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Poojary I, Khalid U, Patra T, Giri J, Al Heyasat A, Basith S, Palasamudram Shekar S, Balachandran A, Haggag A. Troponinemia in Patients With Diabetic Ketoacidosis Without Acute Coronary Syndrome. Cureus 2024; 16:e61064. [PMID: 38915971 PMCID: PMC11195327 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic myocardial injury in a diabetes mellitus (DM) patient can be a trigger or a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This case series examines the phenomenon of elevated troponin levels in patients with DKA in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Two out of three cases showed ST-segment elevation on electrocardiogram (EKG). Despite the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease on coronary angiography, all cases exhibited troponinemia (>79 ng/dl). These elevated troponin levels and EKG changes may pose diagnostic challenges for clinicians. Alternatively, troponinemia could be due to myocardial injury caused by acidotic stress and free fatty acid utilization along with increased myocardial oxygen demand and not obstructive coronary artery pathology in every case. However, a better understanding of the complex interplay between DKA and myocardial injury needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Poojary
- Internal Medicine, Crestwood Medical Center, Huntsville, USA
| | - Usbah Khalid
- Internal Medicine, Crestwood Medical Center, Huntsville, USA
| | - Tumpa Patra
- Internal Medicine, Crestwood Medical Center, Huntsville, USA
| | - Junu Giri
- Internal Medicine, Crestwood Medical Center, Huntsville, USA
| | | | - Sayeda Basith
- Family Medicine, Crestwood Medical Center, Huntsville, USA
| | | | | | - Akram Haggag
- Internal Medicine, Crestwood Medical Center, Huntsville, USA
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Zhao Y, Zhuang L, Tian P, Ma M, Wu G, Zhang Y. Rapid diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction based on reverse transcription-accelerated strand exchange amplification of miR-208a. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4442-4451. [PMID: 37610127 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01116j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a prevalent cardiovascular disease associated with high morbidity and mortality, posing a significant threat to human health. Therefore, early diagnosis of AMI has become a focal point of research. MiR-208 is specifically expressed in the heart and is involved in the regulation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and other myocardial gene expressions. It is expected to be applied in the clinical detection of AMI due to its release by damaged myocardial cells within 3 hours of AMI. In this study, we developed a denatured bubble-mediated reverse transcription-accelerated strand exchange amplification (RT-ASEA) method to detect the early biomarker miR-208a of AMI. The novel approach allowed rapid amplification of miR-208a in 15 minutes, with good performance in terms of repeatability (CV < 6%), determination limit (1 × 100 pmol L-1), and linearity (R2 = 0.9690). Based on the analysis of 42 clinical samples, a strong correlation was observed between the Ct value of miR-208a detected by the RT-ASEA method and the cTnI concentration, considered the gold standard for diagnosis of AMI. The research suggested that the RT-ASEA method could be applied to distinguish between AMI and healthy groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.9976, with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 100%. Optimized RT-ASEA is a reliable and efficient method for miRNA detection. Furthermore, this study provides crucial data support for the development of miR-208a as an early biomarker for AMI, which is of great significance in life and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Linlin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Peilong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
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Sakou II, Soldatou A, Seretis A, Karanasios E, Paltoglou G, Karavanaki K. Markedly elevated troponin and NT-proBNP and myocardial dysfunction in an adolescent with severe diabetic ketoacidosis: a case report. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 31:192-198. [PMID: 35928382 PMCID: PMC9297169 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), rarely, may be associated with elevated troponin and
proBNP levels in adults with a history of diabetes. However, few cases have reported this
association in children with severe and complicated DKA. We describe a case of severe DKA
(pH: 6.89, HCO3: 6.5) in a 14-yr-old female adolescent in which the symptoms of DKA were
presented days before the diagnosis. The patient was under the effect of acidosis
(Kussmaul respiration) for 12 h before admission to our hospital, where she was admitted
in a critical clinical condition. After successful treatment with DKA with intensive
intravenous fluid and regular insulin, the patient presented with abnormal cardiac rhythm,
disturbance of interventricular septum motility, a mild decrease in left ventricular
systolic function, negative T waves in leads III and aVF, and a marked increase in
troponin and brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. All abnormal findings
completely resolved within 8 days after the initiation of DKA treatment. The phenomenon in
our case was transient, and the patient had a good long-term outcome. However, it
represents a challenge for clinicians; therefore, emphasis should be given to cardiac
monitoring during the course of severe and prolonged DKA in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irine-Ikbale Sakou
- Diabetic Clinic, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “P&A Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Soldatou
- Diabetic Clinic, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “P&A Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Seretis
- Cardiology Deparment, “P&A Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Paltoglou
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Karavanaki
- Diabetic Clinic, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “P&A Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Bonet G, Carrasquer A, Peiró ÓM, Sanchez-Gimenez R, Lal-Trehan N, Del-Moral-Ronda V, Fort-Gallifa I, Bardají A. Clinical characteristics and prognostic implications of diabetes and myocardial injury in patients admitted to the emergency room. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:414. [PMID: 34461832 PMCID: PMC8404360 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the clinical features and prognosis of diabetes and myocardial injury in patients admitted to the emergency department. METHODS We analyzed the clinical data of all consecutive patients admitted to the emergency department during the years 2012 and 2013 with at least 1 cardiac Troponin I (cTnI Ultra Siemens, Advia Centaur) determination, and were classified according to the status of diabetes mellitus (DM) and myocardial injury (MI). Clinical events were evaluated in a 4-year follow-up. RESULTS A total of 3622 patients were classified according to the presence of DM (n = 924 (25.55%)) and MI (n = 1049 (28.96%)). The proportion of MI in patients with DM was 40% and 25% in patients without DM. Mortality during follow-up was 10.9% in non-DM patients without MI, 21.3% in DM patients without MI, 40.1% in non-DM patients with MI, and 52.8% in DM patients with MI. A competitive risk model was used to obtain the Hazard Ratio (HR) for readmission for myocardial infarction or heart failure. There was a similar proportion of readmission for myocardial infarction and heart failure at a four-year follow-up in patients with DM or MI, which was much higher when DM was associated with MI, with respect to patients without DM or MI. The HR (95% Coefficient Interval) for myocardial infarction in the DM without MI, non-DM with MI, and DM with MI groups with respect to the non-DM without MI group was 2511 (1592-3960), 2682 (1739-4138), and 5036 (3221-7876), respectively. The HR (95% CI) for the risk of readmission for heart failure in the DM without MI, non-DM with MI, and DM with MI groups with respect to the non-DM without MI group was 2663 (1825-3886), 2562 (1753-3744) and 4292 (2936-6274), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The association of DM and MI in patients treated in an Emergency Service identifies patients at very high risk of mortality and cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Bonet
- Department of Cardiology, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Calle Dr Mallafré Guash 4, 43005, Tarragona, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Carrasquer
- Department of Cardiology, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Calle Dr Mallafré Guash 4, 43005, Tarragona, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Óscar M Peiró
- Department of Cardiology, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Calle Dr Mallafré Guash 4, 43005, Tarragona, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raul Sanchez-Gimenez
- Department of Cardiology, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Calle Dr Mallafré Guash 4, 43005, Tarragona, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nisha Lal-Trehan
- Department of Cardiology, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Calle Dr Mallafré Guash 4, 43005, Tarragona, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Victor Del-Moral-Ronda
- Department of Cardiology, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Calle Dr Mallafré Guash 4, 43005, Tarragona, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fort-Gallifa
- Clinical Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Health, Camp de Tarragona-Terres de L'Ebre, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Bardají
- Department of Cardiology, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Calle Dr Mallafré Guash 4, 43005, Tarragona, Spain.
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.
- Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.
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Sedighi SM, Fulop T, Mohammadpour A, Nguyen M, Prud’Homme P, Khalil A. Elevated Cardiac Troponin Levels in Geriatric Patients Without ACS: Role of Comorbidities. CJC Open 2021; 3:248-255. [PMID: 33778441 PMCID: PMC7984983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated levels of cardiac troponin T as measured by a high-sensitivity test (hscTnT) are common in geriatric patients with a large spectrum of comorbidities but without acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the relative contribution of individual comorbidities has never been clearly addressed. This study aimed to determine the relationship between hscTnT elevation as a response variable and individual comorbidities, and to estimate the impact of individual comorbidities on hscTnT elevation in geriatric patients free of ACS. Methods A nonexperimental, retrospective, matched, longitudinal cohort study was designed to evaluate the files of 7062 geriatric patients (aged ≥ 65 years) without ACS. The hscTnT levels of the patients have already been measured in all evaluated medical records. The dataset was split into 2 groups (0 and 1) based on the individual comorbidity (0 and 1) and hscTnT levels (≤ 14 ng/L = 0 and > 14 ng/L = 1). Results Our results show that although age was positively and significantly correlated with hscTnT (r = 0.17, P < 0.0001), the likelihood of experiencing elevated hscTnT levels in older individuals after having excluded ACS was related to the presence of comorbidities independently of their number (P < 0.0001). The regression coefficients (β) associated with renal insufficiency (0.71), cardiomyopathy (0.63), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.30), diabetes (0.25), and anemia (0.22) indicated that there exists a significant association between these comorbidities and the elevated hscTnT levels (P < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve for predictive modeling was estimated at 71% (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Elevated hscTnT levels were mostly associated with renal insufficiency, cardiac myopathies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and anemia in geriatric patients without ACS. Developing guidelines to accurately evaluate hscTnT elevation in geriatric patients with comorbidities, without ACS, is clinically essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mahdi Sedighi
- Geriatric Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Geriatric Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adel Mohammadpour
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Cardiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Prud’Homme
- Cardiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Geriatric Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding author: Dr Abdelouahed Khalil, CDRV-Health Campus, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 1N1, Canada. Tel.: +1-819-821-8000, x70148; fax: +1-819-829-7141.
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6
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Biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction: diagnostic and prognostic value. Part 1 (literature review). КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ПРАКТИКА 2020. [DOI: 10.17816/clinpract34284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality rates from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have been growing rapidly in recent years, causing significant socio-economic damage. Cardiac biomarkers play an important role in the diagnosis and prediction of AMI. In our review article, we will summarize information about the main existing cardiac biomarkers and focus on their diagnostic and prognostic value for patients with AMI.
In the first part of the review, we consider the diagnostic and prognostic value of biomarkers of necrosis and myocardial ischemia (aspartate aminotransferase; creatine phosphokinase; cardiac troponins; myoglobin, ischemia-modified albumin, fatty acid binding protein) and neuroendocrine AMI biomarkers (natriuretic peptides, adrenomedullin, catestatin, components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system).
In the second part of the review, we discuss the diagnostic and prognostic value of inflammatory AMI biomarkers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, myeloperoxidase, matrix metalloproteinases, soluble CD40 ligand form (sCD40L), procalcitonin, placental growth factor (PGF), procalcitonin) and recently discovered new biomarkers (microRNA, stimulating growth factor, expressed by genome 2 (ST2), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), galectin-3).
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Morton A. Review article: Ketoacidosis in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas 2020; 32:371-376. [PMID: 32266781 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus, is a common cause of presentation to EDs. Two new drug classes have been found to cause ketoacidosis with distinctive presentations. The sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus may present with ketoacidosis with normal glucose levels. Ketoacidosis with these medications may be prolonged and recur after initial resolution. Checkpoint inhibitors may present with fulminant diabetic ketoacidosis in individuals with previously normal glucose tolerance. Ketoacidosis may also occur as a result of starvation and alcohol excess, as well as a number of rare causes. Other causes of metabolic acidosis with both high and normal anion gap need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of ketoacidosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis may also present with biochemical changes suggestive of myocardial ischaemia and pancreatitis in the absence of these pathologies. The present paper reviews ketone body metabolism, ketone testing and the causes and differential diagnosis of ketoacidosis with particular relevance to emergency medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Morton
- Department of Endocrinology, Mater Health Services Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Kaefer K, Botta I, Mugisha A, Berdaoui B, De Bels D, Attou R, Honoré PM, Redant S. Acute coronary syndrome and diabetic keto acidosis: the chicken or the egg? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:397. [PMID: 31555711 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.07.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We sought to describe two cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with elevated troponin. The association of DKA with myocardial infarction (MI) is very frequent. We therefore decide to look deeply in the potential mechanisms behind this strong relationship. We did review the potential role of severe acidosis, intracellular calcium, the counter-regulatory hormones and the potential of the free fatty acid release. Those two conditions can trigger each other and it is often difficult to know which condition appear first. Ultimately, it stands to reason that the message for the clinician should be that a troponin elevation in a DKA patient should always be considered as a coronary abnormality until proven otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitiane Kaefer
- Department of Intensive Care, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Botta
- Department of Cardiology, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Aude Mugisha
- Department of Intensive Care, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Brahim Berdaoui
- Department of Cardiology, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - David De Bels
- Department of Intensive Care, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Rachid Attou
- Department of Intensive Care, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Patrick M Honoré
- Department of Intensive Care, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Redant
- Department of Intensive Care, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
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Halloum A, Al Neyadi S. Myocardial dysfunction associated with diabetic ketoacidosis in a 5-year-old girl. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019; 7:2050313X19847797. [PMID: 31105952 PMCID: PMC6503591 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x19847797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report a case of a 5-year-old girl with new onset of
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, who presented with severe diabetic
ketoacidosis associated with brain edema and severe myocardial dysfunction,
needing intubation and inotropic support. To our knowledge, this is the youngest
reported case with severe diabetic ketoacidosis complicated with myocardial
dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Halloum
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shaikha Al Neyadi
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Chen Y, Tao Y, Zhang L, Xu W, Zhou X. Diagnostic and prognostic value of biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction. Postgrad Med J 2019; 95:210-216. [PMID: 30948439 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been increasing rapidly in recent years, seriously endangering human health. Cardiac biomarkers play critical roles in the diagnosis and prognosis of AMI. Troponin is a highly sensitive and specific biomarker for AMI diagnosis and can independently predict adverse cardiac events. Other biomarkers such as N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide and C reactive protein are also valuable predictors of cardiovascular prognosis. Recently, several novel biomarkers have been identified for the diagnosis and risk assessment in patients with AMI. A multibiomarker approach can potentially enhance the diagnostic accuracy and provide more information for the early risk stratification of AMI. In this review, we will summarise the biomarkers discovered in recent years and focus on their diagnostic and prognostic value for patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yifei Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weiting Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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