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Costa C, Anselmo H, Ferro R, Matos AS, Casimiro T, Aguiar-Ricardo A. Dry Dosage Forms of Add-Value Bioactive Phenolic Compounds by Supercritical CO2-Assisted Spray-Drying. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27062001. [PMID: 35335363 PMCID: PMC8950927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Every year, grapevine pruning produces huge amounts of residue, 90% of which are from vine shoots. These are a rich source of natural antioxidants, mostly phenolic compounds, which, when properly extracted, can give rise to added-value products. However, their lack of solubility in aqueous media and high susceptibility to thermal and oxidative degradation highly limit their bioavailability. Encapsulation in suitable carriers may have a positive impact on their bioavailability and bioactivity. Previous data on vine-shoot extraction have identified gallic acid (GA) and resveratrol (RSV) as the main phenolic compounds. In this work, model dry powder formulations (DPFs) of GA and RSV using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as carriers were developed using Supercritical CO2-Assisted Spray Drying (SASD). A 32 full factorial Design of Experiments investigated the solid and ethanol contents to ascertain process yield, particle size, span, and encapsulation efficiency. Amorphous powder yields above 60%, and encapsulation efficiencies up to 100% were achieved, representing excellent performances. SASD has proven to be an efficient encapsulation technique for these phenolic compounds, preserving their antioxidation potential after three months in storage with average EC50 values of 30.6 µg/mL for GA–DPFs and 149.4 µg/mL for RSV–DPF as assessed by the scavenging capacity of the DPPH radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarinda Costa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Costa da Caparica, Portugal; (C.C.); (H.A.); (R.F.); (T.C.)
| | - Hugo Anselmo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Costa da Caparica, Portugal; (C.C.); (H.A.); (R.F.); (T.C.)
| | - Rita Ferro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Costa da Caparica, Portugal; (C.C.); (H.A.); (R.F.); (T.C.)
| | - Ana Sofia Matos
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial, UNIDEMI, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Costa da Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Teresa Casimiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Costa da Caparica, Portugal; (C.C.); (H.A.); (R.F.); (T.C.)
| | - Ana Aguiar-Ricardo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Costa da Caparica, Portugal; (C.C.); (H.A.); (R.F.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Solid Dosage Forms of Biopharmaceuticals in Drug Delivery Systems Using Sustainable Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247653. [PMID: 34946733 PMCID: PMC8708471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) often comprise biopharmaceuticals in aqueous form, making them susceptible to physical and chemical degradation, and therefore requiring low temperature storage in cold supply and distribution chains. Freeze-drying, spray-drying, and spray-freeze-drying are some of the techniques used to convert biopharmaceuticals-loaded DDS from aqueous to solid dosage forms. However, the risk exists that shear and heat stress during processing may provoke DDS damage and efficacy loss. Supercritical fluids (SCF), specifically, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), is a sustainable alternative to common techniques. Due to its moderately critical and tunable properties and thermodynamic behavior, scCO2 has aroused scientific and industrial interest. Therefore, this article reviews scCO2-based techniques used over the year in the production of solid biopharmaceutical dosage forms. Looking particularly at the use of scCO2 in each of its potential roles—as a solvent, co-solvent, anti-solvent, or co-solute. It ends with a comparison between the compound’s stability using supercritical CO2-assisted atomization/spray-drying and conventional drying.
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Solubility measurement and preparation of nanoparticles of ampicillin using subcritical water precipitation method. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kankala RK, Xu PY, Chen BQ, Wang SB, Chen AZ. Supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted fabrication of carrier-free drugs: An eco-friendly welcome to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113846. [PMID: 34197896 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success in developing various pharmaceutical formulations, most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)/drugs, according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), often suffer from various intrinsic limitations of solubility and permeability, substantially hindering their bioavailability in vivo. Regardless of the fact that the availability of different particle fabrication approaches (top-down and bottom-up) towards pharmaceutical manufacturing, the supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has emerged as one of the highly effective substitutes due to the environmentally benign nature and processing convenience, as well as the economically promising character of SCFs. The exceptional features of SCFs have endowed the fabrication of various APIs either solely or in combination with the compatible supramolecular species towards achieving improved drug delivery. Operating such APIs in high-pressure conditions often results in arbitrary-sized particulate forms, ranging from micron-sized to sub-micron/nano-sized particles. Comparatively, these SCF-processed particles offer enhanced tailorable physicochemical and morphological properties (size, shape, and surface), as well as improved performance efficacy (bioavailability and therapy) over the unprocessed APIs. Although the "carrier-based" delivery is practical among diverse delivery systems, the direct fabrication of APIs into suitable particulate forms, referred to as "carrier-free" delivery, has increased attention towards improving the bioavailability and conveying a high payload of the APIs. This review gives a comprehensive emphasis on the SCF-assisted fabrication of diverse APIs towards exploring their great potential in drug delivery. Initially, we discuss various challenges of drug delivery and particle fabrication approaches. Further, different supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)-based fabrication approaches depending on the character of SCFs are explicitly described, highlighting their advantages and suitability in processing diverse APIs. Then, we provide detailed insights on various processing factors affecting the properties and morphology of SCF-processed APIs and their pharmaceutical applications, emphasizing their performance efficacy when administered through multiple routes of administration. Finally, we summarize this compilation with exciting perspectives based on the lessons learned so far and moving forward in terms of challenges and opportunities in the scale-up and clinical translation of these drugs using this innovative technology.
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Micronization in food processing: A comprehensive review of mechanistic approach, physicochemical, functional properties and self-stability of micronized food materials. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Supercritical carbon dioxide-based technologies for the production of drug nanoparticles/nanocrystals - A comprehensive review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 131:22-78. [PMID: 30026127 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low drug bioavailability, which is mostly a result of poor aqueous drug solubilities and of inadequate drug dissolution rates, is one of the most significant challenges that pharmaceutical companies are currently facing, since this may limit the therapeutic efficacy of marketed drugs, or even result in the discard of potential highly effective drug candidates during developmental stages. Two of the main approaches that have been implemented in recent years to overcome poor drug solubility/dissolution issues have frequently involved drug particle size reduction (i.e., micronization/nanonization) and/or the modification of some of the physicochemical and structural properties of poorly water soluble drugs. A large number of particle engineering methodologies have been developed, tested, and applied in the synthesis and control of particle size/particle-size distributions, crystallinities, and polymorphic purities of drug micro- and nano-particles/crystals. In recent years pharmaceutical processing using supercritical fluids (SCF), in general, and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), in particular, have attracted a great attention from the pharmaceutical industry. This is mostly due to the several well-known advantageous technical features of these processes, as well as to other increasingly important subjects for the pharmaceutical industry, namely their "green", sustainable, safe and "environmentally-friendly" intrinsic characteristics. In this work, it is presented a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on scCO2-based processes focused on the formation and on the control of the physicochemical, structural and morphological properties of amorphous/crystalline pure drug nanoparticles. It is presented and discussed the most relevant scCO2, scCO2-based fluids and drug physicochemical properties that are pertinent for the development of successful pharmaceutical products, namely those that are critical in the selection of an adequate scCO2-based method to produce pure drug nanoparticles/nanocrystals. scCO2-based nanoparticle formation methodologies are classified in three main families, and in terms of the most important role played by scCO2 in particle formation processes: as a solvent; as an antisolvent or a co-antisolvent; and as a "high mobility" additive (a solute, a co-solute, or a co-solvent). Specific particle formation methods belonging to each one of these families are presented, discussed and compared. Some selected amorphous/crystalline drug nanoparticles that were prepared by these methods are compiled and presented, namely those studied in the last 10-15 years. A special emphasis is given to the formation of drug cocrystals. It is also discussed the fundamental knowledge and the main mechanisms in which the scCO2-based particle formation methods rely on, as well as the current status and urgent needs in terms of reliable experimental data and of robust modeling approaches. Other addressed and discussed topics include the currently available and the most adequate physicochemical, morphological and biological characterization methods required for pure drug nanoparticles/nanocrystals, some of the current nanometrology and regulatory issues associated to the use of these methods, as well as some scale-up, post-processing and pharmaceutical regulatory subjects related to the industrial implementation of these scCO2-based processes. Finally, it is also discussed the current status of these techniques, as well as their future major perspectives and opportunities for industrial implementation in the upcoming years.
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Santo IE, Campardelli R, Albuquerque EC, Vieira De Melo SA, Reverchon E, Porta GD. Liposomes Size Engineering by Combination of Ethanol Injection and Supercritical Processing. J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Bagratashvili VN, Egorov AM, Krotova LI, Mironov AV, Panchenko VY, Parenago OO, Popov VK, Revelsky IA, Timashev PS, Tsypina SI. Supercritical fluid micronization of risperidone pharmaceutical substance. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793112070019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nunes AVM, Duarte CMM. Dense CO₂ as a Solute, Co-Solute or Co-Solvent in Particle Formation Processes: A Review. MATERIALS 2011; 4:2017-2041. [PMID: 28824121 PMCID: PMC5448852 DOI: 10.3390/ma4112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of dense gases in particle formation processes has attracted great attention due to documented advantages over conventional technologies. In particular, the use of dense CO₂ in the process has been subject of many works and explored in a variety of different techniques. This article presents a review of the current available techniques in use in particle formation processes, focusing exclusively on those employing dense CO₂ as a solute, co-solute or co-solvent during the process, such as PGSS (Particles from gas-saturated solutions®), CPF (Concentrated Powder Form®), CPCSP (Continuous Powder Coating Spraying Process), CAN-BD (Carbon dioxide Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer®), SEA (Supercritical Enhanced Atomization), SAA (Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Atomization), PGSS-Drying and DELOS (Depressurization of an Expanded Liquid Organic Solution). Special emphasis is given to modifications introduced in the different techniques, as well as the limitations that have been overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V M Nunes
- Requimte/CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Catarina M M Duarte
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Republica, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal.
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Zalepugin DY, Tilkunova NA, Fronchek EV, Gallyamov MO, Chernyshova IV, Mishin VS, Yashin YS, Grigoryev TE, Gamzazade AI, Khokhlov AR. Production of new haemostatic materials by deposition of dispersed proteins onto porous matrices using supercritical carbon dioxide. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793110070018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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12
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Reverchon E, Lamberti G, Antonacci A. Supercritical fluid assisted production of HPMC composite microparticles. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Cape SP, Villa JA, Huang ETS, Yang TH, Carpenter JF, Sievers RE. Preparation of active proteins, vaccines and pharmaceuticals as fine powders using supercritical or near-critical fluids. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1967-90. [PMID: 18581212 PMCID: PMC2515571 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical or near-critical fluid processes for generating microparticles have enjoyed considerable attention in the past decade or so, with good success for substances soluble in supercritical fluids or organic solvents. In this review, we survey their application to the production of protein particles. A recently developed process known as CO2-assisted nebulization with a Bubble Dryer® (CAN-BD) has been demonstrated to have broad applicability to small-molecule as well as macromolecule substances (including therapeutic proteins). The principles of CAN-BD are discussed as well as the stabilization, micronization and drying of a wide variety of materials. More detailed case studies are presented for three proteins, two of which are of therapeutic interest: anti-CD4 antibody (rheumatoid arthritis), α1-antitrypsin (cystic fibrosis and emphysema), and trypsinogen (a model enzyme). Dry powders were formed in which stability and activity are maintained and which are fine enough to be inhaled and reach the deep lung. Enhancement of apparent activity after CAN-BD processing was also observed in some formulation and processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cape
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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Cardoso MT, Monteiro G, Cardoso J, Prazeres T, Figueiredo J, Martinho J, Cabral J, Palavra A. Supercritical antisolvent micronization of minocycline hydrochloride. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Reverchon E, Adami R, Caputo G. Production of cromolyn sodium microparticles for aerosol delivery by supercritical assisted atomization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:E114. [PMID: 18181535 DOI: 10.1208/pt0804114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to produce cromolyn sodium (CS) micrometric particles with controlled particle size (PS) and PS distribution (PSD) suitable for aerosol delivery, using a supercritical fluids-based process. CS was micronized using the supercritical assisted atomization (SAA) technique at different solute concentrations in water and different precipitation temperatures. Two techniques were used to measure PS and PSD of produced particles: scanning electron microscopy image analysis and laser scattering analysis. The 2 techniques were compared to provide a complete description of the powder obtained. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was used to verify the absence of degradation of CS after micronization; differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray analysis were performed to study the effect of operative conditions on the crystalline structure and on the water content of SAA micronized particles. The CS particles obtained were spherical, with a volumetric percentage of particles with a diameter ranging between 1 and 5 microm of 50% to 66%. The precipitation temperature had no significant effect on PSD, but high drying temperatures led to product degradation. Increasing the concentration of CS in water solution produced an increase in PS of the micronized particles. TGA showed that the micronized CS had a different hydration state than the untreated CS did. The micronized product was stable after 12 months of storage, and no modifications in structure, morphology, or crystallinity were detected. In conclusion, SAA is an efficient technique for micronization of CS, and stable spherical amorphous particles suitable for aerosol delivery can be produced.
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Chiou AHJ, Yeh MK, Chen CY, Wang DP. Micronization of meloxicam using a supercritical fluids process. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Tenorio A, Gordillo M, Pereyra C, de la Ossa EM. Controlled submicro particle formation of ampicillin by supercritical antisolvent precipitation. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Reverchon E, Antonacci A. Drug–polymer microparticles produced by supercritical assisted atomization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:1626-37. [PMID: 17286274 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The supercritical assisted atomization (SAA) was proposed as a new technique to produce composite microparticles for drug controlled release. Ampicillin trihydrate and chitosan were selected as model drug and carrier, respectively, and 1% v/v acetic acid aqueous solution was used as solvent. The effect of the polymer/drug ratio on particle morphology and drug release rate was evaluated. SEM analysis indicated that non-coalescing spherical microparticles formed by chitosan/ampicillin were produced by SAA. All coprecipitates produced have a sharp particle distribution, with diameters ranging between about 0.1 and 6 microm. SAA composite microparticles were characterized by X-ray, DSC, EDX and UV-vis analysis. A solid solution of the chitosan and ampicillin was produced and a stabilizing effect of the polymer on the drug has resulted that protects ampicillin from thermal degradation. A prolonged release from SAA coprecipitates with respect to raw drug and physical mixtures of chitosan and ampicillin was obtained; moreover, the polymer/drug ratio has revealed to be a controlling parameter for drug release. Drug release mechanisms characteristic of swelling-controlled systems were observed, with ampicillin release depending on both relaxation and diffusive mechanisms. An empirical binomial equation was used to describe experimental data, showing a fair good agreement with ampicillin release data if both the relaxational and the diffusional parameters are function of the polymer/drug ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Reverchon
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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19
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Reverchon E, Antonacci A. Polymer microparticles production by supercritical assisted atomization. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Della Porta G, Ercolino SF, Parente L, Reverchon E. Corticosteroid Microparticles Produced by Supercritical-Assisted Atomization: Process Optimization, Product Characterization, and “in Vitro” Performance. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:2062-76. [PMID: 16850410 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the production of dexametasone and dexametasone acetate microparticles is proposed using supercritical-assisted atomization (SAA). This process is based on the solubilization of supercritical carbon dioxide in a liquid solution containing the drug; then, the ternary mixture is sprayed through a nozzle and submicroparticles are formed as a consequence of the enhanced atomization. Several process parameters such as different organic solvent (methanol and acetone), solute concentration and flow rate ratio between the liquid solution and carbon dioxide are investigated; their influence is evaluated on the morphology and size of precipitated particles. Spherical corticosteroid particles with mean diameters ranging from 0.5 to 1.2 microm are produced at the optimum operating conditions and narrow particle size distributions (PSDs) have also been obtained. No drug degradation was observed after SAA processing and solvent residues of 300 and 500 ppm for acetone and methanol, respectively, were measured. Drug microparticles produced by SAA can be semi-crystalline or amorphous depending on the process condition; a micronized drug surface area ranging from about 4 to 5 m2/g was also observed. The "in vitro" activity of both untreated and SAA processed glucocorticoids was tested on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from stimulated cells. The results shown that SAA-glucocorticoids have retained the activity of the parent untreated compounds and, in the case of dexamethasone, SAA processing improves drug performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Della Porta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e Alimentare, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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Reverchon E, Antonacci A. Cyclodextrins micrometric powders obtained by supercritical fluid processing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:753-61. [PMID: 16477660 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid technology offers the possibility to produce dry powder formulations of biocompatible materials, overcoming the drawbacks of classical micronization processes. In this work, Supercritical Assisted Atomization (SAA) has been used to micronize alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD). Some process parameters, such as precipitation temperature and solute concentration in the liquid solution, have been studied to evaluate their influence on morphology and size of precipitated particles. Cyclodextrins (CDs) micronization has been successful: well-defined spherical microparticles of alpha-CD and HP-beta-CD have been produced. Particle size analysis revealed that sharp distributions have been obtained: 95% of particles have diameters ranging between 0.1 and 5 microm for both CDs. X-ray and DSC analyses have been also performed to investigate CDs modifications induced by SAA processing: amorphous particles have been obtained in both cases, whereas raw alpha-CD was crystalline and raw HP-beta-CD was amorphous.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reverchon
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e Alimentare, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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22
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Reverchon E, Antonacci A. Chitosan Microparticles Production by Supercritical Fluid Processing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie060233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Reverchon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Antonacci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Chen Y, Liu J, Yang X, Zhao X, Xu H. Oleanolic acid nanosuspensions: preparation, in-vitro characterization and enhanced hepatoprotective effect. J Pharm Pharmacol 2005; 57:259-64. [PMID: 15720792 DOI: 10.1211/0022357055407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid is a naturally derived triterpene used clinically in the treatment of hepatitis in China, but its poor solubility often leads to poor bioavailability. In the present study, oleanolic acid nanosuspensions were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method and then systematically characterized. The average particle size of the obtained nanosuspensions was 284.9 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.216. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the drug existed as spherical or near-spherical nanoparticles in the nanosuspensions. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies indicated that oleanolic acid was present in an amorphous state in the lyophilized nanosuspensions. At 25 degrees C, the saturation solubility of oleanolic acid was increased by about 6 times after nanoation (25.72 microg mL(-1) vs 4.37 microg mL(-1)). In the in-vitro drug release experiments, the lyophilized nanosuspensions showed a faster drug dissolution rate than that of the coarse drug powder (approx. 90% vs 15% during the first 20 min), and nearly 95% of the oleanolic acid was released by 120 min. As evidenced by the lower serum alanine aminotransferase activity and liver malondialdehyde content, pre-treatment with oleanolic acid nanosuspensions significantly enhanced the hepatoprotective effect of oleanolic acid against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Reverchon E, Della Porta G, Spada A, Antonacci A. Griseofulvin micronization and dissolution rate improvement by supercritical assisted atomization. J Pharm Pharmacol 2005; 56:1379-87. [PMID: 15525444 DOI: 10.1211/0022357044751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical assisted atomization (SAA) was used to micronize griseofulvin (GF), selected as a model compound, to verify the performance of this innovative process. SAA is based on the solubilization of supercritical carbon dioxide in a liquid solution containing the drug. The ternary mixture is then sprayed through a nozzle and microparticles are formed as a consequence of the enhanced atomization. Precipitation temperature and drug concentration in the liquid solution were studied to evaluate their influence on morphology and size of precipitated particles. A good particle size control was obtained and GF spherical particles with mean diameters ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 microm were produced with a narrow particle size distribution. Processed GF was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV/vis, headspace-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, differential scanning calorimetry, BET and X-ray analyses. No drug degradation was observed and a solvent residue (acetone) less than 800 ppm was measured. GF microparticles showed good stability and surface areas ranging from about 4 to 6 m(2) g(-1); moreover, the micronized drug retained the crystalline habit. GF capsules were formulated with starch and used to compare the dissolution rate of SAA-processed and conventional jet-milled drug. A faster dissolution and a better reproducibility of the dissolution profile were observed for SAA-processed GF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reverchon
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e Alimentare, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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