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Cevey ÁC, Pieralisi AV, Donato M, Rada J, Gelpi RJ, Mirkin GA, Goren NB, Penas FN. Macrophages Mediate Healing Properties of Fenofibrate in Experimental Chagasic Cardiomyopathy. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:213-220. [PMID: 36661566 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cardiomyopathy is one of the most relevant outcomes of Chagas disease associated with parasite persistence and exacerbated inflammatory response. Fenofibrate, a third generation fibric acid derivative and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α ligand, is involved in the regulation of inflammatory response. However, the participation of macrophages in this scenario has not been elucidated. Here we show, for the first time, that macrophages play a fundamental role in the fenofibrate-mediated modulation of heart pro-inflammatory response and fibrosis caused by the infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Furthermore, macrophages are required for fenofibrate to improve the loss of ventricular function and this restoration correlates with an anti-inflammatory microenvironment. Understanding the contributions of macrophages to the healing properties of fenofibrate reinforces its potential use as a therapeutic drug, with the aim of helping to solve a public health problem, such as chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágata Carolina Cevey
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Azul Victoria Pieralisi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Martín Donato
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Jimena Rada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Jorge Gelpi
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Ariel Mirkin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM). Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Nora Beatriz Goren
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Federico Nicolás Penas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS). Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
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Ni H, Yuan J, Ji J, Guo Y, Zhong S, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Jiang Q. Long term toxicities following developmental exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid: Roles of peroxisome proliferation activated receptor alpha. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120722. [PMID: 36436667 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a widespread persistent organic pollutant. Fertile chicken eggs were exposed to PFOA and incubated to hatch. At three time points post hatch (0-, 1- and 3-months old), chickens were subjected to electrocardiography and sacrificed. Serum was subjected to LC-MS/MS for PFOA concentration, and organs were subjected to histopathological assessments. Additionally, PPARα-silencing lentivirus was co-applied with PFOA exposure, and the corresponding phenotypes were evaluated. Western blotting was performed to assess expressions of FABPs and pSMAD2 in heart and liver samples. Considerable amount of PFOA were detected in hatchling chicken serum, but not in one-month-old or three-month-old chicken serum. PFOA exposure resulted in developmental cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in hatchling chickens. Meanwhile, one-month-old chickens still exhibited elevated heart rate, but classical cardiac remodeling (thicker right ventricular wall) were observed in exposed animals. Three-month-old chickens exhibited similar results as one-month-old ones. PPARα silencing only had partial protective effects in hatchling chickens, but the protective effects seemed to increase as chickens aged. Western blotting results indicated that L-FABP was involved in PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity, while pSMAD2 was involved in PFOA-induced cardiotoxicity. In summary, developmental exposure to PFOA resulted in persistent cardiotoxicity, but not hepatotoxicity. PPARα participates in both cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ni
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China.
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Activation of PPARα Ameliorates Cardiac Fibrosis in Dsg2-Deficient Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203184. [PMID: 36291052 PMCID: PMC9601208 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlights Abstract Background: Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic heart muscle disease characterized by progressive fibro-fatty replacement of cardiac myocytes. Up to now, the existing therapeutic modalities for ACM are mostly palliative. About 50% of ACM is caused by mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins including Desmoglein-2 (Dsg2). In the current study, the cardiac fibrosis of ACM and its underlying mechanism were investigated by using a cardiac-specific knockout of Dsg2 mouse model. Methods: Cardiac-specific Dsg2 knockout (CS-Dsg2−/−) mice and wild-type (WT) mice were respectively used as the animal model of ACM and controls. The myocardial collagen volume fraction was determined by histological analysis. The expression levels of fibrotic markers such as α-SMA and Collagen I as well as signal transducers such as STAT3, SMAD3, and PPARα were measured by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Increased cardiac fibrosis was observed in CS-Dsg2−/− mice according to Masson staining. PPARα deficiency and hyperactivation of STAT3 and SMAD3 were observed in the myocardium of CS-Dsg2−/− mice. The biomarkers of fibrosis such as α-SMA and Collagen I were upregulated after gene silencing of Dsg2 in HL-1 cells. Furthermore, STAT3 gene silencing by Stat3 siRNA inhibited the expression of fibrotic markers. The activation of PPARα by fenofibrate or AAV9-Pparα improved the cardiac fibrosis and decreased the phosphorylation of STAT3, SMAD3, and AKT in CS-Dsg2−/− mice. Conclusions: Activation of PPARα alleviates the cardiac fibrosis in ACM.
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Pieralisi AV, Cevey ÁC, Penas FN, Prado N, Mori A, Gili M, Mirkin GA, Gagliardi J, Goren NB. Fenofibrate Increases the Population of Non-Classical Monocytes in Asymptomatic Chagas Disease Patients and Modulates Inflammatory Cytokines in PBMC. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:785166. [PMID: 35360222 PMCID: PMC8963737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.785166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most important clinical manifestation of infection with Trypanosma cruzi (T. cruzi) due to its frequency and effects on morbidity and mortality. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infiltrate the tissue and differentiate into inflammatory macrophages. Advances in pathophysiology show that myeloid cell subpopulations contribute to cardiac homeostasis, emerging as possible therapeutic targets. We previously demonstrated that fenofibrate, PPARα agonist, controls inflammation, prevents fibrosis and improves cardiac function in a murine infection model. In this work we investigated the spontaneous release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, changes in the frequencies of monocyte subsets, and fenofibrate effects on PBMC of seropositive patients with different clinical stages of Chagas disease. The results show that PBMC from Chagas disease patients display higher levels of IL-12, TGF-β, IL-6, MCP1, and CCR2 than cells from uninfected individuals (HI), irrespectively of the clinical stage, asymptomatic (Asy) or with Chagas heart disease (CHD). Fenofibrate reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and CCR2 in both Asy and CHD patients. We found that CHD patients display a significantly higher percentage of classical monocytes in comparison with Asy patients and HI. Besides, Asy patients have a significantly higher percentage of non-classical monocytes than CHD patients or HI. However, no difference in the intermediate monocyte subpopulation was found between groups. Moreover, monocytes from Asy or CHD patients exhibit different responses upon stimulation in vitro with T. cruzi lysates and fenofibrate treatment. Stimulation with T. cruzi significantly increases the percentage of classical monocytes in the Asy group whereas the percentage of intermediate monocytes decreases. Besides, there are no changes in their frequencies in CHD or HI. Notably, stimulation with T. cruzi did not modify the frequency of the non-classical monocytes subpopulation in any of the groups studied. Moreover, fenofibrate treatment of T. cruzi-stimulated cells, increased the frequency of the non-classical subpopulation in Asy patients. Interestingly, fenofibrate restores CCR2 levels but does not modify HLA-DR expression in any groups. In conclusion, our results emphasize a potential role for fenofibrate as a modulator of monocyte subpopulations towards an anti-inflammatory and healing profile in different stages of chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azul V. Pieralisi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ágata C. Cevey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico N. Penas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nilda Prado
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires "Dr. Cosme Argerich", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Mori
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires "Dr. Cosme Argerich", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Gili
- Hospital Municipal de Rehabilitación Respiratoria María Ferrer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A. Mirkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Gagliardi
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires "Dr. Cosme Argerich", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora B. Goren
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Nora B. Goren,
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Medina L, Rojas M, Maya JD, Parraguez VH, Kemmerling U. Ex vivo infection of human placental explants with Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii: Differential activation of NF kappa B signaling pathways. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105153. [PMID: 31469971 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) are the causative agents of Chagas disease and Toxoplasmosis. T. cruzi and T. gondii present, respectively, low and high congenital transmission rates and induce a distinctive cytokine/chemokine profile in ex vivo infected human placental explants (HPE). Since the innate immune response is regulated, at least partially, by NF-κB signaling pathways, our main objective was to determine the effect of ex vivo infection with both parasites on the activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways and its relation to parasite infection. T. cruzi activates both, the canonical and non-canonical pathways of NF-κB, unlike T. gondii, which has no effect on the canonical pathway and inhibits the non-canonical pathway. The inhibition of both pathways of NF-κB increases the DNA load of T. cruzi and T. gondii in HPE. Therefore, the differential modulation of NF-κB signal transduction pathways by both parasites might explain, at least partially, the low and high congenital transmission rates of T. cruzi and T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maura Rojas
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor H Parraguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Subramanian V, Borchard S, Azimzadeh O, Sievert W, Merl-Pham J, Mancuso M, Pasquali E, Multhoff G, Popper B, Zischka H, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S. PPARα Is Necessary for Radiation-Induced Activation of Noncanonical TGFβ Signaling in the Heart. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1677-1689. [PMID: 29560722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-dose ionizing radiation is known to induce adverse effects such as inflammation and fibrosis in the heart. Transcriptional regulators PPARα and TGFβ are known to be involved in this radiation response. PPARα, an anti-inflammatory transcription factor controlling cardiac energy metabolism, is inactivated by irradiation. The pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic TGFβ is activated by irradiation via SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent pathways. The goal of this study was to investigate how altering the level of PPARα influences the radiation response of these signaling pathways. For this purpose, we used genetically modified C57Bl/6 mice with wild type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-) or homozygous (-/-) PPARα genotype. Mice were locally irradiated to the heart using doses of 8 or 16 Gy; the controls were sham-irradiated. The heart tissue was investigated using label-free proteomics 20 weeks after the irradiation and the predicted pathways were validated using immunoblotting, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. The heterozygous PPARα mice showed most radiation-induced changes in the cardiac proteome, whereas the homozygous PPARα mice showed the least changes. Irradiation induced SMAD-dependent TGFβ signaling independently of the PPARα status, but the presence of PPARα was necessary for the activation of the SMAD-independent pathway. These data indicate a central role of PPARα in cardiac response to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Sievert
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno Oncology Group , Campus Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich 81675 , Germany
| | | | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine , Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA) , Rome 00196 , Italy
| | - Emanuela Pasquali
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine , Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA) , Rome 00196 , Italy
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno Oncology Group , Campus Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich 81675 , Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Department of Cell Biology and Core Facility Animal Models (CAM), Biomedical Center , Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich , Planegg 80539 , Germany
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Cevey ÁC, Mirkin GA, Donato M, Rada MJ, Penas FN, Gelpi RJ, Goren NB. Treatment with Fenofibrate plus a low dose of Benznidazole attenuates cardiac dysfunction in experimental Chagas disease. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2017; 7:378-387. [PMID: 29040909 PMCID: PMC5727348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi induces serious cardiac alterations during the chronic infection. Intense inflammatory response observed from the beginning of infection, is critical for the control of parasite proliferation and evolution of Chagas disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-α, are known to modulate inflammation. In this study we investigated whether a PPAR-α agonist, Fenofibrate, improves cardiac function and inflammatory parameters in a murine model of T. cruzi infection. BALB/c mice were sequentially infected with two T. cruzi strains of different genetic background. Benznidazole, commonly used as trypanocidal drug, cleared parasites but did not preclude cardiac pathology, resembling what is found in human chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Fenofibrate treatment restored to normal values the ejection and shortening fractions, left ventricular end-diastolic, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and isovolumic relaxation time. Moreover, it reduced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α and NOS2) and heart remodeling mediators (MMP-9 and CTGF), and reduced serum creatine kinase activity. The fact that Fenofibrate partially inhibited NOS2 expression and NO release in the presence of a PPAR-α non-competitive inhibitor, suggested it also acted through PPAR-α-independent pathways. Since IκBα cytosolic degradation was inhibited by Fenofibrate, it can be concluded that the NFκB pathway has a role in its effects. Thus, we demonstrate that Fenofibrate acts through PPAR-α-dependent and -independent pathways. Our study shows that combined treatment with Fenofibrate plus Benznidazole is able both to reverse the cardiac dysfunction associated with the ongoing inflammatory response and fibrosis and to attain parasite clearance in an experimental model of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágata C Cevey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Mirkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Donato
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Rada
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico N Penas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo J Gelpi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora B Goren
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bezafibrate Attenuates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:5789714. [PMID: 28127304 PMCID: PMC5239981 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5789714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) is closely associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Previous studies have indicated that bezafibrate (BZA), a PPAR-α agonist, could attenuate insulin resistance and obesity. This study was designed to determine whether BZA could protect against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Methods. Mice were orally given BZA (100 mg/kg) for 7 weeks beginning 1 week after aortic banding (AB) surgery. Cardiac hypertrophy was assessed based on echocardiographic, histological, and molecular aspects. Moreover, neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) were used to investigate the effects of BZA on the cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response in vitro. Results. Our study demonstrated that BZA could alleviate cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice subjected to AB surgery. BZA treatment also reduced the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). BZA suppressed phenylephrine- (PE-) induced hypertrophy of cardiomyocyte in vitro. The protective effects of BZA were abolished by the treatment of the PPAR-α antagonist in vitro. Conclusions. BZA could attenuate pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Heart: Lessons from the Past and Future Directions. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:271983. [PMID: 26587015 PMCID: PMC4637490 DOI: 10.1155/2015/271983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear family of ligand activated transcriptional factors and comprise three different isoforms, PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ. The main role of PPARs is to regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that PPAR agonists improve dyslipidemia and glucose control in animals, supporting their potential as a promising therapeutic option to treat diabetes and dyslipidemia. However, substantial differences exist in the therapeutic or adverse effects of specific drug candidates, and clinical studies have yielded inconsistent data on their cardioprotective effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the molecular function of PPARs and the mechanisms of the PPAR regulation by posttranslational modification in the heart. We also describe the results and lessons learned from important clinical trials on PPAR agonists and discuss the potential future directions for this class of drugs.
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He J, Quintana MT, Sullivan J, L Parry T, J Grevengoed T, Schisler JC, Hill JA, Yates CC, Mapanga RF, Essop MF, Stansfield WE, Bain JR, Newgard CB, Muehlbauer MJ, Han Y, Clarke BA, Willis MS. MuRF2 regulates PPARγ1 activity to protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy and enhance weight gain induced by a high fat diet. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:97. [PMID: 26242235 PMCID: PMC4526192 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In diabetes mellitus the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease is increased and represents an important independent mechanism by which heart disease is exacerbated. The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy involves the enhanced activation of PPAR transcription factors, including PPARα, and to a lesser degree PPARβ and PPARγ1. How these transcription factors are regulated in the heart is largely unknown. Recent studies have described post-translational ubiquitination of PPARs as ways in which PPAR activity is inhibited in cancer. However, specific mechanisms in the heart have not previously been described. Recent studies have implicated the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase muscle ring finger-2 (MuRF2) in inhibiting the nuclear transcription factor SRF. Initial studies of MuRF2-/- hearts revealed enhanced PPAR activity, leading to the hypothesis that MuRF2 regulates PPAR activity by post-translational ubiquitination. METHODS MuRF2-/- mice were challenged with a 26-week 60% fat diet designed to simulate obesity-mediated insulin resistance and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mice were followed by conscious echocardiography, blood glucose, tissue triglyceride, glycogen levels, immunoblot analysis of intracellular signaling, heart and skeletal muscle morphometrics, and PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ1-regulated mRNA expression. RESULTS MuRF2 protein levels increase ~20% during the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy induced by high fat diet. Compared to littermate wildtype hearts, MuRF2-/- hearts exhibit an exaggerated diabetic cardiomyopathy, characterized by an early onset systolic dysfunction, larger left ventricular mass, and higher heart weight. MuRF2-/- hearts had significantly increased PPARα- and PPARγ1-regulated gene expression by RT-qPCR, consistent with MuRF2's regulation of these transcription factors in vivo. Mechanistically, MuRF2 mono-ubiquitinated PPARα and PPARγ1 in vitro, consistent with its non-degradatory role in diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, increasing MuRF2:PPARγ1 (>5:1) beyond physiological levels drove poly-ubiquitin-mediated degradation of PPARγ1 in vitro, indicating large MuRF2 increases may lead to PPAR degradation if found in other disease states. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in MuRF2 have been described to contribute to the severity of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The present study suggests that the lack of MuRF2, as found in these patients, can result in an exaggerated diabetic cardiomyopathy. These studies also identify MuRF2 as the first ubiquitin ligase to regulate cardiac PPARα and PPARγ1 activities in vivo via post-translational modification without degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China.
| | - Megan T Quintana
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jenyth Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Traci L Parry
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Trisha J Grevengoed
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Cecelia C Yates
- Department of Health Promotions and Development, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Rudo F Mapanga
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | | | - James R Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Michael J Muehlbauer
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yipin Han
- East Chapel Hill High School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Brian A Clarke
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Boston, MA, 601-4214, USA.
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Exposure to phthalates affects calcium handling and intercellular connectivity of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121927. [PMID: 25799571 PMCID: PMC4370601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pervasive nature of plastics has raised concerns about the impact of continuous exposure to plastic additives on human health. Of particular concern is the use of phthalates in the production of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. Di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used phthalate ester plasticizer that imparts flexibility and elasticity to PVC products. Recent epidemiological studies have reported correlations between urinary phthalate concentrations and cardiovascular disease, including an increased risk of high blood pressure and coronary risk. Yet, there is little direct evidence linking phthalate exposure to adverse effects in human cells, including cardiomyocytes. Methods and Results The effect of DEHP on calcium handling was examined using monolayers of gCAMP3 human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, which contain an endogenous calcium sensor. Cardiomyocytes were exposed to DEHP (5 – 50 μg/mL), and calcium transients were recorded using a Zeiss confocal imaging system. DEHP exposure (24 – 72 hr) had a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect on cardiomyocytes, increased the minimum threshold voltage required for external pacing, and modified connexin-43 expression. Application of Wy-14,643 (100 μM), an agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, did not replicate DEHP’s effects on calcium transient morphology or spontaneous beating rate. Conclusions Phthalates can affect the normal physiology of human cardiomyocytes, including DEHP elicited perturbations in cardiac calcium handling and intercellular connectivity. Our findings call for additional studies to clarify the extent by which phthalate exposure can alter cardiac function, particularly in vulnerable patient populations who are at risk for high phthalate exposure.
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12
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Lecarpentier Y, Claes V, Duthoit G, Hébert JL. Circadian rhythms, Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR alpha/gamma profiles in diseases with primary or secondary cardiac dysfunction. Front Physiol 2014; 5:429. [PMID: 25414671 PMCID: PMC4220097 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clock mechanisms are far-from-equilibrium dissipative structures. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR alpha, beta/delta, and gamma) play a key role in metabolic regulatory processes, particularly in heart muscle. Links between circadian rhythms (CRs) and PPARs have been established. Mammalian CRs involve at least two critical transcription factors, CLOCK and BMAL1 (Gekakis et al., 1998; Hogenesch et al., 1998). PPAR gamma plays a major role in both glucose and lipid metabolisms and presents circadian properties which coordinate the interplay between metabolism and CRs. PPAR gamma is a major component of the vascular clock. Vascular PPAR gamma is a peripheral regulator of cardiovascular rhythms controlling circadian variations in blood pressure and heart rate through BMAL1. We focused our review on diseases with abnormalities of CRs and with primary or secondary cardiac dysfunction. Moreover, these diseases presented changes in the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and PPARs, according to two opposed profiles. Profile 1 was defined as follows: inactivation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway with increased expression of PPAR gamma. Profile 2 was defined as follows: activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway with decreased expression of PPAR gamma. A typical profile 1 disease is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, a genetic cardiac disease which presents mutations of the desmosomal proteins and is mainly characterized by fatty acid accumulation in adult cardiomyocytes mainly in the right ventricle. The link between PPAR gamma dysfunction and desmosomal genetic mutations occurs via inactivation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway presenting oscillatory properties. A typical profile 2 disease is type 2 diabetes, with activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and decreased expression of PPAR gamma. CRs abnormalities are present in numerous pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, sympathetic/parasympathetic dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer which are often closely inter-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Meaux Meaux, France
| | - Victor Claes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Duthoit
- Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtière Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hébert
- Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtière Paris, France
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13
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Cernecka H, Ochodnicka-Mackovicova K, Kucerova D, Kmecova J, Nemcekova V, Doka G, Kyselovic J, Krenek P, Ochodnicky P, Klimas J. Enalaprilat increases PPARβ/δ expression, without influence on PPARα and PPARγ, and modulate cardiac function in sub-acute model of daunorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:472-7. [PMID: 23834779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anthracycline therapy is limited by a cardiotoxicity that may eventually lead to chronic heart failure which is thought to be prevented by ACE inhibitors (ACEi). However, the protective effect of ACEi in early stages of this specific injury remains elusive. Activated nuclear transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) regulate cellular metabolism, but their involvement in anthracycline cardiomyopathy has not been investigated yet. For this purpose, Wistar rats were administered with daunorubicin (i.p., 3 mg/kg, in 48 h intervals) or co-administered with daunorubicine and enalaprilat (i.p., 5 mg/kg in 12 h intervals). Control animals received vehicle. Left ventricular function was measured invasively under anesthesia. Cell-shortening was measured by videomicroscopy in isolated cardiomyocytes. Expression of PPARs mRNA in cardiac tissue was measured by Real-Time PCR. Although the hemodynamic parameters of daunorubicin-treated rats remained altered upon ACEi co-administration, ACEi normalized daunorubicin-induced QT prolongation. On cellular level, ACEi normalized altered basal and isoproterenol-stimulated cardiac cell shortening in daunorubicine-treated group. Moreover, anthracycline administration significantly up-regulated heart PPARα mRNA and its expression remained increased after ACEi co-administration. On the other hand, the expression of cardiac PPARβ/δ was not altered in anthracycline-treated animals, whereas co-administration of ACEi increased its expression. Conclusively, effect of ACEi can be already detected in sub-acute phase of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Altered expression of heart PPARs may suggest these nuclear receptors as a novel target in anthracycline cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cernecka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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14
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Guellich A, Damy T, Conti M, Claes V, Samuel JL, Pineau T, Lecarpentier Y, Coirault C. Tempol prevents cardiac oxidative damage and left ventricular dysfunction in the PPAR-α KO mouse. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H1505-12. [PMID: 23542920 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00669.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α deletion induces a profound decrease in MnSOD activity, leading to oxidative stress and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that treatment of PPAR-α knockout (KO) mice with the SOD mimetic tempol prevents the heart from pathological remodelling and preserves LV function. Twenty PPAR-α KO mice and 20 age-matched wild-type mice were randomly treated for 8 wk with vehicle or tempol in the drinking water. LV contractile parameters were determined both in vivo using echocardiography and ex vivo using papillary muscle mechanics. Translational and posttranslational modifications of myosin heavy chain protein as well as the expression and activity of major antioxidant enzymes were measured. Tempol treatment did not affect LV function in wild-type mice; however, in PPAR-α KO mice, tempol prevented the decrease in LV ejection fraction and restored the contractile parameters of papillary muscle, including maximum shortening velocity, maximum extent of shortening, and total tension. Moreover, compared with untreated PPAR-α KO mice, myosin heavy chain tyrosine nitration and anion superoxide production were markedly reduced in PPAR-α KO mice after treatment. Tempol also significantly increased glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities (~ 50%) in PPAR-α KO mice. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that treatment with the SOD mimetic tempol can prevent cardiac dysfunction in PPAR-α KO mice by reducing the oxidation of contractile proteins. In addition, we show that the beneficial effects of tempol in PPAR-α KO mice involve activation of the glutathione peroxidase/glutathione reductase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Guellich
- Unité (U)69, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Labex-Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
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15
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Mandard S, Patsouris D. Nuclear control of the inflammatory response in mammals by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:613864. [PMID: 23577023 PMCID: PMC3614066 DOI: 10.1155/2013/613864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that play pivotal roles in the regulation of a very large number of biological processes including inflammation. Using specific examples, this paper focuses on the interplay between PPARs and innate immunity/inflammation and, when possible, compares it among species. We focus on recent discoveries establishing how inflammation and PPARs interact in the context of obesity-induced inflammation and type 2 diabetes, mostly in mouse and humans. We illustrate that PPAR γ ability to alleviate obesity-associated inflammation raises an interesting pharmacologic potential. In the light of recent findings, the protective role of PPAR α and PPAR β / δ against the hepatic inflammatory response is also addressed. While PPARs agonists are well-established agents that can treat numerous inflammatory issues in rodents and humans, surprisingly very little has been described in other species. We therefore also review the implication of PPARs in inflammatory bowel disease; acute-phase response; and central, cardiac, and endothelial inflammation and compare it along different species (mainly mouse, rat, human, and pig). In the light of the data available in the literature, there is no doubt that more studies concerning the impact of PPAR ligands in livestock should be undertaken because it may finally raise unconsidered health and sanitary benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mandard
- Centre de Recherche INSERM-UMR866 “Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer” Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne 7, Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - David Patsouris
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRA 1235, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69921 Oullins, France
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, MB-24, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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16
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Fenofibrate reduces cardiac remodeling and improves cardiac function in a rat model of severe left ventricle volume overload. Life Sci 2013; 92:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Penas F, Mirkin GA, Hovsepian E, Cevey A, Caccuri R, Sales ME, Goren NB. PPARγ ligand treatment inhibits cardiac inflammatory mediators induced by infection with different lethality strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:239-48. [PMID: 22917565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, causes cardiac alterations in the host. Although the main clinical manifestations arise during the chronic stage, the mechanisms leading to heart damage develop early during infection. In fact, an intense inflammatory response is observed from acute stage of infection. Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have attracted research interest due to their participation in the modulation of inflammation. In this work we addressed the role of 15-Deoxy-∆(12,14) ProstaglandinJ2 (15dPGJ2), a PPARγ natural ligand in the regulation of inflammatory mediators, in acute and chronic experimental mouse models of Chagas' disease with the RA and K98 T. cruzi strains, respectively. This work demonstrates that 15dPGJ2 treatment inhibits the expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) as well as TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA levels. Also, expression and activity of metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP9) were inhibited by 15dPGJ2. Moreover GW9662, a specific PPARγ antagonist, revealed the participation of other signaling pathways since, in GW9662 presence, 15dPJG2 had a partial effect on the inhibition of inflammatory parameters in the acute model of infection. Accordingly, NF-κB activation was demonstrated, assessing p65 nuclear translocation in the hearts of infected mice with both T. cruzi strains. Such effect was inhibited after 15dPGJ2 treatment. Our findings support the concept that in vivo PPARγ and NF-κB pathways are implicated in the inhibitory effects of 15dPGJ2 on inflammatory mediators at different times depending on whether the infection is caused by the lethal or non-lethal T. cruzi strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Penas
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Role of PPARs in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection: Implications for Chagas Disease Therapy. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:528435. [PMID: 22448167 PMCID: PMC3289900 DOI: 10.1155/2012/528435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), remains a substantial public health concern and an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. T. cruzi infection causes an intense inflammatory response in diverse tissues by triggering local expression of inflammatory mediators, which results in the upregulation of the levels of cytokines and chemokines, and important cardiac alterations in the host, being one of the most characteristic damages of Chagas disease. Therefore, controlling the inflammatory reaction becomes critical for the control of the proliferation of the parasite and of the evolution of Chagas disease. The nuclear receptors known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have emerged as key regulators of lipid metabolism and inflammation. The precise role of PPAR ligands in T. cruzi infection or in Chagas disease is poorly understood. This review summarizes our knowledge about T. cruzi infection as well as about the activation of PPARs and the potential role of their ligands in the resolution of inflammation, with the aim to address a new pharmacological approach to improve the host health.
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Ock S, Ahn J, Lee SH, Park H, Son JW, Oh JG, Yang DK, Lee WS, Kim HS, Rho J, Oh GT, Abel ED, Park WJ, Min JK, Kim J. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand is a novel inducer of myocardial inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 94:105-14. [PMID: 22298642 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Although increased levels of myocardial receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL) have been reported in heart failure, the role of this pathway in mediating activation of inflammatory pathways during myocardial remodelling is less well understood. This study sought to determine the role of myocardial RANKL in regulating cytokine expression. METHODS AND RESULTS A marked increase in RANKL expression occurred as early as 6h following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mouse hearts and persisted at 3 and 17 days. An increase in tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1α, and IL-1β was observed in the hypertrophied hearts only at 3 or 17 days after TAC. Treatment with losartan significantly attenuated TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy, in parallel with decreased expression of RANKL, TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β. Furthermore, injection of a RANKL-neutralizing monoclonal antibody attenuated RANKL-induced cytokine expression. RANKL stimulated expression of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes via activation of NF-κB. RANKL-induced NF-κB activation and expression of these cytokines were both attenuated when RANK, receptor for RANKL, or TRAF2 or TRAF6, adaptors for RANK, was silenced by siRNA. Furthermore, inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), and inhibitor of κB kinase also significantly inhibited RANKL-induced cellular activities, but inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase were without effect. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate for the first time that the pressure-overloaded myocardium generates RANKL, which induces TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β production via a RANK-TRAF2/TRAF6-PLC-PKC-NF-κB-mediated autocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Ock
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea
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20
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de Cavanagh EMV, Inserra F, Ferder L. Angiotensin II blockade: a strategy to slow ageing by protecting mitochondria? Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:31-40. [PMID: 20819950 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein and lipid oxidation-mainly by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS)-was proposed as a crucial determinant of health and lifespan. Angiotensin II (Ang II) enhances ROS production by activating NAD(P)H oxidase and uncoupling endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Ang II also stimulates mtROS production, which depresses mitochondrial energy metabolism. In rodents, renin-angiotensin system blockade (RAS blockade) increases survival and prevents age-associated changes. RAS blockade reduces mtROS and enhances mitochondrial content and function. This suggests that Ang II contributes to the ageing process by prompting mitochondrial dysfunction. Since Ang II is a pleiotropic peptide, the age-protecting effects of RAS blockade are expected to involve a variety of other mechanisms. Caloric restriction (CR)-an age-retarding intervention in humans and animals-and RAS blockade display a number of converging effects, i.e. they delay the manifestations of hypertension, diabetes, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and cancer; increase body temperature; reduce body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1; ameliorate insulin sensitivity; lower protein, lipid, and DNA oxidation, and mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production; and increase uncoupling protein-2 and sirtuin expression. A number of these overlapping effects involve changes in mitochondrial function. In CR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) seem to contribute to age-retardation partly by regulating mitochondrial function. RAS inhibition up-regulates PPARs; therefore, it is feasible that PPAR modulation is pivotal for mitochondrial protection by RAS blockade during rodent ageing. Other potential mechanisms that may underlie RAS blockade's mitochondrial benefits are TGF-β down-regulation and up-regulation of Klotho and sirtuins. In conclusion, the available data suggest that RAS blockade deserves further research efforts to establish its role as a potential tool to mitigate the growing problem of age-associated chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M V de Cavanagh
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina
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PPARs, Cardiovascular Metabolism, and Function: Near- or Far-from-Equilibrium Pathways. PPAR Res 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20706650 PMCID: PMC2913846 DOI: 10.1155/2010/783273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR α, β/δ and γ) play a key role in metabolic regulatory processes and gene regulation of cellular metabolism, particularly in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, PPARs have various extra metabolic roles, in circadian rhythms, inflammation and oxidative stress. In this review, we focus mainly on the effects of PPARs on some thermodynamic processes, which can behave either near equilibrium, or far-from-equilibrium. New functions of PPARs are reported in the arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, a human genetic heart disease. It is now possible to link the genetic desmosomal abnormalitiy to the presence of fat in the right ventricle, partly due to an overexpression of PPARγ. Moreover, PPARs are directly or indirectly involved in cellular oscillatory processes such as the Wnt-b-catenin pathway, circadian rhythms of arterial blood pressure and cardiac frequency and glycolysis metabolic pathway. Dysfunction of clock genes and PPARγ may lead to hyperphagia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death, In pathological conditions, regulatory processes of the cardiovascular system may bifurcate towards new states, such as those encountered in hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and heart failure. Numerous of these oscillatory mechanisms, organized in time and space, behave far from equilibrium and are “dissipative structures”.
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