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Göbel A, Pählig S, Motz A, Breining D, Traikov S, Hofbauer LC, Rachner TD. Overcoming statin resistance in prostate cancer cells by targeting the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 710:149841. [PMID: 38588613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in men. While diagnostic and therapeutic interventions have substantially improved in recent years, disease relapse, treatment resistance, and metastasis remain significant contributors to prostate cancer-related mortality. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are needed. Statins are inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway which plays an essential role in cholesterol homeostasis. Numerous preclinical studies have provided evidence for the pleiotropic antitumor effects of statins. However, results from clinical studies remain controversial and have shown substantial benefits to even no effects on human malignancies including prostate cancer. Potential statin resistance mechanisms of tumor cells may account for such discrepancies. In our study, we treated human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, C4-2B, DU-145, LNCaP) with simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin. PC3 cells demonstrated high statin sensitivity, resulting in a significant loss of vitality and clonogenic potential (up to - 70%; p < 0.001) along with an activation of caspases (up to 4-fold; p < 0.001). In contrast, C4-2B and DU-145 cells were statin-resistant. Statin treatment induced a restorative feedback in statin-resistant C4-2B and DU-145 cells through upregulation of the HMGCR gene and protein expression (up to 3-folds; p < 0.01) and its transcription factor sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2). This feedback was absent in PC3 cells. Blocking the feedback using HMGCR-specific small-interfering (si)RNA, the SREBP-2 activation inhibitor dipyridamole or the HMGCR degrader SR12813 abolished statin resistance in C4-2B and DU-145 and induced significant activation of caspases by statin treatment (up to 10-fold; p < 0.001). Consistently, long-term treatment with sublethal concentrations of simvastatin established a stable statin resistance of a PC3SIM subclone accompanied by a significant upregulation of both baseline as well as post-statin HMGCR protein (gene expression up to 70-fold; p < 0.001). Importantly, the statin-resistant phenotype of PC3SIM cells was reversible by HMGCR-specific siRNA and dipyridamole. Our investigations reveal a key role of a restorative feedback driven by the HMGCR/SREBP-2 axis in statin resistance mechanisms of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Göbel
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sophie Pählig
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Motz
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dorit Breining
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sofia Traikov
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman D Rachner
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Ramakrishnan S, Cortes-Gomez E, Athans SR, Attwood KM, Rosario SR, Kim SJ, Mager DE, Isenhart EG, Hu Q, Wang J, Woloszynska A. Race-specific coregulatory and transcriptomic profiles associated with DNA methylation and androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Genome Med 2024; 16:52. [PMID: 38566104 PMCID: PMC10988846 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a significant health concern, particularly among African American (AA) men who exhibit higher incidence and mortality compared to European American (EA) men. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these disparities is imperative for enhancing clinical management and achieving better outcomes. METHODS Employing a multi-omics approach, we analyzed prostate cancer in both AA and EA men. Using Illumina methylation arrays and RNA sequencing, we investigated DNA methylation and gene expression in tumor and non-tumor prostate tissues. Additionally, Boolean analysis was utilized to unravel complex networks contributing to racial disparities in prostate cancer. RESULTS When comparing tumor and adjacent non-tumor prostate tissues, we found that DNA hypermethylated regions are enriched for PRC2/H3K27me3 pathways and EZH2/SUZ12 cofactors. Olfactory/ribosomal pathways and distinct cofactors, including CTCF and KMT2A, were enriched in DNA hypomethylated regions in prostate tumors from AA men. We identified race-specific inverse associations of DNA methylation with expression of several androgen receptor (AR) associated genes, including the GATA family of transcription factors and TRIM63. This suggests that race-specific dysregulation of the AR signaling pathway exists in prostate cancer. To investigate the effect of AR inhibition on race-specific gene expression changes, we generated in-silico patient-specific prostate cancer Boolean networks. Our simulations revealed prolonged AR inhibition causes significant dysregulation of TGF-β, IDH1, and cell cycle pathways specifically in AA prostate cancer. We further quantified global gene expression changes, which revealed differential expression of genes related to microtubules, immune function, and TMPRSS2-fusion pathways, specifically in prostate tumors of AA men. Enrichment of these pathways significantly correlated with an altered risk of disease progression in a race-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals unique signaling networks underlying prostate cancer biology in AA and EA men, offering potential insights for clinical management strategies tailored to specific racial groups. Targeting AR and associated pathways could be particularly beneficial in addressing the disparities observed in prostate cancer outcomes in the context of AA and EA men. Further investigation into these identified pathways may lead to the development of personalized therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes for prostate cancer patients across different racial backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Eduardo Cortes-Gomez
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, SUNY University at Buffalo, Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Sarah R Athans
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Kristopher M Attwood
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Spencer R Rosario
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Se Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Donald E Mager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Enhanced Pharmacodynamics, LLC, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Emily G Isenhart
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Anna Woloszynska
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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3
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Salem O, Jia S, Qian BZ, Hansen CG. AR activates YAP/TAZ differentially in prostate cancer. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201620. [PMID: 37385752 PMCID: PMC10310930 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway is a master regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and cancer. The transcriptional coregulators of the Hippo pathway, YAP and TAZ, are central in various cancers. However, how YAP and TAZ get activated in most types of cancers is not well understood. Here, we show that androgens activate YAP/TAZ via the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer (PCa), and that this activation is differential. AR regulates YAP translation while inducing transcription of the TAZ encoding gene, WWTR1 Furthermore, we show that AR-mediated YAP/TAZ activation is regulated by the RhoA GTPases transcriptional mediator, serum response factor (SRF). Importantly, in prostate cancer patients, SRF expression positively correlates with TAZ and the YAP/TAZ target genes CYR61 and CTGF We demonstrate that YAP/TAZ are not essential for sustaining AR activity, however, targeting YAP/TAZ or SRF sensitize PCa cells to AR inhibition in anchorage-independent growth conditions. Our findings dissect the cellular roles of YAP, TAZ, and SRF in prostate cancer cells. Our data emphasize the interplay between these transcriptional regulators and their roles in prostate tumorigenesis and highlight how these insights might be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Salem
- The University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siyang Jia
- The University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bin-Zhi Qian
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carsten Gram Hansen
- The University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
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Shi S, Gu H, Xu J, Sun W, Liu C, Zhu T, Wang J, Gao F, Zhang J, Ou Q, Jin C, Xu J, Chen H, Li J, Xu G, Tian H, Lu L. Glia maturation factor beta deficiency protects against diabetic osteoporosis by suppressing osteoclast hyperactivity. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-00980-8. [PMID: 37121966 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive osteoclast activation, which depends on dramatic changes in actin dynamics, causes osteoporosis (OP). The molecular mechanism of osteoclast activation in OP related to type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unclear. Glia maturation factor beta (GMFB) is considered a growth and differentiation factor for both glia and neurons. Here, we demonstrated that Gmfb deficiency effectively ameliorated the phenotype of T1D-OP in rats by inhibiting osteoclast hyperactivity. In vitro assays showed that GMFB participated in osteoclast activation rather than proliferation. Gmfb deficiency did not affect osteoclast sealing zone (SZ) formation but effectively decreased the SZ area by decreasing actin depolymerization. When GMFB was overexpressed in Gmfb-deficient osteoclasts, the size of the SZ area was enlarged in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, decreased actin depolymerization led to a decrease in nuclear G-actin, which activated MKL1/SRF-dependent gene transcription. We found that pro-osteoclastogenic factors (Mmp9 and Mmp14) were downregulated, while anti-osteoclastogenic factors (Cftr and Fhl2) were upregulated in Gmfb KO osteoclasts. A GMFB inhibitor, DS-30, targeting the binding site of GMFB and Arp2/3, was obtained. Biocore analysis revealed a high affinity between DS-30 and GMFB in a dose-dependent manner. As expected, DS-30 strongly suppressed osteoclast hyperactivity in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our work identified a new therapeutic strategy for T1D-OP treatment. The discovery of GMFB inhibitors will contribute to translational research on T1D-OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Huijie Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, PR China
| | - Jinyuan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Wan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Caiyin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Jieping Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Caixia Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Jingying Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology of Ten People Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China
| | - Guotong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Lixia Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, School of Medicine, and Tongji Eye Institute, 389 Xinchun Road, Shanghai, 200065, PR China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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5
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Jehanno C, Le Page Y, Flouriot G, Le Goff P, Michel D. Synergistic activation of genes promoting invasiveness by dual deprivation in oxygen and nutrients. Int J Exp Pathol 2023; 104:64-75. [PMID: 36694990 PMCID: PMC10009306 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
By depriving cancer cells of blood supplies of oxygen and nutrients, anti-angiogenic therapy is aimed at simultaneously asphyxiating and starving the cells. But in spite of its apparent logic, this strategy is generally counterproductive over the long term as the treatment seems to elicit malignancy. Since a defect of blood supply is expected to deprive tumours simultaneously of oxygen and nutrients naturally, we examine here these two deprivations, alone or in combination, on the phenotype and signalling pathways of moderately aggressive MCF7 cancer cells. Each deprivation induces some aspects of the aggressive and migratory phenotypes through activating several pathways, including HIF1-alpha as expected, but also SRF/MRTFA and TCF4/beta-catenin. Strikingly, the dual deprivation has strong cooperative effects on the upregulation of genes increasing the metastatic potential, such as four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) and HIF1A-AS2 lncRNA, which have response elements for both pathways. Using anti-angiogenic agents as monotherapy is therefore questionable as it may give falsely promising short-term tumour regression, but could ultimately exacerbate aggressive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Jehanno
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset UMR 1085, Rennes, France.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yann Le Page
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset UMR 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Flouriot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset UMR 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Pascale Le Goff
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset UMR 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Denis Michel
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset UMR 1085, Rennes, France
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6
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Quaglia F, Krishn SR, Sossey-Alaoui K, Rana PS, Pluskota E, Park PH, Shields CD, Lin S, McCue P, Kossenkov AV, Wang Y, Goodrich DW, Ku SY, Beltran H, Kelly WK, Corey E, Klose M, Bandtlow C, Liu Q, Altieri DC, Plow EF, Languino LR. The NOGO receptor NgR2, a novel αVβ3 integrin effector, induces neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18879. [PMID: 36344556 PMCID: PMC9640716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapies aimed to target prostate cancer (PrCa) are only partially successful given the occurrence of neuroendocrine PrCa (NEPrCa), a highly aggressive and highly metastatic form of PrCa, for which there is no effective therapeutic approach. Our group has demonstrated that while absent in prostate adenocarcinoma, the αVβ3 integrin expression is increased during PrCa progression toward NEPrCa. Here, we show a novel pathway activated by αVβ3 that promotes NE differentiation (NED). This novel pathway requires the expression of a GPI-linked surface molecule, NgR2, also known as Nogo-66 receptor homolog 1. We show here that NgR2 is upregulated by αVβ3, to which it associates; we also show that it promotes NED and anchorage-independent growth, as well as a motile phenotype of PrCa cells. Given our observations that high levels of αVβ3 and, as shown here, of NgR2 are detected in human and mouse NEPrCa, our findings appear to be highly relevant to this aggressive and metastatic subtype of PrCa. This study is novel because NgR2 role has only minimally been investigated in cancer and has instead predominantly been analyzed in neurons. These data thus pave new avenues toward a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of integrin-directed signaling during PrCa progression toward a NE phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Quaglia
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shiv Ram Krishn
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Rammelkamp Center for Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Priyanka Shailendra Rana
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Rammelkamp Center for Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Department, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pyung Hun Park
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher D Shields
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Lin
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter McCue
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David W Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sheng-Yu Ku
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William K Kelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maja Klose
- Institute of Neurochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christine Bandtlow
- Institute of Neurochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dario C Altieri
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward F Plow
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Department, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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7
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Park J, Kim SW, Cho MC. The Role of LIM Kinase in the Male Urogenital System. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010078. [PMID: 35011645 PMCID: PMC8750897 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The LIM kinases (LIMK1 and LIMK2), known as downstream effectors, and the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), a regulator of actin dynamics, have effects on a diverse set of cellular functions. The LIM kinases are involved in the function of the male urogenital system by smooth muscle contraction via phosphorylation of cofilin and subsequent actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Although LIMK1 and LIMK2 share sequence similarities as serine protein kinases, different tissue distribution patterns and distinct localization during cell cycle progression suggest other biological functions for each kinase. During meiosis and mitosis, the LIMK1/2–cofilin signaling facilitates the orchestrated chromatin remodeling between gametogenesis and the actin cytoskeleton. A splicing variant of the LIMK2 transcript was expressed only in the testis. Moreover, positive signals with LIMK2-specific antibodies were detected mainly in the nucleus of the differentiated stages of germ cells, such as spermatocytes and early round spermatids. LIMK2 plays a vital role in proper spermatogenesis, such as meiotic processes of spermatogenesis after puberty. On the other hand, the literature evidence revealed that a reduction in LIMK1 expression enhanced the inhibitory effects of a ROCK inhibitor on the smooth muscle contraction of the human prostate. LIMK1 may have a role in urethral obstruction and bladder outlet obstruction in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Moreover, LIMK1 expression was reduced in urethral stricture. The reduced LIMK1 expression caused the impaired proliferation and migration of urethral fibroblasts. In addition, the activated LIMK2–cofilin pathway contributes to cavernosal fibrosis after cavernosal nerve injury. Recent evidence demonstrated that short-term inhibition of LIMK2 from the immediate post-injury period prevented cavernosal fibrosis and improved erectile function in a rat model of cavernosal nerve injury. Furthermore, chronic inhibition of the LIMK2–cofilin pathway significantly restrained the cavernosal veno-occlusive dysfunction, the primary pathophysiologic mechanism of post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction through suppressing fibrosis in the corpus cavernosum. In conclusion, the LIM kinases–cofilin pathway appears to play a role in the function of the male urogenital system through actin cytoskeleton reorganization and contributes to the pathogenesis of several urogenital diseases. Therefore, LIM kinases may be a potential treatment target in urogenital disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Park
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Soo Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Min Chul Cho
- Department of Urology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
- Correspondence:
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8
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Lavorgna G, Cavalli G, Dagna L, Gregori S, Larcher A, Landoni G, Ciceri F, Montorsi F, Salonia A. A virus-free cellular model recapitulates several features of severe COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17473. [PMID: 34471195 PMCID: PMC8410838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As for all newly-emergent pathogens, SARS-CoV-2 presents with a relative paucity of clinical information and experimental models, a situation hampering both the development of new effective treatments and the prediction of future outbreaks. Here, we find that a simple virus-free model, based on publicly available transcriptional data from human cell lines, is surprisingly able to recapitulate several features of the clinically relevant infections. By segregating cell lines (n = 1305) from the CCLE project on the base of their sole angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mRNA content, we found that overexpressing cells present with molecular features resembling those of at-risk patients, including senescence, impairment of antibody production, epigenetic regulation, DNA repair and apoptosis, neutralization of the interferon response, proneness to an overemphasized innate immune activity, hyperinflammation by IL-1, diabetes, hypercoagulation and hypogonadism. Likewise, several pathways were found to display a differential expression between sexes, with males being in the least advantageous position, thus suggesting that the model could reproduce even the sex-related disparities observed in the clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19. Overall, besides validating a new disease model, our data suggest that, in patients with severe COVID-19, a baseline ground could be already present and, as a consequence, the viral infection might simply exacerbate a variety of latent (or inherent) pre-existing conditions, representing therefore a tipping point at which they become clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lavorgna
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cavalli
- grid.15496.3fUniversity Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- grid.15496.3fUniversity Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Larcher
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- grid.15496.3fUniversity Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- grid.15496.3fUniversity Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy ,grid.15496.3fUniversity Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy ,grid.15496.3fUniversity Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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9
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Gilad Y, Eliaz Y, Yu Y, Dean AM, Han SJ, Qin L, O’Malley BW, Lonard DM. A genome-scale CRISPR Cas9 dropout screen identifies synthetically lethal targets in SRC-3 inhibited cancer cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:399. [PMID: 33767353 PMCID: PMC7994904 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3/NCoA3/AIB1), is a key regulator of gene transcription and it plays a central role in breast cancer (BC) tumorigenesis, making it a potential therapeutic target. Beyond its function as an important regulator of estrogen receptor transcriptional activity, SRC-3 also functions as a coactivator for a wide range of other transcription factors, suggesting SRC-3 inhibition can be beneficial in hormone-independent cancers as well. The recent discovery of a potent SRC-3 small molecule inhibitor, SI-2, enabled the further development of additional related compounds. SI-12 is an improved version of SI-2 that like SI-2 has anti-proliferative activity in various cancer types, including BC. Here, we sought to identify gene targets, that when inhibited in the presence of SI-12, would lead to enhanced BC cell cytotoxicity. We performed a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screen in MCF-7 BC cells under conditions of pharmacological pressure with SI-12. A parallel screen was performed with an ER inhibitor, fulvestrant, to shed light on both common and distinct activities between SRC-3 and ERα inhibition. Bearing in mind the key role of SRC-3 in tumorigenesis of other types of cancer, we extended our study by validating potential hits identified from the MCF-7 screen in other cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosi Gilad
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yossi Eliaz
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yang Yu
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Adam M. Dean
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - San Jung Han
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Li Qin
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Bert W. O’Malley
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - David M. Lonard
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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10
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Domińska K, Kowalska K, Urbanek KA, Habrowska-Górczyńska DE, Ochędalski T, Piastowska Ciesielska AW. The Impact of Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(3-7) on the Biological Properties of Prostate Cancer Cells by Modulation of Inflammatory and Steroidogenesis Pathway Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176227. [PMID: 32872192 PMCID: PMC7504072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The local renin–angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of the prostate, including cancer development and progression. The Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(3-7) are the less known active peptides of RAS. This study examines the influence of these two peptide hormones on the metabolic activity, proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells. Significant changes in MTT dye reduction were observed depending on the type of angiotensin and its concentration as well as time of incubation. Ang-(1-9) did not regulate the 2D cell division of either prostate cancer lines however, it reduced the size of LNCaP colonies formed in soft agar, maybe through down-regulation of the HIF1a gene. Ang-(3-7) increased the number of PC3 cells in the S phase and improved anchorage-independent growth as well as mobility. In this case, a significant increase in MKI67, BIRC5, and CDH-1 gene expression was also observed as well as all members of the NF-kB family. Furthermore, we speculate that this peptide can repress the proliferation of LNCaP cells by NOS3-mediated G2/M cell cycle arrest. No changes in expression of BIRC5 and BCL2/BAX ratio were observed but a decrease mRNA proapoptotic BAD gene was seen. In the both lines, Ang-(3-7) improved ROCK1 gene expression however, increased VEGF and NOS3 mRNA was only seen in the PC3 or LNCaP cells, respectively. Interestingly, it appears that Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(3-7) can modulate the level of steroidogenic enzymes responsible for converting cholesterol to testosterone in both prostate cancer lines. Furthermore, in PC3 cells, Ang-(1-9) upregulated AR expression while Ang-(3-7) upregulated the expression of both estrogen receptor genes. Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(3-7) can impact on biological properties of prostate cancer cells by modulating inflammatory and steroidogenesis pathway genes, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Domińska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (K.A.U.); (D.E.H.-G.); (A.W.P.C.)
| | - Kinga Anna Urbanek
- Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (K.A.U.); (D.E.H.-G.); (A.W.P.C.)
| | - Dominika Ewa Habrowska-Górczyńska
- Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (K.A.U.); (D.E.H.-G.); (A.W.P.C.)
| | - Tomasz Ochędalski
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Wanda Piastowska Ciesielska
- Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (K.A.U.); (D.E.H.-G.); (A.W.P.C.)
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11
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Shahbazi R, Baradaran B, Khordadmehr M, Safaei S, Baghbanzadeh A, Jigari F, Ezzati H. Targeting ROCK signaling in health, malignant and non-malignant diseases. Immunol Lett 2020; 219:15-26. [PMID: 31904392 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is identified as a critical downstream effector of GTPase RhoA which contains two isoforms, ROCK1 (also known as p160ROCK and ROKβ) and ROCK2 (also known as Rho-kinase and ROKα), the gene of which is placed on chromosomes 18 (18q11.1) and 2 (2p24), respectively. ROCKs have a principal function in the generation of actin-myosin contractility and regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. They represent a chief role in regulating various cellular functions, such as apoptosis, growth, migration, and metabolism through modulation of cytoskeletal actin synthesis, and cellular contraction through phosphorylation of numerous downstream targets. Emerging evidence has indicated that ROCKs present a significant function in cardiac physiology. Of note, dysregulation of ROCKs involves in several cardiac pathological processes like cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, systemic blood pressure disorder, and pulmonary hypertension. Moreover, ROCKs, in addition to their role in regulating renal arteriolar contraction, glomerular blood flow, and filtration, can also play a role in controlling podocytes, tubular cells, and mesangial cell structure and function. Hyperactivity disorder and over-gene expression of Rho/ROCK have been indicated in different cancers. Furthermore, it seems that increasing the expression of mRNA or ROCK protein has an undesirable effect on patient survival and has a positive impact on the progression and worsening of disease prognosis. This review focuses on the physiological and pathological functions of ROCKs with a particular view on its possible value of ROCK inhibitors as a new therapy in cancers and non-cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Shahbazi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 51665-1647, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14761, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14761, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Monireh Khordadmehr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 51665-1647, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14761, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14761, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Farinaz Jigari
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 51665-1647, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hamed Ezzati
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 51665-1647, Tabriz, Iran.
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12
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Wang C, Gong S, Liang Z, Sun Y, Cheng R, Yang B, Liu Y, Yang J, Sun F. Ligand-Promoted Iridium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Terminal Alkynes with Ethanol and Its Application. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16045-16051. [PMID: 31592175 PMCID: PMC6777128 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A ligand-promoted iridium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of terminal alkynes with ethanol and its application has been developed. Highly chemical selectivity control is achieved based on ligand regulation. 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane was found to be critical for the transfer hydrogenation of alkynes. The general applicability of this procedure is highlighted by the synthesis of 30 terminal alkenes with a good yield. In addition, we conducted drug effect studies of phenelzine using zebrafish as the vertebrate model. Phenelzine shows a significant effect on promoting vascular proliferation and inhibiting nerve growth. The results of these studies have an important reference value for promoting drug research in cerebrovascular diseases, epilepsy, mania, and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yufeng Sun
- Medical School, Institute
of Reproductive
Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Medical School, Institute
of Reproductive
Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Banghua Yang
- Medical School, Institute
of Reproductive
Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yirong Liu
- Medical School, Institute
of Reproductive
Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jinfei Yang
- Medical School, Institute
of Reproductive
Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Medical School, Institute
of Reproductive
Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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13
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Up regulation of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase1 (ROCK1) is associated with genetic instability and poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7859-7879. [PMID: 31557128 PMCID: PMC6781985 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Overexpression of the cytoskeleton-modulating kinase ROCK1 has been associated with unfavorable outcome in many cancers, but its impact in prostate cancer is largely unknown. RESULTS A weak ROCK1 staining was found in >90% of normal, and cancerous prostate tissues, but was generally stronger in cancer cells as compared to adjacent normal glands. In cancer, ROCK1 staining was considered weak, moderate, and strong in 22%, 53%, and 18% of cases respectively. Higher ROCK1 expression levels were associated with tumor stage, and Gleason grade, positive nodal stage, positive surgical margin, accelerated cell proliferation and early PSA recurrence in multivariable analysis. ROCK1 up regulation was associated with androgen receptor (AR) expression, TMPRSS2:ERG fusion, genomic deletions of the PTEN tumor suppressor, as well as recurrent deletions at chromosomes 3p, 5q, 6q. Strong ROCK1 staining was found in 3% of AR-negative, but in 27% of strongly AR positive cancers, in 13% of ERG-negative but in 25% of ERG positive cancers, and in 12% of PTEN normal but in 26% of PTEN deleted cancers. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies ROCK1 expression associated with prognosis in prostate cancer. METHODS We tested ROCK1 expression in 12 427 prostate cancer specimens and followed PSA recurrence after prostatectomy.
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14
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Acebedo AR, Suzuki K, Hino S, Alcantara MC, Sato Y, Haga H, Matsumoto KI, Nakao M, Shimamura K, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Miyagawa S, Nishinakamura R, Adelstein RS, Yamada G. Mesenchymal actomyosin contractility is required for androgen-driven urethral masculinization in mice. Commun Biol 2019; 2:95. [PMID: 30886905 PMCID: PMC6408527 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of mammalian embryonic external genitalia (eExG) shows dynamic differences between males and females. In genotypic males, eExG are masculinized in response to androgen signaling. Disruption of this process can give rise to multiple male reproductive organ defects. Currently, mechanisms of androgen-driven sexually dimorphic organogenesis are still unclear. We show here that mesenchymal-derived actomyosin contractility, by MYH10, is essential for the masculinization of mouse eExG. MYH10 is expressed prominently in the bilateral mesenchyme of male eExG. Androgen induces MYH10 protein expression and actomyosin contractility in the bilateral mesenchyme. Inhibition of actomyosin contractility through blebbistatin treatment and mesenchymal genetic deletion induced defective urethral masculinization with reduced mesenchymal condensation. We also suggest that actomyosin contractility regulates androgen-dependent mesenchymal directional cell migration to form the condensation in the bilateral mesenchyme leading to changes in urethral plate shape to accomplish urethral masculinization. Thus, mesenchymal-derived actomyosin contractility is indispensable for androgen-driven urethral masculinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin R. Acebedo
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hino
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Mellissa C. Alcantara
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Transdisciplinary Life Science Course, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501 Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Kenji Shimamura
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Robert S. Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762 USA
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
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15
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Venkadakrishnan VB, DePriest AD, Kumari S, Senapati D, Ben-Salem S, Su Y, Mudduluru G, Hu Q, Cortes E, Pop E, Mohler JL, Azabdaftari G, Attwood K, Shah RB, Jamieson C, Dehm SM, Magi-Galluzzi C, Klein E, Sharifi N, Liu S, Heemers HV. Protein Kinase N1 control of androgen-responsive serum response factor action provides rationale for novel prostate cancer treatment strategy. Oncogene 2019; 38:4496-4511. [PMID: 30742064 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sustained reliance on androgen receptor (AR) after failure of AR-targeting androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) prevents effective treatment of castration-recurrent (CR) prostate cancer (CaP). Interfering with the molecular machinery by which AR drives CaP progression may be an alternative therapeutic strategy but its feasibility remains to be tested. Here, we explore targeting the mechanism by which AR, via RhoA, conveys androgen-responsiveness to serum response factor (SRF), which controls aggressive CaP behavior and is maintained in CR-CaP. Following a siRNA screen and candidate gene approach, RNA-Seq studies confirmed that the RhoA effector Protein Kinase N1 (PKN1) transduces androgen-responsiveness to SRF. Androgen treatment induced SRF-PKN1 interaction, and PKN1 knockdown or overexpression severely impaired or stimulated, respectively, androgen regulation of SRF target genes. PKN1 overexpression occurred during clinical CR-CaP progression, and hastened CaP growth and shortened CR-CaP survival in orthotopic CaP xenografts. PKN1's effects on SRF relied on its kinase domain. The multikinase inhibitor lestaurtinib inhibited PKN1 action and preferentially affected androgen regulation of SRF over direct AR target genes. In a CR-CaP patient-derived xenograft, expression of SRF target genes was maintained while AR target gene expression declined and proliferative gene expression increased. PKN1 inhibition decreased viability of CaP cells before and after ADT. In patient-derived CaP explants, lestaurtinib increased AR target gene expression but did not significantly alter SRF target gene or proliferative gene expression. These results provide proof-of-principle for selective forms of ADT that preferentially target different fractions of AR's transcriptional output to inhibit CaP growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadha Balaji Venkadakrishnan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adam D DePriest
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Salma Ben-Salem
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yixue Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo Cortes
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elena Pop
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gissou Azabdaftari
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rajal B Shah
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christina Jamieson
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Diego, LaJolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Eric Klein
- Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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16
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Dong J, Wang M, Ni D, Zhang L, Wang W, Cui X, Fu S, Yao S. MicroRNA-217 functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical cancer cells through targeting Rho-associated protein kinase 1. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5535-5542. [PMID: 30344707 PMCID: PMC6176250 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) has been widely reported in various tumor types. miR-217 was demonstrated to be aberrantly expressed in a number of tumors, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma and osteosarcoma; however, its specific expression pattern has never been investigated in cervical cancer cells. Compared with normal control, the level of Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) expression was markedly increased in cervical cancer tissues and cells compared with that in non-cancerous tissues and cells. The expression of miR-217 was significantly reduced in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-217 could suppress colony formation and the cell invasion capacity of SiHa and HeLa cells. Flow cytometry indicated that miR-217 significantly increased cell apoptosis in SiHa and HeLa cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that ROCK1 was a target gene of miR-217. In addition, overexpression of ROCK1 also led to an increased invasion capacity in SiHa cells, even when miR-217 was inhibited, indicating that the anti-invasive effects of miR-217 were mediated through ROCK1. In summary, the results of the present study indicated that miR-217 functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical cancer cells, primarily by targeting ROCK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jining Medical University Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Maoxiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jining Medical University Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Donghua Ni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jining Medical University Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jining Medical University Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jining Medical University Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jining Medical University Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Fu
- Deparment of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jining Medical University Affiliated Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
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17
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Pisamai S, Roytrakul S, Phaonakrop N, Jaresitthikunchai J, Suriyaphol G. Proteomic analysis of canine oral tumor tissues using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and in-gel digestion coupled with mass spectrometry (GeLC MS/MS) approaches. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200619. [PMID: 30001383 PMCID: PMC6042759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tumors, including highly invasive and metastatic oral melanoma (OM), non-tonsillar oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and benign tumors (BN), are common neoplasms in dogs. Although these tumors behave differently, limited data of their protein expression profiles have been exhibited, particularly at the proteome level. The present study aimed to i.) characterize peptide-mass fingerprints (PMFs) and identify potential protein candidates of OM, OSCC, BN and normal control subjects, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), ii.) identify potential protein candidates associated with the diseases, using in-gel digestion coupled with mass spectrometric analysis (GeLC-MS/MS) and iii.) search for relationships between chemotherapy drugs and disease-perturbed proteins. A distinct cluster of each sample group and unique PMFs with identified protein candidates were revealed. The unique peptide fragment at 2,274 Da of sacsin molecular chaperone (SACS) was observed in early-stage OM whereas the fragment at 1,958 Da of sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 10 (SCN10A) was presented in early- and late-stage OM. The peptide mass at 2,316 Da of Notch1 appeared in early-stage OM and benign oral tumors while the peptide mass at 2,505 Da of glutamate ionotropic receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate type subunit 3A (GRIN3A) was identified in all groups. Markedly expressed proteins from GeLC-MS/MS included Jumonji domain containing 1C (JMJD1C) in benign tumors, inversin (INVS) and rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 28 (ARHGEF28) in OM, BTB domain-containing 16 (BTBD16) in OSCC, and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 1 (PTPN1), BRCA2, DNA repair associated (BRCA2), WW domain binding protein 2 (WBP2), purinergic receptor P2Y1 and proteasome activator subunit 4 (PSME4) in all cancerous groups. The network connections between these proteins and chemotherapy drugs, cisplatin and doxorubicin, were also demonstrated. In conclusion, this study unveiled the unique PMFs and novel candidate protein markers of canine oral tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinun Pisamai
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Companion Animal Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Narumon Phaonakrop
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Janthima Jaresitthikunchai
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Gunnaporn Suriyaphol
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Companion Animal Cancer Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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18
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Pei H, Guo Z, Wang Z, Dai Y, Zheng L, Zhu L, Zhang J, Hu W, Nie J, Mao W, Jia X, Li B, Hei TK, Zhou G. RAC2 promotes abnormal proliferation of quiescent cells by enhanced JUNB expression via the MAL-SRF pathway. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1115-1123. [PMID: 29895215 PMCID: PMC6110603 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1480217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) occurs most often in radiotherapy of lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and other thoracic cancers. The occurrence of RILI is a complex process that includes a variety of cellular and molecular interactions, which ultimately result in carcinogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here we show that Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (RAC2) and transcription factor jun-B (JUNB) were upregulated in non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) tissues and were associated with poor prognoses for NSCLC patients. Ionizing radiation also caused increased expression of RAC2 in quiescent stage cells, and the reentry of quiescent cells into a new cell cycle. The activity of the serum response factor (SRF) was activated by RAC2 and other Rho family genes (RhoA, ROCK, and LIM kinase). Consequently, JUNB acted as an oncogene and induced abnormal proliferation of quiescent cells. Together, the results showed that RAC2 can be used as a target gene for radiation protection. A better understanding of the RAC2 and JUNB mechanisms in the molecular etiology of lung cancer will be helpful in reducing cancer risks and side effects during treatment of this disorder. Our study therefore provides a new perspective on the involvement of RAC2 and JUNB as oncogenes in the tumorigenesis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingchu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Weidong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
- Radiotherapy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xianghong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tom K. Hei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, New York, USA
| | - Guangming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
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19
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Zheng P, Yin Z, Wu Y, Xu Y, Luo Y, Zhang TC. LncRNA HOTAIR promotes cell migration and invasion by regulating MKL1 via inhibition miR206 expression in HeLa cells. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:5. [PMID: 29391067 PMCID: PMC5796349 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a new and crucial layer of gene regulation in recent years and regulate various biological processes such as carcinogenesis and metastasis. LncRNA HOTAIR, an oncogenic lncRNA, is involved in human tumorigenesis and dysregulated in cervical cancer. Megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1), as a transcription coactivity factor, involved in cancer metastasis and cell differentiation. However, the precise mechanism of biological roles of HOTAIR and MKL1 in cancer cells remain unclear. Methods The expression levels of HOTAIR and MKL1 were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR), immunoblotting, in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Wound-healing and transwell assays were used to examine the invasive abilities of HeLa cells. Luciferase reporter assays and CHIP were used to determine how MKL1 regulates HOTAIR. Tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining were used to assess the correlation between HOTAIR and MKL1 in Cervical cancer tissues in vivo. Result In this study, we have identified that MKL1 had a role in the induction of migration and invasion in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, the expression level of MKL1, as the targeting gene of miR206, was decreased after HOTAIR inhibition in HeLa cells. Agreement with it, Highly level of MKL1 correlation with HOTAIR is validated in cervical cancer tissues. Importantly, HOTAIR is observed to participate in the silencing of miR206 expression. Interestingly, HOTAIR inhibition could also accelerate the expression of MKL1 in cytoplasm. What is more, MKL1 can activate the transcription of HOTAIR through binding the CArG box in the promoter of HOTAIR. Conclusion These elucidates that the phenotypic effects of migration and invasion observed after HOTAIR inhibition, at least in part, through the regulation of MKL1 via inhibition of miR206 expression in HeLa cells. These data indicate the existence of a positive feedback loop between HOTAIR and MKL1. Together, these findings suggest that MKL1 is an important player in the functions of HOTAIR in the migration and invasion of cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0216-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China. .,Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Ze Yin
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.,Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Ying Luo
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Healthy, Wuhan University of Science and technology, Wuhan, 430065, China. .,Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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20
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Liu K, Li X, Wang J, Wang Y, Dong H, Li J. Genetic variants in RhoA and ROCK1 genes are associated with the development, progression and prognosis of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19298-19309. [PMID: 28184030 PMCID: PMC5386685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of genetic variants in RhoA and ROCK1 genes towards prostate cancer risk has not been reported before. We genotyped six potentially functional genetic variants in a case-control study of 1699 subjects. Overall, we found rs2410 mutant allele and rs2269736 wild allele were risk factors for prostate cancer. Individuals carrying more than two risk alleles were exposed to hazard of prostate cancer. In addition, we demonstrated that the risk of biochemical recurrence might be linked with clinico-pathological characteristics and also genetic factors. Unfortunately, no associations were observed between all polymorphisms and clinico-pathological characteristics. Moreover, no genotype was found as significant independent prognostic predictor for biochemical recurrence survival in Multivariate Cox regression analysis after Bonferroni correction. Our study is the first to clarify the relations of genetic variants of RhoA and ROCK1 genes with development, progression and prognosis of prostate cancer. These variants may be promising novel biomarkers to facilitate clinical treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichun Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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21
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Liu S, Kumari S, Hu Q, Senapati D, Venkadakrishnan VB, Wang D, DePriest AD, Schlanger SE, Ben-Salem S, Valenzuela MM, Willard B, Mudambi S, Swetzig WM, Das GM, Shourideh M, Koochekpour S, Falzarano SM, Magi-Galluzzi C, Yadav N, Chen X, Lao C, Wang J, Billaud JN, Heemers HV. A comprehensive analysis of coregulator recruitment, androgen receptor function and gene expression in prostate cancer. eLife 2017; 6:28482. [PMID: 28826481 PMCID: PMC5608510 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (CaP) prevents ligand-activation of androgen receptor (AR). Despite initial remission, CaP progresses while relying on AR. AR transcriptional output controls CaP behavior and is an alternative therapeutic target, but its molecular regulation is poorly understood. Here, we show that action of activated AR partitions into fractions that are controlled preferentially by different coregulators. In a 452-AR-target gene panel, each of 18 clinically relevant coregulators mediates androgen-responsiveness of 0–57% genes and acts as a coactivator or corepressor in a gene-specific manner. Selectivity in coregulator-dependent AR action is reflected in differential AR binding site composition and involvement with CaP biology and progression. Isolation of a novel transcriptional mechanism in which WDR77 unites the actions of AR and p53, the major genomic drivers of lethal CaP, to control cell cycle progression provides proof-of-principle for treatment via selective interference with AR action by exploiting AR dependence on coregulators. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the Western world. Almost all of these deaths happen when the main treatment for advanced prostate cancers stops working. The treatment, known as androgen deprivation therapy, targets a protein called the androgen receptor. This receptor is activated when it binds to signaling molecules and, once active, it switches on genes that encourage the cancer cells to grow. Androgen deprivation therapy blocks the androgen receptor from interacting with the signaling molecules; however, this treatment eventually fails because the receptor finds other ways to remain active in prostate cancer. Increasing the survival of patients with prostate cancer will depend on new treatments that can inhibit androgen receptors that no longer respond to androgen deprivation therapy. The androgen receptor’s ability to switch on genes could be another target for prostate cancer therapy – though not enough was known about the way this ability is regulated and how it controls the progression of prostate cancer. Liu, Kumari et al. set out to better define how this ability drives the growth of prostate cancer. The androgen receptor needs to interact with other proteins, known as coregulators, to work, and Liu, Kumari et al. developed an assay that examines, all at the same time, how important 18 such coregulators are for more than 400 genes that are regulated by the androgen receptor. This revealed that the coregulators did not all affect the same genes and that each coregulator tended to help activate sets of genes associated with a specific aspect of the biology of prostate cancer cells. Liu, Kumari et al. also discovered previously unknown interactions between androgen receptors, coregulators and other proteins that were responsible for the specific associations between genes and corregulators. The most important of these new interactions was one between the androgen receptor, the coregulator WDR77, and a protein called p53. These interactions are enriched in prostate cancers, including those that do not respond to androgen deprivation therapy, where they promote cancer growth. These findings lay the foundation to develop new drugs that interfere with the interactions between the androgen receptor and other proteins that are most important for the progression of advanced prostate cancers. Other researchers have already shown that it is possible to develop such drugs – though further testing is needed before any new treatments begin to help prostate cancer patients who no longer respond to androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | | | | | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Adam D DePriest
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Simon E Schlanger
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Salma Ben-Salem
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | | | - Belinda Willard
- Department of Research Core Services, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Shaila Mudambi
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Wendy M Swetzig
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Gokul M Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Mojgan Shourideh
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Shahriah Koochekpour
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | | | | | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Xiwei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Changshi Lao
- Institute for Nanosurface Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | | | - Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
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22
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LncRNAs2Pathways: Identifying the pathways influenced by a set of lncRNAs of interest based on a global network propagation method. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46566. [PMID: 28425476 PMCID: PMC5397852 DOI: 10.1038/srep46566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play essential roles in diverse cellular processes and biological functions. Exploring the functions associated with lncRNAs may help provide insight into their underlying biological mechanisms. The current methods primarily focus on investigating the functions of individual lncRNAs; however, essential biological functions may be affected by the combinatorial effects of multiple lncRNAs. Here, we have developed a novel computational method, LncRNAs2Pathways, to identify the functional pathways influenced by the combinatorial effects of a set of lncRNAs of interest based on a global network propagation algorithm. A new Kolmogorov–Smirnov-like statistical measure weighted by the network propagation score, which considers the expression correlation among lncRNAs and coding genes, was used to evaluate the biological pathways influenced by the lncRNAs of interest. We have described the LncRNAs2Pathways methodology and illustrated its effectiveness by analyzing three lncRNA sets associated with glioma, prostate and pancreatic cancers. We further analyzed the reproducibility and robustness and compared our results with those of two other methods. Based on these analyses, we showed that LncRNAs2Pathways can effectively identify the functional pathways associated with lncRNA sets. Finally, we implemented this method as a freely available R-based tool.
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23
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Jehanno C, Flouriot G, Nicol-Benoît F, Le Page Y, Le Goff P, Michel D. Envisioning metastasis as a transdifferentiation phenomenon clarifies discordant results on cancer. Breast Dis 2017; 36:47-59. [PMID: 27177343 DOI: 10.3233/bd-150210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is generally conceived as a dedifferentiation process in which quiescent post-mitotic differentiated cells acquire stem-like properties and the capacity to proliferate. This view holds for the initial stages of carcinogenesis but is more questionable for advanced stages when the cells can transdifferentiate into the contractile phenotype associated to migration and metastasis. Singularly from this perspective, the hallmark of the most aggressive cancers would correspond to a genuine differentiation status, even if it is different from the original one. This seeming paradox could help reconciling discrepancies in the literature about the pro- or anti-tumoral functions of candidate molecules involved in cancer and whose actual effects depend on the tumoral grade. These ambiguities which are likely to concern a myriad of molecules and pathways, are illustrated here with the selected examples of chromatin epigenetics and myocardin-related transcription factors, using the human MCF10A and MCF7 breast cancer cells. Self-renewing stem like cells are characterized by a loose chromatin with low levels of the H3K9 trimetylation, but high levels of this mark can also appear in cancer cells acquiring a contractile-type differentiation state associated to metastasis. Similarly, the myocardin-related transcription factor MRTF-A is involved in metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, whereas this factor is naturally enriched in the quiescent cells which are precisely the most resistant to cancer: cardiomyocytes. These seeming paradoxes reflect the bistable epigenetic landscape of cancer in which dedifferentiated self-renewing and differentiated migrating states are incompatible at the single cell level, though coexisting at the population level.
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24
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Niu Y, Xia Y, Wang J, Shi X. O-GlcNAcylation promotes migration and invasion in human ovarian cancer cells via the RhoA/ROCK/MLC pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2083-2089. [PMID: 28259907 PMCID: PMC5364967 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification associated with the regulation of multiple cellular functions. The addition and removal of O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on target proteins is catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. Accumulating evidence suggests that O-GlcNAcylation is associated with the malignancy of several types of human cancer. To investigate the effect of O-GlcNAcylation on ovarian cancer phenotypes, global O-GlcNAc levels were decreased by OGT silencing through RNA interference and increased by inhibiting OGA activity with Thiamet-G. Transwell assay results demonstrated that OGT silencing inhibited the migration and invasion of SKOV3 and 59M ovarian cells in vitro, while Thiamet-G treatment promoted migration and invasion. Furthermore, a pull-down assay and western blot analysis demonstrated that Thiamet-G treatment enhanced RhoA activity and the phosphorylation of the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) substrate, myosin light chain (MLC), while OGT silencing attenuated RhoA activity and MLC phosphorylation. In addition, RhoA silencing via RNA interference and inhibition of ROCK activity with Y-27632 prevented Thiamet-G-induced increases in cell migration and invasion. These data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation augments the motility of ovarian cancer cells via the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway. Therefore, O-GlcNAcylation may be a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Niu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200126, P.R. China
| | - Ye Xia
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200126, P.R. China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200126, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200126, P.R. China
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25
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Patrinostro X, O'Rourke AR, Chamberlain CM, Moriarity BS, Perrin BJ, Ervasti JM. Relative importance of β cyto- and γ cyto-actin in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:771-782. [PMID: 28077619 PMCID: PMC5349784 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly homologous β (βcyto) and γ (γcyto) cytoplasmic actins are hypothesized to carry out both redundant and unique essential functions, but studies using targeted gene knockout and siRNA-mediated transcript knockdown to examine βcyto- and γcyto-isoform--specific functions in various cell types have yielded conflicting data. Here we quantitatively characterized actin transcript and protein levels, as well as cellular phenotypes, in both gene- and transcript-targeted primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We found that the smooth muscle αsm-actin isoform was the dominantly expressed actin isoform in WT primary fibroblasts and was also the most dramatically up-regulated in primary βcyto- or β/γcyto-actin double-knockout fibroblasts. Gene targeting of βcyto-actin, but not γcyto-actin, led to greatly decreased cell proliferation, decreased levels of cellular ATP, and increased serum response factor signaling in primary fibroblasts, whereas immortalization induced by SV40 large T antigen supported fibroblast proliferation in the absence of βcyto-actin. Consistent with in vivo gene-targeting studies in mice, both gene- and transcript-targeting approaches demonstrate that the loss of βcyto-actin protein is more disruptive to primary fibroblast function than is the loss of γcyto-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Patrinostro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Allison R O'Rourke
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christopher M Chamberlain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46022
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 .,Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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26
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Diviani D, Raimondi F, Del Vescovo CD, Dreyer E, Reggi E, Osman H, Ruggieri L, Gonano C, Cavin S, Box CL, Lenoir M, Overduin M, Bellucci L, Seeber M, Fanelli F. Small-Molecule Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor of Oncogenic Rho Signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1135-1146. [PMID: 27593112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled activation of Rho signaling by RhoGEFs, in particular AKAP13 (Lbc) and its close homologs, is implicated in a number of human tumors with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. Structure predictions and alanine scanning mutagenesis of Lbc identified a circumscribed hot region for RhoA recognition and activation. Virtual screening targeting that region led to the discovery of an inhibitor of Lbc-RhoA interaction inside cells. By interacting with the DH domain, the compound inhibits the catalytic activity of Lbc, halts cellular responses to activation of oncogenic Lbc pathways, and reverses a number of prostate cancer cell phenotypes such as proliferation, migration, and invasiveness. This study provides insights into the structural determinants of Lbc-RhoA recognition. This is a successful example of structure-based discovery of a small protein-protein interaction inhibitor able to halt oncogenic Rho signaling in cancer cells with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Diviani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cosmo D Del Vescovo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Dreyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erica Reggi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Halima Osman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Ruggieri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Gonano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Cavin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clare L Box
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marc Lenoir
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Luca Bellucci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Seeber
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Shourideh M, DePriest A, Mohler JL, Wilson EM, Koochekpour S. Characterization of fibroblast-free CWR-R1ca castration-recurrent prostate cancer cell line. Prostate 2016; 76:1067-77. [PMID: 27271795 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The previously established CWR-R1 cell line has been used as an in vitro model representing castration-recurrent prostate cancer. Microscopic observation of subconfluent cells demonstrated two distinct cellular morphologies: polygonal closely aggregated epithelial cells surrounded by bipolar fibroblastic cells with long processes. This study sought to establish and characterize a fibroblast-free derivative of the CWR-R1 cell line. METHODS The CWR-R1ca cell line was established from CWR-R1 cells by removing fibroblasts using multiple cycles of short-term trypsinization, cloning, and pooling single-cell colonies. Authentication of fibroblast-free CWR-R1ca cells was demonstrated by analyzing the expression of cytodifferentiation and prostate-associated markers, DNA and cytogenetic profiling, and growth pattern in the absence or presence of androgen. RESULTS CWR-R1ca is an androgen-sensitive cell line that expresses the androgen receptor (AR) and its splice variant 7 and the luminal epithelia markers, CK-8, CK-18, and c-Met. CWR-R1fb fibroblasts isolated from CWR-R1 cells express AR, hepatocyte growth factor-α, and mouse β-actin but not AR-V7 or epithelial markers. Cytogenetic analysis of CWR-R1ca cells revealed a hyperdiploid male with numerical gains in chromosomes 1, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12, deletion of one chromosome 2 allele, structural abnormalities that include der(1)t(1:4), der(4)t(2:4), der(10)t(4:10), and an unbalanced reciprocal translocation between chromosome 6 and 14. DNA-profiling revealed that CWR-R1ca cells had significant short-tandem repeat marker homology with CWR22Pc and CWR22Rv1 cell lines, which indicated lineage derivation from CWR22 prostate cancer xenografts. CWR-R1ca cells were responsive to the growth stimulatory effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the femtomolar range. CONCLUSION This study establishes CWR-R1ca cells as a fibroblast-free derivative of the castration-recurrent CWR-R1 cell line. Prostate 76:1067-1077, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Shourideh
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Adam DePriest
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth M Wilson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Yao J, Gao P, Xu Y, Li Z. α-TEA inhibits the growth and motility of human colon cancer cells via targeting RhoA/ROCK signaling. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2534-40. [PMID: 27432222 PMCID: PMC4991732 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon or colorectal cancer is a common type of human cancer, which originates in the intestine crassum or the rectum. In the United States, colorectal cancer has one of the highest rates of cancer-related mortality. Investigating novel chemotherapeutic approaches is significant in the treatment of cancers, such as colorectal cancer. α-tocopherol ether-linked acetic acid (α-TEA) is a potent anticancer agent in multiple types of human cancer. However, its effect remains to be determined in colon cancer. In this study, HCT116 and SW480 human colon cancer cells were used to investigate the anticancer role of α-TEA. It was demonstrated that α-TEA inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, it was shown that α-TEA downregulated the activity of RhoA and phosphorylated Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) substrate myosin light chain (MLC) using a pull-down assay and western blotting, respectively, implying that the RhoA/ROCK pathway is involved in α-TEA-mediated cell growth and motility inhibition. In order to confirm this hypothesis a RhoA inhibitor (clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme), a ROCK inhibitor (Y27632) and RhoA small interfering (si)RNA were applied to block RhoA/ROCK signaling. This resulted in the attenuation of MLC phosphorylation, and augmentation of α-TEA-mediated growth and motility inhibition in colon cancer cells. In conclusion, these results indicate that α-TEA inhibits growth and motility in colon cancer cells possibly by targeting RhoA/ROCK signaling. Moreover, combined with RhoA or ROCK inhibitors, α-TEA may exhibit a more effective inhibitory role in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Yao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Zhaozhu Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Wei L, Surma M, Shi S, Lambert-Cheatham N, Shi J. Novel Insights into the Roles of Rho Kinase in Cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:259-78. [PMID: 26725045 PMCID: PMC4930737 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. The ROCK family, consisting of ROCK1 and ROCK2, plays a central role in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Since the discovery of effective inhibitors such as fasudil and Y27632, the biological roles of ROCK have been extensively explored in numerous diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence supports the concept that ROCK plays important roles in tumor development and progression through regulating many key cellular functions associated with malignancy, including tumorigenicity, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor cell apoptosis/survival and chemoresistance as well. This review focuses on the new advances of the most recent 5 years from the studies on the roles of ROCK in cancer development and progression; the discussion is mainly focused on the potential value of ROCK inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-370, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
| | - Michelle Surma
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Stephanie Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Nathan Lambert-Cheatham
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Jianjian Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
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30
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Chen W, Delongchamps NB, Mao K, Beuvon F, Peyromaure M, Liu Z, Dinh-Xuan AT. High RhoA expression at the tumor front in clinically localized prostate cancer and association with poor tumor differentiation. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:1375-1381. [PMID: 26893746 PMCID: PMC4734255 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) has been reported as essential to the invasion process and aggressiveness of numerous cancers. However, there are only sparse data on the expression and activity of RhoA in clinically localised prostate cancer. In numerous cancers, tumour cells at the invasive front demonstrate more aggressive behaviour in comparison with the cells in the central regions. In the present study, the expression and activity of RhoA was evaluated in 34 paraffin-embedded and 20 frozen prostate tissue specimens obtained from 45 patients treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localised cancer. The expression patterns of RhoA were assessed by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. Additional comparisons were performed between the tumour centre, tumour front and distant peritumoural tissue. RhoA activity was assessed by G-LISA. Associations between RhoA expression and the clinical features and outcome of the patients were also analysed. The present study found an increasing gradient of expression from the centre to the periphery of index tumour foci. RhoA expression was significantly increased at the tumour front compared to the tumour centre, which was determined using immunohistochemistry (P=0.001). Increased RhoA expression was associated with poor tumour differentiation in the tumour front (P=0.044) and tumour centre (P=0.039). Subsequent to a median follow-up period of 52 months, the rate of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse was increased in patients with higher RhoA expression at the tumour front when compared with patients with lower RhoA expression (62.5 vs. 35.0%), although the difference was not significant (P=0.09). There was no association between RhoA expression and the PSA level or pathological stage in the present study. In conclusion, RhoA expression was increased at the tumour front and was associated with poor tumour differentiation in the tumour front and tumour centre, indicating the potential role of RhoA in prostate cancer. RhoA expression may also act as a prognostic factor in prostate cancer. The present data provide a foundation for novel therapeutic approaches by targeting RhoA in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China; Department of Functional Physiology, School of Medicine, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75014, France
| | | | - Kaili Mao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Frédéric Beuvon
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75014, France
| | - Michaël Peyromaure
- Department of Urology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75014, France
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan
- Department of Functional Physiology, School of Medicine, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75014, France; Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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31
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Prencipe M, O’Neill A, O’Hurley G, Nguyen LK, Fabre A, Bjartell A, Gallagher WM, Morrissey C, Kay EW, Watson RW. Relationship between serum response factor and androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1704-17. [PMID: 26250344 PMCID: PMC4579008 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum response factor (SRF) is an important transcription factor in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Since CRPC is associated with androgen receptor (AR) hypersensitivity, we investigated the relationship between SRF and AR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transcriptional activity was assessed by luciferase assay. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT and flow cytometry. Protein expression in patients was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS To investigate AR involvement in SRF response to androgen, AR expression was down-regulated using siRNA. This resulted in the abrogation of SRF induction post-DHT. Moreover, DHT stimulation failed to induce SRF transcriptional activity in AR-negative PC346 DCC cells, which was only restored following AR over-expression. Next, SRF expression was down-regulated by siRNA, resulting in AR increased transcriptional activity in castrate-resistant LNCaP Abl cells but not in the parental LNCaP. This negative feedback loop in the resistant cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry which showed a negative correlation between AR and SRF expression in CRPC bone metastases and a positive correlation in androgen-naïve prostatectomies. Cell proliferation was next assessed following SRF inhibition, demonstrating that SRF inhibition is more effective than AR inhibition in castrate-resistant cells. CONCLUSION Our data support SRF as a promising therapeutic target in combination with current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prencipe
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel:
+353 1716 6913,
| | - Amanda O’Neill
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian O’Hurley
- OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lan K. Nguyen
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurelie Fabre
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent’s University Hospital,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital,
Malmö, Sweden
| | - William M. Gallagher
- OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute
of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Elaine W Kay
- Department of Pathology, RCSI Education and Research Centre;
Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R William Watson
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4,
Dublin, Ireland
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Wang J, Wu Q, Zhang LH, Zhao YX, Wu X. The role of RhoA in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: a carcinogenesis, progression, and target therapy marker. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2879-90. [PMID: 26409448 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras homologue gene family member A (RhoA) is involved in tumor mobility, invasion, and metastasis. We detected RhoA expression in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) tissue, measured RhoA expression in the VSCC cell phenotype, and measured the expression of the relevant molecules after RhoA small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection in SW962 cells. RhoA has a higher expression level in VSCC than normal vulva skin tissue and was positively associated with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and differentiation; besides, VSCC patients with lymph node metastasis had higher positive RhoA expression. RhoA messenger RNA and protein expression was significantly reduced in the RhoA siRNA transfectants as compared with the negative control (NC) and mock-transfected cells (p < 0.05). The RhoA siRNA transfectants lead to low growth, G1 arrest, high apoptosis, low migration and invasion (p < 0.05), and suppressed lamellipodia formation as compared to NC and mock-transfected cells. Besides, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), MMP9, and cyclinA1 protein expression was downregulated, while that of Bax was upregulated in the RhoA siRNA transfectants (p < 0.05). SW962 cell proliferation rates were significantly lovastatin dose-dependent. Lovastatin caused G1 arrest, high apoptosis, low migration and invasion (p < 0.05), and suppression of lamellipodia formation. Similar to the RhoA siRNA transfectants, lovastatin treatment downregulated RhoA, MMP2, MMP9, and cyclinA1 protein expression, while upregulating that of Bax as compared to that of the NC (p < 0.05). Abnormal RhoA expression in vulvar carcinoma is involved in tumor proliferation and invasion and may be a treatment target. The RhoA inhibitor lovastatin alters VSCC cell migration and proliferation and may be effective for treating VSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Panjin Central Hospital, Panjin, 124010, China
| | - Yun-Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Meng XG, Yue SW. Dexamethasone disrupts cytoskeleton organization and migration of T47D Human breast cancer cells by modulating the AKT/mTOR/RhoA pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:10245-50. [PMID: 25556455 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.23.10245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are commonly co-administered with chemotherapy to prevent drug-induced allergic reactions, nausea, and vomiting, and have anti-tumor functions clinically; however, the distinct effects of GC on subtypes of tumor cells, especially in breast cancer cells, are still not well understood. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effect of GC on subtypes of T47D breast cancer cells by focusing on apoptosis, cell organization and migration, and underluing molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell scratch test was performed to observe the cell migration rate in T47D cells treated with dexamethasone (Dex). Hoechst and MTT assays were conducted to detect cell survival and rhodamine-labeled phalloidin staining to observe cytoskeleton dynamics. Related factors in the AKT/mTOR pathway were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Dex treatment could effectively inhibit T47D breast cancer cell migration with disruption of the cytoskeletal dynamic organization. Moreover, the effect of Dex on cell migration and cytoskeleton may be mediated by AKT/ mTOR/RhoA pathway. Although Dex inhibited T47D cell migration, it alone may not induce cell apoptosis in T47D cells. CONCLUSIONS Dex in T47D human breast cancer cells could effectively inhibit cell migration by disrupting the cytoskeletal dynamic organization, which may be mediated by the AKT/mTOR/RhoA pathway. Our work suggests that glucocorticoid/Dex clinical use may prove helpful for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Guo Meng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China E-mail :
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Abstract
The Four-and-a-half LIM (FHL)-only protein is a subfamily of protein members under the LIM-only protein family. These proteins are identified by their characteristic four and a half cysteinerich LIM homeodomain. Five members have been categorized into the FHL subfamily, which are FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL4 and activator of CREM in testis (ACT) in human. FHL2 is amongst the most examined members within the family. Fhl2, the gene that code for the protein, is transcriptionally regulated by diverse types of transcription factors, for example, p53, serum response factor (SRF), and specificity protein 1 (Sp1). The expression of FHL2 is found in different tissues and organs and has been reported as a critical participant influencing the wide types of cancer such as breast cancer, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, liver cancer and prostate cancer. The expression profile of FHL2 appeared to have a significant functional role in the carcinogenesis of these cancers which are mediated by different types of transcription factor including both tumor suppressors and inducers. In this review, we will first describe the molecular network governing FHL2 expression, which focus on the transcription factors conveying FHL2-initiated responses. In the second part, FHL2-linked cancers and the underlying molecular machinery will be discussed. Factors other than transcriptional regulation which may involve the cancer progression such as mutations of fhl2 and posttranslational modifications of the protein will also be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyanne Ye Cao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Wing-Fai Mok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Hu H, Chen W, Ding J, Jia M, Yin J, Guo Z. Fasudil prevents calcium oxalate crystal deposit and renal fibrogenesis in glyoxylate-induced nephrolithic mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:277-85. [PMID: 25697583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is a common kidney disease and one of the major causes of chronic renal insufficiency. We develop and utilize a glyoxylate induced mouse model of kidney calcium oxalate crystal deposition for studying the pharmacological effects of fasudil, a Rho associated protein kinase (ROCK) specific inhibitor, on the kidney injury and fibrosis caused by calcium oxalate crystallization and deposition. Glyoxylate was administrated intraperitoneally to C57BL/6J mice for five consecutive days to establish a mouse model of kidney calcium oxalate crystal formation and deposition. The results showed that the protein expression levels of E-cad and Pan-ck were lower, and the protein expression levels of α-SMA and Vim were higher, in the kidney tissue of the glyoxylate induced model mice compared with the control mice. The changes in protein expression were weakened when the animals were pretreated with fasudil before glyoxylate administration. Expression of ROCK, PAI-1, and p-Smad proteins in the kidney tissue increased in response to glyoxylate treatment, and the increase was eased when the animals were pretreated with fasudil. Expression of Smad2 and Smad3 in the kidney tissue remained unchanged after glyoxylate administration. Cell apoptosis and proliferation in the kidney cortex and medulla were enhanced in response to the glyoxylate induced calcium oxalate crystal formation and deposition, and fasudil pre-treatment was able to attenuate the enhancement. The results suggest that Fasudil reduces the glyoxylate induced kidney calcium crystal formation and deposition and slows down the kidney fibrogenesis caused by calcium crystal deposition. The possible mechanism may be related the regulatory effects on Rho/ROCK signal transduction and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiarong Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Meng Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Mardilovich K, Gabrielsen M, McGarry L, Orange C, Patel R, Shanks E, Edwards J, Olson MF. Elevated LIM kinase 1 in nonmetastatic prostate cancer reflects its role in facilitating androgen receptor nuclear translocation. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:246-58. [PMID: 25344584 PMCID: PMC4297197 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer affects a large proportion of the male population, and is primarily driven by androgen receptor (AR) activity. First-line treatment typically consists of reducing AR signaling by hormone depletion, but resistance inevitably develops over time. One way to overcome this issue is to block AR function via alternative means, preferably by inhibiting protein targets that are more active in tumors than in normal tissue. By staining prostate cancer tumor sections, elevated LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) expression and increased phosphorylation of its substrate Cofilin were found to be associated with poor outcome and reduced survival in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. A LIMK-selective small molecule inhibitor (LIMKi) was used to determine whether targeted LIMK inhibition was a potential prostate cancer therapy. LIMKi reduced prostate cancer cell motility, as well as inhibiting proliferation and increasing apoptosis in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells more effectively than in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. LIMK inhibition blocked ligand-induced AR nuclear translocation, reduced AR protein stability and transcriptional activity, consistent with its effects on proliferation and survival acting via inhibition of AR activity. Furthermore, inhibition of LIMK activity increased αTubulin acetylation and decreased AR interactions with αTubulin, indicating that the role of LIMK in regulating microtubule dynamics contributes to AR function. These results indicate that LIMK inhibitors could be beneficial for the treatment of prostate cancer both by reducing nuclear AR translocation, leading to reduced proliferation and survival, and by inhibiting prostate cancer cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mads Gabrielsen
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn McGarry
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Orange
- Pathology Department, Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachana Patel
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Shanks
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Olson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Liu Y, Zhang R, Qiu F, Li K, Zhou Y, Shang D, Xu Y. Construction of a lncRNA-PCG bipartite network and identification of cancer-related lncRNAs: a case study in prostate cancer. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 11:384-93. [PMID: 25385343 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
LncRNAs are involved in a wide range of biological processes, such as chromatin remodeling, mRNA splicing, mRNA editing and translation. They can either upregulate or downregulate gene expression, and play key roles in the progression of various human cancers. However, the functional mechanisms of most lncRNAs still remain unknown at present. This paper aims to provide space for the understanding of lncRNAs by proposing a new method to obtain protein-coding genes (PCGs) regulated by lncRNAs, thus identifying candidate cancer-related lncRNAs using bioinformatics approaches. This study presents a method based on sample correlation, which is applied to the expression profiles of lncRNAs and PCGs in prostate cancer in combination with protein interaction data to build a lncRNA-PCG bipartite network. Candidate cancer-related lncRNAs were extracted from the bipartite network by using a random walk. 14 prostate cancer-related lncRNAs were acquired from the LncRNADisease database and MNDR, of which 6 lncRNAs were present in our network. As one of the seed nodes, ENSG00000234741 achieved the highest score among them. The other two cancer-related lncRNAs (ENSG00000225937 and ENSG00000236830) were ranked within the top 30. In addition, the top candidate lncRNA ENSG00000261777 shares an intron with DDX19, and interacts with IGF2 P1, indicating its involvement in prostate cancer. In this paper, we described a new method for predicting candidate lncRNA targets, and obtained candidate therapeutic targets using this method. We hope that this study will bring a new perspective in future lncRNA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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Godebu E, Muldong M, Strasner A, Wu CN, Park SC, Woo JR, Ma W, Liss MA, Hirata T, Raheem O, Cacalano NA, Kulidjian AA, Jamieson CAM. PCSD1, a new patient-derived model of bone metastatic prostate cancer, is castrate-resistant in the bone-niche. J Transl Med 2014; 12:275. [PMID: 25278011 PMCID: PMC4192441 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prostate cancer bone metastasis occurs in 50-90% of men with advanced disease for which there is no cure. Bone metastasis leads to debilitating fractures and severe bone pain. It is associated with therapy resistance and rapid decline. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is standard of care for advanced prostate cancer, however, bone metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) often becomes resistant to ADT. There are few pre-clinical models to understand the interaction between the bone microenvironment and prostate cancer. Here we report the castrate resistant growth in the bone niche of PCSD1, a patient-derived intra-femoral xenograft model of prostate bone metastatic cancer treated with the anti-androgen, bicalutamide. Methods PCSD1 bone-niche model was derived from a human prostate cancer femoral metastasis resected during hemiarthroplasty and serially transplanted into Rag2−/−;γc−/− mice intra-femorally (IF) or sub-cutaneously (SC). At 5 weeks post-transplantation mice received bicalutamide or vehicle control for 18 days. Tumor growth of PCSD1 was measured with calipers. PSA expression in PCSD1 xenograft tumors was determined using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Expression of AR and PSMA, were also determined with qPCR. Results PCSD1 xenograft tumor growth capacity was 24 fold greater in the bone (intra-femoral, IF) than in the soft tissue (sub-cutaneous, SC) microenvironment. Treatment with the anti-androgen, bicalutamide, inhibited tumor growth in the sub-cutaneous transplantation site. However, bicalutamide was ineffective in suppressing PCSD1 tumor growth in the bone-niche. Nevertheless, bicalutamide treatment of intra-femoral tumors significantly reduced PSA expression (p < =0.008) and increased AR (p < =0.032) relative to control. Conclusions PCSD1 tumors were castrate resistant when growing in the bone-niche compared to soft tissue. Bicalutamide had little effect on reducing tumor burden in the bone yet still decreased tumor PSA expression and increased AR expression, thus, this model closely recapitulated castrate-resistant, human prostate cancer bone metastatic disease. PCSD1 is a new primary prostate cancer bone metastasis-derived xenograft model to study bone metastatic disease and for pre-clinical drug development of novel therapies for inhibiting therapy resistant prostate cancer growth in the bone-niche.
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Protein kinase inhibitor β enhances the constitutive activity of G-protein-coupled zinc receptor GPR39. Biochem J 2014; 462:125-32. [PMID: 24869658 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GPR39 is a G-protein-coupled zinc receptor that protects against diverse effectors of cell death. Its protective activity is mediated via constitutive activation of Gα13 and the RhoA pathway, leading to increased SRE (serum-response element)-dependent transcription; the zinc-dependent immediate activation of GPR39 involves Gq-mediated increases in cytosolic Ca2+ and Gs coupling leading to increased cAMP levels. We used the cytosolic and soluble C-terminus of GPR39 in a Y2H (yeast-2-hybrid) screen for interacting proteins, thus identifying PKIB (protein kinase A inhibitor β). Co-expression of GPR39 with PKIB increased the protective activity of GPR39 via the constitutive, but not the ligand-mediated, pathway. PKIB inhibits protein kinase A by direct interaction with its pseudosubstrate domain; mutation of this domain abolished the inhibitory activity of PKIB on protein kinase A activity, but had no effect on the interaction with GPR39, cell protection and induction of SRE-dependent transcription. Zinc caused dissociation of PKIB from GPR39, thereby liberating it to associate with protein kinase A and inhibit its activity, which would result in a negative-feedback loop with the ability to limit activation of the Gs pathway by zinc.
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Heemers HV. Targeting androgen receptor action for prostate cancer treatment: does the post-receptor level provide novel opportunities? Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:576-87. [PMID: 24948870 PMCID: PMC4062950 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for patients who suffer from non-organ confined prostate cancer (CaP) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT exploits the reliance of CaP cells on androgen receptor (AR) signaling throughout CaP progression from androgen-stimulated (AS) to castration-recurrent (CR) disease. AR is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. Ligand-activated AR relocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it binds to Androgen Response Elements (AREs) to regulate transcription of target genes that control CaP cell behavior and progression. Current forms of ADT interfere at 2 levels along the AR signaling axis. At the pre-receptor level, ADT limits the availability of ligand for AR, while at the receptor level, ADT interrupts AR-ligand interactions. Both forms of ADT induce remission, but are not curative and, because of extraprostatic actions, are associated with severe side effects. Here, the potential of interference with the molecular regulation of AR-dependent transcription and the action of AR target genes, at the post receptor level, as the foundation for the development of novel, more CaP- specific selective forms of ADT is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore V. Heemers
- Departments of Urology and Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Rajakylä EK, Vartiainen MK. Rho, nuclear actin, and actin-binding proteins in the regulation of transcription and gene expression. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e27539. [PMID: 24603113 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.27539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is one of the main targets of Rho GTPases, which act as molecular switches on many signaling pathways. During the past decade, actin has emerged as an important regulator of gene expression. Nuclear actin plays a key role in transcription, chromatin remodeling, and pre-mRNA processing. In addition, the "status" of the actin cytoskeleton is used as a signaling intermediate by at least the MKL1-SRF and Hippo-pathways, which culminate in the transcriptional regulation of cytoskeletal and growth-promoting genes, respectively. Rho GTPases may therefore regulate gene expression by controlling either cytoplasmic or nuclear actin dynamics. Although the regulation of nuclear actin polymerization is still poorly understood, many actin-binding proteins, which are downstream effectors of Rho, are found in the nuclear compartment. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms and key proteins that may mediate the transcriptional regulation by Rho GTPases through actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Kaisa Rajakylä
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology; Institute of Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria K Vartiainen
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology; Institute of Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
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Zhu Y, Liu C, Tummala R, Nadiminty N, Lou W, Gao AC. RhoGDIα downregulates androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2013; 73:1614-22. [PMID: 23922223 PMCID: PMC3941975 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of primary prostate cancer (CaP) is the withdrawal of androgens. However, CaP eventually progresses to grow in a castration-resistant state due to aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR). Understanding the mechanisms leading to the aberrant activation of AR is critical to develop effective therapy. We have previously identified Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor alpha (GDIα) as a novel suppressor in prostate cancer. In this study, we examine the effect of GDIα on AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. METHODS GDIα was transiently or stably transfected into several prostate cancer cell lines including LNCaP, C4-2, CWR22Rv1, and DU145. The regulation of AR expression by GDIα was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. AR activity was measured by luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA). Immunofluorescence assay was performed to study AR nuclear translocation. The interaction between GDIα and AR was examined by co-immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS In this study, we have identified GDIα as a negative regulator of AR signaling pathway. Overexpression of GDIα downregulates AR expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of GDIα is able to prevent AR nuclear translocation and inhibit transactivation of AR target genes. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that GDIα physically interacts with the N-terminal domain of AR. CONCLUSIONS GDIα suppresses AR signaling through inhibition of AR expression, nuclear translocation, and recruitment to androgen-responsive genes. GDIα regulatory pathway may play a critical role in regulating AR signaling and prostate cancer growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezi Zhu
- Department of Urology and Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urology and Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Ramakumar Tummala
- Department of Urology and Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Nagalakshmi Nadiminty
- Department of Urology and Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urology and Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Allen C. Gao
- Department of Urology and Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
- Correspondence to: Allen C. Gao, Department of Urology and Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4645 2nd Ave, Research III, Suite 1300, Sacramento, CA 95817.
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Chen L. Investigation of anti-cancer mechanisms by comparative analysis of naked mole rat and rat. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7 Suppl 2:S5. [PMID: 24565050 PMCID: PMC3852044 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-s2-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background The naked mole rats (NMRs) are small-sized underground rodents with plenty of unusual traits. Their life expectancy can be up to thirty years, more than seven times longer than laboratory rat. Furthermore, they are resistant to both congenital and experimentally induced cancer genesis. These peculiar physiological and pathological characteristics allow them to become a suitable model for cancer and aging research. Results In this paper, we carried out a genome-wide comparative analysis of rat and NMR using the recently published genome sequence of NMR. First, we identified all the rat-NMR orthologous genes and specific genes within each of them. The expanded and contracted numbers of protein families in NMR were also analyzed when compared to rat. Seven cancer-related protein families appeared to be significantly expanded, whereas several receptor families were found to be contracted in NMR. We then chose those rat genes that were inexistent in NMR and adopted KEGG pathway database to investigate the metabolic processes in which their proteins may be involved. These genes were significantly enriched in two rat cancer pathways, "Pathway in cancer" and "Bladder cancer". In the rat "Pathway in cancer", 9 out of 14 paths leading to evading apoptosis appeared to be affected in NMR. In addition, a significant number of other NMR-missing genes enriched in several cancer-related pathways have been known to be related to a variety of cancers, implying that many of them may be also related to tumorigenesis in mammals. Finally, investigation of sequence variations among orthologous proteins between rat and NMR revealed that significant fragment insertions/deletions within important functional domains were present in some NMR proteins, which might lead to expressional and/or functional changes of these genes in different species. Conclusions Overall, this study provides insights into understanding the possible anti-cancer mechanisms of NMR as well as searching for new cancer-related candidate genes.
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CHEN CHICHENG, HSIEH TENGFU, CHANG CHAOHSIANG, MA WENLUNG, HUNG XIAOFAN, TSAI YIRU, LIN MENGHSUEHAMANDA, ZHANG CAIXIA, CHANG CHAWNSHANG, SHYR CHIHRONG. Androgen receptor promotes the migration and invasion of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma cells through the upregulation of MMP-9 and COX-2. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:979-85. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Verone AR, Duncan K, Godoy A, Yadav N, Bakin A, Koochekpour S, Jin JP, Heemers HV. Androgen-responsive serum response factor target genes regulate prostate cancer cell migration. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1737-46. [PMID: 23576568 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer (CaP) relies on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, but AR-dependent events that underlie the lethal phenotype remain unknown. Recently, an indirect mechanism of androgen action in which effects of AR on CaP cells are mediated by Serum Response Factor (SRF) has been identified. This is the first mode of androgen action to be associated with aggressive CaP and disease recurrence. The manner in which androgen-responsive SRF activity controls aggressive CaP cell behavior is unknown. Here, the contribution of two representative SRF effector genes that are underexpressed, calponin 2 (CNN2), or overexpressed, sidekick-homolog 1 (SDK1), in clinical CaP specimens is studied. AR- and SRF- dependency of CNN2 and SDK1 expression was verified using synthetic and natural androgens, antiandrogens, and small interfering RNAs targeting AR or SRF, and evaluating the kinetics of androgen induction and SRF binding to endogenously and exogenously expressed regulatory gene regions in AR-positive CaP model systems that mimic the transition from androgen-stimulated to castration-recurrent disease. Small interfering RNA-mediated deregulation of CNN2 or SDK1 expression did not affect CaP cell proliferation or apoptosis but had marked effects on CaP cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization. Loss of CNN2 induced cellular protrusions and increased CaP cell migration, whereas silencing of SDK1 led to cell rounding and blunted CaP cell migration. Changes in cell migration did not involve epithelial-mesenchymal transition but correlated with altered β1-integrin expression. Taken together, individual androgen-responsive SRF target genes affect CaP cell behavior by modulating cell migration, which may have implications for therapeutic intervention downstream of AR and SRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa R Verone
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Androgen receptor-target genes in african american prostate cancer disparities. Prostate Cancer 2013; 2013:763569. [PMID: 23365759 PMCID: PMC3556896 DOI: 10.1155/2013/763569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer (PCa) are higher in African American (AA) compared to Caucasian American (CA) men. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa disparities, we employed an integrative approach combining gene expression profiling and pathway and promoter analyses to investigate differential transcriptomes and deregulated signaling pathways in AA versus CA cancers. A comparison of AA and CA PCa specimens identified 1,188 differentially expressed genes. Interestingly, these transcriptional differences were overrepresented in signaling pathways that converged on the androgen receptor (AR), suggesting that the AR may be a unifying oncogenic theme in AA PCa. Gene promoter analysis revealed that 382 out of 1,188 genes contained cis-acting AR-binding sequences. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed STAT1, RHOA, ITGB5, MAPKAPK2, CSNK2A,1 and PIK3CB genes as novel AR targets in PCa disparities. Moreover, functional screens revealed that androgen-stimulated AR binding and upregulation of RHOA, ITGB5, and PIK3CB genes were associated with increased invasive activity of AA PCa cells, as siRNA-mediated knockdown of each gene caused a loss of androgen-stimulated invasion. In summation, our findings demonstrate that transcriptional changes have preferentially occurred in multiple signaling pathways converging (“transcriptional convergence”) on AR signaling, thereby contributing to AR-target gene activation and PCa aggressiveness in AAs.
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Zhao M, Xu H, He X, Hua H, Luo Y, Zuo L. Expression of serum response factor in gastric carcinoma and its molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the invasion and migration of SGC-7901 cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 28:146-52. [PMID: 23134219 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor of the MADS box family. To date, DNA binding sites for SRF [serum response elements (SREs)] have been found in the promoters of approximately 50 different genes known to be involved in the regulation cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Recent studies have indicated that SRF plays a role in the development of some tumors, including hepatocellular, thyroid, esophageal, and lung carcinomas. However, expression of SRF and its roles in gastric carcinoma are unclear. We found SRF to be highly expressed in human gastric carcinoma as well as ectopic or reduced expression for E-cadherin and β-catenin. Blockage of SRF expression was found to inhibit proliferation, invasion, and migration. We also found that an inhibitor (Y-27632) of Rho-associated coiled kinase (ROCK1), a regulator of actin cytoskeleton that regulates cell adhesion, migration, and motility, suppressed SRF expression as well. These results demonstrate that SRF is involved in the aggressive behavior of gastric carcinoma cells. We also found that the inhibition of ROCK1 by Y-27632 can inhibit the invasion and migration of gastric cells done at least, in part, by attenuating SRF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Oncology Department, Hebei Medical University, Shi Jiazhuang, China
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