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Hwangbo Y, Lee MR, Cheong HT, Yang BK, Park CK. Effects of Progesterone and 17β-Estradiol under Presence or Absence of FBS on Plasminogen Activators Activity in Porcine Uterine Epithelial Cells. Dev Reprod 2018; 22:309-318. [PMID: 30680330 PMCID: PMC6344362 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2018.22.4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the regulatory mechanism of
plasminogen activators (PAs) activation by 17β-estradiol (E2)
and progesterone (P4) in porcine uterine epithelial cells (pUECs).
pUECs were collected from porcine uterine horn and cultured at 80% confluence.
Then, 0.1% (v/v) DMSO, 20 ng/mL E2, and P4 with or without
fetal bovine serum (FBS) treated to cultured cells for 24 hours. The
supernatants were used for measurement of PAs activity and expression of
urokinase-type PA (uPA), tissue-type PA (tPA),
uPA specific receptor (uPAR), and type-1 PA inhibitor
(PAI-1) mRNA were analyzed by real-time PCR. The expression
of PAs-related genes was not affect by steroid hormones in both of serum
treatment groups. However, PAs activity was increased by treatment of
E2 compared to 0.1% DMSO treatment in serum-free group
(p<0.05). Then, E2 and P4 were
diluted with 0.002% (v/v) DMSO for reduction of its effect and treated to
cultured cells without FBS. Only tPA mRNA was significantly
increased by E2 treatment (p<0.05). PAs
activity was enhanced in E2 treated group compared to control groups
(p<0.05). These results indicate that serum-free
condition is more proper to evaluate effect of steroid hormones and activation
of PAs in pUECs was mainly regulated by estrogen. These regulation of PAs
activation may be associated with uterine remodeling during pre-ovulatory phase
in pigs, however, further studies are needed to investigate precise regulatory
mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwangbo
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Mi-Rim Lee
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Maria Fertility Hospital, Goyang 10387, Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Cheong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchoen 24341, Korea
| | - Boo-Keun Yang
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Choon-Keun Park
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Hwangbo Y, Cheong HT, Yang BK, Park CK. Effects of 17β-estradiol, Interleukin-1β, and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Activity and mRNA Expression of Plasminogen Activators in Porcine Endometrial Cells. Dev Reprod 2018; 22:155-163. [PMID: 30023465 PMCID: PMC6048310 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2018.22.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate changes in the activity and mRNA expression of
plasminogen activators (PAs) induced by 17β-estradiol (E2),
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in
porcine endometrial cells. Endometrial cells were isolated from the epithelium
and cultured to 80% confluence. They were then treated for 24 h with
E2 (0.2, 2, 20, and 200 ng/mL), IL-1β (0.1, 1, 10, and 100
ng/mL), and hCG (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 IU/mL). mRNA expressions of urokinase-type
(uPA) and tissue-type (tPA) PAs were analyzed using reverse transcription PCR,
and activities were measured using a PA activity assay. mRNA expressions of uPA
and tPA increased with E2 treatment; however, this was not
significant. Similarly, treatment with hCG did not influence the mRNA
expressions of PAs. Interestingly, treatment with 0.1 ng/mL IL-1β
significantly reduced the mRNA expression of uPA, but did not affect that of
tPA. Treatment with 2, 20, and 200 ng/mL E2 increased PA activity
compared with the control group; treatment with 0.1 and 1 ng/mL IL-1β
significantly increased PA activity compared with the other IL-1β
treatment groups, whereas treatment with 10 and 100 ng/mL IL-1β
decreased. Treatment with 2 IU/mL hCG increased PA activity compared with the
other treatment groups, although there were no significant differences between
the hCG and control groups. In conclusion, the activity and mRNA expression of
PAs were differently regulated by the hormone/cytokine and its concentration in
porcine endometrial cells. Therefore, understanding PA regulatory mechanisms may
help to improve the reproductive potential of domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwangbo
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Cheong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchoen 24341, Korea
| | - Boo-Keun Yang
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Choon-Keun Park
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Barron AM, Pike CJ. Sex hormones, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012. [PMID: 22201929 DOI: 10.2741/434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A promising strategy to delay and perhaps prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) is to identify the age-related changes that put the brain at risk for the disease. A significant normal age change known to result in tissue-specific dysfunction is the depletion of sex hormones. In women, menopause results in a relatively rapid loss of estradiol and progesterone. In men, aging is associated with a comparatively gradual yet significant decrease in testosterone. We review a broad literature that indicates age-related losses of estrogens in women and testosterone in men are risk factors for AD. Both estrogens and androgens exert a wide range of protective actions that improve multiple aspects of neural health, suggesting that hormone therapies have the potential to combat AD pathogenesis. However, translation of experimental findings into effective therapies has proven challenging. One emerging treatment option is the development of novel hormone mimetics termed selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators. Continued research of sex hormones and their roles in the aging brain is expected to yield valuable approaches to reducing the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Barron
- USC Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
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Stratton P, Berkley KJ. Chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis: translational evidence of the relationship and implications. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 17:327-46. [PMID: 21106492 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmq050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many clinicians and patients believe that endometriosis-associated pain is due to the lesions. Yet causality remains an enigma, because pain symptoms attributed to endometriosis occur in women without endometriosis and because pain symptoms and severity correlate poorly with lesion characteristics. Most research and reviews focus on the lesions, not the pain. This review starts with the recognition that the experience of pain is determined by the central nervous system (CNS) and focuses on the pain symptoms. METHODS Comprehensive searches of Pubmed, Medline and Embase were conducted for current basic and clinical research on chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis. The information was mutually interpreted by a basic scientist and a clinical researcher, both in the field of endometriosis. The goal was to develop new ways to conceptualize how endometriosis contributes to pain symptoms in the context of current treatments and the reproductive tract. RESULTS Endometriotic lesions can develop their own nerve supply, thereby creating a direct and two-way interaction between lesions and the CNS. This engagement provides a mechanism by which the dynamic and hormonally responsive nervous system is brought directly into play to produce a variety of individual differences in pain that can, in some women, become independent of the disease itself. CONCLUSIONS Major advances in improving understanding and alleviating pain in endometriosis will likely occur if the focus changes from lesions to pain. In turn, how endometriosis affects the CNS would be best examined in the context of mechanisms underlying other chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Stratton
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, CRC, RM 1-3140, 10 Center Dr. MSC 1109, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109 USA.
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Return of chronic pelvic pain from endometriosis after raloxifene treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111:88-96. [PMID: 18165396 DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000297307.35024.b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether 6 months of raloxifene was effective in treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. METHODS Women with chronic pelvic pain and no endometriosis treatment for 6 months underwent laparoscopy for excision of all lesions. Those with biopsy-proven endometriosis were randomly allocated to raloxifene (180 mg) or placebo daily. A second laparoscopy was performed at 2 years, or earlier, if pain returned. Return of pain was defined as 2 months of pain equal to or more severe than that at study entry. Menstrual cycles and adverse events were recorded. The log rank test was used to compare the time to return of pain by drug group. Analyses were done as intent-to-treat. RESULTS A total of 127 of 158 women underwent surgery. Of these, 93 had biopsy-confirmed endometriosis and were randomly assigned to study treatment. Menstrual cycle length, pelvic pain severity, quality of life, bone mineral density, and adverse events did not differ between treatment groups. The Data Safety Monitoring Committee terminated the study early when the raloxifene group experienced pain (P=.03) and had second surgery (P=.016) significantly sooner than the placebo group. Interestingly, biopsy-proven endometriosis was not associated with return of pain (P=.6). CONCLUSION Raloxifene significantly shortened the time to return of chronic pelvic pain. Because recurrence of endometriosis lesions did not correlate with return of pain, other factors are implicated in pelvic pain. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, www.cliicaltrials.gov, NCT00001848 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I.
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Vajdos FF, Hoth LR, Geoghegan KF, Simons SP, LeMotte PK, Danley DE, Ammirati MJ, Pandit J. The 2.0 A crystal structure of the ERalpha ligand-binding domain complexed with lasofoxifene. Protein Sci 2007; 16:897-905. [PMID: 17456742 PMCID: PMC2206632 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062729207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lasofoxifene is a new and potent selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). The structural basis of its interaction with the estrogen receptor has been investigated by crystallographic analysis of its complex with the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptor alpha at a resolution of 2.0 A. As with other SERMs, lasofoxifene diverts the receptor from its agonist-bound conformation by displacing the C-terminal AF-2 helix into the site at which the LXXLL motif of coactivator proteins would otherwise be able to bind. Lasofoxifene achieves this effect by occupying the space normally filled by residue Leu 540, as well as by modulating the conformation of residues of helix 11 (His 524, Leu 525). A well-defined salt bridge between lasofoxifene and Asp 351 suggests that charge neutralization in this region of the receptor may explain the some of the antiestrogenic effects of lasofoxifene. The results suggest general features of ERalpha/SERM recognition, and add a new dimension to efforts to rationalize differences between the biological activity profiles exhibited by these important pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix F Vajdos
- Department of Exploratory Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340-8001, USA.
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Tee MK, Rogatsky I, Tzagarakis-Foster C, Cvoro A, An J, Christy RJ, Yamamoto KR, Leitman DC. Estradiol and selective estrogen receptor modulators differentially regulate target genes with estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 15:1262-72. [PMID: 14699072 PMCID: PMC363122 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-06-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) interact with estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta to activate or repress gene transcription. To understand how estrogens and SERMs exert tissue-specific effects, we performed microarray analysis to determine whether ERalpha or ERbeta regulate different target genes in response to estrogens and SERMs. We prepared human U2OS osteosarcoma cells that are stably transfected with a tetracycline-inducible vector to express ERalpha or ERbeta. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunoprecipitation studies confirmed that U2OS-ERalpha cells synthesized only ERalpha and that U2OS-ERbeta cells expressed exclusively ERbeta. U2OS-ERalpha and U2OS-ERbeta cells were treated either with 17beta-estradiol (E2), raloxifene, and tamoxifen for 18 h. Labeled cRNAs were hybridized with U95Av2 GeneChips (Affymetrix). A total of 228, 190, and 236 genes were significantly activated or repressed at least 1.74-fold in U2OS-ERalpha and U2OS-ERbeta cells by E2, raloxifene, and tamoxifen, respectively. Most genes regulated in ERalpha cells in response to E2, raloxifene, and tamoxifen were distinct from those regulated in ERbeta cells. Only 38 of the 228 (17%) genes were regulated by E2 in both U2OS-ERalpha and U2OS-ERbeta cells. Raloxifene and tamoxifen regulated only 27% of the same genes in both the ERalpha and ERbeta cells. A subset of genes involved in bone-related activities regulated by E2, raloxifene, and tamoxifen were also distinct. Our results demonstrate that most genes regulated by ERalpha are distinct from those regulated by ERbeta in response to E2 and SERMs. These results indicate that estrogens and SERMs exert tissue-specific effects by regulating unique sets of targets genes through ERalpha and ERbeta
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Kian Tee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0556, USA
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An J, Ribeiro RC, Webb P, Gustafsson JA, Kushner PJ, Baxter JD, Leitman DC. Estradiol repression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha transcription requires estrogen receptor activation function-2 and is enhanced by coactivators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:15161-6. [PMID: 10611355 PMCID: PMC24790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.26.15161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter was used to explore the molecular mechanisms of estradiol (E(2))-dependent repression of gene transcription. E(2) inhibited basal activity and abolished TNF-alpha activation of the TNF-alpha promoter. The E(2)-inhibitory element was mapped to the -125 to -82 region of the TNF-alpha promoter, known as the TNF-responsive element (TNF-RE). An AP-1-like site in the TNF-RE is essential for repression activity. Estrogen receptor (ER) beta is more potent than ERalpha at repressing the -1044 TNF-alpha promoter and the TNF-RE upstream of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter, but weaker at activating transcription through an estrogen response element. The activation function-2 (AF-2) surface in the ligand-binding domain is required for repression, because anti-estrogens and AF-2 mutations impair repression. The requirement of the AF-2 surface for repression is probably due to its capacity to recruit p160 coactivators or related coregulators, because overexpressing the coactivator glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein-1 enhances repression, whereas a glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein-1 mutant unable to interact with the AF-2 surface is ineffective. Furthermore, receptor interacting protein 140 prevents repression by ERbeta, probably by interacting with the AF-2 surface and blocking the binding of endogenous coactivators. These studies demonstrate that E(2)-mediated repression requires the AF-2 surface and the participation of coactivators or other coregulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J An
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dören
- Department of Family Planning, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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