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Heinitz S, Traurig M, Krakoff J, Rabe P, Stäubert C, Kobes S, Hanson RL, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Bogardus C, Baier L, Piaggi P. An E115A Missense Variant in CERS2 Is Associated With Increased Sleeping Energy Expenditure and Hepatic Insulin Resistance in American Indians. Diabetes 2024; 73:1361-1371. [PMID: 38776413 PMCID: PMC11262042 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Genetic determinants of interindividual differences in energy expenditure (EE) are largely unknown. Sphingolipids, such as ceramides, have been implicated in the regulation of human EE via mitochondrial uncoupling. In this study, we investigated whether genetic variants within enzymes involved in sphingolipid synthesis and degradation affect EE and insulin-related traits in a cohort of American Indians informative for 24-h EE and glucose disposal rates during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Association analysis of 10,084 genetic variants within 28 genes involved in sphingolipid pathways identified a missense variant (rs267738, A>C, E115A) in exon 4 of CERS2 that was associated with higher sleeping EE (116 kcal/day) and increased rates of endogenous glucose production during basal (5%) and insulin-stimulated (43%) conditions, both indicators of hepatic insulin resistance. The rs267738 variant did not affect ceramide synthesis in HepG2 cells but resulted in a 30% decrease in basal mitochondrial respiration. In conclusion, we provide evidence that the CERS2 rs267738 missense variant may influence hepatic glucose production and postabsorptive sleeping metabolic rate. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Heinitz
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Traurig
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Philipp Rabe
- Faculty of Medicine, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Faculty of Medicine, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sayuko Kobes
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Robert L. Hanson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clifton Bogardus
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Leslie Baier
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Yan H, Li G, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li M, Qiu Y, Sun W, Dong Y, Li S, Li J. Targeted metabolomics-based understanding of the sleep disturbances in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:355. [PMID: 38741058 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are a common occurrence in patients with schizophrenia, yet the underlying pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we performed a targeted metabolomics-based approach to explore the potential biological mechanisms contributing to sleep disturbances in schizophrenia. METHODS Plasma samples from 59 drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy controls were subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) targeted metabolomics analysis, allowing for the quantification and profiling of 271 metabolites. Sleep quality and clinical symptoms were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), respectively. Partial correlation analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model were used to identify metabolites specifically associated with sleep disturbances in drug-naïve schizophrenia. RESULTS 16 characteristic metabolites were observed significantly associated with sleep disturbances in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, the glycerophospholipid metabolism (Impact: 0.138, p<0.001), the butanoate metabolism (Impact: 0.032, p=0.008), and the sphingolipid metabolism (Impact: 0.270, p=0.104) were identified as metabolic pathways associated with sleep disturbances in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified 16 characteristic metabolites (mainly lipids) and 3 metabolic pathways related to sleep disturbances in drug-naïve schizophrenia. The detection of these distinct metabolites provide valuable insights into the underlying biological mechanisms associated with sleep disturbances in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Yan
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Gang Li
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
- Chifeng Anding Hospital, NO.18 Gongger Street, Hongshan District, Chifeng City, 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
- Chifeng Anding Hospital, NO.18 Gongger Street, Hongshan District, Chifeng City, 024000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chuhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Meijuan Li
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Yuying Qiu
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Yeqing Dong
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Shen Li
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China.
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Liu N, Zhang P, Xue M, Zhang M, Huang Z, Xu C, Meng Y, Fan Y, Liu W, Zhang F, Chen P, Zhou Y. Hypolipidemic Effect of Rice Bran Oil Extract Tocotrienol in High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Induced by High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2954. [PMID: 38474201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the potent influence of tocotrienol (T3) on diminishing blood glucose and lipid concentrations in both Mus musculus (rats) and Homo sapiens (humans) has been established. However, the comprehensive exploration of tocotrienol's hypolipidemic impact and the corresponding mechanisms in aquatic species remains inadequate. In this study, we established a zebrafish model of a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model through high-fat diet administration to zebrafish. In the T2DM zebrafish, the thickness of ocular vascular walls significantly increased compared to the control group, which was mitigated after treatment with T3. Additionally, our findings demonstrate the regulatory effect of T3 on lipid metabolism, leading to the reduced synthesis and storage of adipose tissue in zebrafish. We validated the expression patterns of genes relevant to these processes using RT-qPCR. In the T2DM model, there was an almost two-fold upregulation in pparγ and cyp7a1 mRNA levels, coupled with a significant downregulation in cpt1a mRNA (p < 0.01) compared to the control group. The ELISA revealed that the protein expression levels of Pparγ and Rxrα exhibited a two-fold elevation in the T2DM group relative to the control. In the T3-treated group, Pparγ and Rxrα protein expression levels consistently exhibited a two-fold decrease compared to the model group. Lipid metabolomics showed that T3 could affect the metabolic pathways of zebrafish lipid regulation, including lipid synthesis and decomposition. We provided experimental evidence that T3 could mitigate lipid accumulation in our zebrafish T2DM model. Elucidating the lipid-lowering effects of T3 could help to minimize the detrimental impacts of overfeeding in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naicheng Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Feixiang Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- College of Fisheries and Life, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Institute of Fishery Research of Xinjiang Uygur Autonenous Region, Urumqi 830099, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
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Cavalheiro EKFF, Costa AB, Salla DH, da Silva MR, Mendes TF, da Silva LE, Turatti CDR, de Bitencourt RM, Rezin GT. Cannabis sativa as a Treatment for Obesity: From Anti-Inflammatory Indirect Support to a Promising Metabolic Re-Establishment Target. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:135-151. [PMID: 34242511 PMCID: PMC9070748 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is defined as an excess of accumulation of fat that can be harmful to health. Storage of excess fat in the adipose tissue triggers an inflammatory process, which makes obesity a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease. Obesity is considered a complex and multifactorial disease; hence, no intervention strategy appears to be an ideal treatment for all individuals. Therefore, new therapeutic alternatives are often studied for the treatment of this disease. Currently, herbal medicines are gaining ground in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. In this context, much attention is being paid to Cannabis sativa derivatives, and their therapeutic functions are being widely studied, including in treating obesity. Objective: Highlight the pharmacological properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabidinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD), the predominant isolated components of Cannabis sativa, as well as its therapeutic potential in the treatment of obesity. Methods: This is a narrative review that shows the existing scientific evidence on the clinical application of Cannabis sativa as a possible treatment for obesity. Data collection was performed in the PubMed electronic database. The following word combinations were used: Cannabis and obesity, Cannabis sativa and obesity, THCV and obesity, THC and obesity, CBD and obesity, and Cannabis sativa and inflammation. Results: Evidence shows that Cannabis sativa derivatives have therapeutic potential due to their anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, people who use cannabis have a lower body mass index than those who do not, making the plant an option to reduce and reverse inflammation and comorbidities in obesity. Conclusion: It is concluded that phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa have therapeutic potential due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, making the plant a study option to reduce and reverse inflammation and comorbidities associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Beatriz Costa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Daniéle Hendler Salla
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Talita Farias Mendes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Larissa Espindola da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Cristini da Rosa Turatti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mariano de Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
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Balezina OP, Tarasova EO, Gaydukov AE. Noncanonical Activity of Endocannabinoids and Their Receptors in Central and Peripheral Synapses. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:818-832. [PMID: 34284706 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921070038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on new aspects of endocannabinoid functions and mechanisms of activity in central and peripheral synapses, different from the general viewpoint that endocannabinoids are retrograde signaling molecules, which inhibit neurotransmitter release by activating specific presynaptic endocannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Biased agonism of the endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids as well as ability of the CB-receptors to couple not only with classical Gi-proteins, but also with Gs- and Gq-proteins and, moreover, with β-arrestins (thereby triggering additional signaling pathways in synapses) are described here in detail. Examples of noncanonical tonic activity of endocannabinoids and their receptors and their role in synaptic function are also presented. The role of endocannabinoids in short-term and long-term potentiation of neurotransmitter release in central synapses and their facilitating effect on quantal size and other parameters of acetylcholine release in mammalian neuromuscular junctions are highlighted in this review. In conclusion, it is stated that the endocannabinoid system has a wider range of various multidirectional modulating effects (both potentiating and inhibiting) on neurotransmitter release than initially recognized. Re-evaluation of the functions of endocannabinoid system with consideration of its noncanonical features will lead to better understanding of its role in the normal and pathological functioning of the nervous system and other systems of the body, which has an enormous practical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Balezina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Drummen M, Tischmann L, Gatta-Cherifi B, Cota D, Matias I, Raben A, Adam T, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Role of Endocannabinoids in Energy-Balance Regulation in Participants in the Postobese State-a PREVIEW Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5825220. [PMID: 32333763 PMCID: PMC7247554 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endocannabinoids are suggested to play a role in energy balance regulation. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate associations of endocannabinoid concentrations during the day with energy balance and adiposity and interactions with 2 diets differing in protein content in participants in the postobese phase with prediabetes. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Participants (n = 38) were individually fed in energy balance with a medium protein (MP: 15:55:30% of energy from protein:carbohydrate:fat) or high-protein diet (HP: 25:45:30% energy from P:C:F) for 48 hours in a respiration chamber. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Associations between energy balance, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, and endocannabinoid concentrations during the day were assessed. RESULTS Plasma-concentrations of anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoyethanolamide (PEA), and pregnenolone (PREG) significantly decreased during the day. This decrease was inversely related to body mass index (AEA) or body fat (%) (PEA; OEA). The lowest RQ value, before lunch, was inversely associated with concentrations of AEA and PEA before lunch. Area under the curve (AUC) of concentrations of AEA, 2-AG, PEA, and OEA were positively related to body fat% (P < .05).The HP and MP groups showed no differences in concentrations of AEA, OEA, PEA, and PREG, but the AUC of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was significantly higher in the HP vs the MP group. CONCLUSIONS In energy balance, only the endocannabinoid 2-AG changed in relation to protein level of the diet, whereas the endocannabinoid AEA and endocannabinoid-related compounds OEA and PEA reflected the gradual energy intake matching energy expenditure during the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Drummen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, MD, the Netherlands
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Mathijs Drummen, MSc, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht. E-mail:
| | - Lea Tischmann
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, MD, the Netherlands
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Endocrinology Department, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, Pessac, France
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Matias
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, MD, the Netherlands
| | - Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, MD, the Netherlands
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Clark TM, Jones JM, Hall AG, Tabner SA, Kmiec RL. Theoretical Explanation for Reduced Body Mass Index and Obesity Rates in Cannabis Users. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2018; 3:259-271. [PMID: 30671538 PMCID: PMC6340377 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is treatment-resistant, and is linked with a number of serious, chronic diseases. Adult obesity rates in the United States have tripled since the early 1960s. Recent reviews show that an increased ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids contributes to obesity rates by increasing levels of the endocannabinoid signals AEA and 2-AG, overstimulating CB1R and leading to increased caloric intake, reduced metabolic rates, and weight gain. Cannabis, or THC, also stimulates CB1R and increases caloric intake during acute exposures. Goals: To establish the relationship between Cannabis use and body mass index, and to provide a theoretical explanation for this relationship. Results: The present meta-analysis reveals significantly reduced body mass index and rates of obesity in Cannabis users, in conjunction with increased caloric intake. Theoretical explanation: We provide for the first time a causative explanation for this paradox, in which rapid and long-lasting downregulation of CB1R following acute Cannabis consumption reduces energy storage and increases metabolic rates, thus reversing the impact on body mass index of elevated dietary omega-6/omega-3 ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Jessica M Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Alexis G Hall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Sara A Tabner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Rebecca L Kmiec
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
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