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Avs KR, Pandi C, Kannan B, Pandi A, Jayaseelan VP, Arumugam P. RFC3 serves as a novel prognostic biomarker and target for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:6961-6969. [PMID: 37861747 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a prevalent cancer that originates from the squamous cells. The role of the replication factor C subunit 3 (RFC3) in HNSCC progression remains elusive. The aim of this study was to uncover RFC3 significance in HNSCC. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-HNSCC) dataset was initially used to assess RFC3 expression and its association with HNSCC clinical features. Subsequently, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) confirmed RFC3 mRNA expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a primary HNSCC type. Survival rates were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier plot, while the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database probed RFC3-immune cell interaction. Additionally, in silico tools were used to examine the RFC3 protein network and engagement in HNSCC pathways. RESULTS RFC3 expression is significantly upregulated in HNSCC, including OSCC. Upregulated RFC3 expression was significantly correlated with the clinicopathological features of HNSCC, including tumor stage, grade, metastasis, and patient survival. RFC3 is also associated with immune cell infiltration. Functional analysis has highlighted its involvement in DNA replication, mismatch repair, and cell cycle pathways. Interestingly, RFC3 high expression is linked to well-known oncogenic signaling pathways, such as MYC/MYCN, HIPPO, and mTOR. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, RFC3 can be considered a novel prognostic biomarker for HNSCC, and further studies on its functional mechanisms may help to use RFC3 as a therapeutic target for HNSCC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The clinical relevance of this study lies in identifying RFC3 as a novel biomarker and prognostic indicator for HNSCC, offering insights that could impact future clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Reddy Avs
- Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Chandra Pandi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 60007, India
| | - Balachander Kannan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 60007, India
| | - Anitha Pandi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 60007, India
| | - Vijayashree Priyadharsini Jayaseelan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 60007, India
| | - Paramasivam Arumugam
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 60007, India.
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Kim S, Lee S, Kim GJ, Sohn YC. Gene Expression Profiles of Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase, Nuclear Distribution C-Containing Protein 3, and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Tie-1 in Swimming Larva of Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Dev Reprod 2023; 27:91-99. [PMID: 37529014 PMCID: PMC10390100 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2023.27.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is one of the most valuable aquatic species. The color of body wall and appearance are important for the value of sea cucumbers. To examine expression pattern of long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (LCAD), nuclear distribution C-containing protein 3 (NUDCD3), and receptor tyrosine kinase Tie-1 (TIE1), previously reported as differently expressed genes during the pigmentation of sea cucumber, we analyzed the temporal profiles of LCAD, NUDCD3, and TIE1 mRNAs in LED-exposed and light-shielded A. japonicus. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the LCAD, NUDCD3, and TIE1 mRNAs from the juveniles at 40-60 days post-fertilization (dpf) exhibited increasing patterns as compared to those of an early developmental larva (6-dpf). At 60-dpf juveniles, the LCAD and TIE1 mRNA levels of LED-exposed individuals were higher than those of light-shielded ones, whereas at 40-dpf and 50-dpf juveniles, the NUDCD3 mRNA expression was higher in the light-shielded condition (p<0.05). In the pigmented juveniles (90-dpf), the LCAD and TIE1 mRNA levels tended to show higher levels in red individuals than those in green ones, but there was a conversely higher level of NUDCD3 mRNA in green larva. In situ examination of LCAD and NUDCD3 mRNAs in light-shielded 6-dpf larva revealed that both genes are mainly expressed in the internal organs compared to the body surface. Together, these results may provide insights into the differential gene expression of LCAD, NUDCD3, and TIE1 during pigmentation process of the sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Kim
- Department of Marine Bioscience,
Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung
25457, Korea
- Samcheok Fisheries Resource
Center, Samcheok 25932, Korea
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Department of Marine Bioscience,
Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung
25457, Korea
| | - Gil Jung Kim
- Department of Marine Bioscience,
Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung
25457, Korea
| | - Young Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Bioscience,
Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung
25457, Korea
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3
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Araújo D, Ribeiro E, Amorim I, Vale N. Repurposed Drugs in Gastric Cancer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010319. [PMID: 36615513 PMCID: PMC9822219 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the major causes of death worldwide, ranking as the fifth most incident cancer in 2020 and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality. The majority of GC patients are in an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, presenting a poor prognosis and outcome. Current GC treatment approaches involve endoscopic detection, gastrectomy and chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in an adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting. Drug development approaches demand extreme effort to identify molecular mechanisms of action of new drug candidates. Drug repurposing is based on the research of new therapeutic indications of drugs approved for other pathologies. In this review, we explore GC and the different drugs repurposed for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Araújo
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Ribeiro
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220426537
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Miglioli A, Canesi L, Gomes IDL, Schubert M, Dumollard R. Nuclear Receptors and Development of Marine Invertebrates. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010083. [PMID: 33440651 PMCID: PMC7827873 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors specific to metazoans that have the unique ability to directly translate the message of a signaling molecule into a transcriptional response. In vertebrates, NRs are pivotal players in countless processes of both embryonic and adult physiology, with embryonic development being one of the most dynamic periods of NR activity. Accumulating evidence suggests that NR signaling is also a major regulator of development in marine invertebrates, although ligands and transactivation dynamics are not necessarily conserved with respect to vertebrates. The explosion of genome sequencing projects and the interpretation of the resulting data in a phylogenetic context allowed significant progress toward an understanding of NR superfamily evolution, both in terms of molecular activities and developmental functions. In this context, marine invertebrates have been crucial for characterizing the ancestral states of NR-ligand interactions, further strengthening the importance of these organisms in the field of evolutionary developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Miglioli
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; (A.M.); (I.D.L.G.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Laura Canesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Isa D. L. Gomes
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; (A.M.); (I.D.L.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Schubert
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; (A.M.); (I.D.L.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Rémi Dumollard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; (A.M.); (I.D.L.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid on the proliferation and apoptosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 30:56-64. [PMID: 30198914 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin A derivative 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) has been used for the treatment and prevention of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). However, the precise mechanism by which 9-cis-RA treatment ameliorates CTCL remains elusive. Our research shows that 9-cis-RA inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in CTCL cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. 9-Cis-RA also induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest by downregulation of cyclin D1. We confirmed that 9-cis-RA significantly decreased phosphorylation of JAK1, STAT3, and STAT5 and downregulated Bcl-xL and cyclin D1, indicating that 9-cis-RA inhibited the activation of JAK/STAT signaling. Meanwhile, 9-cis-RA also activated classical RA-mediated transcription by retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and/or retinoid X receptors (RXR) in a CTCL cell line. Thus, 9-cis-RA may be effective for chemotherapy and may prevent human CTCL by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis by inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway and activation of the RAR/RXR pathway.
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Gong S, Qu X, Yang S, Zhou S, Li P, Zhang Q. RFC3 induces epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in lung adenocarcinoma cells through the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway and possesses prognostic value in lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:2276-2288. [PMID: 31661124 PMCID: PMC6844605 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a malignant tumor responsible for the highest mortality rate in humans. The identification of novel functional genes is of great importance in the treatment of lung cancer. The reported roles of replication factor C subunit 3 (RFC3) in tumorigenesis are contradictory. The present study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of RFC3 in lung cancer cells. An immunohistochemical study of 165 lung cancer and adjacent tissues was conducted (123 lung adenocarcinoma tissues and 42 lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues). Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox multivariate analysis were employed to explore the relationship between RFC3 and patient prognosis. In addition, the proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis of A549 and H1299 cells were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively, following cell transfection to induce overexpression and knockdown of RFC3. A Boyden chamber assay and wound-healing assay were conducted to determine the invasive and migratory abilities of A549 and H1299 cells. Western blotting was used to analyze the effects of RFC3 overexpression and RFC3 small interfering RNA-induced knockdown, and to explore the potential mechanism and pathway underlying the effects of RFC3. Positive expression of RFC3 was detected in lung adenocarcinoma, and overexpression of RFC3 shortened the survival time of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, overexpression of RFC3 increased the invasion and migration of A549 cells, whereas knockdown of RFC3 significantly reduced the invasion and migration of H1299 cells. Ectopic expression of RFC3 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as determined by downregulation of E-cadherin, and upregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin and Wnt signaling target genes, including c-MYC, Wnt1 and β-catenin, and the ratio of phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-β (Ser9)/GSK3-β. In conclusion, RFC3 may be considered a coactivator that promotes the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and induces EMT and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohan Qu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shize Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qigang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Li Y, Gan S, Ren L, Yuan L, Liu J, Wang W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Zhang F, Qi X. Multifaceted regulation and functions of replication factor C family in human cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1343-1355. [PMID: 30210909 PMCID: PMC6129478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication factor C (RFC) family is a complex comprised of the RFC1, RFC2, RFC3, RFC4, and RFC5 subunits, which acts as a primer recognition factor for DNA polymerase. It is reported that RFC, biologically active in various malignant tumors, may play an important role in the proliferation, progression, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. It could act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene based on the cellular and histological characteristics of the tumor. In this review, we summarized the updated researches on the structure, physiological function, and expression pattern of RFC in a variety of tumors, the underlying mechanisms on carcinogenesis, and the potentials of RFC family members in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Li
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Sijie Gan
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Ren
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Long Yuan
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junlan Liu
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038, China
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Wu J, Yang R, Zhang L, Li Y, Liu B, Kang H, Fan Z, Tian Y, Liu S, Li T. Metabolomics research on potential role for 9-cis-retinoic acid in breast cancer progression. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2315-2326. [PMID: 29737597 PMCID: PMC6029828 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular networks that discriminate organ-confined breast cancer from metastatic breast cancer may lead to the identification of critical biomarkers for breast cancer invasion and aggressiveness. Here metabolomics, a global study of metabolites, has been applied to explore the metabolic alterations that characterize breast cancer progression. We profiled a total of 693 metabolites across 87 serum samples related to breast cancer (46 clinically localized and 41 metastatic breast cancer) and 49 normal samples. These unbiased metabolomic profiles were able to distinguish normal individuals, clinically localized and metastatic breast cancer patients. 9-cis-Retinoic acid, an isomer of all-trans retinoic acid, was identified as a differential metabolite that significantly decreased during breast cancer progression to metastasis, and its levels were also reduced in urine samples from biopsy-positive breast cancer patients relative to biopsy-negative individuals and in invasive breast cancer cells relative to benign MCF-10A cells. The addition of exogenous 9-cis-retinoic acid to MDA-MB-231 cells and knockdown of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1, a regulatory enzyme for 9-cis-retinoic acid, remarkably impaired cell invasion and migration, presumably through preventing the key regulator cofilin from activation and inhibiting MMP2 and MMP9 expression. Taken together, our study showed the potential inhibitory role for 9-cis-retinoic acid in breast cancer progression by attenuating cell invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - YueGuo Li
- Clinical laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - BingBing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Kang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - ZhiJuan Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - YaQiong Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - ShuYe Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
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Zhou J, Zhang WW, Peng F, Sun JY, He ZY, Wu SG. Downregulation of hsa_circ_0011946 suppresses the migration and invasion of the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by targeting RFC3. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:535-544. [PMID: 29593432 PMCID: PMC5865555 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s155923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although some circRNAs have been found to regulate the progression of malignancies, their functions and coupled molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In our study, we sought to assess the underlying molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in breast cancer and therefore explored the differentially expressed circRNAs and co-expression networks, followed by in vitro experiments. Materials and methods High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to obtain an unbiased profile of circRNA expression. CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA co-expression networks were predicted, and sequence analyses were carried out. The MTT, transwell migration and invasion assay was conducted in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells that had been transfected with si-circRNA and si-negative control (si-NC). Results A total of 152 circRNAs were differentially expressed in breast cancer tissues, among which 85 were upregulated and 67 downregulated. Out of these, hsa_circ_0011946 was selected and the subsequent bioinformatics analysis predicted that hsa_circ_0011946 sponging miR-26a/b directly targeted replication factor C subunit 3 (RFC3) and that its knockdown could inhibit RFC3 mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, hsa_circ_0011946 loss-of-function significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that hsa_circ_0011946 and RFC3 comprise a novel pathway involved in the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yuan Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - San-Gang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
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Thillaiyampalam G, Liberante F, Murray L, Cardwell C, Mills K, Zhang SD. An integrated meta-analysis approach to identifying medications with potential to alter breast cancer risk through connectivity mapping. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:581. [PMID: 29268695 PMCID: PMC5740937 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression connectivity mapping has gained much popularity in recent years with a number of successful applications in biomedical research testifying its utility and promise. A major application of connectivity mapping is the identification of small molecule compounds capable of inhibiting a disease state. In this study, we are additionally interested in small molecule compounds that may enhance a disease state or increase the risk of developing that disease. Using breast cancer as a case study, we aim to develop and test a methodology for identifying commonly prescribed drugs that may have a suppressing or inducing effect on the target disease (breast cancer). RESULTS We obtained from public data repositories a collection of breast cancer gene expression datasets with over 7000 patients. An integrated meta-analysis approach to gene expression connectivity mapping was developed, which involved unified processing and normalization of raw gene expression data, systematic removal of batch effects, and multiple runs of balanced sampling for differential expression analysis. Differentially expressed genes stringently selected were used to construct multiple non-joint gene signatures representing the same biological state. Remarkably these non-joint gene signatures retrieved from connectivity mapping separate lists of candidate drugs with significant overlaps, providing high confidence in their predicted effects on breast cancers. Of particular note, among the top 26 compounds identified as inversely connected to the breast cancer gene signatures, 14 of them are known anti-cancer drugs. CONCLUSIONS A few candidate drugs with potential to enhance breast cancer or increase the risk of the disease were also identified; further investigation on a large population is required to firmly establish their effects on breast cancer risks. This work thus provides a novel approach and an applicable example for identifying medications with potential to alter cancer risks through gene expression connectivity mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Liberante
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Liam Murray
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Chris Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ken Mills
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Shu-Dong Zhang
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Glenshane Road, L/Derry, Northern Ireland, BT47 6SB UK
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Kim MA, Sohn YC. Characterization of a Sea Urchin IQ Motif Containing Protein D as a Coactivator of Nuclear Receptors. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:235-241. [PMID: 28589840 DOI: 10.2108/zs160157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) interacting proteins, such as coactivators and corepressors, play a crucial role in specifying the transcriptional activity of the receptor. However, little is known about the functional features of the NR coregulators in marine invertebrates. Using the yeast two-hybrid screening method, a sea urchin oocyte cDNA library was screened for proteins that interact with the ligand-binding domain of human RXRα (hRXRα) as the bait protein in the presence of 9-cis retinoic acid. Here, we describe IQ motif containing protein D (IQCD) as an RXR-interacting coactivator. The open reading frame of Strongylocentrotus nudus IQCD (SnIQCD) cDNA contains 1464 bp encoding a protein of 487 amino acids. SnIQCD and the vertebrate IQCDs contain well-conserved C-terminal IQ motifs and coiled-coil domains. The interactions between RXRα and IQCD were confirmed by an immunoprecipitation assay and a mammal two-hybrid assay. RXRα preferentially interacted with the C-terminal half including IQ motif than the N-terminal half of SnIQCD. The coactivator interacting LXXLL motif in SnIQCD is not directly involved in the interaction with RXRα. SnIQCD overexpression increased the basal RXR transactivation of a RXR-responsive reporter gene. Furthermore, SnIQCD enhanced the transcriptional activity of RXR heterodimeric partners such as RAR, PPAR, and the steroid hormone receptor family members from mammals, teleost fish, and sea urchin. Taken together, we suggest that IQCD orthologs are able to function as transcriptional coactivators cooperating with NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ae Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Molecular Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
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12
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Nagy Z, Baghy K, Hunyadi-Gulyás É, Micsik T, Nyírő G, Rácz G, Butz H, Perge P, Kovalszky I, Medzihradszky KF, Rácz K, Patócs A, Igaz P. Evaluation of 9-cis retinoic acid and mitotane as antitumoral agents in an adrenocortical xenograft model. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:3645-3658. [PMID: 26885453 PMCID: PMC4731638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The available drug treatment options for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) are limited. In our previous studies, the in vitro activity of 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cisRA) on adrenocortical NCI-H295R cells was shown along with its antitumoral effects in a small pilot xenograft study. Our aim was to dissect the antitumoral effects of 9-cisRA on ACC in a large-scale xenograft study involving mitotane, 9-cisRA and their combination. 43 male SCID mice inoculated with NCI-H295R cells were treated in four groups (i. control, ii. 9-cisRA, iii. mitotane, iv. 9-cisRA + mitotane) for 28 days. Tumor size follow-up, histological and immunohistochemical (Ki-67) analysis, tissue gene expression microarray, quantitative real-time-PCR for the validation of microarray results and to detect circulating microRNAs were performed. Protein expression was studied by proteomics and Western-blot validation. Only mitotane alone and the combination of 9-cisRA and mitotane resulted in significant tumor size reduction. The Ki-67 index was significantly reduced in both 9-cisRA and 9-cisRA+mitotane groups. Only modest changes at the mRNA level were found: the 9-cisRA-induced overexpression of apolipoprotein A4 and down-regulation of phosphodiesterase 4A was validated. The expression of circulating hsa-miR-483-5p was significantly reduced in the combined treatment group. The SET protein was validated as being significantly down-regulated in the combined mitotane+9-cisRA group. 9-cisRA might be a helpful additive agent in the treatment of ACC in combination with mitotane. Circulating hsa-miR-483-5p could be utilized for monitoring the treatment efficacy in ACC patients, and the treatment-induced reduction in protein SET expression might raise its relevance in ACC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Nagy
- The 2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityH-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi Str. 46., Hungary
| | - Kornélia Baghy
- The 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityH-1088 Budapest, Üllői Str. 26., Hungary
| | - Éva Hunyadi-Gulyás
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Biological Research CentreH-6726 Szeged, Temesvári Krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Tamás Micsik
- The 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityH-1088 Budapest, Üllői Str. 26., Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyírő
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis UniversitySzentkirályi Str. 46., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Rácz
- The 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityH-1088 Budapest, Üllői Str. 26., Hungary
| | - Henriett Butz
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis UniversitySzentkirályi Str. 46., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Perge
- The 2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityH-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi Str. 46., Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- The 1 Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityH-1088 Budapest, Üllői Str. 26., Hungary
| | - Katalin F Medzihradszky
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Biological Research CentreH-6726 Szeged, Temesvári Krt. 62., Hungary
| | - Károly Rácz
- The 2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityH-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi Str. 46., Hungary
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis UniversitySzentkirályi Str. 46., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis UniversitySzentkirályi Str. 46., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
- “Lendület-2013” Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis UniversitySzentkirályi Str. 46., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- The 2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityH-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi Str. 46., Hungary
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YAO ZHICHENG, HU KUNPENG, HUANG HE, XU SHILEI, WANG QINGLIANG, ZHANG PENG, YANG PEISHENG, LIU BO. shRNA-mediated silencing of the RFC3 gene suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1393-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Shin J, Sohn YC. Identification of Ran-binding protein M as a stanniocalcin 2 interacting protein and implications for androgen receptor activity. BMB Rep 2015; 47:643-8. [PMID: 25154718 PMCID: PMC4281344 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stanniocalcin (STC), a glycoprotein hormone originally discovered in fish, has been implicated in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. While fishes and mammals possess two STC homologs (STC1 and STC2), the physiological roles of STC2 are largely unknown compared with those of STC1. In this study, we identified Ran-binding protein M (RanBPM) as a novel binding partner of STC2 using yeast two-hybrid screening. The interaction between STC2 and RanBPM was confirmed in mammalian cells by immunoprecipitation. STC2 enhanced the RanBPM-mediated transactivation of liganded androgen receptor (AR), but not thyroid receptor β, glucocorticoid receptor, or estrogen receptor β. We also found that AR interacted with RanBPM in both the absence and presence of testosterone (T). Furthermore, we discovered that STC2 recruits RanBPM/AR complex in T-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that STC2 is a novel RanBPM-interacting protein that promotes AR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Shin
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Korea
| | - Young Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Korea
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15
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Chae HD, Mitton B, Lacayo NJ, Sakamoto KM. Replication factor C3 is a CREB target gene that regulates cell cycle progression through the modulation of chromatin loading of PCNA. Leukemia 2015; 29:1379-89. [PMID: 25541153 PMCID: PMC4456282 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CREB (cyclic AMP response element-binding protein) is a transcription factor overexpressed in normal and neoplastic myelopoiesis and regulates cell cycle progression, although its oncogenic mechanism has not been well characterized. Replication factor C3 (RFC3) is required for chromatin loading of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) which is a sliding clamp platform for recruiting numerous proteins in the DNA metabolism. CREB1 expression, which was activated by E2F, was coupled with RFC3 expression during the G1/S progression in the KG-1 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line. There was also a direct correlation between the expression of RFC3 and CREB1 in human AML cell lines as well as in the AML cells from the patients. CREB interacted directly with the CRE site in RFC3 promoter region. CREB-knockdown inhibited primarily G1/S cell cycle transition by decreasing the expression of RFC3 as well as PCNA loading onto the chromatin. Exogenous expression of RFC3 was sufficient to rescue the impaired G1/S progression and PCNA chromatin loading caused by CREB knockdown. These studies suggest that RFC3 may have a role in neoplastic myelopoiesis by promoting the G1/S progression and its expression is regulated by CREB.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/genetics
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Replication Protein C/genetics
- Replication Protein C/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Don Chae
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Bryan Mitton
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Norman J. Lacayo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kathleen M. Sakamoto
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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16
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Szabó DR, Baghy K, Szabó PM, Zsippai A, Marczell I, Nagy Z, Varga V, Éder K, Tóth S, Buzás EI, Falus A, Kovalszky I, Patócs A, Rácz K, Igaz P. Antitumoral effects of 9-cis retinoic acid in adrenocortical cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:917-32. [PMID: 23807211 PMCID: PMC11113805 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The currently available medical treatment options of adrenocortical cancer (ACC) are limited. In our previous meta-analysis of adrenocortical tumor genomics data, ACC was associated with reduced retinoic acid production and retinoid X receptor-mediated signaling. Our objective has been to study the potential antitumoral effects of 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cisRA) on the ACC cell line NCI-H295R and in a xenograft model. Cell proliferation, hormone secretion, and gene expression have been studied in the NCI-H295R cell line. A complex bioinformatics approach involving pathway and network analysis has been performed. Selected genes have been validated by real-time qRT-PCR. Athymic nude mice xenografted with NCI-H295R have been used in a pilot in vivo xenograft model. 9-cisRA significantly decreased cell viability and steroid hormone secretion in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in the NCI-H295R cell line. Four major molecular pathways have been identified by the analysis of gene expression data. Ten genes have been successfully validated involved in: (1) steroid hormone secretion (HSD3B1, HSD3B2), (2) retinoic acid signaling (ABCA1, ABCG1, HMGCR), (3) cell-cycle damage (GADD45A, CCNE2, UHRF1), and the (4) immune response (MAP2K6, IL1R2). 9-cisRA appears to directly regulate the cell cycle by network analysis. 9-cisRA also reduced tumor growth in the in vivo xenograft model. In conclusion, 9-cisRA might represent a promising new candidate in the treatment of hormone-secreting adrenal tumors and adrenocortical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rita Szabó
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Kornélia Baghy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Str. 26, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Peter M. Szabó
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Adrienn Zsippai
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - István Marczell
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Nagy
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Vivien Varga
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Katalin Éder
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sq. 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary
| | - Sára Tóth
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sq. 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary
| | - Edit I. Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sq. 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary
| | - András Falus
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sq. 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői Str. 26, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Károly Rácz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
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