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Herrmann M, Rodriguez-Blanco G, Balasso M, Sobolewska K, Semeraro MD, Alonso N, Herrmann W. The role of bile acid metabolism in bone and muscle: from analytics to mechanisms. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:510-528. [PMID: 38488591 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2323132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are both common age-related disorders that are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Bone and muscle are metabolically very active tissues that require large amounts of energy. Bile acids (BAs), a group of liver-derived steroid compounds, are primarily known as emulsifiers that facilitate the resorption of dietary fat and lipids. In addition, they have pleiotropic metabolic functions in lipoprotein and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal bacterial growth. Through these effects, they are related to metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. BAs mediate their metabolic effects through receptor dependent and receptor-independent mechanisms. Emerging evidence suggests that BAs are also involved in bone and muscle metabolism. Under normal circumstances, BAs support bone health by shifting the delicate equilibrium of bone turnover toward bone formation. In contrast, low or excessive amounts of BAs promote bone resorption. In cholestatic liver disease, BAs accumulate in the liver, reach toxic concentrations in the circulation, and thus may contribute to bone loss and muscle wasting. In addition, the measurement of BAs is in rapid evolution with modern mass spectrometry techniques that allow for the detection of a continuously growing number of BAs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemistry, physiology and measurement of bile acids. Furthermore, it summarizes the existing literature regarding their role in bone and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giovanny Rodriguez-Blanco
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Balasso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Sobolewska
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Donatella Semeraro
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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2
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Stratton CA, Thompson Y, Zio K, Morrison WR, Murrell EG. uafR: An R package that automates mass spectrometry data processing. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306202. [PMID: 38968199 PMCID: PMC11226021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical information has become increasingly ubiquitous and has outstripped the pace of analysis and interpretation. We have developed an R package, uafR, that automates a grueling retrieval process for gas -chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC -MS) data and allows anyone interested in chemical comparisons to quickly perform advanced structural similarity matches. Our streamlined cheminformatics workflows allow anyone with basic experience in R to pull out component areas for tentative compound identifications using the best published understanding of molecules across samples (pubchem.gov). Interpretations can now be done at a fraction of the time, cost, and effort it would typically take using a standard chemical ecology data analysis pipeline. The package was tested in two experimental contexts: (1) A dataset of purified internal standards, which showed our algorithms correctly identified the known compounds with R2 values ranging from 0.827-0.999 along concentrations ranging from 1 × 10-5 to 1 × 103 ng/μl, (2) A large, previously published dataset, where the number and types of compounds identified were comparable (or identical) to those identified with the traditional manual peak annotation process, and NMDS analysis of the compounds produced the same pattern of significance as in the original study. Both the speed and accuracy of GC -MS data processing are drastically improved with uafR because it allows users to fluidly interact with their experiment following tentative library identifications [i.e. after the m/z spectra have been matched against an installed chemical fragmentation database (e.g. NIST)]. Use of uafR will allow larger datasets to be collected and systematically interpreted quickly. Furthermore, the functions of uafR could allow backlogs of previously collected and annotated data to be processed by new personnel or students as they are being trained. This is critical as we enter the era of exposomics, metabolomics, volatilomes, and landscape level, high-throughput chemotyping. This package was developed to advance collective understanding of chemical data and is applicable to any research that benefits from GC -MS analysis. It can be downloaded for free along with sample datasets from Github at github.org/castratton/uafR or installed directly from R or RStudio using the developer tools: 'devtools::install_github("castratton/uafR")'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase A. Stratton
- The Land Institute, Salina, KS, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States of America
| | | | | | - William R. Morrison
- USDA-ARS, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
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3
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Chen T, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Anabolic steroids in livestock production: Background and implications for chemical food safety. Steroids 2024; 206:109420. [PMID: 38580048 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of steroids in livestock animals is a source of concern for consumers because of the risks associated with the presence of their residues in foodstuffs of animal origin. Technological advances such as mass spectrometry have made it possible to play a fundamental role in controlling such practices, firstly for the discovery of marker metabolites but also for the monitoring of these compounds under the regulatory framework. Current control strategies rely on the monitoring of either the parent drug or its metabolites in various matrices of interest. As some of these steroids also have an endogenous status specific strategies have to be applied for control purposes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of analytical strategies, whether targeted or non-targeted, and whether they focus on markers of exposure or effect in the specific context of chemical food safety regarding the use of anabolic steroids in livestock. The role of new approaches in data acquisition (e.g. ion mobility), processing and analysis, (e.g. molecular networking), is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes 44300, France
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4
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Temerdashev A, Zorina M, Feng YQ, Gashimova E, Dotsenko VV, Ioutsi V, Atapattu SN. Cyanoacetohydrazide as a Novel Derivatization Agent for the Determination of UHPLC-HRMS Steroids in Urine. Molecules 2024; 29:2433. [PMID: 38893309 PMCID: PMC11173670 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The possibility of cyanoacetohydrazide usage as a novel derivatizing agent is demonstrated in the presented article, and a comparison with hydroxylamine as the most commonly used reagent is provided. Optimal conditions for steroid derivatization with cyanoacetohydrazide are provided. According to the collected data, the maximum yield of derivatives was observed at pH 2.8 within 70 min at 40 °C with 5 ng/mL limit of detection for all investigated analytes. It was shown that cyanoacetohydrazide derivatives produces both syn- and anti-forms as well as hydroxylamine, and their ratios were evaluated and shown in presented work. An efficiency enchantment from two to up to five times was achieved with a novel derivatization reagent. Its applicability for qualitative analysis of steroids in urine was presented at real samples. Additionally, the reproducible fragmentation of the derivatizing agent in collision-induced dissociation offers opportunities for simplified non-targeted steroidomic screening. Furthermore, cyanoacetohydrazide increases ionization efficiency in positive mode, which can eliminate the need for redundant high-resolution instrument runs required for both positive and negative mode analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azamat Temerdashev
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia
| | - Maria Zorina
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- School of Bioengineering and Health, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430415, China
| | - Elina Gashimova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia
| | - Victor V. Dotsenko
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia
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5
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Mullen N, Curneen J, Donlon PT, Prakash P, Bancos I, Gurnell M, Dennedy MC. Treating Primary Aldosteronism-Induced Hypertension: Novel Approaches and Future Outlooks. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:125-170. [PMID: 37556722 PMCID: PMC10765166 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality when compared with blood pressure-matched cases of primary hypertension. Current limitations in patient care stem from delayed recognition of the condition, limited access to key diagnostic procedures, and lack of a definitive therapy option for nonsurgical candidates. However, several recent advances have the potential to address these barriers to optimal care. From a diagnostic perspective, machine-learning algorithms have shown promise in the prediction of PA subtypes, while the development of noninvasive alternatives to adrenal vein sampling (including molecular positron emission tomography imaging) has made accurate localization of functioning adrenal nodules possible. In parallel, more selective approaches to targeting the causative aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma/nodule (APA/APN) have emerged with the advent of partial adrenalectomy or precision ablation. Additionally, the development of novel pharmacological agents may help to mitigate off-target effects of aldosterone and improve clinical efficacy and outcomes. Here, we consider how each of these innovations might change our approach to the patient with PA, to allow more tailored investigation and treatment plans, with corresponding improvement in clinical outcomes and resource utilization, for this highly prevalent disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mullen
- The Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway H91V4AY, Ireland
| | - James Curneen
- The Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway H91V4AY, Ireland
| | - Padraig T Donlon
- The Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway H91V4AY, Ireland
| | - Punit Prakash
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark Gurnell
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael C Dennedy
- The Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway H91V4AY, Ireland
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6
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Vítků J, Hampl R. Steroid Conjugates and Their Physiological Role. Physiol Res 2023; 72:S317-S322. [PMID: 38116768 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
While there are hundreds of synthetic steroids conjugates with acids, sugars, proteins and other molecules, only two types of conjugates occur in living organisms, namely sulfates and glucuronides. Steroid glucuronidation in the human liver is the main mechanism controlling the levels and biological activity of unconjugated hormones, and glucuronides are their main excretion products. This process is generally irreversible. On the other hand, sulfates possess their own biological activity that differs from that of the unconjugated steroid, emphasizing the importance of steroid sulfatases and sulfotransferases. Due to their negative charge, steroid sulfates cannot cross the blood-cell barrier and have to use transporters. Their efflux is mediated by specific transporters of the ATP binding cassette protein group, which thus are further factors controlling their physiological effects. Steroid sulfates, especially dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) are neuroactive steroids, with well-known effects as allosteric modulators of some neurotransmitter receptors, functioning as ion channels, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, type A (GABAA) receptors or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In this minireview, we highlight some recent findings of non-genomic steroid sulfate actions through specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), which we believe show the way of further research. A few studies have even indicated that sulfates such as DHEAS may even indirectly regulate gene expression via ligand binding to the membrane receptor and, through G-protein and second messenger formation, activate proteins like cAMP Regulated Elements Binding protein (CREB), which then binds to regulated DNA elements of the expressed gene, in a "classical" genomic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vítků
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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7
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van de Lavoir M, da Silva KM, Iturrospe E, Robeyns R, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Untargeted hair lipidomics: comprehensive evaluation of the hair-specific lipid signature and considerations for retrospective analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5589-5604. [PMID: 37468753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics investigates the composition and function of lipids, typically employing blood or tissue samples as the primary study matrices. Hair has recently emerged as a potential complementary sample type to identify biomarkers in early disease stages and retrospectively document an individual's metabolic status due to its long detection window of up to several months prior to the time of sampling. However, the limited coverage of lipid profiling presented in previous studies has hindered its exploitation. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid coverage of hair using an untargeted liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry lipidomics platform. Two distinct three-step exhaustive extraction experiments were performed using a hair metabolomics one-phase extraction technique that has been recently optimized, and the two-phase Folch extraction method which is recognized as the gold standard for lipid extraction in biological matrices. The applied lipidomics workflow improved hair lipid coverage, as only 99 species could be annotated using the one-phase extraction method, while 297 lipid species across six categories were annotated with the Folch method. Several lipids in hair were reported for the first time, including N-acyl amino acids, diradylglycerols, and coenzyme Q10. The study suggests that hair lipids are not solely derived from de novo synthesis in hair, but are also incorporated from sebum and blood, making hair a valuable matrix for clinical, forensic, and dermatological research. The improved understanding of the lipid composition and analytical considerations for retrospective analysis offers valuable insights to contextualize untargeted hair lipidomic analysis and facilitate the use of hair in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria van de Lavoir
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Katyeny Manuela da Silva
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elias Iturrospe
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rani Robeyns
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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8
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Sumińska M, Podgórski R, Fichna P, Mazur A, Fichna M. The Impact of Obesity on the Excretion of Steroid Metabolites in Boys and Girls: A Comparison with Normal-Weight Children. Nutrients 2023; 15:1734. [PMID: 37049573 PMCID: PMC10097123 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity in childhood is associated with several steroid changes, which result from excess body mass. The aim of this study was to evaluate steroid metabolism in children with obesity compared with those with normal weight, especially in relation to sex and puberty progress. We analyzed the clinical data of 191 children, aged between 5 and 18 years, with 115 affected (64 girls and 51 boys) and 76 unaffected (35 girls and 41 boys) by obesity. Routine clinical assessment and pubertal stage evaluation based upon Tanner's scale were performed. In addition, to evaluate the impact of puberty, children with pre-adolescence and advanced puberty were divided into separate subgroups. Then, 24 h urine steroid excretion profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Significant differences in the excretion of steroid metabolites were found between normal weight children and children with obesity, especially in the prepubertal cohort. In this group, we observed enhanced activity in all the pathways of adrenal steroidogenesis. Raised excretion of mineralocorticoid derivatives such as tetrahydro-11-deoxycorticosterone, tetrahydrocorticosterone, and 5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone supported increased activity of this track. No significant differences were detected in the excreted free forms of cortisol and cortisone, while the excretion of their characteristic tetrahydro-derivatives was different. In pre-adolescent children with obesity, α-cortol and especially α-cortolone appeared to be excreted more abundantly than β-cortol or β-cortolone. Furthermore, in children with obesity, we observed elevated androgen excretion with an enhanced backdoor pathway. As puberty progressed, remarkable reduction in the differences between adolescents with and without obesity was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sumińska
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes, Auxology and Obesity, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Rafał Podgórski
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Piotr Fichna
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes, Auxology and Obesity, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Endocrinology and Diabetes, Collegium of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Marta Fichna
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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9
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Hissong R, Evans KR, Evans CR. Compound Identification Strategies in Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics and Pharmacometabolomics. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 277:43-71. [PMID: 36409330 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The metabolome is composed of a vast array of molecules, including endogenous metabolites and lipids, diet- and microbiome-derived substances, pharmaceuticals and supplements, and exposome chemicals. Correct identification of compounds from this diversity of classes is essential to derive biologically relevant insights from metabolomics data. In this chapter, we aim to provide a practical overview of compound identification strategies for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, with a particular eye toward pharmacologically-relevant studies. First, we describe routine compound identification strategies applicable to targeted metabolomics. Next, we discuss both experimental (data acquisition-focused) and computational (software-focused) strategies used to identify unknown compounds in untargeted metabolomics data. We then discuss the importance of, and methods for, assessing and reporting the level of confidence of compound identifications. Throughout the chapter, we discuss how these steps can be implemented using today's technology, but also highlight research underway to further improve accuracy and certainty of compound identification. For readers interested in interpreting metabolomics data already collected, this chapter will supply important context regarding the origin of the metabolite names assigned to features in the data and help them assess the certainty of the identifications. For those planning new data acquisition, the chapter supplies guidance for designing experiments and selecting analysis methods to enable accurate compound identification, and it will point the reader toward best-practice data analysis and reporting strategies to allow sound biological and pharmacological interpretation.
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10
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Schiffer L, Shaheen F, Gilligan LC, Storbeck KH, Hawley JM, Keevil BG, Arlt W, Taylor AE. Multi-steroid profiling by UHPLC-MS/MS with post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1209:123413. [PMID: 35988498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-steroid profiling is a powerful analytical tool that simultaneously quantifies steroids from different biosynthetic pathways. Here we present an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) assay for the profiling of 23 steroids using post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride. METHODS Following liquid-liquid extraction, steroids were chromatographically separated over 5 min using a Phenomenex Luna Omega C18 column and a water (0.1 % formic acid) methanol gradient. Quantification was performed on a Waters Acquity UHPLC and Xevo® TQ-XS mass spectrometer. Ammonium fluoride (6 mmol/L, post-column infusion) and formic acid (0.1 % (vol/vol), mobile phase additive) were compared as additives to aid ionisation. RESULTS Post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride enhanced ionisation in a steroid structure-dependent fashion compared to formic acid (122-140 % for 3βOH-Δ5 steroids and 477-1274 % for 3-keto-Δ4 steroids). Therefore, we analytically validated post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride. Lower limits of quantification ranged from 0.3 to 3 nmol/L; All analytes were quantifiable with acceptable accuracy (bias range -14 % to 11.9 % for 21/23, -21 % to 11.9 % for all analytes). Average recovery ranged from 91.6 % to 113.6 % and average matrix effects from -29.9 % to 19.9 %. Imprecision ranged from 2.3 % to 23 % for all analytes and was < 15 % for 18/23 analytes. The serum multi-steroid profile of 10 healthy men and 10 healthy women was measured. CONCLUSIONS UHPLC-MS/MS with post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride enables comprehensive multi-steroid profiling through enhanced ionisation particularly benefiting the detection of 3-keto-Δ4 steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fozia Shaheen
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - James M Hawley
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian G Keevil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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11
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Adrenal steroids reference ranges in infancy determined by LC-MS/MS. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:265-274. [PMID: 34556810 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpretation of the results of steroid hormone measurements is challenging at early infancy. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method provides a powerful tool for diagnosing steroidogenesis disorders. We aimed to develop normative data for a 14-steroid panel and four adrenal enzyme activity indices, determined by LC-MS/MS from 3 days to 6 months of age. METHODS Age- and sex-specific plasma steroid concentrations were calculated in 324 healthy full-term neonates and infants (151 females). Percentile curves were devised. Steroid ratios were evaluated as biomarkers of adrenal enzyme activities. The steroid profiles of four patients with adrenal enzyme deficiencies were included to test the diagnostic efficiency. RESULTS Nine steroids showed age, but none showed sex specificity. The concentrations of progestins and androgens were higher at 7-14 days than at 3-7 days. After the first month, adrenal androgen concentrations decreased significantly. Adrenal enzyme activities changed towards increasing cortisol over the first 6 months. There were several-fold differences in diagnostic steroids and related adrenal enzyme activity indices between the patients and the healthy group. CONCLUSIONS The majority of adrenal steroids show age-related variations in the neonatal period and early infancy. Our data will enable accurate interpretation of steroid measurements for etiologic diagnosis of disorders of steroidogenesis. IMPACT LC-MS/MS method is capable of quantitating numerous analytes simultaneously, which provides an integrated picture of adrenal steroidogenesis in a small amount of sample. The development of LC-MS/MS-based normative data of steroid hormones in healthy infants is crucial to differentiate physiologic alterations from steroidogenic defects during the first 3-6 months of infancy. Previous studies had limitations due to the small numbers of samples available by sex and by age groups. Our detailed normative data and percentile curves will enable accurate interpretation of steroid measurements for etiologic diagnosis of disorders of steroidogenesis without the need for further invasive testing.
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12
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Kater CE, Giorgi RB, Costa-Barbosa FA. Classic and current concepts in adrenal steroidogenesis: a reappraisal. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2022; 66:77-87. [PMID: 35263051 PMCID: PMC9991025 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal steroid biosynthesis and its related pathology are constant evolving disciplines. In this paper, we review classic and current concepts of adrenal steroidogenesis, plus control mechanisms of steroid pathways, distribution of unique enzymes and cofactors, and major steroid families. We highlight the presence of a "mineralocorticoid (MC) pathway of zona fasciculata (ZF)", where most circulating corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) originate together with 18OHDOC, under ACTH control, a claim based on functional studies in normal subjects and in patients with 11β-, and 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies. We emphasize key differences between CYP11B1 (11β-hydroxylase) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and the onset of a hybrid enzyme - CYP11B1/CYP11B2 -, responsible for aldosterone formation in ZF under ACTH control, in "type I familial hyperaldosteronism" (dexamethasone suppressible). In "apparent MC excess syndrome", peripheral conversion of cortisol to cortisone is impaired by lack of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, permitting free cortisol access to MC receptors resulting in severe hypertension. We discuss two novel conditions involving the synthesis of adrenal androgens: the "backdoor pathway", through which dihydrotestosterone is formed directly from androsterone, being relevant for the fetoplacental setting and sexual differentiation of male fetuses, and the rediscovery of C19 11-oxygenated steroids (11-hydroxyandrostenedione and 11-ketotestosterone), active androgens and important markers of virilization in 21-hydroxylase deficiency and polycystic ovaries syndrome. Finally, we underline two enzyme cofactor deficiencies: cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase which partially affects 21- and 17α-hydroxylation, producing a combined clinical/hormonal picture and causing typical skeletal malformations (Antley-Bixler syndrome), and PAPSS2, coupled to SULT2A1, that promotes sulfation of DHEA to DHEAS, preventing active androgens to accumulate. Its deficiency results in reduced DHEAS and elevated DHEA and androgens with virilization. Future and necessary studies will shed light on remaining issues and questions on adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio E Kater
- Unidade de Adrenal e Hipertensão; Laboratório de Esteroides, Divisão de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil,
| | - Rafael B Giorgi
- Divisão de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp); Ambulatório de Adrenal, Divisão de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Sorocaba (PUC-Sorocaba), Sorocaba, SP, Brasil
| | - Flavia A Costa-Barbosa
- Divisão de Clínica Médica e Divisão de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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13
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids and progestagens in human serum. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5344. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Pashaei R, Dzingelevičienė R, Abbasi S, Szultka-Młyńska M, Buszewski B. Determination of the pharmaceuticals-nano/microplastics in aquatic systems by analytical and instrumental methods. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:93. [PMID: 35028740 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09751-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles as emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment are a subject of increasing concern in terms of the effect on water sources and marine organisms. There is lack of information about pharmaceutical-nanoplastic and pharmaceutical-microplastic mixtures. The present study aimed to investigate the fate and effect of pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles, the results of combinations of pharmaceutical residues with nanoplastic and microplastic particles, and toxic effects of pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles. Moreover, the objective was also to introduce analytical methods for pharmaceuticals, along with instrumental techniques for nanoplastic and microplastic particles in aquatic environments and organisms. PhAC alone can affect marine environments and aquatic organisms. When pharmaceutical residues combine with nanoplastic and microplastic particles, the rate of toxicity increases, and the result of this phenomenon constitutes this kind of pollutant in wastewater. Hence, the rate of mortality in organisms enhances. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pharmaceuticals residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles, and a mixture of pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles in aquatic biota. Another object was survey methods for recognizing pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles. The findings show that pharmaceutical residues in organisms caused cell structure damage, inflammatory response, and nerve cell apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of microplastic particles in the human food chain and their impact on human health. Moreover, this review aims to present an innovative methodology based on comprehensive analytical techniques used to determine and identify pharmaceuticals adsorbed on nano- and microplastics in aquatic ecosystems. Finally, this review addresses the knowledge gaps and provides insights into future research strategies to better understand their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Pashaei
- Marine Research Institute of Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland.
| | | | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szultka-Młyńska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
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15
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Zaikin VG, Borisov RS. Mass Spectrometry as a Crucial Analytical Basis for Omics Sciences. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8693159 DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821140094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review is devoted to the consideration of mass spectrometric platforms as applied to omics sciences. The most significant attention is paid to omics related to life sciences (genomics, proteomics, meta-bolomics, lipidomics, glycomics, plantomics, etc.). Mass spectrometric approaches to solving the problems of petroleomics, polymeromics, foodomics, humeomics, and exosomics, related to inorganic sciences, are also discussed. The review comparatively presents the advantages of various principles of separation and mass spectral techniques, complementary derivatization, used to obtain large arrays of various structural and quantitative information in the mentioned omics sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. G. Zaikin
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - R. S. Borisov
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Core Facility Center “Arktika,” Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
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16
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Leogrande P, Jardines D, Martinez-Brito D, de la Torre X, Parr MK, Botrè F. Low-energy electron ionization optimization for steroidomics analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9196. [PMID: 34498779 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Systematic electron ionization fragmentation studies of steroids have been performed to elucidate and trace their characteristic fragmentation patterns. However, the electron ionization source setting at 70 eV electron energy is much higher than the ionization potential (7-15 eV) of most organic compounds, leading to extensive fragmentation. We present a multifactorial study on optimizing a low-energy electron ionization source to maximize molecular ion formation while minimizing the extent of fragmentation to improve the analytical sensitivity of steroids, especially the more thermolabile ones, while preserving the information that can be extracted from the data. METHODS Twenty-seven steroid reference materials, chosen to cover four main classes of urinary steroids, were considered; gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight (GC/qTOF) analyses were carried out using an Agilent Technologies model 8890 gas chromatograph coupled to an Agilent Technologies model 7250 accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight (GC/qTOF) instrument. The effects of electron energy, emission current, and source temperature, as well as their potential interactions on steroid fragmentation pathways, have been assessed in full factorial experimental designs. RESULTS Three parameters were specifically evaluated to improve the chromatographic/spectrometric response of the selected steroids: (i) degree of fragmentation; (ii) relative abundance of the molecular ion; and (iii) peak width. The first two were evaluated by screening designs that highlighted collision energy and source temperature as the most influential factors on the analytical responses of the considered steroids, while emission current always showed a non-significant influence. Then, an optimization design was performed to select the final source setting by searching for the combination of factors that minimize peak tailing. CONCLUSIONS The proposed analytical approach permits a faster selection of optimal experimental conditions for steroidomics analysis using low-energy electron ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The development of these designs of experiments (DoE) in full factorial design (FFD) allowed multiple inputs to be monitored at the same time, highlighting the possible interactions and estimating the effects of a factor in the different levels of the other factors considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Leogrande
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria K Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
- Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs; ISSUL - Institute of sport sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Mueller JW, Vogg N, Lightning TA, Weigand I, Ronchi CL, Foster PA, Kroiss M. Steroid Sulfation in Adrenal Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3385-3397. [PMID: 33739426 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The adrenal cortex produces specific steroid hormones including steroid sulfates such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), the most abundant steroid hormone in the human circulation. Steroid sulfation involves a multistep enzyme machinery that may be impaired by inborn errors of steroid metabolism. Emerging data suggest a role of steroid sulfates in the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors and as potential biomarkers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Selective literature search using "steroid," "sulfat*," "adrenal," "transport," "mass spectrometry" and related terms in different combinations. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A recent study highlighted the tissue abundance of estrogen sulfates to be of prognostic impact in adrenocortical carcinoma tissue samples using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging. General mechanisms of sulfate uptake, activation, and transfer to substrate steroids are reasonably well understood. Key aspects of this pathway, however, have not been investigated in detail in the adrenal; these include the regulation of substrate specificity and the secretion of sulfated steroids. Both for the adrenal and targeted peripheral tissues, steroid sulfates may have relevant biological actions beyond their cognate nuclear receptors after desulfation. Impaired steroid sulfation such as low DHEAS in Cushing adenomas is of diagnostic utility, but more comprehensive studies are lacking. In bioanalytics, the requirement of deconjugation for gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry has precluded the study of steroid sulfates for a long time. This limitation may be overcome by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS A role of steroid sulfation in the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors has been suggested and a diagnostic utility of steroid sulfates as biomarkers is likely. Recent analytical developments may target sulfated steroids specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nora Vogg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
| | - Thomas Alec Lightning
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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18
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Rousson V, Ackermann D, Ponte B, Pruijm M, Guessous I, d’Uscio CH, Ehret G, Escher G, Pechère-Bertschi A, Groessl M, Martin PY, Burnier M, Dick B, Bochud M, Vogt B, Dhayat NA. Sex- and age-specific reference intervals for diagnostic ratios reflecting relative activity of steroidogenic enzymes and pathways in adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253975. [PMID: 34237094 PMCID: PMC8266106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnostic ratios calculated from urinary steroid hormone metabolites are used as a measure for the relative activity of steroidogenic enzymes or pathways in the clinical investigation of steroid metabolism disorders. However, population-based sex- and age-specific reference intervals and day-night differences in adults are lacking. METHODS Sixty-five diagnostic ratios were calculated from steroid metabolites measured by GC-MS in day- and night-time and in 24-hour urine from 1128 adults recruited within the Swiss Kidney Project on Genes in Hypertension (SKIPOGH), a population-based, multicenter cohort study. Differences related to sex, age and day- and night-time were evaluated and reference curves in function of age and sex were modelled by multivariable linear mixed regression for diagnostic ratios and were compared to values from the literature. RESULTS Most ratios had sex- and age-specific relationships. For each ratio, percentiles were plotted in function of age and sex in order to create reference curves and sex- and age-specific reference intervals derived from 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were obtained. Most ratios reflected a higher enzyme activity during the day compared to the night. CONCLUSIONS Sex- and age-specific references for 24 hours, day and night urine steroid metabolite ratios may help distinguishing between health and disease when investigating human disorders affecting steroid synthesis and metabolism. The day-night differences observed for most of the diagnostic ratios suggest a circadian rhythm for enzymes involved in human steroid hormones metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Rousson
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Unisanté, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ackermann
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Belen Ponte
- Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Service, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia H. d’Uscio
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georg Ehret
- Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Service, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Escher
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antoinette Pechère-Bertschi
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Endocrinology Service, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Groessl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Martin
- Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Service, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Unisanté, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nasser A. Dhayat
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Junker J, Kamp F, Winkler E, Steiner H, Bracher F, Müller C. Effective sample preparation procedure for the analysis of free neutral steroids, free steroid acids and sterol sulfates in different tissues by GC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 211:105880. [PMID: 33757894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Steroids play an important role in cell regulation and homeostasis. Many diseases like Alzheimer's disease or Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome are known to be associated with deviations in the steroid profile. Most published methods only allow the analysis of small subgroups of steroids and cannot give an overview of the total steroid profile. We developed and validated a method that allows the analysis of free neutral steroids, including intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis, free oxysterols, C19 and C21 steroids, free steroid acids, including bile acids, and sterol sulfates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples were analyzed in scan mode for screening purposes and in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mode for highly sensitive quantitative analysis. The method was validated for mouse brain and liver tissue and consists of sample homogenization, lipid extraction, steroid group separation, deconjugation, derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We applied the method on brain and liver samples of mice (10 months and 3 weeks old) and cultured N2a cells and report the endogenous concentrations of 29 physiological steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Junker
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Edith Winkler
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University-Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Valko-Rokytovská M, Očenáš P, Salayová A, Kostecká Z. Breast Cancer: Targeting of Steroid Hormones in Cancerogenesis and Diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115878. [PMID: 34070921 PMCID: PMC8199112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women with high mortality. Sensitive and specific methods for the detection, characterization and quantification of endogenous steroids in body fluids or tissues are needed for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of breast cancer and many other diseases. At present, non-invasive diagnostic methods are gaining more and more prominence, which enable a relatively fast and painless way of detecting many diseases. Metabolomics is a promising analytical method, the principle of which is the study and analysis of metabolites in biological material. It represents a comprehensive non-invasive diagnosis, which has a high potential for use in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers, including breast cancer. This short review focuses on the targeted metabolomics of steroid hormones, which play an important role in the development and classification of breast cancer. The most commonly used diagnostic tool is the chromatographic method with mass spectrometry detection, which can simultaneously determine several steroid hormones and metabolites in one sample. This analytical procedure has a high potential in effective diagnosis of steroidogenesis disorders. Due to the association between steroidogenesis and breast cancer progression, steroid profiling is an important tool, as well as in monitoring disease progression, improving prognosis, and minimizing recurrence.
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21
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Kaleta M, Oklestkova J, Novák O, Strnad M. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Neuroactive Steroids. Biomolecules 2021; 11:553. [PMID: 33918915 PMCID: PMC8068886 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids are a family of all steroid-based compounds, of both natural and synthetic origin, which can affect the nervous system functions. Their biosynthesis occurs directly in the nervous system (so-called neurosteroids) or in peripheral endocrine tissues (hormonal steroids). Steroid hormone levels may fluctuate due to physiological changes during life and various pathological conditions affecting individuals. A deeper understanding of neuroactive steroids' production, in addition to reliable monitoring of their levels in various biological matrices, may be useful in the prevention, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of some neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. The aim of this review is to highlight the most relevant methods currently available for analysis of neuroactive steroids, with an emphasis on immunoanalytical methods and gas, or liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (O.N.); (M.S.)
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22
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Araujo-Castro M, Valderrábano P, Escobar-Morreale HF, Hanzu FA, Casals G. Urine steroid profile as a new promising tool for the evaluation of adrenal tumors. Literature review. Endocrine 2021; 72:40-48. [PMID: 33219921 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the literature assessing the diagnostic performance of urinary steroid profiling (USP) by high-performance liquid chromatography (LC-MS) or gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) in the evaluation of adrenal lesions, both in terms of functionality and malignancy. RESULTS The evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas (AI) aims to rule out malignancy and hormone excess. Current diagnostic protocols have several limitations and include time consuming and relatively complicated multi-step processes in most cases. On the contrary, USP by LC-MS/MS or LC-GC/MS offer an easy, comprehensive and non-invasive assessment of adrenal steroid secretion. USP complements current workups used in the evaluation of AIs by improving our ability to identify malignancy and/or autonomous hormone secretion. CONCLUSIONS Urine steroid profiling by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS allows a thorough, non-invasive, assessment of adrenal steroidogenesis as a whole which complement the current evaluation of AIs, and holds a promising role in the diagnosis of autonomous cortisol secretion, primary aldosteronism, and adrenal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Araujo-Castro
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Valderrábano
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor F Escobar-Morreale
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felicia A Hanzu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregori Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Abstract
Despite ongoing concerns regarding its clinical application, mass spectrometry (MS)-based steroid assay represents a promising tool in endocrine research. Recent studies indicate that monitoring the blood levels of individual sterols provides improved diagnostic insight into hyperlipidemia compared with immunoassays routinely used in clinical practice. Hypercortisolism and hyperaldosteronism can also be easily evaluated along with successful subtyping of adrenal diseases using MS-based methods, while metabolic signatures of sex steroids provide experimental evidence of abnormal puberty and male infertility. Many MS-based biological and clinical studies are based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled to electrospray ionization and tandem MS scan modes. However, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) provides better chromatographic separation. Improved chromatographic resolution enables large-scale steroid profiling to allow a bird-eye view and increase the chances of identifying potent biomarkers in endocrine research. In addition to the technical advantages of MS-based assays over immunoassays, minimizing the sample amounts with acceptable analytical sensitivity and standardization of surrogate materials provides cutting-edge tools for precision and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ho Choi
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology
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24
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Enabling the inclusion of non-hydrolysed sulfated long term anabolic steroid metabolites in a screening for doping substances by means of gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462039. [PMID: 33735641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) publishes yearly their prohibited list, and sets a minimum required performance limit for each substance. To comply with these stringent requirements, the anti-doping laboratories have at least two complementary methods for their initial testing procedure (ITP), one using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the other using liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS). Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have in previous years consistently been listed as the most frequently detected class of compounds. Over the last decade, evidence has emerged where a longer detection time is attained by focusing on sulfated metabolites of AAS instead of the conventional gluco-conjugated metabolites. Despite a decade of research on sulphated AAS using LC-MS, no LC-MS ITP has been developed that combines this class of compounds with the other mandatory targets. Such combination is essential for economical purposes. Recently, it was demonstrated that the direct injection of non-hydrolysed sulfates is compatible with GC-MS. Using this approach and by taking full use of the open screening capabilities of the quadrupole time of flight MS (QTOF-MS), this work describes for the first time a validated ITP that allows the detection of non-hydrolysed sulfated metabolites of AAS while, simultaneously, remaining capable of detecting a vast range of other classes of compounds, as well as the quantification of endogenous steroids, as required for an ITP compliant with the applicable WADA regulations. The method contains 263 compounds from 9 categories, including stimulants, narcotics, anabolic androgenic steroids and beta-blockers. Additionally, the advantages of the new method were illustrated by analysing excretion samples of drostanolone, mesterolone and metenolone. No negative effects were observed for the conventional markers and the detection time for mesterolone and metenolone increased by up to 150% and 144%, respectively compared to conventional markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aðalheiður Dóra Albertsdóttir
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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25
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Olesti E, Boccard J, Visconti G, González-Ruiz V, Rudaz S. From a single steroid to the steroidome: Trends and analytical challenges. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105797. [PMID: 33259940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For several decades now, the analysis of steroids has been a key tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of numerous endocrine pathologies. Thus, the available methods used to analyze steroids in biological samples have dramatically evolved over time following the rapid pace of technology and scientific knowledge. This review aims to synthetize the advances in steroids' analysis, from classical approaches considering only a few steroids or a limited number of steroid ratios, up to the new steroid profiling strategies (steroidomics) monitoring large sets of steroids in biological matrices. In this context, the use of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has emerged as the technique of choice for the simultaneous determination of a high number of steroids, including phase II metabolites, due to its sensitivity and robustness. However, the large dynamic range to be covered, the low natural abundance of some key steroids, the selectivity of the analytical methods, the extraction protocols, and the steroid ionization remain some of the current challenges in steroid analysis. This review provides an overview of the different analytical workflows available depending on the number of steroids under study. Special emphasis is given to sample treatment, acquisition strategy, data processing, steroid identification and quantification using LC-MS approaches. This work also outlines how the availability of steroid standards, the need for complementary analytical strategies and the improvement of calibration approaches are crucial for achieving complete steroidome quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Olesti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Gioele Visconti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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26
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Standardizing and increasing the utility of lipidomics: a look to the next decade. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:699-717. [PMID: 33191815 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1847086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We present our views on the current application of mass spectrometry (MS) based lipidomics and how lipidomics can develop in the next decade to be most practical use to society. That is not to say that lipidomics has not already been of value. In-fact, in its earlier guise as metabolite profiling most of the pathways of steroid biosynthesis were uncovered and via focused lipidomics many inborn errors of metabolism are routinely clinically identified. However, can lipidomics be extended to improve biochemical understanding of, and to diagnose, the most prevalent diseases of the 21st century? Areas covered: We will highlight the concept of 'level of identification' and the equally crucial topic of 'quantification'. Only by using a standardized language for these terms can lipidomics be translated to fields beyond academia. We will remind the lipid scientist of the value of chemical derivatization, a concept exploited since the dawn of lipid biochemistry. Expert opinion: Only by agreement of the concepts of identification and quantification and their incorporation in lipidomics reporting can lipidomics maximize its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
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27
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Qiu J, Li T, Zhu ZJ. Multi-dimensional characterization and identification of sterols in untargeted LC-MS analysis using all ion fragmentation technology. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1142:108-117. [PMID: 33280688 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are an important type of lipids, and play many important roles in physiological and pathological processes. However, comprehensive analysis of sterols especially identification of unknown sterols is challenging. In this work, LC-MS with all ion fragmentation (AIF) technology was developed for untargeted analysis of sterols in biological samples. AIF technology provided holistic and multi-dimensional characterization for both knowns and unknowns sterols, including accurate m/z, isotope pattern, retention time (RT), and co-eluted peak profiles between MS1 and MS2 ions in one analysis. We further developed an analysis strategy by integrating the multi-dimensional properties to support unambiguous identification of sterols, including distinguishing sterol isomers. The developed strategy enabled to identify a total of 23 sterols in mouse samples, and quantified 19 sterols in mouse liver tissues. More importantly, we demonstrated that AIF based multi-dimensional analysis provided a possibility to identify sterols without chemical standards and facilitated to discover novel compounds with sterol-like structures in biological samples. In summary, we employed the LC-MS based AIF technology to develop multi-dimensional characterization and identification of both known and unknown sterols in complex biological samples. The comprehensive analysis of sterols facilitates to provide molecular insights to many physiological and pathological activities in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Qiu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Tongzhou Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
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Stevens KG, Pukala TL. Conjugating immunoassays to mass spectrometry: Solutions to contemporary challenges in clinical diagnostics. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 132:116064. [PMID: 33046944 PMCID: PMC7539833 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Developments in immunoassays and mass spectrometry have independently influenced diagnostic technology. However, both techniques possess unique strengths and limitations, which define their ability to meet evolving requirements for faster, more affordable and more accurate clinical tests. In response, hybrid techniques, which combine the accessibility and ease-of-use of immunoassays with the sensitivity, high throughput and multiplexing capabilities of mass spectrometry are continually being explored. Developments in antibody conjugation methodology have expanded the role of these biomolecules to applications outside of conventional colorimetric assays and histology. Furthermore, the range of different mass spectrometry ionisation and analysis technologies has enabled its successful adaptation as a detection method for numerous clinically relevant immunological assays. Several recent examples of combined mass spectrometry-immunoassay techniques demonstrate the potential of these methods as improved diagnostic tests for several important human diseases. The present challenges are to continue technological advancements in mass spectrometry instrumentation and develop improved bioconjugation methods, which can overcome their existing limitations and demonstrate the clinical significance of these hybrid approaches.
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29
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Köhrle J, Richards KH. Mass Spectrometry-Based Determination of Thyroid Hormones and Their Metabolites in Endocrine Diagnostics and Biomedical Research – Implications for Human Serum Diagnostics. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:358-374. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1175-4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe wide spectrum of novel applications for the LC-MS/MS-based analysis of thyroid hormone metabolites (THM) in blood samples and other biological specimen highlights the perspectives of this novel technology. However, thorough development of pre-analytical sample workup and careful validation of both pre-analytics and LC-MS/MS analytics, is needed, to allow for quantitative detection of the thyronome, which spans a broad concentration range in these biological samples.This minireview summarizes recent developments in advancing LC-MS/MS-based analytics and measurement of total concentrations of THM in blood specimen of humans, methods in part further refined in the context of previous achievements analyzing samples derived from cell-culture or tissues. Challenges and solutions to tackle efficient pre-analytic sample extraction and elimination of matrix interferences are compared. Options for automatization of pre-analytic sample-preparation and comprehensive coverage of the wide thyronome concentration range are presented. Conventional immunoassay versus LC-MS/MS-based determination of total and free THM concentrations are briefly compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin, Germany; Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keith H. Richards
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin, Germany; Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany
- Current address: Laboratoriumsmedizin & Toxikologie, Labor Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Zhu M, Li M, Zhou W, Ge G, Zhang L, Ji G. Metabolomic Analysis Identifies Glycometabolism Pathways as Potential Targets of Qianggan Extract in Hyperglycemia Rats. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:671. [PMID: 32477136 PMCID: PMC7235344 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Qianggan formula, a designed prescription according to the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, is widely used in treating chronic liver diseases, and indicated to prevent blood glucose increase in patients via unknown mechanisms. To unravel the effects and underlying mechanisms of Qianggan formula on hyperglycemia, we administrated Qianggan extract to high fat and high sucrose (HFHS) diet rats. Results showed that four-week Qianggan extract intervention significantly decreased serum fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and liver glycogen levels. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach was employed to explore metabolomic profiles in liver and fecal samples. By multivariate and univariate statistical analysis (variable importance of projection value > 1 and p value < 0.05), 44 metabolites (18 in liver and 30 in feces) were identified as significantly different. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that most differential metabolites had opposite patterns between pair-wise groups. Qianggan extract restored the diet induced metabolite perturbations. Metabolite sets enrichment and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the affected metabolites were mainly enriched in glycometabolism pathways such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, fructose, and mannose metabolism. By compound-reaction-enzyme-gene network analysis, batches of genes (e.g. Hk1, Gck, Rpia, etc) or enzymes (e.g. hexokinase and glucokinase) related to metabolites in enriched pathways were obtained. Our findings demonstrated that Qianggan extract alleviated hyperglycemia, and the effects might be partially due to the regulation of glycometabolism related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Zhu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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Moolla A, Tomlinson JW. Editorial: can urine-based metabolomics improve diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD? Authors' reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:1205-1206. [PMID: 32424931 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Moolla
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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32
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Klont F, Jahn S, Grivet C, König S, Bonner R, Hopfgartner G. SWATH data independent acquisition mass spectrometry for screening of xenobiotics in biological fluids: Opportunities and challenges for data processing. Talanta 2020; 211:120747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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33
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Corcuff JB, Ducint D, Brossaud J. What do you need to know about mass spectrometry? A brief guide for endocrinologists. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2020; 81:118-123. [PMID: 32340850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In routine hormonology, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) is now an established technique for androgen, urinary cortisol and metanephrine assay. It has the undeniable advantage of great analytical specificity, but with sensitivity that clearly depends on financial investment in a very high-end spectrometer. We describe the general principles of LCMS and the routine applications so far developed in hormonology. The purpose is to familiarise endocrinologists with the techniques under development and their pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoît Corcuff
- Laboratoire d'hormonologie, hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, 33604 Pessac, France; Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Groupe de biologie spécialisée, societé française de medecine nucléaire, 5, rue Ponscarme 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Dominique Ducint
- Plateau technique de mesures physiques, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, 33600 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Julie Brossaud
- Laboratoire d'hormonologie, hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, 33604 Pessac, France; Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Groupe de biologie spécialisée, societé française de medecine nucléaire, 5, rue Ponscarme 75013, Paris, France.
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Separation and degradation detection of nanogram-per-litre concentrations of radiolabelled steroid hormones using combined liquid chromatography and flow scintillation analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7095. [PMID: 32341408 PMCID: PMC7184612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of micropollutants such as steroid hormones occurring in the aquatic environment at concentrations between ng/L and µg/L remains a major challenge, in particular when treatment efficiency is to be evaluated. Steroid hormones are typically analysed using mass-spectrometry methods, requiring pre-concentration and/or derivatisation procedures to achieve required detection limits. Free of sample preparation steps, the use of radiolabelled contaminants with liquid scintillation counting is limited to single-compound systems and require a separation of hormone mixtures before detection. In this work, a method was developed coupling ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with flow scintillation analysis (FSA) for separation and detection of radiolabelled estrone, 17ß-estradiol, testosterone and progesterone. Adjustment of the flow rate of scintillation liquid and UHPLC mobile phase, gradient time, column temperature, and injection volume allowed the separation of steroid hormones and degradation products. The limit-of-detection (LOD = 1.5–2.4 ng/L) and limit-of-quantification (LOQ = 3.4–4.3 ng/L) for steroid hormones were comparable with the current state-of-the-art technique (LC-MS/MS) for non-derivatised compounds. Although the method cannot be applied to real water samples (unless spiked with radiotracers), it serves as a useful tool for the development of water treatment technologies at laboratory scale as demonstrated via: i) adsorption on polymer-based spherical activated carbon, ii) retention in nanofiltration, iii) photodegradation using a photocatalytic membrane.
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Parween S, Fernández-Cancio M, Benito-Sanz S, Camats N, Rojas Velazquez MN, López-Siguero JP, Udhane SS, Kagawa N, Flück CE, Audí L, Pandey AV. Molecular Basis of CYP19A1 Deficiency in a 46,XX Patient With R550W Mutation in POR: Expanding the PORD Phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5736381. [PMID: 32060549 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations in cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) cause a form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). We report a novel R550W mutation in POR identified in a 46,XX patient with signs of aromatase deficiency. OBJECTIVE Analysis of aromatase deficiency from the R550W mutation in POR. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENT Both the child and the mother had signs of virilization. Ultrasound revealed the presence of uterus and ovaries. No defects in CYP19A1 were found, but further analysis with a targeted Disorders of Sexual Development NGS panel (DSDSeq.V1, 111 genes) on a NextSeq (Illumina) platform in Madrid and Barcelona, Spain, revealed compound heterozygous mutations c.73_74delCT/p.L25FfsTer93 and c.1648C > T/p.R550W in POR. Wild-type and R550W POR were produced as recombinant proteins and tested with multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes at University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE AND RESULTS POR-R550W showed 41% of the WT activity in cytochrome c and 7.7% activity for reduction of MTT. Assays of CYP19A1 showed a severe loss of activity, and CYP17A1 as well as CYP21A2 activities were also lost by more than 95%. Loss of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 activities was observed for the R550W-POR. Predicted adverse effect on aromatase activity as well as a reduction in binding of NADPH was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Pathological effects due to POR-R550W were identified, expanding the knowledge of molecular pathways associated with aromatase deficiency. Screening of the POR gene may provide a diagnosis in CAH without defects in genes for steroid metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheena Parween
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mónica Fernández-Cancio
- Growth and Development Research Unit VHIR, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, CIBERER, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Benito-Sanz
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Camats
- Growth and Development Research Unit VHIR, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, CIBERER, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Natalia Rojas Velazquez
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - Sameer S Udhane
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norio Kagawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Audí
- Growth and Development Research Unit VHIR, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, CIBERER, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Gomez-Gomez A, Miranda J, Feixas G, Arranz Betegon A, Crispi F, Gratacós E, Pozo OJ. Determination of the steroid profile in alternative matrices by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105520. [PMID: 31698034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of a broad panel of steroids provides more accurate information about the hormonal status than the detection of a single hormone. For that reason, the determination of the steroid profile, i.e. the endogenous steroid hormones and their main metabolites, has become the most powerful tool for the study of hormonal imbalances. The usefulness of the evaluation of the steroid profile in urine and plasma is widely accepted. However, despite its broad potential applicability, the evaluation of the whole steroid profile in alternative matrices such as amniotic fluid, saliva and breast milk remains almost unexplored. In this research we developed and validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of several steroids and their metabolites in amniotic fluid (28 analytes), saliva (15) and breast milk (12). Sample preparation, chromatographic conditions and mass spectrometric conditions (e.g. ionization species or ion source parameters) were optimized. The method was shown to be linear in the range of endogenous concentrations for all studied metabolites. Intra- and inter-assay accuracies were between 80% and 120% while intra- and inter-precisions were below 20% for all analytes in all matrices. The applicability of the method was evaluated by the comparison between the concentration ranges obtained in healthy volunteers (n = 30 per matrix) and the scarce data previously reported in literature. The concentration ranges for several analytes are reported for the first time. The present methodology represents a useful tool for the comprehensive evaluation of the steroid profile in alternative matrices and can be applicable for different clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gomez-Gomez
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jezid Miranda
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Spain
| | - Georgina Feixas
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Spain
| | - Angela Arranz Betegon
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Spain
| | - Fatima Crispi
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Olesti E, Garcia A, Rahban R, Rossier MF, Boccard J, Nef S, González-Ruiz V, Rudaz S. Steroid profile analysis by LC-HRMS in human seminal fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1136:121929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Wisniewski AB, Batista RL, Costa EMF, Finlayson C, Sircili MHP, Dénes FT, Domenice S, Mendonca BB. Management of 46,XY Differences/Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) Throughout Life. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1547-1572. [PMID: 31365064 DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) are a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions that result in discordance between an individual's sex chromosomes, gonads, and/or anatomic sex. Advances in the clinical care of patients and families affected by 46,XY DSD have been achieved since publication of the original Consensus meeting in 2006. The aims of this paper are to review what is known about morbidity and mortality, diagnostic tools and timing, sex of rearing, endocrine and surgical treatment, fertility and sexual function, and quality of life in people with 46,XY DSD. The role for interdisciplinary health care teams, importance of establishing a molecular diagnosis, and need for research collaborations using patient registries to better understand long-term outcomes of specific medical and surgical interventions are acknowledged and accepted. Topics that require further study include prevalence and incidence, understanding morbidity and mortality as these relate to specific etiologies underlying 46,XY DSD, appropriate and optimal options for genitoplasty, long-term quality of life, sexual function, involvement with intimate partners, and optimizing fertility potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Wisniewski
- Psychology Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Rafael L Batista
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine M F Costa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Courtney Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Helena Palma Sircili
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tibor Dénes
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sorahia Domenice
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Iannone M, Palermo A, de la Torre X, Romanelli F, Sansone A, Sansone M, Lenzi A, Botrè F. Effects of transdermal administration of testosterone gel on the urinary steroid profile in hypogonadal men: Implications in antidoping analysis. Steroids 2019; 152:108491. [PMID: 31499075 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone is one of the most abused pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids in sport doping. The current method adopted to detect the abuse of testosterone and other pseudo-endogenous steroids (endogenous steroids when administered exogenously) is first based on the longitudinal monitoring of several urinary biomarkers, which constitute the so called "steroidal module" of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP): atypical samples undergo a confirmation analysis based on the measurement of the 13C/12C isotopic ratio of selected target compounds, to distinguish their endogenous or exogenous origin. At the same time, testosterone administration can be allowed in athletes diagnosed with hypogonadism, provided they are granted a therapeutic use exemption by the relevant medical authority. In this pilot study we have investigated whether the approach based on the preliminary determination of the urinary steroid profile, in the format considered in the steroidal module of the ABP, also integrated with the inclusion of the sulfo-conjugates and of additional target steroids, can retain its validity also in the case of hypogonadal athletes. We have studied the effects of a single low dose (40 mg) of testosterone gel (T-gel) on the urinary concentration of the markers of steroidal module of the ABP, as well as on some additional steroid markers. The study was based on the analysis of urinary samples from 19 non-hospitalized hypogonadal men, 10 of them with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), collected before, after 4 h and after 24 h the transdermal self-administration of 40 mg of T-gel. None of the patient had any co-morbidities possibly affecting the urinary excretion of the steroidal markers. The steroidal markers were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) after the enzymatic hydrolysis of the respective glucuro-conjugates and the chemical hydrolysis of the respective sulfo-conjugates. Targeted GC-MS/MS analysis was carried out operating in electron impact (EI) ionization mode, with acquisition in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Our preliminary results show that, as expected, the treatment with T-gel leads, in all hypogonadal men, to an increase of the urinary concentration of the glucuro-conjugate metabolites of testosterone and its main metabolites, with special relevance to those with 5α-reduction. Furthermore, samples collected from non-LOH hypogonadal men showed an increase also in the levels of epitestosterone glucuronide, testosterone sulfate and epitestosterone sulfate. Apart from their biochemical and pharmacological relevance, these outcomes could be leveraged to refine the analytical strategy currently followed in the antidoping field for the analysis of the urinary steroidal markers, with potential implications also in other forensic and/or clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Palermo
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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Storbeck KH, Schiffer L, Baranowski ES, Chortis V, Prete A, Barnard L, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Shackleton CHL. Steroid Metabolome Analysis in Disorders of Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1605-1625. [PMID: 31294783 PMCID: PMC6858476 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Steroid biosynthesis and metabolism are reflected by the serum steroid metabolome and, in even more detail, by the 24-hour urine steroid metabolome, which can provide unique insights into alterations of steroid flow and output indicative of underlying conditions. Mass spectrometry-based steroid metabolome profiling has allowed for the identification of unique multisteroid signatures associated with disorders of steroid biosynthesis and metabolism that can be used for personalized approaches to diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognostic prediction. Additionally, steroid metabolome analysis has been used successfully as a discovery tool, for the identification of novel steroidogenic disorders and pathways as well as revealing insights into the pathophysiology of adrenal disease. Increased availability and technological advances in mass spectrometry-based methodologies have refocused attention on steroid metabolome profiling and facilitated the development of high-throughput steroid profiling methods soon to reach clinical practice. Furthermore, steroid metabolomics, the combination of mass spectrometry-based steroid analysis with machine learning-based approaches, has facilitated the development of powerful customized diagnostic approaches. In this review, we provide a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the utility of steroid metabolome analysis for the diagnosis and management of inborn disorders of steroidogenesis and autonomous adrenal steroid excess in the context of adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth S Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vasileios Chortis
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Prete
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cedric H L Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Schiffer L, Barnard L, Baranowski ES, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Shackleton CHL, Storbeck KH. Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: A comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105439. [PMID: 31362062 PMCID: PMC6857441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technology have allowed for the sensitive, specific, and simultaneous quantitative profiling of steroid precursors, bioactive steroids and inactive metabolites, facilitating comprehensive characterization of the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. The quantification of steroid panels is therefore gaining favor over quantification of single marker metabolites in the clinical and research laboratories. However, although the biochemical pathways for the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones are now well defined, a gulf still exists between this knowledge and its application to the measured steroid profiles. In this review, we present an overview of steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism by the liver and peripheral tissues, specifically highlighting the pathways linking and differentiating the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. A brief overview of the methodology used in steroid profiling is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust & University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cedric H L Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Wang R, Hartmann MF, Tiosano D, Wudy SA. Characterizing the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid of mid-gestation: A GC-MS study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105412. [PMID: 31202857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intact steroid hormone biosynthesis is essential for growth and development of the human fetus and embryo. In the present study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to characterize the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid (n = 65; male: female = 35: 30) of mid-gestation (median: 18.8th week, range: 16.0th - 24.6th week) by a comprehensive targeted steroid hormone metabolomics approach. The levels of 52 steroids including pregnenolone and 17-OH-pregnenolone metabolites, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolites, progesterone and 17-OH-progesterone metabolites, sex hormones as well as corticosterone and cortisol metabolites were measured. The dominating steroids were the group of pregnenolone and 17-OH-pregnenolone metabolites (mean ± SD: 138.0 ± 59.3 ng/mL), followed by the group of progesterone and 17-OH-progesterone metabolites (107.3 ± 44.3 ng/mL), and thereafter DHEA and its metabolites (97.1 ± 56.5 ng/mL). With respect to sex steroids, only testosterone showed a significantly higher value in male fetuses (p < 0.0001). Of all estrogen metabolites, estriol showed by far the highest concentrations (33.2 ± 26.1 ng/mL). Interestingly, cortisol metabolites were clearly present (59.6 ± 13.6 ng/mL) though fetal de novo synthesis of cortisol is assumed to start from gestational 28th week onwards. Our comprehensive characterization of the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid of mid-gestation shows presence of all relevant classes of steroid hormones and provides reference data. We conclude that the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid mirrors the steroidome of the feto-placental unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - D Tiosano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 30196, Israel
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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Anh NH, Long NP, Kim SJ, Min JE, Yoon SJ, Kim HM, Yang E, Hwang ES, Park JH, Hong SS, Kwon SW. Steroidomics for the Prevention, Assessment, and Management of Cancers: A Systematic Review and Functional Analysis. Metabolites 2019; 9:E199. [PMID: 31546652 PMCID: PMC6835899 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroidomics, an analytical technique for steroid biomarker mining, has received much attention in recent years. This systematic review and functional analysis, following the PRISMA statement, aims to provide a comprehensive review and an appraisal of the developments and fundamental issues in steroid high-throughput analysis, with a focus on cancer research. We also discuss potential pitfalls and proposed recommendations for steroidomics-based clinical research. Forty-five studies met our inclusion criteria, with a focus on 12 types of cancer. Most studies focused on cancer risk prediction, followed by diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring. Prostate cancer was the most frequently studied cancer. Estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and cortisol were mostly reported and altered in at least four types of cancer. Estrogen and estrogen metabolites were highly reported to associate with women-related cancers. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that steroidogenesis; androgen and estrogen metabolism; and androstenedione metabolism were significantly altered in cancers. Our findings indicated that estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, cortisol, and estrogen metabolites, among others, could be considered oncosteroids. Despite noble achievements, significant shortcomings among the investigated studies were small sample sizes, cross-sectional designs, potential confounding factors, and problematic statistical approaches. More efforts are required to establish standardized procedures regarding study design, analytical procedures, and statistical inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoang Anh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | | | - Sun Jo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Jung Eun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyung Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Eugine Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Eun Sook Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase type 2 (IDH2) is part of a multiprotein complex for placental steroidogenesis. Placenta 2019; 87:30-37. [PMID: 31542634 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human syncytiotrophoblast mitochondria require the activity of the isocitrate dehydrogenase type 2 (IDH2) to obtain reduced coenzymes for progesterone (P4) synthesis. Data from the literature indicate that mitochondrial steroidogenic contact sites transform efficiently cholesterol into P4. In this research, we identified the IDH2 as a member of the steroidogenic contact site and analyzed the steroidogenic role of its activity. METHOD Human syncytiotrophoblast mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation, and steroidogenic contact sites were obtained by osmotic shock and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. In-gel native activity assay, mass spectroscopy, and western blot were used to identify the association of proteins and their activities. P4 was determined by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The IDH2 was mainly identified in steroidogenic contact sites, and its activity was associated with a complex of proteins with an apparent molecular mass of ~590 kDa. Mass spectroscopy showed many groups of proteins with several metabolic functions, including steroidogenesis and ATP synthesis. The IDH2 activity was coupled to P4 synthesis since in the presence of Ca2+ or Na2SeO3, inhibitors of the IDH2, the P4 production decreased. CONCLUSIONS The human syncytiotrophoblast mitochondria build contact sites for steroidogenesis. The IDH2, a non-membrane protein, supplies the NADPH required for the synthesis of P4 in a complex (steroidosome) that associate the proteins required to transform efficiently cholesterol into P4, which is necessary in pregnancy to maintain the relationship between mother and fetus. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The IDH2 is proposed as a check point in the regulation of placental steroidogenesis.
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A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-based whole-cell screening assay for target identification in distal cholesterol biosynthesis. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2546-2570. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bochud M, Ponte B, Pruijm M, Ackermann D, Guessous I, Ehret G, Escher G, Groessl M, Estoppey Younes S, d'Uscio CH, Burnier M, Martin PY, Pechère-Bertschi A, Vogt B, Dhayat NA. Urinary Sex Steroid and Glucocorticoid Hormones Are Associated With Muscle Mass and Strength in Healthy Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2195-2215. [PMID: 30690465 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sex steroid hormones exhibit anabolic effects whereas a deficiency engenders sarcopenia. Moreover, supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids promote skeletal muscle atrophy, whereas physiologic levels of glucocorticoids may improve muscle performance. OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between both groups of steroid hormones at a physiological range with skeletal muscle mass and function in the general population. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of the associations between urinary excreted androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and steroid hormone metabolite ratios with lean mass and handgrip strength in a population-based cohort. SETTING Three centers in Switzerland including 1128 participants. MEASURES Urinary steroid hormone metabolite excretion by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, lean mass by bioimpedance analysis, and isometric handgrip strength by dynamometry. RESULTS For lean mass a strong positive association was found with 11β-OH-androsterone and with most glucocorticoids. Androsterone showed a positive association in middle-aged and older adults. Estriol showed a positive association only in men. For handgrip strength, strong positive associations with androgens were found in middle-aged and older adults, whereas positive associations were found with cortisol metabolites in young to middle-aged adults. CONCLUSIONS Sex steroids and glucocorticoids are strongly positively associated with skeletal muscle mass and strength in the upper limbs. The associations with muscle strength appear to be independent of muscle mass. Steroid hormones exert age-specific anabolic effects on lean mass and handgrip strength. Deficits in physical performance of aged muscles may be attenuated by androgens, whereas glucocorticoids in a physiological range increase skeletal muscle mass at all ages, as well as muscle strength in particular in younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Belen Ponte
- Nephrology Service, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Nephrology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ackermann
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Georg Ehret
- Cardiology Service, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Escher
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Groessl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Estoppey Younes
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia H d'Uscio
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Nephrology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Martin
- Nephrology Service, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoinette Pechère-Bertschi
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nasser A Dhayat
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Steroids are complex lipophilic molecules that have many actions in the body to regulate cellular, tissue and organ functions across the life-span. Steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol and testosterone are synthesised from cholesterol in specialised endocrine cells in the adrenal gland, ovary and testis, and released into the circulation when required. Steroid hormones move freely into cells to activate intracellular nuclear receptors that function as multi-domain ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators in the cell nucleus. Activated nuclear receptors modify expression of hundreds to thousands of specific target genes in the genome. Steroid hormone actions in the fetus include developmental roles in the respiratory system, brain, and cardiovascular system. The synthetic glucocorticoid steroid betamethasone is used antenatally to reduce the complications of preterm birth. Development of novel selective partial glucocorticoid receptor agonists may provide improved therapies to treat the respiratory complications of preterm birth and spare the deleterious effects of postnatal glucocorticoids in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, 3800, Australia; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hudson Institute, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic, Australia.
| | - Kelly L Short
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, 3800, Australia
| | - Stuart B Hooper
- The Richie Centre, Hudson Institute, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic, Australia
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Ackermann D, Groessl M, Pruijm M, Ponte B, Escher G, d’Uscio CH, Guessous I, Ehret G, Pechère-Bertschi A, Martin PY, Burnier M, Dick B, Vogt B, Bochud M, Rousson V, Dhayat NA. Reference intervals for the urinary steroid metabolome: The impact of sex, age, day and night time on human adult steroidogenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214549. [PMID: 30925175 PMCID: PMC6440635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urinary steroid metabolomics by GC-MS is an established method in both clinical and research settings to describe steroidogenic disorders. However, population-based reference intervals for adults do not exist. METHODS We measured daytime and night time urinary excretion of 40 steroid metabolites by GC-MS in 1128 adult participants of European ancestry, aged 18 to 90 years, within a large population-based, multicentric, cross-sectional study. Age and sex-related patterns in adjacent daytime and night time urine collections over 24 hours were modelled for each steroid metabolite by multivariable linear mixed regression. We compared our results with those obtained through a systematic literature review on reference intervals of urinary steroid excretion. RESULTS Flexible models were created for all urinary steroid metabolites thereby estimating sex- and age-related changes of the urinary steroid metabolome. Most urinary steroid metabolites showed an age-dependence with the exception of 6β-OH-cortisol, 18-OH-cortisol, and β-cortol. Reference intervals for all metabolites excreted during 24 hours were derived from the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of modelled reference curves. The excretion rate per period of metabolites predominantly derived from the adrenals was mainly higher during the day than at night and the correlation between day and night time metabolite excretion was highly positive for most androgens and moderately positive for glucocorticoids. CONCLUSIONS This study gives unprecedented new insights into sex- and age-specificity of the human adult steroid metabolome and provides further information on the day/night variation of urinary steroid hormone excretion. The population-based reference ranges for 40 GC-MS-measured metabolites will facilitate the interpretation of steroid profiles in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ackermann
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Groessl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Belen Ponte
- Nephrology Service, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Escher
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia H. d’Uscio
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Georg Ehret
- Cardiology Service, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoinette Pechère-Bertschi
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Martin
- Nephrology Service, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Rousson
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nasser A. Dhayat
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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