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Kanwore K, Kanwore K, Adzika GK, Abiola AA, Guo X, Kambey PA, Xia Y, Gao D. Cancer Metabolism: The Role of Immune Cells Epigenetic Alteration in Tumorigenesis, Progression, and Metastasis of Glioma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:831636. [PMID: 35392088 PMCID: PMC8980436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.831636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a type of brain and spinal cord tumor that begins in glial cells that support the nervous system neurons functions. Age, radiation exposure, and family background of glioma constitute are risk factors of glioma initiation. Gliomas are categorized on a scale of four grades according to their growth rate. Grades one and two grow slowly, while grades three and four grow faster. Glioblastoma is a grade four gliomas and the deadliest due to its aggressive nature (accelerated proliferation, invasion, and migration). As such, multiple therapeutic approaches are required to improve treatment outcomes. Recently, studies have implicated the significant roles of immune cells in tumorigenesis and the progression of glioma. The energy demands of gliomas alter their microenvironment quality, thereby inducing heterogeneity and plasticity change of stromal and immune cells via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which ultimately results in epigenetic modifications that facilitates tumor growth. PI3K is utilized by many intracellular signaling pathways ensuring the proper functioning of the cell. The activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR regulates the plasma membrane activities, contributing to the phosphorylation reaction necessary for transcription factors activities and oncogenes hyperactivation. The pleiotropic nature of PI3K/AKT/mTOR makes its activity unpredictable during altered cellular functions. Modification of cancer cell microenvironment affects many cell types, including immune cells that are the frontline cells involved in inflammatory cascades caused by cancer cells via high cytokines synthesis. Typically, the evasion of immunosurveillance by gliomas and their resistance to treatment has been attributed to epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which results from cancer metabolism. Hence, it is speculative that impeding cancer metabolism and/or circumventing the epigenetic alteration of immune cell functions in the tumor microenvironment might enhance treatment outcomes. Herein, from an oncological and immunological perspective, this review discusses the underlying pathomechanism of cell-cell interactions enhancing glioma initiation and metabolism activation and tumor microenvironment changes that affect epigenetic modifications in immune cells. Finally, prospects for therapeutic intervention were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouminin Kanwore
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Konimpo Kanwore
- Faculty Mixed of Medicine and Pharmacy, Lomé-Togo, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Ayanlaja Abdulrahman Abiola
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Park HJ, Lee WY, Zhang M, Hong KH, Park C, Kim JH, Song H. Evaluation of Resmethrin Toxicity to Neonatal Testes in Organ Culture. Toxicol Sci 2021; 173:53-64. [PMID: 31593228 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resmethrin is a widely used pyrethroid insecticide, which causes low toxicity in mammals. However, its toxicity in testes has not been fully investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity of resmethrin in mouse testes using an in vitro organ culture. Mouse testicular fragments (MTFs) derived from neonates were cultured in medium containing resmethrin for 30 days. Effects on spermatogenesis in the cultured testes were investigated as functions of both time and dose. Resmethrin significantly downregulated the transcription levels of marker genes for spermatogonia and the number of spermatogenic germ cells relative to those of the controls, according to quantitative PCR and immunostaining. In addition, spermatocyte was observed in the control, but not in 50 μM resmethrin-exposed cultures. Levels of the SYCP3 meiotic marker and phosphorylated H2AX decreased by resmethrin treatment, as observed by Western blotting. Toxic or apoptotic effects of resmethrin in Sertoli and Leydig cells from MTFs were not observed by immunostaining and Tunnel assay. No changes in the expression of steroidogenic enzymes were noted. Apoptosis was only detected in the germ cells of resmethrin-treated MTFs. Thus, the highest dose of resmethrin tested (50 μM) completely inhibited spermatogenesis, because of apoptosis of germ cells and spermatocytes. Although the in vivo toxicity of resmethrin has not yet been studied in detail, significant evidence for cytotoxicity was observed in our organ cultures. This methodological approach is useful for the study of reproductive toxicity before proceeding to animal models, as it greatly reduces the use of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agricultures and Fisheries, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingtian Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Khodamoradi P, Amniattalab A, Alizadeh S. Overexpression of GDNF and FGF-1 in Canine Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Evidence for a Pathogenetic Role of Neural Growth Factor. J Comp Pathol 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Khodamoradi P, Amniattalab A, Alizadeh S. Overexpression of GDNF and FGF-1 in Canine Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Evidence for a Pathogenetic Role of Neural Growth Factor. J Comp Pathol 2021; 182:43-53. [PMID: 33494907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in aged dogs, but the pathogenesis has not been clearly elucidated. A total of 33 male Iranian dogs of mixed breed and in three age groups (under 3 years [n = 10]; 3-6 years [n = 15]; over 6 years [n = 8]), were investigated. BPH was confirmed by ultrasonography and histopathology in 13 cases. The highest prevalence of BPH was in the 3-6 years age group (8/15; 53.3%). Examination of sections of prostate that had been stained with Masson's trichrome revealed that the intensity of stromal smooth muscle cell staining (P <0.05) and the number of fibroblasts (P = 0.002) were significantly increased in BPH compared with normal prostate glands. Prostate cells from dogs with BPH (n = 13) had a significantly higher intensity of cytoplasmic immunolabelling with antibodies against glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, vimentin, fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), compared with normal prostate glands (n = 20) (P = 0.001), except for PSA, which was negative in both normal and BPH affected prostates. The overexpression of GDNF and FGF-1 in stromal and epithelial cells of prostate glands of dogs with BPH suggests that GDNF has a paracrine or autocrine role in stimulating cellular proliferation. GDNF overexpression may also play a pathogenetic role in promoting chronic prostatitis and increasing fibrosis and the smooth muscle component of the prostate gland in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Khodamoradi
- Department of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Amniattalab
- Department of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Siamak Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
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D’Antongiovanni V, Benvenuti L, Fornai M, Pellegrini C, van den Wijngaard R, Cerantola S, Giron MC, Caputi V, Colucci R, Haskó G, Németh ZH, Blandizzi C, Antonioli L. Glial A 2B Adenosine Receptors Modulate Abnormal Tachykininergic Responses and Prevent Enteric Inflammation Associated with High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051245. [PMID: 32443525 PMCID: PMC7290602 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role played by adenosine A2B receptors (A2BRs) in the regulation of enteric glial cell (EGC) functions remains unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the involvement of A2BRs in the control of EGC functions in a model of obesity. C57BL/6 mice were fed with standard diet (SD) or high fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks. Colonic tachykininergic contractions were recorded in the presence of BAY60-6583 (A2BRs agonist), MRS1754 (A2BRs antagonist), and the gliotoxin fluorocitrate. Immunofluorescence distribution of HuC/D, S100β, and A2BRs was assessed in whole mount preparations of colonic myenteric plexus. To mimic HFD, EGCs were incubated in vitro with palmitate (PA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in the absence or in the presence of A2BR ligands. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was assessed by Western blot analysis. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), substance P (SP), and glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) release were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays. MRS1754 enhanced electrically evoked tachykininergic contractions of colonic preparations from HFD mice. BAY60-6583 decreased the evoked tachykininergic contractions, with higher efficacy in HFD mice. Such effects were blunted upon incubation with fluorocitrate. In in vitro experiments on EGCs, PA and LPS increased TLR4 expression as well as IL-1β, GDNF, and SP release. Incubation with BAY60-6583 reduced TLR4 expression as well as IL-1β, GDNF, and SP release. Such effects were blunted by MRS1754. The present results suggest that A2BRs, expressed on EGCs, participate in the modulation of enteric inflammation and altered tachykininergic responses associated with obesity, thus representing a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D’Antongiovanni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.D.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Laura Benvenuti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.D.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.D.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (L.A.)
| | | | - Renè van den Wijngaard
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (M.C.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (M.C.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Valentina Caputi
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (M.C.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Gyorgy Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Correspondence: (G.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Zoltán H. Németh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.D.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (L.A.)
- Correspondence: (G.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.D.); (L.B.); (M.F.); (L.A.)
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Wang G, He X, Zhu G, Li D, Shi J, Zhang F. Ellagic acid supports neuron by regulating astroglia Nrf2. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:738-743. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo‐Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xue‐Mei He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Guo‐Fu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Dai‐Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jing‐Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
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Zhang M, Park HJ, Seo SA, Seo HR, Song H. Evaluation of toxicity of 4-octylphenol in TM4 Sertoli cells: an in vitro study. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:623-631. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1646368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingtian Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryoung Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Development of the urogenital system is regulated via the 3'UTR of GDNF. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5302. [PMID: 30923332 PMCID: PMC6438985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms controlling ureter lenght and the position of the kidney are poorly understood. Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) induced RET signaling is critical for ureteric bud outgrowth, but the function of endogenous GDNF in further renal differentiation and urogenital system development remains discursive. Here we analyzed mice where 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of GDNF is replaced with sequence less responsive to microRNA-mediated regulation, leading to increased GDNF expression specifically in cells naturally transcribing Gdnf. We demonstrate that increased Gdnf leads to short ureters in kidneys located in an abnormally caudal position thus resembling human pelvic kidneys. High GDNF levels expand collecting ductal progenitors at the expense of ureteric trunk elongation and result in expanded tip and short trunk phenotype due to changes in cell cycle length and progenitor motility. MEK-inhibition rescues these defects suggesting that MAPK-activity mediates GDNF’s effects on progenitors. Moreover, Gdnf hyper mice are infertile likely due to effects of excess GDNF on distal ureter remodeling. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of GDNF levels, for example via alterations in 3′UTR, may account for a subset of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and/or congenital infertility cases in humans and pave way to future studies.
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Barbosa GO, Bruni-Cardoso A, da Silva Pinhal MA, Augusto TM, Carvalho HF. Heparanase-1 activity and the early postnatal prostate development. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:211-220. [PMID: 30653275 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventral prostate (VP) morphogenesis starts during embryonic development and continues for the first three postnatal weeks. Heparan sulfate (HS) affects paracrine signaling. Heparanase-1 (HPSE) is the only enzyme capable of cleaving HS. HPSE releases the HS bioactive fragment and mobilizes growth factors. Little is known, however, about HS turnover and HPSE function during VP morphogenesis. In this study, we measured HSPG expression and analyzed the expression and distribution of HPSE in the rat VP. HPSE was predominantly expressed by the VP epithelium. The VP was treated with heparin in ex vivo cultures to interfere with HS and resulted in delayed epithelial growth. Hpse knockdown using siRNA delayed epithelial growth in the first postnatal week ex vivo, which was similar to treating with the lower concentration of heparin. Hpse silencing was related to changes in HS chain length (as determined by size-exclusion chromatography, up-regulation of Mmp9, and down-regulation of Mmp2 expression). It also down-modulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting a reduction in signaling, likely due to decreased HS cleavage and growth factor bioavailability. Our results showed that HPSE played a role in early epithelial growth during the first week of VP postnatal development. Developmental Dynamics 248:211-220, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Oliveira Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nahari E, Razi M. Silymarin amplifies apoptosis in ectopic endometrial tissue in rats with endometriosis; implication on growth factor GDNF, ERK1/2 and Bcl-6b expression. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:757-767. [PMID: 30195499 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present prospective study was done to evaluate the effect of silymarin (SMN) on endometriotic-like legions establishment and growth in experimentally-induced endometriosis. For this purpose, the experimental endometriosis was induced in 12 rats and then the animals subdivided into endometriosis-sole and SMN (50 mg kg-1, orally)+endometriosis groups. Following 28 days, the legions establishment, size, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), gfrα1, B Cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6b), Bcl-2, extracellular regulator kinase (ERK1/2) expression ratios, angiogenesis, the apoptosis and fibrosis indices were investigated. The SMN significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the enometriotic-like legions establishment and size, decreased mRNA levels of GDNF, gfrα1, Bcl-6b and Bcl-2 and remarkably diminished GDNF, gfrα1, Bcl-6b and Bcl-2-positive cells distribution/mm2 of tissue versus endometriosis-sole group. The SMN + endometriosis group exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in ERK1/2 expression and represented diminished vascularized area and increased apoptosis and fibrosis indices, as well. In conclusion, the SMN by down-regulating GDNF and its receptor gfrα1 expression inhibits GDNF-gfrα1 complex generation and consequently suppresses Bcl-6b expression. Moreover, the SMN by enhancing the ERK1/2 expression and by suppressing the Bcl-2 expression promotes the apoptosis pathway. Finally, the SMN by down-regulating the angiogenesis ratio accelerates apoptosis and consequently induces severe fibrosis in endometriotic-like legions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Nahari
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. BOC: 1177, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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12
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Toivanen R, Shen MM. Prostate organogenesis: tissue induction, hormonal regulation and cell type specification. Development 2017; 144:1382-1398. [PMID: 28400434 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate organogenesis is a complex process that is primarily mediated by the presence of androgens and subsequent mesenchyme-epithelial interactions. The investigation of prostate development is partly driven by its potential relevance to prostate cancer, in particular the apparent re-awakening of key developmental programs that occur during tumorigenesis. However, our current knowledge of the mechanisms that drive prostate organogenesis is far from complete. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of prostate development, focusing on recent findings regarding sexual dimorphism, bud induction, branching morphogenesis and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Toivanen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Park HJ, Bolton EC. RET-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling inhibits mouse prostate development. Development 2017; 144:2282-2293. [PMID: 28506996 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In humans and rodents, the prostate gland develops from the embryonic urogenital sinus (UGS). The androgen receptor (AR) is thought to control the expression of morphogenetic genes in inductive UGS mesenchyme, which promotes proliferation and cytodifferentiation of the prostatic epithelium. However, the nature of the AR-regulated morphogenetic genes and the mechanisms whereby AR controls prostate development are not understood. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) binds GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1) and signals through activation of RET tyrosine kinase. Gene disruption studies in mice have revealed essential roles for GDNF signaling in development; however, its role in prostate development is unexplored. Here, we establish novel roles of GDNF signaling in mouse prostate development. Using an organ culture system for prostate development and Ret mutant mice, we demonstrate that RET-mediated GDNF signaling in UGS increases proliferation of mesenchyme cells and suppresses androgen-induced proliferation and differentiation of prostate epithelial cells, inhibiting prostate development. We also identify Ar as a GDNF-repressed gene and Gdnf and Gfrα1 as androgen-repressed genes in UGS, thus establishing reciprocal regulatory crosstalk between AR and GDNF signaling in prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eric C Bolton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Duan MH, Wang LN, Jiang YH, Pei YY, Guan DD, Qiu ZD. Angelica sinensis reduced Aβ-induced memory impairment in rats. J Drug Target 2015; 24:340-7. [PMID: 26821843 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1077848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that Angelica sinensis (JiLin AoDong Medicine Industry Groups Co., Ltd., Jilin, China) root (AS) ameliorates various diseases, although its effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not been elucidated. PURPOSE The present study examined the effects of AS in a rat model of AD. METHODS Positional Aβ injections were administered to rats. The behavioral effects of AS administration were examined using the Morris water maze, and the molecular effects on gene and protein expression, and apoptosis, were determined. RESULTS AS reversed the social behavioral impairments observed in this rat model of Aβ-induced memory impairment. Western blot analysis also revealed lower hippocampal levels of Aβ and β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferased UTP nick end labeling indicated that AS significantly inhibited apoptosis via effects on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemical staining indicated that AS effectively inhibited inflammation and upregulated expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of this rat AD model. DISCUSSION AS effectively rescued the symptoms of AD in a rat model by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis, and NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that AS could provide a potential drug for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Duan
- a Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- a Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Yan-Hong Jiang
- a Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Ying-Yuan Pei
- a Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Dong-Dong Guan
- a Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Zhi-Dong Qiu
- a Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
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