) therapy, especially in metastatic patients. There are several new therapeutic options that have emerged in the last 5 years to treat RAI refractory thyroid cancer patients, however, it is very important to properly identify RAI refractory patients and to clarify those appropriate for these treatments. In this review, we discuss the RAI refractory definitions and the criteria that have been suggested based on RAI uptake in the post therapy scan, as well as the response after RAI therapy and the possible molecular mechanisms involved in this process. We offer a review of the therapeutic options available at the moment and the therapeutic considerations based on a patient's individualized personal characteristics, primary tumor histology, tumor burden and location and velocity of lesion growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Vaisman
- Endocrinology ServiceNational Cancer Institute, Brazil Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 8° Floor, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20230-130, BrazilLaboratório de Fosiologia Endócrina Doris RosentalInstituto de Biofísica, Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, BrazilEndocrinology ServiceFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, HUCFF, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Endocrinology ServiceNational Cancer Institute, Brazil Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 8° Floor, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20230-130, BrazilLaboratório de Fosiologia Endócrina Doris RosentalInstituto de Biofísica, Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, BrazilEndocrinology ServiceFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, HUCFF, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Mario Vaisman
- Endocrinology ServiceNational Cancer Institute, Brazil Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, 8° Floor, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20230-130, BrazilLaboratório de Fosiologia Endócrina Doris RosentalInstituto de Biofísica, Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, BrazilEndocrinology ServiceFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, 9° Floor, HUCFF, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
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Rusinek D, Swierniak M, Chmielik E, Kowal M, Kowalska M, Cyplinska R, Czarniecka A, Piglowski W, Korfanty J, Chekan M, Krajewska J, Szpak-Ulczok S, Jarzab M, Widlak W, Jarzab B. BRAFV600E-Associated Gene Expression Profile: Early Changes in the Transcriptome, Based on a Transgenic Mouse Model of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143688. [PMID: 26625260 PMCID: PMC4666467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular mechanisms driving the papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are still poorly understood. The most frequent genetic alteration in PTC is the BRAFV600E mutation–its impact may extend even beyond PTC genomic profile and influence the tumor characteristics and even clinical behavior. Methods In order to identify BRAF-dependent signature of early carcinogenesis in PTC, a transgenic mouse model with BRAFV600E-induced PTC was developed. Mice thyroid samples were used in microarray analysis and the data were referred to a human thyroid dataset. Results Most of BRAF(+) mice developed malignant lesions. Nevertheless, 16% of BRAF(+) mice displayed only benign hyperplastic lesions or apparently asymptomatic thyroids. After comparison of non-malignant BRAF(+) thyroids to BRAF(−) ones, we selected 862 significantly deregulated genes. When the mouse BRAF-dependent signature was transposed to the human HG-U133A microarray, we identified 532 genes, potentially indicating the BRAF signature (representing early changes, not related to developed malignant tumor). Comparing BRAF(+) PTCs to healthy human thyroids, PTCs without BRAF and RET alterations and RET(+), RAS(+) PTCs, 18 of these 532 genes displayed significantly deregulated expression in all subgroups. All 18 genes, among them 7 novel and previously not reported, were validated as BRAFV600E-specific in the dataset of independent PTC samples, made available by The Cancer Genome Atlas Project. Conclusion The study identified 7 BRAF-induced genes that are specific for BRAF V600E-driven PTC and not previously reported as related to BRAF mutation or thyroid carcinoma: MMD, ITPR3, AACS, LAD1, PVRL3, ALDH3B1, and RASA1. The full signature of BRAF-related 532 genes may encompass other BRAF-related important transcripts and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Rusinek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michal Swierniak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
- Genomic Medicine, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Chmielik
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Kowal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kowalska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Renata Cyplinska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czarniecka
- Department of Oncological and Reconstructive Surgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piglowski
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Korfanty
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mykola Chekan
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jolanta Krajewska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sylwia Szpak-Ulczok
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Michal Jarzab
- III Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Widlak
- III Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
- II Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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Castro L, Alves S, Chaves SR, Costa JL, Soares P, Preto A. RAF-1 promotes survival of thyroid cancer cells harboring RET/PTC1 rearrangement independently of ERK activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:64-75. [PMID: 26265449 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is frequently associated with BRAF or RAS oncogenic mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements, with aberrant RAF-MEK-ERK and/or PI3K pathway activation. BRAF underlies ERK activation in most TC cells, but not in TPC-1 cells with RET/PTC1 rearrangement. Here, we show that depletion of RAF-1, a RAF family member with a poorly defined role in TC, decreases proliferation and increases apoptosis in TPC-1 cells and, less significantly, in cells harboring a BRAF(V600E) or HRAS(G13R) mutations, but without affecting ERK activation. We further demonstrate that constitutive activation of ERKs in TPC-1 cells is not caused by mutations in 50 oncogenes and tumor suppressors prone to activate the ERK pathway, or affected by inhibition of BRAF, MEK1/2 or PI3K. Our data indicate that RAF-1 is important for the survival of TPC-1 cells independently of the classical MEK1/2-ERK activation, offering new perspectives on RET/PTC signaling and for the therapy of thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Castro
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Alves
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana R Chaves
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - José Luis Costa
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Preto
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Zou M, Baitei EY, Al-Rijjal RA, Parhar RS, Al-Mohanna FA, Kimura S, Pritchard C, BinEssa H, Alanazi AA, Alzahrani AS, Akhtar M, Assiri AM, Meyer BF, Shi Y. KRAS(G12D)-mediated oncogenic transformation of thyroid follicular cells requires long-term TSH stimulation and is regulated by SPRY1. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1269-77. [PMID: 26146959 PMCID: PMC6289253 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS(G12D) can cause lung cancer rapidly, but is not sufficient to induce thyroid cancer. It is not clear whether long-term serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation can promote KRAS(G12D)-mediated thyroid follicular cell transformation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of long-term TSH stimulation in KRAS(G12D) knock-in mice and the role of Sprouty1 (SPRY1) in KRAS(G12D)-mediated signaling. We used TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice for thyroid-specific expression of KRAS(G12D) under the endogenous KRAS promoter. Twenty TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice were given anti-thyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU, 0.1% w/v) in drinking water to induce serum TSH and 20 mice were without PTU treatment. Equal number of wild-type littermates (TPO-KRAS(WT)) was given the same treatment. The expression of SPRY1, a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, was analyzed in both KRAS(G12D)-and BRAF(V600E)-induced thyroid cancers. Without PTU treatment, only mild thyroid enlargement and hyperplasia were observed in TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice. With PTU treatment, significant thyroid enlargement and hyperplasia occurred in both TPO-KRAS(G12D) and TPO-KRAS(WT) littermates. Thyroids from TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice were six times larger than TPO-KRAS(WT) littermates. Distinct thyroid histology was found between TPO-KRAS(G12D) and TPO-KRAS(WT) mice: thyroid from TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice showed hyperplasia with well-maintained follicular architecture whereas in TPO-KRAS(WT) mice this structure was replaced by papillary hyperplasia. Among 10 TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice monitored for 14 months, two developed follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), one with pulmonary metastasis. Differential SPRY1 expression was demonstrated: increased in FTC and reduced in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The increased SPRY1 expression in FTC promoted TSH-RAS signaling through PI3K/AKT pathway whereas downregulation of SPRY1 by BRAF(V600E) in PTC resulted in both MAPK and PI3K/AKT activation. We conclude that chronic TSH stimulation can enhance KRAS(G12D)-mediated oncogenesis, leading to FTC. SPRY1 may function as a molecular switch to control MAPK signaling and its downregulation by BRAF(V600E) favors PTC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Zou
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa Y Baitei
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua A Al-Rijjal
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit S Parhar
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan A Al-Mohanna
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catrin Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Huda BinEssa
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azizah A Alanazi
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Akhtar
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Assiri
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian F Meyer
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yufei Shi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
TOR (target of rapamycin) and its mammalian ortholog mTOR have been discovered in an effort to understand the mechanisms of action of the immunosuppressant drug rapamycin extracted from a bacterium of the Easter Island (Rapa Nui) soil. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase found in two functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which are differentially regulated by a great number of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, energy (oxygen and ATP/AMP content), growth factors, hormones, and neurotransmitters. mTOR controls many basic cellular functions such as protein synthesis, energy metabolism, cell size, lipid metabolism, autophagy, mitochondria, and lysosome biogenesis. In addition, mTOR-controlled signaling pathways regulate many integrated physiological functions of the nervous system including neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, memory storage, and cognition. Thus it is not surprising that deregulation of mTOR signaling is associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Preclinical and preliminary clinical studies indicate that inhibition of mTORC1 can be beneficial for some pathological conditions such as epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and brain tumors, whereas stimulation of mTORC1 (direct or indirect) can be beneficial for other pathologies such as depression or axonal growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Bockaert
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1191, Montpellier, France; and Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1191, Montpellier, France; and Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, France
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Barkovich AJ, Dobyns WB, Guerrini R. Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a022392. [PMID: 25934463 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are an important cause of epilepsy and an extremely interesting group of disorders from the perspective of brain development and its perturbations. Many new MCDs have been described in recent years as a result of improvements in imaging, genetic testing, and understanding of the effects of mutations on the ability of their protein products to correctly function within the molecular pathways by which the brain functions. In this review, most of the major MCDs are reviewed from a clinical, embryological, and genetic perspective. The most recent literature regarding clinical diagnosis, mechanisms of development, and future paths of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neurology, Pediatrics, and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0628
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
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Plews RL, Mohd Yusof A, Wang C, Saji M, Zhang X, Chen CS, Ringel MD, Phay JE. A novel dual AMPK activator/mTOR inhibitor inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E748-56. [PMID: 25710562 PMCID: PMC4422890 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Activated AMP protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of intracellular energy homeostasis and may also function as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell growth through suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70S6K signaling. AMPK activating agents, such as metformin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside, have been demonstrated to inhibit thyroid cancer cell growth in in vitro and in vivo models. OSU-53, a recently developed AMPK activator, was previously shown to exhibit both in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity against aggressive breast cancer cell lines and their xenografts in nude mice. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the in vitro effects of OSU-53 treatment in a panel of thyroid cancer cells. DESIGN Experiments were performed to determine the effects of OSU-53 on cell growth, oncogenic signaling, apoptosis, autophagy, and cell rescue after selective knockdown of AMPK. RESULTS OSU-53 inhibited in vitro cell growth of all seven thyroid cancer cells tested and induced activation of AMPK. Cell lines with activating mutations in RAS or BRAF, compared with cells with phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 null and RET/papillary thyroid carcinoma mutations, were more sensitive to drug treatment and demonstrated a more robust AMPK activation, inhibition of mTOR signaling, and autophagy stimulation. After selective knockdown of AMPK, cell rescue from OSU-53 treatment was not observed. We demonstrated an off-target effect of direct mTOR inhibition by OSU-53. Increased autophagy was observed in cells with activation RAS or BRAF mutations. CONCLUSIONS OSU-53, a novel dual-AMPK activator/mTOR inhibitor, effectively inhibits growth in a variety of thyroid cancer cell lines and is most potent in cells with activating mutations in RAS or BRAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Plews
- Division of Surgical Oncology (R.L.P., J.E.P.), Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (A.M.Y., C.W., M.S., M.D.R.), Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, and Division of Medicinal Chemistry (C.-S.C.), College of Pharmacy, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Center for Biostatistics (X.Z.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43221
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Crino PB. mTOR signaling in epilepsy: insights from malformations of cortical development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:5/4/a022442. [PMID: 25833943 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-signaling cascade has been identified in focal malformations of cortical development (MCD) subtypes, which have been collectively referred to as "mTORopathies." Mutations in mTOR regulatory genes (e.g., TSC1, TSC2, AKT3, DEPDC5) have been associated with several focal MCD highly associated with epilepsy such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), hemimegalencephaly (HME; brain malformation associated with dramatic enlargement of one brain hemisphere), and cortical dysplasia. mTOR plays important roles in the regulation of cell division, growth, and survival, and, thus, aberrant activation of the cascade during cortical development can cause dramatic alterations in cell size, cortical lamination, and axon and dendrite outgrowth often observed in focal MCD. Although it is widely believed that structural alterations induced by hyperactivated mTOR signaling are critical for epileptogenesis, newer evidence suggests that mTOR activation on its own may enhance neuronal excitability. Clinical trials with mTOR inhibitors have shown efficacy in the treatment of seizures associated with focal MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Crino
- Shriners Hospital Pediatric Research Center and Department of Neurology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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Deng L, Chen J, Zhong XR, Luo T, Wang YP, Huang HF, Yin LJ, Qiu Y, Bu H, Lv Q, Zheng H. Correlation between activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and prognosis of breast cancer in Chinese women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120511. [PMID: 25816324 PMCID: PMC4376391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) pathway, caused by PIK3CA mutation, KRAS mutation, PTEN loss, or AKT1 mutation, is one of the most frequent signaling abnormalities in breast carcinoma. However, distribution and frequencies of mutations in PAM pathway are unclear in breast cancer patients from the mainland of China and the correlation between these mutations and breast cancer outcome remains to be identified. Methods A total of 288 patients with invasive ductal breast cancer were recruited in this study. Mutations in PIK3CA (exons 4, 9 and 20), KRAS (exon 2) and AKT1 (exon 3) were detected using Sanger sequencing. PTEN loss was measured by immunohistochemistry assay. Correlations between these genetic aberrations and clinicopathological features were analyzed. Results The frequencies of PIK3CA mutation,
KRAS mutation, AKT1 mutation and PTEN loss were 15.6%, 1.8%, 4.4% and 35.3%, respectively. However, except for PTEN loss, which was tied to estrogen receptor (ER) status, these alterations were not associated with other clinicopathological features. Survival analysis demonstrated that PIK3CA mutation, PTEN loss and PAM pathway activation were not associated with disease-free survival (DFS). Subgroup analysis of patients with ER positive tumors revealed that PIK3CA mutation more strongly reduced DFS compared to wild-type PIK3CA (76.2% vs. 54.2%; P = 0.011). PIK3CA mutation was also an independent factor for bad prognosis in ER positive patients. Conclusions AKT1, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations and PTEN loss all exist in women with breast cancer in the mainland China. PIK3CA mutation may contribute to the poor outcome of ER positive breast carcinomas, providing evidence for the combination of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors and endocrine therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- China
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Middle Aged
- Mutation/genetics
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Deng
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Rong Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Fen Huang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Yin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Prabowo AS, Iyer AM, Veersema TJ, Anink JJ, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Ferrier CH, Thom M, Aronica E. Expression of neurodegenerative disease-related proteins and caspase-3 in glioneuronal tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:e1-e15. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Prabowo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. M. Iyer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - T. J. Veersema
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. J. Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. Y. N. Schouten-van Meeteren
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - W. G. M. Spliet
- Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience and Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - P. C. van Rijen
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - C. H. Ferrier
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - M. Thom
- Neuropathology Department; University College London Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | - E. Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; Center for Neuroscience; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- SEIN - Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland; Heemstede The Netherlands
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Onoda N, Nakamura M, Aomatsu N, Noda S, Kashiwagi S, Kurata K, Uchino S, Hirakawa K. Significant cytostatic effect of everolimus on a gefitinib-resistant anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line harboring PI3KCA gene mutation. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:522-526. [PMID: 26137260 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the efficacy of gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), on an anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell line. We also observed that gefitinib was not effective in regulating cell growth in a different ATC cell line that exhibited an altered EGFR-initiated signal transduction pathway. In the present study, we attempted to regulate the downstream effector of EGFR-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway by an mTOR inhibitor, everolimus. A total of 8 ATC cell lines were employed, 7 of which were established in our institute. OCUT-2 was known to carry a mutation in the phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, α polypeptide gene (PI3KCA) and to be gefitinib-resistant, whereas ACT-1 exhibited a remarkable growth arrest by gefitinib. All the cell lines were tested for the cytotoxic effect of everolimus. The mechanisms of cellular toxicity were investigated by EGFR stimulation, cell cycle and concurrent exposure to paclitaxel. In OCUT-2, but not in any of the other cell lines, everolimus achieved a significant growth inhibition (inhibition of 30 and 50% was achieved by concentrations of 0.8 and 5 nM, respectively). The growth in OCUT-2 was inhibited by everolimus, even with concordant EGFR stimulation. This effect was demonstrated by a G2M cell cycle arrest. An additive effect of everolimus onto the cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel was demonstrated at a dose of 1-2 nM. A significant growth inhibitory effect of everolimus on the gefitinib-resistant ATC cell line was demonstrated, suggesting a possible correlation between the efficacy of everolimus and PI3KCA gene mutation and the significance of molecular-targeted therapy in the management of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Onoda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Naoki Aomatsu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Satoru Noda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kashiwagi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kento Kurata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | | | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Moraitis D, Karanikou M, Liakou C, Dimas K, Tzimas G, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Patsouris E, Rassidakis GZ, Kouvaraki MA. SIN1, a critical component of the mTOR-Rictor complex, is overexpressed and associated with AKT activation in medullary and aggressive papillary thyroid carcinomas. Surgery 2014; 156:1542-8; discussion 1548-9. [PMID: 25456951 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) forms 2 active complexes in the cell: the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR-Raptor (mTORC1) and the rapamycin-insensitive mTOR-Rictor (mTORC2). The latter activates AKT kinase, which promotes tumor cell survival and proliferation by multiple downstream targets. Mammalian stress-activated protein kinase interacting protein 1 (SIN1), an essential subunit of the mTORC2 complex, maintains the integrity of the complex and substrate specificity and regulates Akt activation. The role of mTOR-Rictor complex activation in thyroid carcinogenesis remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated expression patterns of Sin1 in the cells lines of thyroid carcinoma and tumors and their association with AKT activation, histologic type, and tumor aggressiveness. METHODS Tissue specimens from 42 patients with thyroid cancer, including follicular (5), papillary (18), medullary (16), and poorly differentiated (3) carcinomas were analyzed via immunohistochemistry for SIN1 expression and AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 residue (Ser473-p-AKT). Eight of 18 papillary carcinomas were aggressive histologic variants. In addition, expression of Sin1 and activation of AKT kinase were analyzed in fresh-frozen tissue samples (normal/tumor), primary cell cultures (papillary thyroid carcinoma [PTC]), and an established thyroid cancer cell line (medullary thyroid carcinoma) by Western blotting. RESULTS With immunohistochemistry, we found that Sin1 was overexpressed in medullary thyroid carcinomas and aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma compared with conventional papillary and follicular carcinomas (P < .001). Sin1 expression correlated with AKT activation in the entire study group (P = .002). Using Western blot analysis, we found that Sin1 and p-AKT were detected at a greater level in cultured primary cells from aggressive PTC compared with conventional PTC as well as in cell lines of medullary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. High expression levels of SIN1 were detected in papillary thyroid carcinomas compared with benign nodules in immunoblots in which we used fresh-frozen patient samples. Two of the Sin1 protein isoforms, p76 and p55, were detected predominantly in PTC samples. CONCLUSION Sin1, a critical factor of the mTORC2 complex is overexpressed in clinically aggressive thyroid cancer types and is associated strongly with activation of AKT kinase. Sin1-dependent AKT activation might represent a target for experimental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Karanikou
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Chryssa Liakou
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Tzimas
- Department of Surgery, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Tseleni-Balafouta
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - George Z Rassidakis
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria A Kouvaraki
- Department of Surgery, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Endocrine Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Malaguarnera R, Chen KY, Kim TY, Dominguez JM, Voza F, Ouyang B, Vundavalli SK, Knauf JA, Fagin JA. Switch in signaling control of mTORC1 activity after oncoprotein expression in thyroid cancer cell lines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1976-87. [PMID: 25029414 PMCID: PMC4184069 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid growth is regulated by TSH and requires mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Thyroid cancers frequently exhibit mutations in MAPK and/or phosphoinositol-3-kinase-related kinase effectors. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to explore the contribution of RET/PTC, RAS, and BRAF to mTOR regulation and response to mTOR inhibitors. METHODS PCCL3 cells conditionally expressing RET/PTC3, HRAS(G12V), or BRAF(V600E) and human thyroid cancer cells harboring mutations of these genes were used to test pathways controlling mTOR and its requirement for growth. RESULTS TSH/cAMP-induced growth of PCCL3 cells requires mTOR, which is stimulated via protein kinase A in a MAPK kinase (MEK)- and AKT-independent manner. Expression of RET/PTC3, HRAS(G12V), or BRAF(V600E) in PCCL3 cells induces mTOR but does not entirely abrogate the cAMP-mediated control of its activity. Acute oncoprotein-induced mTOR activity is regulated by MEK and AKT, albeit to differing degrees. By contrast, mTOR was not activated by TSH/cAMP in human thyroid cancer cells. Tumor genotype did not predict the effects of rapamycin or the mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 on growth, with the exception of a PTEN-null cell line. Selective blockade of MEK did not influence mTOR activity of BRAF or RAS mutant cells. Combined MEK and mTOR kinase inhibition was synergistic on growth of BRAF- and RAS-mutant thyroid cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Thyroid cancer cells lose TSH/cAMP dependency of mTOR signaling and cell growth. mTOR activity is not decreased by the MEK or AKT inhibitors in the RAS or BRAF human thyroid cancer cell lines. This may account for the augmented effects of combining the mTOR inhibitors with selective antagonists of these oncogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.M., K.-Y.C., T.-Y.K., J.M.D., F.V., S.K.V., J.A.K., J.A.F.) and Department of Medicine (J.A.K., J.A.F.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; and Division of Endocrinology (B.O.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Santini F, Corrado A, Materazzi G, Ulisse S, Miccoli P, Antonelli A. Sorafenib and thyroid cancer. BioDrugs 2014; 27:615-28. [PMID: 23818056 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib (Nexavar) is a multikinase inhibitor, which has demonstrated both anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting the activity of targets present in the tumor cell [c-RAF (proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase), BRAF, (V600E)BRAF, c-KIT, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3] and in tumor vessels (c-RAF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β). For several years, sorafenib has been approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced renal cell carcinoma. After previous studies showing that sorafenib was able to inhibit oncogenic RET mutants, (V600E)BRAF, and angiogenesis and growth of orthotopic anaplastic thyroid cancer xenografts in nude mice, some clinical trials demonstrated the effectiveness of sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer. Currently, the evaluation of the clinical safety and efficacy of sorafenib for the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer is ongoing. This article reviews the anti-neoplastic effect of sorafenib in thyroid cancer. Several completed (or ongoing) studies have evaluated the long-term efficacy and tolerability of sorafenib in patients with papillary and medullary aggressive thyroid cancer. The results suggest that sorafenib is a promising therapeutic option in patients with advanced thyroid cancer that is not responsive to traditional therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Plantinga TS, Heinhuis B, Gerrits D, Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Hermus ARMM, Oyen WJG, Schweppe RE, Haugen BR, Boerman OC, Smit JWA, Netea-Maier RT. mTOR Inhibition promotes TTF1-dependent redifferentiation and restores iodine uptake in thyroid carcinoma cell lines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1368-75. [PMID: 24712572 PMCID: PMC5393487 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONCEPT Redifferentiation of thyroid carcinoma cells has the potential to increase the efficacy of radioactive iodine therapy in treatment-refractory, nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma (TC), leading to an improved disease outcome. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of cell fate affecting survival and differentiation, with autophagy and inflammation as prominent downstream pathways. METHODS The effects of mTOR inhibition were studied for its redifferentiation potential of the human TC cell lines BC-PAP, FTC133, and TPC1 by assessment of mRNA and protein expression of thyroid-specific genes and by performance of iodine uptake assays. RESULTS In thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1)-expressing cell lines, mTOR inhibition promoted redifferentiation of TC cells by the up-regulation of human sodium-iodine symporter mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, these cells exhibited markedly elevated iodine uptake capacity. Surprisingly, this redifferentiation process was not mediated by autophagy induced during mTOR inhibition or by inflammatory mediators but through transcriptional effects at the level of TTF1 expression. Accordingly, small interfering RNA inhibition of TTF1 completely abrogated the induction of human sodium-iodine symporter by mTOR inhibition. CONCLUSION The present study has identified the TTF1-dependent molecular mechanisms through which the inhibition of mTOR leads to the redifferentiation of TC cells and subsequently to increased radioactive iodine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo S Plantinga
- Departments of Internal Medicine (T.S.P., B.H., M.G.N., L.A.B.J., A.R.M.M.H., J.W.A.S., R.T.N.-M.) and Nuclear Medicine (D.G., W.J.G.O., O.C.B.) and Division of Endocrinology (T.S.P., A.R.M.M.H., J.W.A.S., R.T.N.-M.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (R.E.S., B.R.H.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Gandolfi G, Sancisi V, Piana S, Ciarrocchi A. Time to re-consider the meaning of BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:1001-11. [PMID: 24828987 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The BRAF V600E mutation, resulting from the BRAFT1799A transversion, is the most common genetic mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), with a mean frequency close to 50% among all cases. A large number of studies in the past decade have tried to dissect the relevance and the function of the V600E mutation in controlling oncogenesis and progression of thyroid cancer. However, several works published in the latest years have provided new evidence, in partial conflict with the previous knowledge, suggesting the need of reconsidering the meaning of the BRAF V600E mutation in PTC. In this work, we attempt to discuss some of the most recent molecular, preclinical and clinical evidence to construct a more exhaustive model of function for the BRAF V600E in development, progression and therapeutic approach of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Research and Statistic Infrastructure, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Research and Statistic Infrastructure, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Piana
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Research and Statistic Infrastructure, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Parker R, Clifton-Bligh R, Molloy MP. Phosphoproteomics of MAPK Inhibition in BRAF-Mutated Cells and a Role for the Lethal Synergism of Dual BRAF and CK2 Inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1894-906. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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p53 constrains progression to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in a Braf-mutant mouse model of papillary thyroid cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1600-9. [PMID: 24711431 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404357111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) has among the worst prognoses of any solid malignancy. The low incidence of the disease has in part precluded systematic clinical trials and tissue collection, and there has been little progress in developing effective therapies. v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) and tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutations cooccur in a high proportion of ATCs, particularly those associated with a precursor papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). To develop an adult-onset model of BRAF-mutant ATC, we generated a thyroid-specific CreER transgenic mouse. We used a Cre-regulated Braf(V600E) mouse and a conditional Trp53 allelic series to demonstrate that p53 constrains progression from PTC to ATC. Gene expression and immunohistochemical analyses of murine tumors identified the cardinal features of human ATC including loss of differentiation, local invasion, distant metastasis, and rapid lethality. We used small-animal ultrasound imaging to monitor autochthonous tumors and showed that treatment with the selective BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 improved survival but did not lead to tumor regression or suppress signaling through the MAPK pathway. The combination of PLX4720 and the mapk/Erk kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD0325901 more completely suppressed MAPK pathway activation in mouse and human ATC cell lines and improved the structural response and survival of ATC-bearing animals. This model expands the limited repertoire of autochthonous models of clinically aggressive thyroid cancer, and these data suggest that small-molecule MAPK pathway inhibitors hold clinical promise in the treatment of advanced thyroid carcinoma.
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Perspectives of the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway in thyroid cancer. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20130134. [PMID: 27919039 PMCID: PMC3986867 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of non-medullary thyroid malignancies originate from the follicular cell and are classified as papillary or follicular (well-differentiated) thyroid carcinomas, showing an overall favourable prognosis. However, recurrence or persistence of the disease occurs in some cases associated with the presence of loco-regional or distant metastatic lesions that generally become resistant to radioiodine therapy, while glucose uptake and metabolism are increased. Recent advances in the field of tumor progression have shown that CTC (circulating tumour cells) are metabolic and genetically heterogeneous. There is now special interest in unravelling the mechanisms that allow the reminiscence of dormant tumour lesions that might be related to late disease progression and increased risk of recurrence. AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is activated by the depletion in cellular energy levels and allows adaptive changes in cell metabolism that are fundamental for cell survival in a stressful environment; nevertheless, the activation of this kinase also decreases cell proliferation rate and induces tumour cell apoptosis. In the thyroid field, AMPK emerged as a novel important intracellular pathway, since it regulates both iodide and glucose uptakes in normal thyroid cells. Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that the AMPK pathway is highly activated in papillary thyroid carcinomas, although the clinical significance of these findings remains elusive. Herein we review the current knowledge about the role of AMPK activation in thyroid physiology and pathophysiology, with special focus on thyroid cancer. Recurrence or persistence of differentiated thyroid cancer can be associated with resistance to radioiodine therapy, which is associated with higher glucose uptake and metabolism by the remnant lesions. The possible role of AMPK activation in this phenomenon is discussed.
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