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Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang H, Yin D, Pan Y, He X, Li S, Cheng Z, Zhu G, Zhao T, Huang H, Zhu M. Four novel mutations identification in 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency and our clinical experience: possible benefits of early treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1267967. [PMID: 38425490 PMCID: PMC10902039 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Individuals with 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) deficiency face a multitude of challenges, primarily concerning genital appearance, potential malignancy risks, and fertility issues. This study reports our findings from an investigation involving five individuals affected by 17β-HSD3 deficiency, ranging in age from pre-adolescence to adolescence. Notably, we identified four previously unreported mutations in these subjects. Methods Our study included a comprehensive evaluation to determine the potential occurrence of testicular tumors. The methods involved clinical examinations, genetic testing, hormone profiling, and patient history assessments. We closely monitored the progress of the study subjects throughout their treatment. Results The results of this evaluation conclusively ruled out the presence of testicular tumors among our study subjects. Moreover, four of these individuals successfully underwent gender transition. Furthermore, we observed significant improvements in genital appearance following testosterone treatment, particularly among patients in the younger age groups who received appropriate treatment interventions. Discussion These findings underscore the critical importance of early intervention in addressing concerns related to genital appearance, based on our extensive clinical experience and assessments. In summary, our study provides insights into the clinical aspects of 17β-HSD3 deficiency, emphasizing the vital significance of early intervention in addressing genital appearance concerns. This recommendation is supported by our comprehensive clinical assessments and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing College of Humanities, Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Huijiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Danyang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Pan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiwen He
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaiting Li
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gaohui Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huizhe Huang
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jelley H, Meder M, Timme K. Virilization at Puberty: A Rare Cause. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2023; 62:946-950. [PMID: 36797848 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221146508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Jelley
- Division of Pediatric Diabetes & Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michelle Meder
- Division of Pediatric Diabetes & Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kathleen Timme
- Division of Pediatric Diabetes & Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Disorder of Sex Development Due to 17-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3 Deficiency: A Case Report and Review of 70 Different HSD17B3 Mutations Reported in 239 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710026. [PMID: 36077423 PMCID: PMC9456484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17-β-HSD3) enzyme converts androstenedione to testosterone and is encoded by the HSD17B3 gene. Homozygous or compound heterozygous HSD17B3 mutations block the synthesis of testosterone in the fetal testis, resulting in a Disorder of Sex Development (DSD). We describe a child raised as a female in whom the discovery of testes in the inguinal canals led to a genetic study by whole exome sequencing (WES) and to the identification of a compound heterozygous mutation of the HSD17B3 gene (c.608C>T, p.Ala203Val, and c.645A>T, p.Glu215Asp). Furthermore, we review all HSD17B3 mutations published so far in cases of 17-β-HSD3 deficiency. A total of 70 different HSD17B3 mutations have so far been reported in 239 patients from 187 families. A total of 118 families had homozygous mutations, 63 had compound heterozygous mutations and six had undetermined genotypes. Mutations occurred in all 11 exons and were missense (55%), splice-site (29%), small deletions and insertions (7%), nonsense (5%), and multiple exon deletions and duplications (2%). Several mutations were recurrent and missense mutations at codon 80 and the splice-site mutation c.277+4A>T each represented 17% of all mutated alleles. These findings may be useful to those involved in the clinical management and genetic diagnosis of this disorder.
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de Omena Filho RL, Petroli RJ, Soardi FC, de Paula Michelatto D, Mazzola TN, Fabbri-Scallet H, de Mello MP, Zanotti SV, Gubert IC, Monlleo I. So, and if it is not congenital adrenal hyperplasia? Addressing an undiagnosed case of genital ambiguity. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:89. [PMID: 35689291 PMCID: PMC9188102 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency is the most common cause of genital ambiguity in persons with XX sexual chromosomes. Genital ambiguity among persons with XY sexual chromosomes comprises diverse and rare etiologies. The deficiency of 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 enzyme (HSD17B3) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to functionally altered variants of the HSD17B3 gene. In this disorder/difference of sex development, the conversion of androstenedione into testosterone is impaired. The appearance of external genitalia of 46,XY individuals varies from typically male to almost female. Case presentation We report on a child presenting severe ambiguous genitalia. Due to access constraints, specialized care did not start until the child was 10 months old. Parents are consanguineous and were born in an area of high isonymy that is a cluster for rare recessive diseases. A new homozygous missense variant c.785G > T was found in exon 10 of the HSD17B3 gene. Conclusions Researchers-clinicians and researchers-researchers collaborative efforts to elucidate the genetic basis of this disease were critical since this etiologic investigation is not available through the public health system. This case exemplifies the families’ pilgrimage in cases of genital ambiguity due to a rare genetic condition. Recognizing the etiology was the baseline to provide information on prognosis and treatment options, and to shelter family and child doubts and hopes in order to better support their decisions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13052-022-01284-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo Luna de Omena Filho
- Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Center, State University of Health Sciences of Alagoas, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences of the Institute of Biological and Health Sciences of the Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo José Petroli
- Medical Genetics Sector, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Caroline Soardi
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Taís Nitsch Mazzola
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Helena Fabbri-Scallet
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maricilda Palandi de Mello
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Isabella Monlleo
- Clinical Genetics Service, Medical Genetics Sector, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, S/N, Tabuleiro 23 do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil.
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Rafigh M, Salmaninejad A, Sorouri Khorashad B, Arabi A, Milanizadeh S, Hiradfar M, Abbaszadegan MR. Novel Deleterious Mutation in Steroid-5α-Reductase-2 in 46, XY Disorders of Sex Development: Case Report Study. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2022; 41:141-148. [PMID: 32449406 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2020.1745974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Steroid-5α-reductase-2 (SRD5A2) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) enzyme deficiencies are frequent causes of 46, XY disorder of sex development (46, XY DSD), where an infant with 46, XY has a female phenotype. We assessed the hydroxy-steroid-17β-dehydrogenase-3 (HSD17B3)and SRD5A2 genes in twenty Iranian phenotypic females with 46,XY DSD. Materials and methods: All exons in HSD17B3 and SRD5A2 genes were subjected to PCR amplification followed by sequencing. Results: Of 20 identified 46, XY DSD patients, one had a homozygous missense 17β-HSD3 mutation Ser65Leu (c.194C > T). We found 1 SRD5A2 novel homozygous missense mutation of Tyr242Asp (c.891T > G) in exon 5, which in-silico analyses revealed that this mutation may have deleterious impact on ligand binding site of SRD5A2 protein. Three other individuals harbored 17β-HSD3 deficiencies without identified mutations. Conclusions: SRD5A2 and 17β-HSD3 mutations are found in 10% of 46, XY DSD Iranian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Rafigh
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behzad Sorouri Khorashad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Azadeh Arabi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Milanizadeh
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Hiradfar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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De Falco L, Piscopo C, D’Angelo R, Evangelista E, Suero T, Sirica R, Ruggiero R, Savarese G, Di Carlo A, Furino G, Scarpato C, Fico A. Detection of 46, XY Disorder of Sex Development (DSD) Based on Plasma Cell-Free DNA and Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121890. [PMID: 34946839 PMCID: PMC8700836 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the HSD17B3 gene cause HSD17B3 deficiency and result in 46, XY Disorders of Sex Development (46, XY DSD). The diagnosis of 46, XY DSD is very challenging and not rarely is confirmed only at older ages, when an affected XY female presents with primary amenorrhea or develops progressive virilization. The patient described in this paper represents a case of discrepancies between non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and ultrasound based fetal sex determination detected during prenatal screening. Exome sequencing was performed on the cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA), amniotic fluid, and the parents. Libraries were generated according to the manufacturer’s protocols using TruSight One Kits (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Sequencing was carried out on NEXT Seq 500 (Illumina) to mean sequencing depth of at least 100×. A panel of sexual disease genes was used in order to search for a causative variant. The finding of a mutation (c.645 A>T, p.Glu215Asp) in HSD17B3 gene in amniotic fluid as well as in cffDNA and both parents supported the hypothesis of the HSD17B3 deficiency. In conclusion, we used clinical exome sequencing and non-invasive prenatal detection, providing a solution for NIPT of a single-gene disorder. Early genetic diagnoses are useful for patients and clinicians, contribute to clinical knowledge of DSD, and are invaluable for genetic counseling of couples contemplating future pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia De Falco
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmelo Piscopo
- Medical and Laboratory Genetic Unit, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Rossana D’Angelo
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Eloisa Evangelista
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Suero
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Sirica
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ruggiero
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savarese
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Carlo
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Furino
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Scarpato
- Ambulatorio Medicina Prenatale, PO S. Giuliano, 80014 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonio Fico
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale, 80013 Naples, Italy; (R.D.); (E.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (R.R.); (G.S.); (A.D.C.); (G.F.); (A.F.)
- Fondazione Genetica per la Vita Onlus, Via Cuma, 80132 Naples, Italy
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Analyses of Molecular Characteristics and Enzymatic Activities of Ovine HSD17B3. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102876. [PMID: 34679897 PMCID: PMC8532638 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (HSD17B3) converts androstenedione (A4) into testosterone (T), which regulates sex steroid production. Because various mutations of the HSD17B3 gene cause disorder of sex differentiation (DSD) in multiple mammalian species, it is very important to reveal the molecular characteristics of this gene in various species. Here, we revealed the open reading frame of the ovine HSD17B3 gene. Enzymatic activities of ovine HSD17B3 and HSD17B1 for converting A4 to T were detected using ovine androgen receptor-mediated transactivation in reporter assays. Although HSD17B3 also converted estrone to estradiol, this activity was much weaker than those of HSD17B1. Although ovine HSD17B3 has an amino acid sequence that is conserved compared with other mammalian species, it possesses two amino acid substitutions that are consistent with the reported variants of human HSD17B3. Substitutions of these amino acids in ovine HSD17B3 for those in human did not affect the enzymatic activities. However, enzymatic activities declined upon missense mutations of the HSD17B3 gene associated with 46,XY DSD, affecting amino acids that are conserved between these two species. The present study provides basic information and tools to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind DSD not only in ovine, but also in various mammalian species.
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Délot EC, Vilain E. Towards improved genetic diagnosis of human differences of sex development. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22:588-602. [PMID: 34083777 PMCID: PMC10598994 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite being collectively among the most frequent congenital developmental conditions worldwide, differences of sex development (DSD) lack recognition and research funding. As a result, what constitutes optimal management remains uncertain. Identification of the individual conditions under the DSD umbrella is challenging and molecular genetic diagnosis is frequently not achieved, which has psychosocial and health-related repercussions for patients and their families. New genomic approaches have the potential to resolve this impasse through better detection of protein-coding variants and ascertainment of under-recognized aetiology, such as mosaic, structural, non-coding or epigenetic variants. Ultimately, it is hoped that better outcomes data, improved understanding of the molecular causes and greater public awareness will bring an end to the stigma often associated with DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuèle C Délot
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric Vilain
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Tenenbaum-Rakover Y, Admoni O, Elias-Assad G, London S, Noufi-Barhoum M, Ludar H, Almagor T, Zehavi Y, Sultan C, Bertalan R, Bashamboo A, McElreavey K. The evolving role of whole-exome sequencing in the management of disorders of sex development. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:620-629. [PMID: 34009138 PMCID: PMC8240709 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disorders of sex development (DSD) are defined as congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal and anatomical sex is atypical. Despite wide laboratory and imaging investigations, the etiology of DSD is unknown in over 50% of patients. METHODS We evaluated the etiology of DSD by whole-exome sequencing (WES) at a mean age of 10 years in nine patients for whom extensive evaluation, including hormonal, imaging and candidate gene approaches, had not identified an etiology. RESULTS The eight 46,XY patients presented with micropenis, cryptorchidism and hypospadias at birth and the 46,XX patient presented with labia majora fusion. In seven patients (78%), pathogenic variants were identified for RXFP2, HSD17B3, WT1, BMP4, POR, CHD7 and SIN3A. In two atients, no causative variants were found. Mutations in three genes were reported previously with different phenotypes: an 11-year-old boy with a novel de novo variant in BMP4; such variants are mainly associated with microphthalmia and in few cases with external genitalia anomalies in males, supporting the role of BMP4 in the development of male external genitalia; a 12-year-old boy with a known pathogenic variant in RXFP2, encoding insulin-like 3 hormone receptor, and previously reported in adult men with cryptorchidism; an 8-year-old boy with syndromic DSD had a de novo deletion in SIN3A. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of molecular etiologies for DSD in 78% of our patients indicate a major role for WES in early DSD diagnosis and management - and highlights the importance of rapid molecular diagnosis in early infancy for sex of rearing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yardena Tenenbaum-Rakover
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Osnat Admoni
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Ghadir Elias-Assad
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shira London
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Marie Noufi-Barhoum
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan, Safed, Israel
| | - Hanna Ludar
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Tal Almagor
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Yoav Zehavi
- Pediatric Department, B, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Charles Sultan
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Gynecology Unit, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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10
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Faienza MF, Baldinotti F, Marrocco G, TyuTyusheva N, Peroni D, Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S. 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency: female sex assignment and follow-up. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1711-1716. [PMID: 32297288 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) is a rare autosomal recessive 46,XY disorder of sex development (DSD). It is due to pathogenetic variants in the HSD17B3 gene. Mutated genes encode an abnormal enzyme with absent or reduced ability to convert Δ4-androstenedione (Δ4-A) to testosterone (T) in the fetal testis. Affected individuals are usually raised as females and diagnosis is made at puberty, when they show virilization. METHODS A girl with a presumptive diagnosis of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome underwent endocrine and genetic assessment. Long-term follow-up was reported. RESULTS The diagnosis of 17β-HSD3 deficiency was made (stimulated T/Δ4-A ratio: 0.15; HSD17B3 gene analysis: c.277+4A>T in intron 3/c.640_645del (p.Glu214_Glu215del) in exon 9. After extensive information, parents decided to maintain female sex. Gonadal removal was performed and histological evaluation demonstrated deep fibrosis of testicular tissue. Follow-up till 8.5 years of age showed somatic and neuro-psychological development fitting with the female sex. CONCLUSIONS Management of a child with the rare 17β-HSD3 deficiency remains challenging. Any decision must be carefully evaluated with parents. Long-term follow-up must be warranted by a multidisciplinary DSD team to evaluate the adequacy of the choices made on quality of life in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Faienza
- Pediatric Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University "A. Moro" of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - F Baldinotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Marrocco
- UOC Chirurgia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - N TyuTyusheva
- Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Peroni
- Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - G I Baroncelli
- Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Bertelloni
- Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Levy-Khademi F, Zeligson S, Lavi E, Klopstock T, Chertin B, Avnon-Ziv C, Abulibdeh A, Renbaum P, Rosen T, Perlberg-Bengio S, Zahdeh F, Behar DM, Levy-Lahad E, Zangen D, Segel R. The novel founder homozygous V225M mutation in the HSD17B3 gene causes aberrant splicing and XY-DSD. Endocrine 2020; 69:650-654. [PMID: 32372306 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the gene HSD17B3 encoding the 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 enzyme cause testosterone insufficiency leading to XY disorders of sex development. In this study the clinical and molecular characteristics of three patients from consanguineous families are elucidated. METHODS We identified three patients from two unrelated families with XY DSD and a novel homozygous HSD17B3:c. 673G>A mutation. The effect of the mutation on splicing was determined in RNA extracted from the testis of one patient. RESULTS Three patients presented at ages 0.1, 8 and 0.7 years with ambiguous genitalia and an XY Karyotype. Endocrine workup showed normal cortisol and mineralocorticoid levels with a low testosterone/androstenedione ratio. Whole-exome sequencing, carried out in the first family, revealed a homozygous novel mutation in the HSD17B3 gene: c. 673G>A, p. V225M. The same mutation was found by Sanger sequencing in the third unrelated patient. Haplotype analysis of a 4 Mb region surrounding the HSD17B3 gene on chromosome 9 revealed that the mutation resides on the same allele in all three patients. The mutation, being the first nucleic acid on exon 10, affects splicing and causes exon 10 skipping in one of our patients' testes. CONCLUSION The novel homozygous c. 673G>A, p. V225M mutation in the 17HSDB3 gene is likely a founder mutation and causes severe XY-DSD. It changes a conserved amino acid residue, and also alters 17HSDB3 gene transcription by causing skipping of exon 10, thereby contributing to an imbalance in the relevant protein isoforms and consequently, significant decreased 17HDSB3 enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Levy-Khademi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
- The Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Sharon Zeligson
- The institute of Medical Genetics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Lavi
- The Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tehila Klopstock
- The Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- The institute of Medical Genetics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boris Chertin
- The Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carmit Avnon-Ziv
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abdulsalam Abulibdeh
- The Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Paul Renbaum
- The institute of Medical Genetics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tzvia Rosen
- The institute of Medical Genetics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Fouad Zahdeh
- The institute of Medical Genetics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron M Behar
- Gene by Gene, Genomic Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- The Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Zangen
- The Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Reeval Segel
- The Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- The institute of Medical Genetics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Das S, Saikia UK, Saikia KK, Sarma D, Choudhury BK, Bhuyan AK, Baro A, Das DV, Appaiah S. "Spectrum of 46 XY Disorders of Sex Development": A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2020; 24:360-365. [PMID: 33088761 PMCID: PMC7540835 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_98_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a wide range of relatively rare conditions having diverse pathophysiology. Identification of an underlying cause can help in treating any coexisting hormone deficiencies and can help with anticipating any other immediate or long-term health concerns. OBJECTIVE To study the clinical and biochemical profile of patients with 46 XY DSD along with androgen receptor (AR) gene mutation status in selected group of patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted after enrolling the eligible DSD patients. Thorough elicitation of history and detailed clinical examination was done. Assays for luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, AMH & Inhibin B (where indicated), and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation were done as per protocol. RESULTS In total, 48 patients were included in the study. Ambiguous genitalia (58.3%) followed by hypospadias (33.3%) were common presentation. Androgen biosynthetic defect were the most commonly encountered diagnosis followed by androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Swyer syndrome was diagnosed in 4.2% of cases; partial gonadal dysgenesis, ovotesticular DSD, and vanishing testis syndrome contributed to 2% of cases each. Eight cases (16.7%) who presented with isolated proximal and midshaft hypospadias for whom no diagnosis was found were categorized in the "etiology unclear" group. AR gene mutation analysis designed against specific exons did not yield any results. CONCLUSION 46 XY DSD is a heterogeneous group of patients with a varying age of presentation and a diverse clinical profile. Most patients are reared as males and maintained the same gender identity except in isolated cases. Diagnosis of AIS remains a clinical challenge as a definite hormonal criterion does not exist and genetic mutations in AR gene may be negative. Flanking region sequencing, whole genome sequencing, and promoter region sequencing may reveal pathogenic variants. Variations in other genes regulating AR pathway may also be candidates to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiran Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
| | - Uma K. Saikia
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
| | - Kandarpa K. Saikia
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University, Assam, India
| | - Dipti Sarma
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Ashok K. Bhuyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
| | - Abhamoni Baro
- Department of Endocrinology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
| | - Darvin V. Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Trivandrum Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sonali Appaiah
- Department of Endocrinology, St Johns Medical College, Banglore, Karnataka, India
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13
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Storbeck KH, Schiffer L, Baranowski ES, Chortis V, Prete A, Barnard L, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Shackleton CHL. Steroid Metabolome Analysis in Disorders of Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1605-1625. [PMID: 31294783 PMCID: PMC6858476 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Steroid biosynthesis and metabolism are reflected by the serum steroid metabolome and, in even more detail, by the 24-hour urine steroid metabolome, which can provide unique insights into alterations of steroid flow and output indicative of underlying conditions. Mass spectrometry-based steroid metabolome profiling has allowed for the identification of unique multisteroid signatures associated with disorders of steroid biosynthesis and metabolism that can be used for personalized approaches to diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognostic prediction. Additionally, steroid metabolome analysis has been used successfully as a discovery tool, for the identification of novel steroidogenic disorders and pathways as well as revealing insights into the pathophysiology of adrenal disease. Increased availability and technological advances in mass spectrometry-based methodologies have refocused attention on steroid metabolome profiling and facilitated the development of high-throughput steroid profiling methods soon to reach clinical practice. Furthermore, steroid metabolomics, the combination of mass spectrometry-based steroid analysis with machine learning-based approaches, has facilitated the development of powerful customized diagnostic approaches. In this review, we provide a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the utility of steroid metabolome analysis for the diagnosis and management of inborn disorders of steroidogenesis and autonomous adrenal steroid excess in the context of adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth S Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vasileios Chortis
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Prete
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cedric H L Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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14
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Goyal A, Kubihal S, Gupta Y, Jyotsna VP, Khadgawat R. Dynamic Testing for Evaluation of Adrenal and Gonadal Function in Pediatric and Adult Endocrinology: An Overview. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2019; 23:593-601. [PMID: 32042694 PMCID: PMC6987775 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_553_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic tests are often considered as the backbone of endocrinology. These tests involve the use of an exogenous agent to manipulate the body's hormonal milieu for the diagnosis and characterization of an endocrine disorder. They are especially helpful in the evaluation of certain endocrine conditions, such as disorders of growth and pubertal maturation and disorders of sex development. A great deal of heterogeneity exists across clinicians with regard to the usage, methodology, and interpretation of these tests. This review outlines various dynamic tests used to evaluate adrenal and gonadal function in pediatric and adult endocrinology, along with their clinical application and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpesh Goyal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suraj Kubihal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashdeep Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Viveka P. Jyotsna
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Khadgawat
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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15
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Folsom LJ, Hjaige M, Liu J, Eugster EA, Auchus RJ. Germ cell neoplasia in situ complicating 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:3-8. [PMID: 30508571 PMCID: PMC6511466 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17βHSD3) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of male sex development that results in defective testosterone biosynthesis. Although mutations in the cognate HSD17B3 gene cause a spectrum of phenotypic manifestations, the majority of affected patients are genetic males having female external genitalia. Many cases do not present until puberty, at which time peripheral conversion of androgen precursors causes progressive virilization. Measurement of the testosterone-to-androstenedione ratio is useful to screen for 17βHSD3 deficiency, and genetic analysis can confirm the diagnosis. As some individuals with 17βHSD3 deficiency transition from a female sex assignment to identifying as males, providers should ensure stable gender identity prior to recommending irreversible treatments. Gonadectomy is indicated to prevent further virilization if a female gender identity is established. The risk of testicular neoplasia is unknown, a point which should be discussed if patients elect to transition into a male gender role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisal J Folsom
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Mariam Hjaige
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erica A Eugster
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University, Indiana, IN, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Schiffer L, Arlt W, Storbeck KH. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:4-26. [PMID: 28865807 PMCID: PMC6565845 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens play an important role in metabolic homeostasis and reproductive health in both men and women. Androgen signalling is dependent on androgen receptor activation, mostly by testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. However, the intracellular or intracrine activation of C19 androgen precursors to active androgens in peripheral target tissues of androgen action is of equal importance. Intracrine androgen synthesis is often not reflected by circulating androgens but rather by androgen metabolites and conjugates. In this review we provide an overview of human C19 steroid biosynthesis including the production of 11-oxygenated androgens, their transport in circulation and uptake into peripheral tissues. We conceptualise the mechanisms of intracrinology and review the intracrine pathways of activation and inactivation in selected human tissues. The contribution of liver and kidney as organs driving androgen inactivation and renal excretion are also highlighted. Finally, the importance of quantifying androgen metabolites and conjugates to assess intracrine androgen production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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17
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Hiort O, Marshall L, Birnbaum W, Wünsch L, Holterhus PM, Döhnert U, Werner R. Pubertal Development in
17Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3 Deficiency
. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 87:354-358. [PMID: 27951541 DOI: 10.1159/000453613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) type 3 deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder with diminished testosterone synthesis and consequently underandrogenisation. 46,XY patients with 17β-HSD type 3 deficiency are often assigned a female sex at birth but have a high virilisation potential at the time of puberty. METHODS We studied four 46,XY patients with 17β-HSD type 3 deficiency at puberty with regard to the underlying mutations, the hormone values, and the clinical findings. RESULTS Three patients were initially assigned a female sex and 1 was assigned a male sex. All had relevant mutations in the HSD17B3 gene. The 2 patients with deleterious mutations had lower testosterone values at the time of puberty than the patients with possible residual activity of 17β-HSD type 3. One of the latter patients changed to male gender. CONCLUSION All 4 patients with 17β-HSD type 3 deficiency synthesized relevant amounts (>0.7 µg/L) of testosterone at puberty, which lead to variable androgenisation. In patients with presumable residual activity of the mutated enzyme, testosterone values in the male reference range can be achieved, thereby inducing male pubertal development. These patients should possibly be assigned a male sex. Any surgical intervention should be avoided until the patients are old enough to consider their options of medical and surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hiort
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Louise Marshall
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Wiebke Birnbaum
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lutz Wünsch
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Ulla Döhnert
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Werner
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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18
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Tsinopoulou AG, Serbis A, Kotanidou EP, Litou E, Dokousli V, Mouzaki K, Fanis P, Neocleous V, Skordis N. 46,XY Disorder of Sex Development due to 17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3 Deficiency in an Infant of Greek Origin. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2018; 10:74-78. [PMID: 28739554 PMCID: PMC5838376 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17βHSD-3) enzyme catalyzes the conversion of androstenedione (Δ4) to testosterone (T) in the testes of the developing fetus, thus playing a crucial role in the differentiation of the gonads and in establishing the male sex phenotype. Any mutation in the encoding gene (HSD17B3) can lead to varying degrees of undervirilization of the affected male, ranging from completely undervirilized external female genitalia to predominantly male with micropenis and hypospadias. We present here an infant who was referred to our clinic because of ambiguous genitalia at birth. Gonads were palpable in the inguinal canal bilaterally and no Müllerian structures were identified on pelvic ultrasound. Because of a low T/Δ4 ratio after a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation test, a tentative diagnosis of 17βHSD-3 deficiency was made which was confirmed after genetic analysis of the HSD17B3 gene of the patient. The molecular analysis identified compound heterozygosity of two previously described mutations and could offer some further validation for the idea of a founder effect for 655-1;G→A mutation in the Greek population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assimina Galli Tsinopoulou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 4th Clinic of Pediatrics, Thessaloniki, Greece,* Address for Correspondence: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 4th Clinic of Pediatrics, Thessaloniki, Greece GSM: +302310991537 E-mail:
| | - Anastasios Serbis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 4th Clinic of Pediatrics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni P. Kotanidou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 4th Clinic of Pediatrics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Litou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 4th Clinic of Pediatrics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vaia Dokousli
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 4th Clinic of Pediatrics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Mouzaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 4th Clinic of Pediatrics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pavlos Fanis
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function & Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vassos Neocleous
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function & Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicos Skordis
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function & Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus,Paedi Center for Specialized Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Nicosia, Cyprus,St. George’s University of London Medical School at the University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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19
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de Calais FL, Smith LD, Raponi M, Maciel-Guerra AT, Guerra-Junior G, de Mello MP, Baralle D. A study of splicing mutations in disorders of sex development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16202. [PMID: 29176693 PMCID: PMC5701223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of splicing sequence variants in genes responsible for sex development in humans may compromise correct biosynthesis of proteins involved in the normal development of gonads and external genitalia. In a cohort of Brazilian patients, we identified mutations in HSD17B3 and SRD5A2 which are both required for human sexual differentiation. A number of these mutations occurred within regions potentially critical for splicing regulation. Minigenes were used to validate the functional effect of mutations in both genes. We evaluated the c.277 + 2 T > G mutation in HSD17B3, and the c.544 G > A, c.548-44 T > G and c.278delG mutations in SRD5A2. We demonstrated that these mutations altered the splicing pattern of these genes. In a genomic era these results illustrate, and remind us, that sequence variants within exon-intron boundaries, which are primarily identified for diagnostic purposes and have unknown pathogenicity, need to be assessed with regards to their impact not only on protein expression, but also on mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Leme de Calais
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lindsay D Smith
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michela Raponi
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andréa Trevas Maciel-Guerra
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Junior
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Diana Baralle
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK.
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20
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Beck KR, Kaserer T, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Virtual screening applications in short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:157-177. [PMID: 28286207 PMCID: PMC6831487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) enzyme family play fundamental roles in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis as well as in the metabolism of steroids, oxysterols, bile acids, and retinoids in peripheral tissues, thereby controlling the local activation of their cognate receptors. Some of these SDRs are considered as promising therapeutic targets, for example to treat estrogen-/androgen-dependent and corticosteroid-related diseases, whereas others are considered as anti-targets as their inhibition may lead to disturbances of endocrine functions, thereby contributing to the development and progression of diseases. Nevertheless, the physiological functions of about half of all SDR members are still unknown. In this respect, in silico tools are highly valuable in drug discovery for lead molecule identification, in toxicology screenings to facilitate the identification of hazardous chemicals, and in fundamental research for substrate identification and enzyme characterization. Regarding SDRs, computational methods have been employed for a variety of applications including drug discovery, enzyme characterization and substrate identification, as well as identification of potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). This review provides an overview of the efforts undertaken in the field of virtual screening supported identification of bioactive molecules in SDR research. In addition, it presents an outlook and addresses the opportunities and limitations of computational modeling and in vitro validation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Penning TM. Single-molecule enzymology of steroid transforming enzymes: Transient kinetic studies and what they tell us. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:5-12. [PMID: 26596239 PMCID: PMC4842339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Structure-function studies on steroid transforming enzymes often use site-directed mutagenesis to inform mechanisms of catalysis and effects on steroid binding, and data are reported in terms of changes in steady state kinetic parameters kcat, Km and kcat/Km. However, this dissection of function is limited since kcat is governed by the rate-determining step and Km is a complex macroscopic kinetic constant. Often site-directed mutagenesis can lead to a change in the rate-determining step which cannot be revealed by just reporting a decrease in kcat alone. These issues are made more complex when it is considered that many steroid transforming enzymes have more than one substrate and product. We present the case for using transient-kinetics performed with stopped-flow spectrometry to assign rate constants to discrete steps in these multi-substrate reactions and their use to interpret enzyme mechanism and the effects of disease and engineered mutations. We demonstrate that fluorescence kinetic transients can be used to measure ligand binding that may be accompanied by isomerization steps, revealing the existence of new enzyme intermediates. We also demonstrate that single-turnover reactions can provide a klim for the chemical step and Ks for steroid-substrate binding and that when coupled with kinetic isotope effect measurements can provide information on transition state intermediates. We also demonstrate how multiple turnover experiments can provide evidence for either "burst-phase" kinetics, which can reveal a slow product release step, or linear-phase kinetics, in which the chemical step can be rate-determining. With these assignments it becomes more straightforward to analyze the effects of mutations. We use examples from the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (AKR1Cs) and human steroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) to illustrate the utility of the approach, which are members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States.
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Grimbly C, Caluseriu O, Metcalfe P, Jetha MM, Rosolowsky ET. 46,XY disorder of sex development due to 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency: a plea for timely genetic testing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2016; 2016:12. [PMID: 27307783 PMCID: PMC4908721 DOI: 10.1186/s13633-016-0030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17βHSD3) deficiency is a rare cause of disorder of sex development (DSD) due to impaired conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. Traditionally, the diagnosis was determined by βHCG-stimulated ratios of testosterone:androstenedione < 0.8. CASE PRESENTATION An otherwise phenotypically female infant presented with bilateral inguinal masses and a 46,XY karyotype. βHCG stimulation (1500 IU IM for 2 days) suggested 17βHSD3 deficiency although androstenedione was only minimally stimulated (4.5 nmol/L to 5.4 nmol/L). Expedient genetic testing for the HSD17B3 gene provided the unequivocal diagnosis. CONCLUSION We advocate for urgent genetic testing in rare causes of DSD as indeterminate hormone results can delay diagnosis and prolong intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey Grimbly
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405- 87th Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, 8-39 Medical Sciences Building, 8613 114 St., Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7 Canada
| | - Peter Metcalfe
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alberta, 2C3.79 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7 Canada
| | - Mary M Jetha
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405- 87th Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Elizabeth T Rosolowsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405- 87th Ave., Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
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Vasundhera C, Jyotsna VP, Kandasamy D, Gupta N. Clinical, hormonal and radiological profile of 46XY disorders of sexual development. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20:300-307. [PMID: 27186544 PMCID: PMC4855955 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.179999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 46 XY disorders of sexual development (DSD) cover a wide spectrum of phenotypes ranging from unambiguous female genitalia to ambiguous male genitalia with hypospadias or dysgenetic gonads. Management of these patients depends on the cause of DSD, degree of feminization, age at presentation, and gender orientation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presentation and management of patients with 46XY DSD at our center. PATIENTS AND METHODS All new and old patients of 46XY DSD attending the endocrine OPD in a period of 16 months were included in this study. Clinical, cytogenetic, hormonal, and radiological evaluation were done to identify the cause of DSD. RESULTS Among 19 patients, eight were diagnosed with disorders of gonadal development (one with complete gonadal dysgenesis, four with partial gonadal dysgenesis, two with congenital bilateral anorchia, and one with ovotesticular DSD) and eight with disorders of androgen synthesis and action (one with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome [AIS], three with partial AIS and four with 5α reductase deficiency). In three patients, a definitive diagnosis could not be made. CONCLUSIONS Management of patients with DSD depends on etiology, gender assignment, gender orientation, hormonal treatment, genital surgery, and consequent psychosocial implications. Due to the overlapping clinical and biochemical parameters in different subsets of DSD, only a preliminary etiological diagnosis can be made in some cases. Genetic studies with long-term follow-up are required for an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chauhan Vasundhera
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Viveka P. Jyotsna
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Nandita Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Hassan HA, Mazen I, Gad YZ, Ali OS, Mekkawy M, Essawi ML. Mutational Profile of 10 Afflicted Egyptian Families with 17-β-HSD-3 Deficiency. Sex Dev 2016; 10:66-73. [DOI: 10.1159/000445311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Pharmacophore Models and Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening: Concepts and Applications Exemplified on Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. Molecules 2015; 20:22799-832. [PMID: 26703541 PMCID: PMC6332202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational methods are well-established tools in the drug discovery process and can be employed for a variety of tasks. Common applications include lead identification and scaffold hopping, as well as lead optimization by structure-activity relationship analysis and selectivity profiling. In addition, compound-target interactions associated with potentially harmful effects can be identified and investigated. This review focuses on pharmacophore-based virtual screening campaigns specifically addressing the target class of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Many members of this enzyme family are associated with specific pathological conditions, and pharmacological modulation of their activity may represent promising therapeutic strategies. On the other hand, unintended interference with their biological functions, e.g., upon inhibition by xenobiotics, can disrupt steroid hormone-mediated effects, thereby contributing to the development and progression of major diseases. Besides a general introduction to pharmacophore modeling and pharmacophore-based virtual screening, exemplary case studies from the field of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) research are presented. These success stories highlight the suitability of pharmacophore modeling for the various application fields and suggest its application also in futures studies.
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Alikaşifoğlu A, Vurallı D, Hiort O, Gönç N, Özön A, Kandemir N. Severe Undervirilisation in a 46,XY Case Due to a Novel Mutation in HSD17B3 Gene. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2015; 7:249-52. [PMID: 26831562 PMCID: PMC4677563 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) is an important enzyme involved in the final steps of androgen synthesis and is required for the development of normal male external genitalia. 46,XY individuals with deficiency of this enzyme present a wide clinical spectrum from a female appearance of the external genitalia through ambiguous genitalia to a predominantly male genitalia with micropenis or hypospadias. This paper reports a one-year-old 46,XY patient with 17β-HSD3 deficiency who presented with female external genitalia and bilaterally palpable gonads in the inguinal region. The low T/Δ4 ratio after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation suggested 17β-HSD3 deficiency. A homozygous mutation, c.761_762delAG, was determined at the intron 9/exon 10 splice site of the HSD17B3 gene. To the best of our knowledge, this mutation has not been reported thus far, but its localization and type would imply a complete disruption of the 17β-HSD3 which may explain the phenotype of our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Alikaşifoğlu
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Doğuş Vurallı
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 312 305 11 24 E-mail:
| | - Olaf Hiort
- University of Lübeck Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nazlı Gönç
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alev Özön
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurgün Kandemir
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
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Al-Sinani A, Mula-Abed WAS, Al-Kindi M, Al-Kusaibi G, Al-Azkawi H, Nahavandi N. A Novel Mutation Causing 17-β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3 Deficiency in an Omani Child: First Case Report and Review of Literature. Oman Med J 2015; 30:129-34. [PMID: 25960839 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first case report in Oman and the Gulf region of a 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17-β-HSD3) deficiency with a novel mutation in the HSD17B3 gene that has not been previously described in the medical literature. An Omani child was diagnosed with 17-β-HSD3 deficiency and was followed up for 11 years at the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Royal Hospital, Oman. He presented at the age of six weeks with ambiguous genitalia, stretched penile and bilateral undescended testes. Ultrasound showed no evidence of any uterine or ovarian structures with oval shaped solid structures in both inguinal regions that were confirmed by histology to be testicular tissues with immature seminiferous tubules only. The diagnosis was made by demonstrating low serum testosterone and high androstenedione, estrone, and androstenedione:testosterone ratio. Karyotyping confirmed 46,XY and the infant was raised as male. Testosterone injections (25mg once monthly) were given at two and six months and then three months before his surgeries at five and seven years of age when he underwent multiple operations for orchidopexy and hypospadias correction. At the age of 10 years he developed bilateral gynecomastia (stage 4). Laboratory investigations showed raised follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, androstenedione, and estrone with low-normal testosterone and low androstendiol glucurunide. Testosterone injections (50mg once monthly for six months) were given that resulted in significant reduction in his gynecomastia. Molecular analysis revealed a previously unreported homozygous variant in exon eight of the HSD17B3 gene (NM_000197.1:c.576G>A.Trp192*). This variant creates a premature stop codon, which is very likely to result in a truncated protein or loss of protein production. This is the first report in the medical literature of this novel HSD17B3 gene mutation. A literature review was conducted to identify the previous studies related to this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Al-Sinani
- National Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Manal Al-Kindi
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Hanan Al-Azkawi
- National Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Baetens D, Mladenov W, Delle Chiaie B, Menten B, Desloovere A, Iotova V, Callewaert B, Van Laecke E, Hoebeke P, De Baere E, Cools M. Extensive clinical, hormonal and genetic screening in a large consecutive series of 46,XY neonates and infants with atypical sexual development. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:209. [PMID: 25497574 PMCID: PMC4271496 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One in 4500 children is born with ambiguous genitalia, milder phenotypes occur in one in 300 newborns. Conventional time-consuming hormonal and genetic work-up provides a genetic diagnosis in around 20-40% of 46,XY cases with ambiguous genitalia. All others remain without a definitive diagnosis. The investigation of milder cases, as suggested by recent reports remains controversial. Methods Integrated clinical, hormonal and genetic screening was performed in a sequential series of 46, XY children, sex-assigned male, who were referred to our pediatric endocrine service for atypical genitalia (2007–2013). Results A consecutive cohort of undervirilized 46,XY children with external masculinization score (EMS) 2–12, was extensively investigated. In four patients, a clinical diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome or Mowat-Wilson syndrome was made and genetically supported in 2/3 and 1/1 cases respectively. Hormonal data were suggestive of a (dihydro)testosterone biosynthesis disorder in four cases, however no HSD17B3 or SRD5A2 mutations were found. Array-CGH revealed a causal structural variation in 2/6 syndromic patients. In addition, three novel NR5A1 mutations were found in non-syndromic patients. Interestingly, one mutation was present in a fertile male, underlining the inter- and intrafamilial phenotypic variability of NR5A1-associated phenotypes. No AR, SRY or WT1 mutations were identified. Conclusion Overall, a genetic diagnosis could be established in 19% of non-syndromic and 33% of syndromic cases. There is no difference in diagnostic yield between patients with more or less pronounced phenotypes, as expressed by the external masculinisation score (EMS). The clinical utility of array-CGH is high in syndromic cases. Finally, a sequential gene-by-gene approach is time-consuming, expensive and inefficient. Given the low yield and high expense of Sanger sequencing, we anticipate that massively parallel sequencing of gene panels and whole exome sequencing hold promise for genetic diagnosis of 46,XY DSD boys with an undervirilized phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0209-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Baetens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wilhelm Mladenov
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Building 3K12D, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Varna, University Hospital "Sveta Marina", Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Barbara Delle Chiaie
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Björn Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - An Desloovere
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Building 3K12D, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Violeta Iotova
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Varna, University Hospital "Sveta Marina", Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Erik Van Laecke
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Piet Hoebeke
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Martine Cools
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Building 3K12D, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Ellaithi M, Werner R, Riepe FG, Krone N, Kulle AE, Diab T, Kamel AK, Arlt W, Holterhus PM, Sabir O, Hiort O. 46,XY disorder of sex development in a sudanese patient caused by a novel mutation in the HSD17B3 gene. Sex Dev 2014; 8:151-5. [PMID: 24941935 DOI: 10.1159/000363201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a Sudanese 46,XY patient raised as a female and diagnosed at the age of 20 years with having 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) deficiency. She presented with primary amenorrhea, undeveloped breasts and a male pattern of secondary sexual characteristics. Examination of her external genitalia showed type IV genital circumcision. Steroid measurements both in urine and serum pointed to 17β-HSD3 deficiency. A novel homozygous splice-site mutation [c.524 + 2T>A] was detected in intron 7 of the HSD17B3 gene. In this patient, steroid concentration clearly supported both the clinical diagnosis of 17β-HSD3 deficiency and the functional relevance of the mutation. Interestingly, despite of the type IV genital circumcision, the patient expressed her interest in reassigning her sex from female to male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ellaithi
- Al-Neelain Medical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
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Wu JY, McGown IN, Lin L, Achermann JC, Harris M, Cowley DM, Aftimos S, Neville KA, Choong CS, Cotterill AM. A novel NR5A1 variant in an infant with elevated testosterone from an Australasian cohort of 46,XY patients with disorders of sex development. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:545-50. [PMID: 22909003 PMCID: PMC3613751 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NR5A1 loss-of-function mutations are increasingly found to be the cause of 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD). OBJECTIVE To determine the presence of NR5A1 mutations in an Australasian cohort of 17 46,XY DSD patients with presumed androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) who were negative for androgen receptor gene (AR) mutation. DESIGN Exons 2-7 of NR5A1 were PCR amplified and sequenced. Gene expression and cellular localization studies were performed on a novel NR5A1 variant c.74A>G (p.Y25C) identified in this study. RESULTS We identified one novel mutation, c.74A>G (p.Y25C) in a patient characterized by penoscrotal hypospadias with bifid scrotum. He had elevated testosterone and gonadotropins in early infancy. Functional analysis of p.Y25C in vitro demonstrated reduced transcriptional activation by SF-1 and partially impaired nuclear localization in a proportion of transfected human adrenal NCI-H295R cells. CONCLUSION This is the first reported case of a DSD patient with a NR5A1 mutation and elevated testosterone levels. Our finding supports evaluation of NR5A1 mutations in 46,XY DSD patients with a range of testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y Wu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Özbey H, Etker S. Disorders of sexual development in a cultural context. Arab J Urol 2013; 11:33-9. [PMID: 26579242 PMCID: PMC4442941 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disorders of sexual development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which the development of the chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex can be deemed atypical. The external genitalia should appear ‘normal’ in size and shape from birth, with no question of abnormality, and the individual must receive appropriate social-environmental feedback in the course of the sexual maturation process. Methods We review regional differences in the variables considered important for gender assignment in individuals with DSD. Various approaches to certain forms of DSD are analysed within their cultural context. Results The decision to leave the sex of rearing undisturbed or to change it is difficult. It depends on the patient’s age and the extent to which the gender identity has been established with parental gender preference, social, cultural and religious factors. Severe forms of genetically female congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3, 5α-reductase and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiencies are found to be the most difficult cases to diagnose and/or manage. Conclusion Gender assignment in children with DSD is a subject of intense debate. Each case of DSD must be evaluated individually and on its merits and potentials. Although early admission and appropriate diagnostic facilities could provide the correct diagnosis, this is not the case in some cultures. It is seen that ‘gender panic’, social and religious concepts affect the decision-making process in gender assignment, especially in delayed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Özbey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Pediatric Urology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey ; DSDturk - Association of Disorders of Sex Development and Hypospadias, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Etker
- DSDturk - Association of Disorders of Sex Development and Hypospadias, Istanbul, Turkey
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Functional analyses of endometriosis-related polymorphisms in the estrogen synthesis and metabolism-related genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47374. [PMID: 23139742 PMCID: PMC3490981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is determined by genetic factors, and the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms varies greatly depending on the ethnic group studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 9 genes involved in estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism and the risks of endometriosis. Three hundred patients with endometriosis and 337 non-endometriotic controls were recruited. Thirty four non-synonymous SNPs, which change amino acid residues, were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The functions of SNP-resulted amino acid changes were analyzed using multiple web-accessible databases and phosphorylation predicting algorithms. Among the 34 NCBI-listed SNPs, 22 did not exhibit polymorphism in this study of more than 600 Taiwanese Chinese women. However, homozygous and heterozygous mutants of 4 SNPs - rs6165 (genotype GG+GA, 307(Ala/Ala)+307(Ala/Thr)) of FSHR, rs 6166 (genotype GG+GA, 680(Ser/Asn)+680(Ser/Ser)) of FSHR, rs2066479 (genotype AA+AG, 289(Ser/Ser)+289(Ser/Gly)) of HSD17B3 and rs700519 (genotype TT+TC, 264(Cys/Cys)+264(Cys/Arg)) of CYP19, alone or in combination, were significantly associated with decreased risks of endometriosis. Bioinformatics results identified 307(Thr) of FSHR to be a site for O-linked glycosylation, 680(Ser) of FSHR a phosphorylated site by protein kinase B, and 289(Ser) of HSD17B3 a phosphorylated site by protein kinase B or ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1. Results of this study suggest that non-synonymous polymorphisms of FSHR, HSD17B3 and CYP19 genes may modulate the risk of endometriosis in Taiwanese Chinese women. Identification of the endometrosis-preferential non-synonymous SNPs and the conformational changes in those proteins may pave the way for the development of more disease-specific drugs.
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Juniarto AZ, van der Zwan YG, Santosa A, Hersmus R, de Jong FH, Olmer R, Bruggenwirth HT, Themmen APN, Wolffenbuttel KP, Looijenga LHJ, Faradz SMH, Drop SLS. Application of the new classification on patients with a disorder of sex development in indonesia. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:237084. [PMID: 22253624 PMCID: PMC3255103 DOI: 10.1155/2012/237084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorder of sex development (DSD) patients in Indonesia most often do not receive a proper diagnostic evaluation and treatment. This study intended to categorize 88 Indonesian patients in accordance with the new consensus DSD algorithm. Diagnostic evaluation including clinical, hormonal, genetic, imaging, surgical, and histological parameters was performed. Fifty-three patients were raised as males, and 34 as females. Of 22 patients with 46, XX DSD, 15 had congenital adrenal hyperplasia, while in one patient, an ovarian Leydig cell tumor was found. In all 58 46, XY DSD patients, 29 were suspected of a disorder of androgen action (12 with an androgen receptor mutation), and in 9, gonadal dysgenesis was found and, in 20, severe hypospadias e.c.i. Implementation of the current consensus statement in a resource-poor environment is very difficult. The aim of the diagnostic workup in developing countries should be to end up with an evidence-based diagnosis. This is essential to improve treatment and thereby to improve the patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Zulfa Juniarto
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University (FMDU), Semarang 50321, Indonesia
| | - Yvonne G. van der Zwan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ardy Santosa
- Department of Urology, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang 50321, Indonesia
| | - Remko Hersmus
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank H. de Jong
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Olmer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hennie T. Bruggenwirth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Axel P. N. Themmen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja P. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert H. J. Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sultana M. H. Faradz
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University (FMDU), Semarang 50321, Indonesia
| | - Stenvert L. S. Drop
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- *Stenvert L. S. Drop:
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Schwentner C, Czyz J, Seibold J, Todenhoefer T, Alloussi SH, Klocker H, Gakis G, Stenzl A, Baka-Ostrowska M, Radmayr C. Long-term biochemical evaluation of the androgen receptor pathway in males with disorders of sex development. World J Urol 2010; 29:677-82. [PMID: 21161538 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-010-0622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Disorders of sex (DSD) development represent a serious condition. Most of the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Disturbances within the androgen receptor (AR) pathway frequently account for 46 XY-DSDs. The individual gender-related outcome often is unsatisfactory. We present a long-term AR gene-mutation-associated follow-up in a group of 46 XY-DSD patients. METHODS Twenty patients (46 XY) who underwent genitoplasty in infancy or early childhood were retrospectively identified. Median follow-up after surgery was 16 years. All were undervirilized at initial presentation. Thirteen had female gender assignment, and 7 were raised as males. A genital skin biopsy and subsequent fibroblast cultures were done. The specific binding of dihydrotestosterone, the thermostability of the receptor hormone complex, and 5-α-reductase activity were measured. AR gene mutations were detected by direct sequencing. The individual outcome was correlated with specific AR mutations. RESULTS AR point mutations were detected in 12, 7 were previously unknown. There was no specific androgen binding in 3, reduced affinity in 9, and normal binding in 8 patients. 5-α-Reductase activity was normal in 15, reduced in 4 and completely absent in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS Retrospective evaluation revealed previously unknown and established AR gene mutations being associated with a distinct long-term outcome. Identification of the molecular mechanisms causing DSD will likely improve timely diagnosis and therapy. Exact characterization of AR activation and function may offer a treatment modality in affected patients. These data may allow us to give prognostic estimations on the individual outcome adding objective criteria for gender assignment in 46 XY-DSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schwentner
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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The influence of bovine milk high or low in isoflavones on hepatic gene expression in mice. J Toxicol 2010; 2010:423179. [PMID: 20652050 PMCID: PMC2905924 DOI: 10.1155/2010/423179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones have generated much attention due to their potential positive effects in various diseases. Phytoestrogens especially equol can be found in bovine milk, as feed ration for dairy cows is comprised of plants containing phytoestrogens. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in hepatic gene expression after dietary intake of milk high and low in isoflavones. In addition to pelleted feed female NMRI mice were offered water, water added either 17β-estradiol, equol, Tween 80, and milk high and low in isoflavone content for a week. Gene expression was analyzed using an array qPCR kit. It was revealed that Tween 80 and 17β-estradiol upregulated both phase I and phase II genes to the same extent whereas equol alone, high and low isoflavone milk did not alter the expression of phase I genes but decreased the expression of phase II genes. This study shows that dietary isoflavones can regulate the transcription of especially phase II liver enzymes which potentially could give rise to an increase in reactive oxygen metabolites that may contribute to the development of cancer.
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46,XY DSD with Female or Ambiguous External Genitalia at Birth due to Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, 5alpha-Reductase-2 Deficiency, or 17beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency: A Review of Quality of Life Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2009; 2009:567430. [PMID: 19956704 PMCID: PMC2777017 DOI: 10.1155/2009/567430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development refer to a collection of congenital conditions in which atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex occurs. Studies of 46,XY DSD have focused largely on gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation. Few studies have focused on other domains, such as physical and mental health, that may contribute to a person's quality of life. The current review focuses on information published since 1955 pertaining to psychological well-being, cognition, general health, fertility, and sexual function in people affected by androgen insensitivity syndromes, 5-α reductase-2 deficiency, or 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency—reared male or female. The complete form of androgen insensitivity syndrome has been the focus of the largest number of investigations in domains other than gender. Despite this, all of the conditions included in the current review are under-studied. Realms identified for further study include psychological well-being, cognitive abilities, general health, fertility, and sexual function. Such investigations would not only improve the quality of life for those affected by DSD but may also provide information for improving physical and mental health in the general population.
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Honour JW. Diagnosis of diseases of steroid hormone production, metabolism and action. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2009; 1:209-26. [PMID: 21274298 PMCID: PMC3005746 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.v1i5.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical tests have been the basis for investigations of disorders affecting steroid hormones. In recent years it has been possible however to study the genes that determine functional enzymes, cofactors, receptors, transcription factors and signaling systems that are involved in the process. Analyses of mutations are available as a diagnostic service for only a few of these genes although research laboratories may be able to provide a service. Both biochemical and genetic research have brought to light new disorders. Some genes for transcription factors involved in the development of the endocrine organs have also been identified and patients with defects in these processes have been found. This paper will review general aspects of adrenal disorders with emphasis on clinical and laboratory findings. As with all endocrine investigations there are few single measurements that provide a definitive answer to a diagnosis. Timing of samples in relation to age, gender and time of day needs to be considered.
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Mains LM, Vakili B, Lacassie Y, Andersson S, Lindqvist A, Rock JA. 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency in a male pseudohermaphrodite. Fertil Steril 2007; 89:228.e13-7. [PMID: 17509588 PMCID: PMC2259022 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the clinical, biochemical, and genetic features of a male pseudohermaphrodite whose condition was caused by 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17beta-HSD3) deficiency. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Gynecology practice in a university teaching hospital. PATIENT(S) A 15-year-old black American male pseudohermaphrodite with 17beta-HSD3 deficiency. INTERVENTION(S) Laboratory evaluation, genetic mutation analysis, bilateral gonadectomy, and hormone replacement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Endocrinologic evaluation and genetic analysis. RESULT(S) A diagnosis of 17beta-HSD3 deficiency made on the basis of hormone evaluation was confirmed through genetic mutation analysis of the HSD17B3 gene. Female phenotype was attained after gonadectomy, passive vaginal dilatation, and hormone therapy. CONCLUSION(S) Deficiency of 17beta-HSD3 was diagnosed in this patient on the basis of endocrinologic evaluation and was confirmed with genetic mutation analysis. The patient was able to retain her female sexual identity after surgical and medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Mains
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center and Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Huang Y, Tang R, Dai J, Gu S, Zhao W, Cheng C, Xu M, Zhou Z, Ying K, Xi Y, Mao Y. A novel human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 1 gene (HSDL1) is highly expressed in reproductive tissues. Mol Biol Rep 2002; 28:185-91. [PMID: 12153137 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015726217890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and characterization of a novel human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like gene (HSDL1) located on human chromosome 16q24.2. The HSDL1 cDNA is 3407 base pair in length, encoding a 309 amino acid polypeptide related to human 17beta-HSD3. Northern blot reveals that the HSDL1 is highly expressed in testis and ovary. In situ hybridization indicates that the expression of HSDL1 is predominantly increased in the prostate cancer tissue compared with the normal prostate tissue, which suggests that the gene expression is important to the arising of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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