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Liang W, Zhou C, Jin S, Fu L, Zhang H, Huang X, Long H, Ming W, Zhao J. An update on the advances in the field of nanostructured drug delivery systems for a variety of orthopedic applications. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2241667. [PMID: 38037335 PMCID: PMC10987052 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2241667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has made significant progress in various fields, including medicine, in recent times. The application of nanotechnology in drug delivery has sparked a lot of research interest, especially due to its potential to revolutionize the field. Researchers have been working on developing nanomaterials with distinctive characteristics that can be utilized in the improvement of drug delivery systems (DDS) for the local, targeted, and sustained release of drugs. This approach has shown great potential in managing diseases more effectively with reduced toxicity. In the medical field of orthopedics, the use of nanotechnology is also being explored, and there is extensive research being conducted to determine its potential benefits in treatment, diagnostics, and research. Specifically, nanophase drug delivery is a promising technique that has demonstrated the capability of delivering medications on a nanoscale for various orthopedic applications. In this article, we will explore current advancements in the area of nanostructured DDS for orthopedic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Guanghua Hospital, Zhoushan, China
| | - Songtao Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing City Keqiao District Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Hengjian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xiaogang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hengguo Long
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wenyi Ming
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
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Bisphosphonate-Based Conjugates and Derivatives as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Osteoporosis, Bone Cancer and Metastatic Bone Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136869. [PMID: 34206757 PMCID: PMC8268474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic bone cancer occurs in every type of cancer but is prevalent in lung, breast, and prostate cancers. These metastases can cause extensive morbidity, including a range of skeletal-related events, often painful and linked with substantial hospital resource usage. The treatment used is a combination of chemotherapy and surgery. However, anticancer drugs are still limited due to severe side effects, drug resistance, poor blood supply, and non-specific drug uptake, necessitating high toxic doses. Bisphosphonates are the main class of drugs utilized to inhibit metastatic bone cancer. It is also used for the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone diseases. However, bisphosphonate also suffers from serious side effects. Thus, there is a serious need to develop bisphosphonate conjugates with promising therapeutic outcomes for treating metastatic bone cancer and osteoporosis. This review article focuses on the biological outcomes of designed bisphosphonate-based conjugates for the treatment of metastatic bone cancer and osteoporosis.
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Sawamoto K, Álvarez JV, Herreño AM, Otero-Espinar FJ, Couce ML, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Tomatsu S. Bone-Specific Drug Delivery for Osteoporosis and Rare Skeletal Disorders. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:515-525. [PMID: 32845464 PMCID: PMC7541793 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The skeletal system provides an important role to support body structure and protect organs. The complexity of its architecture and components makes it challenging to deliver the right amount of the drug into bone regions, particularly avascular cartilage lesions. In this review, we describe the recent advance of bone-targeting methods using bisphosphonates, polymeric oligopeptides, and nanoparticles on osteoporosis and rare skeletal diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Hydroxyapatite (HA), a calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is a primary matrix of bone mineral that includes a high concentration of positively charged calcium ion and is found only in the bone. This unique feature makes HA a general targeting moiety to the entire skeletal system. We have applied bone-targeting strategy using acidic amino acid oligopeptides into lysosomal enzymes, demonstrating the effects of bone-targeting enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapy on bone and cartilage lesions in inherited skeletal disorders. Virus or no-virus gene therapy using techniques of engineered capsid or nanomedicine has been studied preclinically for skeletal diseases. Efficient drug delivery into bone lesions remains an unmet challenge in clinical practice. Bone-targeting therapies based on gene transfer can be potential as new candidates for skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sawamoto
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - J Víctor Álvarez
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | - Francisco J Otero-Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria L Couce
- Department of CC Foren. An. Pat, Gin. and Obst. and Paed. Neonatology Service, Metabolic Unit, University Clinic Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos J Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE, 19899-0269, USA.
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Shi C, Wu T, He Y, Zhang Y, Fu D. Recent advances in bone-targeted therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 207:107473. [PMID: 31926198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coordination between bone resorption and bone formation plays an essential role in keeping the mass and microstructure integrity of the bone in a steady state. However, this balance can be disturbed in many pathological conditions of the bone. Nowadays, the classical modalities for treating bone-related disorders are being challenged by severe obstacles owing to low tissue selectivity and considerable safety concerns. Moreover, as a highly mineralized tissue, the bone shows innate rigidity, low permeability, and reduced blood flow, features that further hinder the effective treatment of bone diseases. With the development of bone biology and precision medicine, one novel concept of bone-targeted therapy appears to be promising, with improved therapeutic efficacy and minimized systematic toxicity. Here we focus on the recent advances in bone-targeted treatment based on the unique biology of bone tissues. We summarize commonly used bone-targeting moieties, with an emphasis on bisphosphonates, tetracyclines, and biomimetic bone-targeting moieties. We also introduce potential bone-targeting strategies aimed at the bone matrix and major cell types in the bone. Based on these bone-targeting moieties and strategies, we discuss the potential applications of targeted therapy to treat bone diseases. We expect that this review will put together useful insights to help with the search for therapeutic efficacy in bone-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Dehao Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, PR China.
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5
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The genetics of the opioid system and specific drug addictions. Hum Genet 2012; 131:823-42. [PMID: 22547174 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to drugs is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that has major medical, social, and economic complications. It has been established that genetic factors contribute to the vulnerability to develop drug addiction and to the effectiveness of its treatment. Identification of these factors may increase our understanding of the disorders, help in the development of new treatments and advance personalized medicine. In this review, we will describe the genetics of the major genes of the opioid system (opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands) in connection to addiction to opioids, cocaine, alcohol and methamphetamines. Particular emphasis is given to association and functional studies of specific variants. We will provide information on the sample populations and the size of each study, as well as a list of the variants implicated in association with addiction-related phenotypes, and with the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for addiction.
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Wang Y, Li LZ, Zhang YL, Sun WJ, Zhu YQ, Cui Y, Qi L. LC, a novel estrone-rhein hybrid compound, promotes proliferation and differentiation and protects against cell death in human osteoblastic MG-63 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 344:59-68. [PMID: 21767602 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen analogs are promising drugs for postmenopausal osteoporosis, but because of their possible side effects, estrogens which exert their estrogenic effects selectively on bone are desired. Based on our previous studies that rhein had high affinity for the bone mineral, we synthesized estrone-rhein hybrid compounds and confirmed that one of these hybrid compounds, LC, exhibited a selective profile in the bone and prevented bone loss but had no effect on endometrium growth in ovariectomized rats. However, the mechanisms underlying its actions on human bone cells have remained largely unknown. Here we show that LC increases proliferation and differentiation and opposes cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human osteoblastic MG-63 cells containing two estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms. LC promotes proliferation by altering cell cycle distribution whereas LC-mediated survival may be associated with up-regulation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) expression. Treatment with the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 abolishes the above actions of LC on osteoblast-derived cells. Using small interfering double-stranded RNAs technology, we further demonstrate that the effects of LC on proliferation and survival are mediated by both ERα and ERβ but those on differentiation primarily by ERα. Moreover, we demonstrate that LC may promote activation of the classic estrogen response element (ERE) pathway through increasing steroid receptor coactivator (SRC)-3 expression. Meanwhile, we find that regulation of osteoblastic proliferation and survival by LC involves Ras/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling. Therefore, using rhein for conjugating compounds is a promising method of effectively targeting estrogens to the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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Palma E, Correia JDG, Campello MPC, Santos I. Bisphosphonates as radionuclide carriers for imaging or systemic therapy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2950-66. [PMID: 21879109 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05242j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BP's), biologically stable analogs of naturally occurring pyrophosphates, became the treatment of choice for pathologic conditions characterized by increased osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, namely Paget's disease, osteoporosis and tumor bone disease. Moreover, the clinical success of BP's is also associated with their use in (99m)Tc-based radiopharmaceuticals for bone imaging. In addition to the successful delivery of (99m)Tc (γ-emitter) to bone, BP's have also been used to deliver β(-)-particle emitting radiometals (e.g.(153)Sm, (186/188)Re) for bone-pain palliation. The main goal of this Review is to update the most recent research efforts toward the synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel BP-containing radiometal complexes and radiohalogenated compounds for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The structure and in vivo properties of those compounds will be discussed and compared to the clinically available ones, namely in terms of image quality and therapeutic effect. We will also mention briefly the use of BP's as carriers of multimodal nuclear and optical imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Palma
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal
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8
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Wang Y, Li LZ, Zhang YL, Zhu YQ, Wu J, Sun WJ. LC, a novel estrone-rhein hybrid compound, concurrently stimulates osteoprotegerin and inhibits receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and interleukin-6 production by human osteoblastic cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 337:43-51. [PMID: 21291955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen analogues are promising drugs for postmenopausal osteoporosis, but because of their possible side effects such as increased risk of cancer, estrogens which exert their estrogenic effects selectively on bone are desired. It has been shown that rhein inhibits osteoclast formation and bone resorption activity and has an antitumor role in several types of cancers. Having found that rhein had high affinity for the bone mineral, we synthesized estrone-rhein hybrid compounds and confirmed that one of these hybrid compounds, LC, exhibited a selective profile in the bone and prevented bone loss but had no effect on endometrium growth in ovariectomized rats. However, the mechanisms underlying its actions on human bone cells have not been well defined. Here we show that LC concurrently stimulates osteoprotegerin (OPG) and inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by human osteoblastic MG-63 cells containing two estrogen receptor (ER) isotypes. Treatment with the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 abrogates the above actions of LC on osteoblast-derived cells. Using small interfering double-stranded RNAs (siRNA) technology, we further demonstrate that the effects of LC on IL-6 production are mediated by both ERα and ERβ but those on OPG and RANKL expression primarily by ERα. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that LC functions at least partially through activation of the classic estrogen response element (ERE) pathway as well as Ras/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling. The effect of LC on bone is due to not only its estrogenic activity but also action of its rhein moiety. Also, this compound shows much weaker effect on breast epithelial cell growth than that of estrone. Therefore, using rhein for conjugating compounds is a promising method of effectively targeting estrogens to the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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Li B, Ling Chau JF, Wang X, Leong WF. Bisphosphonates, specific inhibitors of osteoclast function and a class of drugs for osteoporosis therapy. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1229-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Krohn K, Sohrab MH, van Ree T, Draeger S, Schulz B, Antus S, Kurtán T. Dinemasones A, B and C - New Bioactive Metabolites from the Endophytic FungusDinemasporium strigosum. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Candidate gene polymorphisms predicting individual sensitivity to opioids. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 377:269-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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van der Zwaluw CS, van den Wildenberg E, Wiers RW, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Scholte RHJ, Engels RCME. Polymorphisms in the µ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) and the implications for alcohol dependence in humans. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:1427-36. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.10.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin and adoption studies have shown that alcohol dependence contains a substantial genetic component. In attempts to identify the genetic factors involved, association studies have linked the opioid system to alcohol dependence, with a main focus on the OPRM1 gene encoding the μ-opioid receptor. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the associations between polymorphisms in OPRM1 and alcohol dependence. We addressed findings of 12 studies that met our inclusion criteria. All studies employed a case–control design and included alcohol dependence as a dependent outcome measure. Our review showed that clinical studies do not unequivocally support an association between polymorphisms in OPRM1 and alcohol dependence. Factors that complicate genetic research on alcohol dependence, such as gene–environment interaction, and genetic and clinical heterogeneity, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S van der Zwaluw
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinout W Wiers
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- IVO Addiction, Research Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Ron HJ Scholte
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger CME Engels
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Chang CI, Kuo YH. Oleanane-type triterpenes from Ludwigia octovalvis. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2007; 9:67-72. [PMID: 17365192 DOI: 10.1080/10286020500382769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Two new oleanane-type triterpenes, (23Z)-feruloylhederagenin (1) and (23E)-feruloylhederagenin (2), together with two known oleanane-type triterpenes, beta-amyrin acetate and beta-amyrin palmitate, have been isolated from the whole plant of Ludwigia octovalvis. The structures of 1 and 2 were characterised on the basis of spectral evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-I Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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14
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Zhang Y, Wang D, Johnson AD, Papp AC, Sadée W. Allelic Expression Imbalance of Human mu Opioid Receptor (OPRM1) Caused by Variant A118G. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32618-24. [PMID: 16046395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504942200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a primary target for opioid drugs and peptides, the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) plays a key role in pain perception and addiction. Genetic variants of OPRM1 have been implicated in predisposition to drug addiction, in particular the single nucleotide polymorphism A118G, leading to an N40D substitution, with an allele frequency of 10-32%, and uncertain functions. We have measured allele-specific mRNA expression of OPRM1 in human autopsy brain tissues, using A118G as a marker. In 8 heterozygous samples measured, the A118 mRNA allele was 1.5-2.5-fold more abundant than the G118 allele. Transfection into Chinese hamster ovary cells of a cDNA representing only the coding region of OPRM1, carrying adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and thymidine in position 118, resulted in 1.5-fold lower mRNA levels only for OPRM1-G118, and more than 10-fold lower OPRM1 protein levels, measured by Western blotting and receptor binding assay. After transfection and inhibition of transcription with actinomycin D, analysis of mRNA turnover failed to reveal differences in mRNA stability between A118 and G118 alleles, indicating a defect in transcription or mRNA maturation. These results indicate that OPRM1-G118 is a functional variant with deleterious effects on both mRNA and protein yield. Clarifying the functional relevance of polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to a complex disorder such as drug addiction provides a foundation for clinical association studies.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Allelic Imbalance
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Variation
- Genotype
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Mutagenesis
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Substance-Related Disorders
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Program in Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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15
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Abstract
Despite several decades of progress, bone-specific delivery is still limited by the unique anatomical features of bone, which mainly consists of inorganic hydroxyapatite. A practical approach to this problem is to produce targeted drugs that have a high affinity for hydroxyapatite. Bisphosphonates are a class of synthetic compounds structurally related to pyrophosphate. Bisphosphonates rapidly localise on the bone surface after being administered either intravenously or orally, since the P-C-P portion of the bisphosphonate structure has high affinity for hydroxyapatite. Therefore, bisphosphonate modification might be a promising method for targeting drugs selectively to the bone. Bisphosphonate-conjugated drugs are hydrophilic and highly water-soluble due to the acidic nature of the bisphosphonate moiety at physiological pH, and therefore they hardly permeate through the biological membrane of soft tissues. These physicochemical changes also reduce the intrinsic susceptibility of the drug to metabolism, promoting urinary or biliary excretion as unchanged drug. All these physicochemical and pharmacokinetic alterations contribute to the exceptional skeletal disposition of bisphosphonate-conjugated drugs. Bisphosphonate conjugation is based on chemical modification of the targeting molecule, and therapeutically optimised bisphosphonate derivatives have to be custom-developed on a case-by-case basis. The bisphosphonate moiety is usually coupled with the targeting drug through a specific linkage. The high affinity of bisphosphonate conjugates for the bone is not simply dependent on the bisphosphonate moiety but on the resultant molecule as a whole, including the linker and the linked drug. Lipophilicity (represented as log P) appears to be an appropriate index for predicting the osteotropic properties of bisphosphonate derivatives. Several strategies using bisphosphonate-conjugated drugs have been investigated at a laboratory level with the aim of obtaining therapeutically optimised treatments for conditions such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and bone cancer. In each case, the intention is to achieve prolonged local exposure to high concentrations of the targeting drug, thereby improving therapeutic index by enhancing pharmacological efficacy and minimising systemic adverse effects. Although most examples of bone-specific drug delivery via bone-seeking agents still remain in preclinical studies, several phosphonate-coupled radiopharmaceuticals, such as samarium-153 complexed to tetraphosphonate, are expected to be an effective pain palliation therapies for metastatic bone cancer and are currently being developed in clinical trials. Furthermore, recent reports on bisphosphonate-modified proteins have illustrated the feasibility of bone-specific delivery of biologically active protein drugs, such as cytokines and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hirabayashi
- Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan.
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16
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Jorm AF, Prior M, Sanson A, Smart D, Zhang Y, Tan S, Easteal S. Lack of association of a single-nucleotide polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene with anxiety-related traits: results from a cross-sectional study of adults and a longitudinal study of children. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:659-64. [PMID: 12210283 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence from animal experiments that the mu- and delta-opioid receptors may play a role in anxiety and depression. It might therefore be expected that functional polymorphisms of these genes in humans are associated with anxiety and depression. We investigated a single-nucleotide polymorphism (Asn40Asp) of the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1). This association was investigated in two samples: 1) a cross-sectional survey of 867 community-living adults aged 18-79 years who were assessed for anxiety and depression symptoms and related personality traits; and 2) a longitudinal study of childhood temperament in which 660 children were followed from infancy to the mid-teens and assessed for anxiety-related temperament and behavior problems. The data did not support a role for the Asn40Asp polymorphism in anxiety and depression, despite adequate statistical power to detect small effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F Jorm
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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