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Chiyo N, Seki H, Kanamoto T, Ueda H, Kojoma M, Muranaka T. Glycyrrhizin Production in Licorice Hairy Roots Based on Metabolic Redirection of Triterpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway by Genome Editing. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:185-198. [PMID: 38153756 PMCID: PMC10873519 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin, a type of the triterpenoid saponin, is a major active ingredient contained in the roots of the medicinal plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra and G. inflata), and is used worldwide in diverse applications, such as herbal medicines and sweeteners. The growing demand for licorice threatens wild resources and therefore a sustainable method of supplying glycyrrhizin is required. With the goal of establishing an alternative glycyrrhizin supply method not dependent on wild plants, we attempted to produce glycyrrhizin using hairy root culture. We tried to promote glycyrrhizin production by blocking competing pathways using CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing. CYP93E3 CYP72A566 double-knockout (KO) and CYP93E3 CYP72A566 CYP716A179 LUS1 quadruple-KO variants were generated, and a substantial amount of glycyrrhizin accumulation was confirmed in both types of hairy root. Furthermore, we evaluated the potential for promoting further glycyrrhizin production by simultaneous CYP93E3 CYP72A566 double-KO and CYP88D6-overexpression. This strategy resulted in a 3-fold increase (∼1.4 mg/g) in glycyrrhizin accumulation in double-KO/CYP88D6-overexpression hairy roots, on average, compared with that of double-KO hairy roots. These findings demonstrate that the combination of blocking competing pathways and overexpression of the biosynthetic gene is important for enhancing glycyrrhizin production in G. uralensis hairy roots. Our findings provide the foundation for sustainable glycyrrhizin production using hairy root culture. Given the widespread use of genome editing technology in hairy roots, this combined with gene knockout and overexpression could be widely applied to the production of valuable substances contained in various plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Chiyo
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Institution for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takuya Kanamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Mareshige Kojoma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun, 061-0293 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Institution for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
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Chen L, Zhao L, Han J, Xiao P, Zhao M, Zhang S, Duan J. Biosynthesis of Chryseno[2,1,c]oxepin-12-Carboxylic Acid from Glycyrrhizic Acid in Aspergillus terreus TMZ05-2, and Analysis of Its Anti-inflammatory Activity. J Microbiol 2024; 62:113-124. [PMID: 38411880 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, and their oxo, ester, lactone, and other derivatives, are known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and hypoglycemic pharmacological activities. In this study, chryseno[2,1-c]oxepin-12-carboxylic acid (MG) was first biosynthesized from glycyrrhizic acid through sequential hydrolysis, oxidation, and esterification using Aspergillus terreus TMZ05-2, providing a novel in vitro biosynthetic pathway for glycyrrhizic acid derivatives. Assessing the influence of fermentation conditions and variation of strains during culture under stress-induction strategies enhanced the final molar yield to 88.3% (5 g/L glycyrrhizic acid). CCK8 assays showed no cytotoxicity and good cell proliferation, and anti-inflammatory experiments demonstrated strong inhibition of NO release (36.3%, low-dose MG vs. model), transcriptional downregulation of classical effective cellular factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 72.2%, low-dose MG vs. model), interleukin-6 (IL-6; 58.3%, low-dose MG vs. model) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β; 76.4%, low-dose MG vs. model), and decreased abundance of P-IKK-α, P-IKB-α, and P-P65 proteins, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses through the NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The findings provide a reference for the biosynthesis of lactone compounds from medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Han
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Akbaribazm M, Goodarzi N, Rahimi M. Female infertility and herbal medicine: An overview of the new findings. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5869-5882. [PMID: 34646552 PMCID: PMC8498057 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months' sexual activity that affects 15%-17% of couples in the world and about 50% of them are related to female infertility factors. In this study, using the PRISMA checklist and MeSH keywords, 128 articles were extracted from various databases (PubMed, Cochrane library, WHO, Iranmedex, Science Direct, SID, and Google Scholar search engine) without language and time restrictions, and 128 articles were selected after eliminating duplicate studies. In this review, we present some solid evidence for role of herbal medicine in the treatment of female infertility. The results of this study showed that different parts of some plants are rich in polyphenolic compounds (isoflavones and flavonoids) and other compounds which are beneficial to in reproductive health in women. The compounds in these plants, along with regulating the female endocrine pathways, and improving symptoms of menopause, treat female reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure (POF), endometriosis, hyperprolactinemia, and hypothalamic dysfunction; moreover, because of their anticancer, antioxidant, and antidepressant properties, they can be used in traditional medicine or in the pharmaceutical industry as safe compounds in women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Akbaribazm
- Fertility and Infertility Research CenterHealth Technology InstituteKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Nader Goodarzi
- Department of Basic Sciences and PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineRazi UniversityKermanshahIran
| | - Mohsen Rahimi
- Department of Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineStudent Research CommitteeShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Sun W, Xue H, Liu H, Lv B, Yu Y, Wang Y, Huang M, Li C. Controlling Chemo- and Regioselectivity of a Plant P450 in Yeast Cell toward Rare Licorice Triterpenoid Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Sun
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Haijie Xue
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Hu Liu
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lv
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Meilan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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Mosquera C, Panay AJ, Montoya G. Pentacyclic Triterpenes from Cecropia telenitida Can Function as Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061444. [PMID: 29899225 PMCID: PMC6099733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts from the genus Cecropia have been used by Latin-American traditional medicine to treat metabolic disorders and diabetes. Previous results have shown that roots of Cecropia telenitida contain pentacyclic triterpenes and these molecules display a hypoglycemic effect in an insulin-resistant murine model. The pharmacological target of these molecules, however, remains unknown. Several lines of evidence indicate that pentacyclic triterpenes inhibit the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme, which highlights the potential use of this type of natural product as phytotherapeutic or botanical dietary supplements. The main goal of the study was the evaluation of the inhibitory effect of Cecropia telenitida molecules on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme activity. A pre-fractionated chemical library was obtained from the roots of Cecropia telenitida using several automated chromatography separation steps and a homogeneous time resolved fluorescence assay was used for the bio-guided isolation of inhibiting molecules. The screening of a chemical library consisting of 125 chemical purified fractions obtained from Cecropia telenitida roots identified one fraction displaying 82% inhibition of the formation of cortisol by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme. Furthermore, a molecule displaying IC50 of 0.95 ± 0.09 µM was isolated from this purified fraction and structurally characterized, which confirms that a pentacyclic triterpene scaffold was responsible for the observed inhibition. Our results support the hypothesis that pentacyclic triterpene molecules from Cecropia telenitida can inhibit 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme activity. These findings highlight the potential ethnopharmacological use of plants from the genus Cecropia for the treatment of metabolic disorders and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Mosquera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca 760031, Colombia.
| | - Aram J Panay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca 760031, Colombia.
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122⁻135, Cali, Valle del Cauca 760031, Colombia.
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Alizadeh M, Namazi N, Mirtaheri E, Sargheini N, Kheirouri S. Changes of Insulin Resistance and Adipokines Following Supplementation with Glycyrrhiza Glabra L. Extract in Combination with a Low-Calorie Diet in Overweight and Obese Subjects: a Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:123-130. [PMID: 29670847 PMCID: PMC5896387 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Adipose tissue is a highly active endocrine organ which plays a key role in energy homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dried licorice extract along with a calorie restricted diet on body composition, insulin resistance and adipokines in overweight and obese subjects. Methods: Sixty-four overweight and obese volunteers (27 men, 37 women) were recruited into this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated to the Licorice (n=32) or the placebo group (n=32), and each group received a low-calorie diet with either 1.5 g/day of Licorice extract or placebo for 8 weeks. Biochemical parameters, anthropometric indices, body composition and dietary intake were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Results: A total of 58 subjects completed the trial. No side effects were observed following licorice supplementation. At the end of the study, waist circumference, fat mass, serum levels of vaspin, zinc-α2 glycoprotein, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased in the intervention group, but only the reduction in serum vaspin levels in the licorice group was significant when compared to the placebo group (p<0.01). Conclusion: Supplementation with dried licorice extract plus a low-calorie diet can increase vaspin levels in obese subjects. However, the anti-obesity effects of the intervention were not stronger than a low-calorie diet alone in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazli Namazi
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Mirtaheri
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Lei Y, Kong Y, Sui H, Feng J, Zhu R, Wang W. Enhanced oral bioavailability of glycyrrhetinic acid via nanocrystal formulation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 6:519-25. [PMID: 27206446 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare solid nanocrystals of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) for improved oral bioavailability. The anti-solvent precipitation-ultrasonication method followed by freeze-drying was adopted for the preparation of GA nanocrystals. The physicochemical properties, drug dissolution and pharmacokinetic of the obtained nanocrystals were investigated. GA nanocrystals showed a mean particle size of 220 nm and shaped like short rods. The analysis results from differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction indicated that GA remained in crystalline state despite a huge size reduction. The equilibrium solubility and dissolution rate of GA nanocrystal were significantly improved in comparison with those of the coarse GA or the physical mixture. The bioavailability of GA nanocrystals in rats was 4.3-fold higher than that of the coarse GA after oral administration. With its rapid dissolution and absorption performance, the solid nanocrystal might be a more preferable formulation for oral administration of poorly soluble GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Yindi Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Hong Sui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
- Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
- Key Lab of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Rongyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
- Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
- Key Lab of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
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You R, Long W, Lai Z, Sha L, Wu K, Yu X, Lai Y, Ji H, Huang Z, Zhang Y. Discovery of a potential anti-inflammatory agent: 3-oxo-29-noroleana-1,9(11),12-trien-2,20-dicarbonitrile. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1984-95. [PMID: 23373965 DOI: 10.1021/jm301652t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen novel derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) were synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activities. It was found that the introduction of 1-en-3-one and 9(11),12-diene and 2,20-dinitrile functionalities into the scaffold of GA led to the discovery of potent compound 19 for inhibition of LPS-induced NO production. Furthermore, 19 effectively inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Mechanistically, 19 exerted inhibitory effects on the activation of the three main MAPKs and phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α, as well as the ratio of nuclear/cytosolic content of p65. Importantly, 19 significantly decreased the mortality rate in the mouse model of LPS-induced sepsis shock. It is noteworthy that inhibitory effect of 19 on NO production was not blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone, indicating that it does not act through the glucocorticoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Gaware R, Khunt R, Czollner L, Stanetty C, Cunha TD, Kratschmar DV, Odermatt A, Kosma P, Jordis U, Claßen-Houben D. Synthesis of new glycyrrhetinic acid derived ring A azepanone, 29-urea and 29-hydroxamic acid derivatives as selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1866-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stanetty C, Czollner L, Koller I, Shah P, Gaware R, Cunha TD, Odermatt A, Jordis U, Kosma P, Claßen-Houben D. Synthesis of novel 3-amino and 29-hydroxamic acid derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid as selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7522-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Hepatic 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 involvement in alterations of glucose metabolism produced by acidotic stress in rat. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 65:329-37. [PMID: 20358345 DOI: 10.1007/bf03185927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDs) enzymes regulate the activity of glucocorticoids in target organs. HSD1, one of the two existing isoforms, locates mainly in CNS, liver and adipose tissue. HSD1 is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome. The stress produced by HCl overload triggers metabolic acidosis and increases liver HSD1 activity associated with increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a regulatory enzyme of gluconeogenesis that is activated by glucocorticoids, with increased glycaemia and glycogen breakdown. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the metabolic modifications triggered by HCl stress are due to increased liver HSD1 activity. Glycyrrhetinic acid, a potent HDS inhibitor, was administered subcutaneously (20 mg/ml) to stressed and unstressed four months old maleSprague Dawley rats to investigate changes in liver HSD1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PECPK) and glycogen phosphorylase activities and plasma glucose levels. It was observed that all these parameters increased in stressed animals, but that treatment with glycyrrhetinic acid significantly reduced their levels. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the involvement of HSD1 in stress induced carbohydrate disturbances and could contribute to the impact of HSD1 inhibitors on carbohydrate metabolism and its relevance in the study of Metabolic Syndrome Disorder and non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Beseda I, Czollner L, Shah PS, Khunt R, Gaware R, Kosma P, Stanetty C, Del Ruiz-Ruiz MC, Amer H, Mereiter K, Da Cunha T, Odermatt A, Classen-Houben D, Jordis U. Synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:433-54. [PMID: 19914836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Beseda
- Inst. Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
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Lipoprotein lipase expression, serum lipid and tissue lipid deposition in orally-administered glycyrrhizic acid-treated rats. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:31. [PMID: 19638239 PMCID: PMC2729303 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities comprising visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance (IR). With the onset of IR, the expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a key regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, is reduced. Increased activation of glucocorticoid receptors results in MetS symptoms and is thus speculated to have a role in the pathophysiology of the MetS. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), the bioactive constituent of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra) inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that catalyzes the activation of glucocorticoids. Thus, oral administration of GA is postulated to ameliorate the MetS. Results In this study, daily oral administration of 50 mg/kg of GA for one week led to significant increase in LPL expression in the quadriceps femoris (p < 0.05) but non-significant increase in the abdominal muscle, kidney, liver, heart and the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues (p > 0.05) of the GA-treated rats compared to the control. Decrease in adipocyte size (p > 0.05) in both the visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots accompanies such selective induction of LPL expression. Consistent improvement in serum lipid parameters was also observed, with decrease in serum free fatty acid, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol but elevated HDL-cholesterol (p > 0.05). Histological analysis using tissue lipid staining with Oil Red O showed significant decrease in lipid deposition in the abdominal muscle and quadriceps femoris (p < 0.05) but non-significant decrease in the heart, kidney and liver (p > 0.05). Conclusion Results from this study may imply that GA could counteract the development of visceral obesity and improve dyslipidaemia via selective induction of tissue LPL expression and a positive shift in serum lipid parameters respectively, and retard the development of IR associated with tissue steatosis.
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Classen-Houben D, Schuster D, Da Cunha T, Odermatt A, Wolber G, Jordis U, Kueenburg B. Selective inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 by 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid but not 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:248-52. [PMID: 19429429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated cortisol concentrations have been associated with metabolic diseases such as diabetes type 2 and obesity. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) type 1, catalyzing the conversion of inactive 11-ketoglucocorticoids into their active 11beta-hydroxy forms, plays an important role in the regulation of cortisol levels within specific tissues. The selective inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 is currently considered as promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. In recent years, natural compound-derived drug design has gained considerable interest. 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a metabolite of the natural product glycyrrhizin, is not selective and inhibits both 11beta-HSD1 and 11beta-HSD2. Here, we compare the biological activity of 18beta-GA and its diastereomer 18alpha-GA against the two enzymes in lysates of transfected HEK-293 cells and show that 18alpha-GA selectively inhibits 11beta-HSD1 but not 11beta-HSD2. This is in contrast to 18beta-GA, which preferentially inhibits 11beta-HSD2. Using a pharmacophore model based on the crystal structure of the GA-derivative carbenoxolone in complex with human 11beta-HSD1, we provide an explanation for the differences in the activities of 18alpha-GA and 18beta-GA. This model will be used to design novel selective derivatives of GA.
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16
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Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. Modulation of glucocorticoid action and the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21:607-19. [PMID: 18054738 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The global epidemic of obesity and type-2 diabetes has heightened the need to understand the mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenesis and also to design and trial novel treatments. Patients with glucocorticoid (GC) excess--'Cushing's syndrome'--are phenotypically similar to patients with simple obesity. As such, much research has focused on the manipulation of local GC action as a therapeutic strategy. The majority of the classical actions of GCs are mediated via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) converts inactive cortisone to cortisol and therefore amplifies local GC action. There is now a wealth of data from rodent and clinical studies implicating this conversion in the pathogenesis of obesity, type-2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors (selective in that they block the activity of 11beta-HSD1 and not 11beta-HSD2 which inactivates cortisone to cortisol in mineralocorticoid target tissues) are currently in development although not yet available for use in clinical studies. Rodent studies utilizing these compounds have shown dramatic improvements in insulin sensitivity as well as improvements in lipid profiles and atherogenesis. A further experimental approach has been to design drugs that antagonize GR activation, and again these compounds appear to improve insulin sensitivity and lower glucose production rates. The key test for both of these research strategies is whether they will translate into clinical studies, and results from these trials are now eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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17
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Su X, Vicker N, Lawrence H, Smith A, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Inhibition of human and rat 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 104:312-20. [PMID: 17493801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) plays an important role in regulating the cortisol availability to bind to corticosteroid receptors within specific tissue. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of metabolic syndrome indicate that elevation of cortisol levels within specific tissues through the action of 11beta-HSD1 could contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, selective inhibitors of 11beta-HSD1 have been investigated as potential treatments for metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 2 or obesity. Here we report the discovery and synthesis of some 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (18beta-GA) derivatives (2-5) and their inhibitory activities against rat hepatic11beta-HSD1 and rat renal 11beta-HSD2. Once the selectivity over the rat type 2 enzyme was established, these compounds' ability to inhibit human 11beta-HSD1 was also evaluated using both radioimmunoassay (RIA) and homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) methods. The 11-modified 18beta-GA derivatives 2 and 3 with apparent selectivity for rat 11beta-HSD1 showed a high percentage inhibition for human microsomal 11beta-HSD1 at 10 microM and exhibited IC50 values of 400 and 1100 nM, respectively. The side chain modified 18beta-GA derivatives 4 and 5, although showing selectivity for rat 11beta-HSD1 inhibited human microsomal 11beta-HSD1 with IC50 values in the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Su
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd., University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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18
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Matsui S, Sonoda Y, Sekiya T, Aizu-Yokota E, Kasahara T. Glycyrrhizin derivative inhibits eotaxin 1 production via STAT6 in human lung fibroblasts. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:369-75. [PMID: 16428072 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that glycyrrhizin (GL) and its derivatives down-regulate TNFalpha- and IL-4-induced eotaxin 1 production by the human fetal lung fibroblast line HFL-1 at protein or mRNA levels. In particular, the GL derivative hetero-30-OH-GL (3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-olean-11,13(18)-dien-30-ol) showed marked inhibition of eotaxin 1 production with less cytotoxicity than 18beta-GL. To identify the molecular mechanism of this effect, we focused on the inhibition of the transcriptional factors NF-kappaB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), which regulate eotaxin 1 gene activation. STAT6 phosphorylation and translocation of phospho-STAT6 from cytosol to nuclei were slightly inhibited by 18beta-GL and significantly inhibited by hetero-30-OH-GL. While IkappaBalpha degradation and translocation of NF-kappaB p65 to nuclei were not significantly affected by either compound, the stability of eotaxin-1 mRNA was decreased with hetero-30-OH-GL. In addition, eotaxin 1 promoter activity was markedly inhibited by hetero-30-OH-GL. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) confirmed these results. Thus, hetero-30-OH-GL significantly inhibited eotaxin 1 expression by the selective inhibition of IL-4 signal transduction as well as by enhanced mRNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsui
- International Department, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan
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19
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Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. Mechanisms of Disease: selective inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 as a novel treatment for the metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1:92-9. [PMID: 16929377 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of the obesity and metabolic syndrome epidemic has heightened the need for the development of new and effective treatments. Although circulating cortisol concentrations are not elevated in obesity or in the metabolic syndrome, decreasing the tissue-specific generation of cortisol through inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) has been postulated as a therapeutic strategy. Observations in cohorts of obese patients, in comparison with those with type 2 diabetes, have suggested that the ability to decrease tissue-specific cortisol production might represent a protective mechanism to improve insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes. In rodents, pharmacologic exploitation of this mechanism, through the development of inhibitors selective for 11beta-HSD1 (in preference to the type 2 isoform), dramatically improves insulin sensitivity. Here we review the published data and the rationale for treatment in humans, as well as discussing potential problems and adverse effects of future selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, UK
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20
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Tsukahara M, Nishino T, Furuhashi I, Inoue H, Sato T, Matsumoto H. Synthesis and inhibitory effect of novel glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives on IL-1 beta-induced prostaglandin E(2) production in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:1103-10. [PMID: 16141576 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Olean-11,13(18)-dien-3beta,30-diol dihemiphthalate (3), which was derived from glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), has been reported to produce a potent of anti-inflammatory effect in in vivo assays. Using 3 as a lead compound, we attempted to synthesize some modified compounds which varied in the following; i) the position of a carboxyl group in the phthalate moiety, ii) the number of carboxyls attached to the benzoyl group, iii) conversion of benzene ring to another ring system, iv) the linkage form between the benzene ring and oleanene skeleton at position 3 and/or 30. These were screened for their inhibitory activity against interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-induced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). Although conversion of the ortho-carboxyl group of 3 into the meta-position or the para-position led to an increase in inhibitory activity, the elimination or increase of the carboxyl group resulted in loss of the inhibitory activity. Conversion of the ester bond to the amide bond at position 3 and/or 30 of 3 did not contribute to a significant increase in inhibitory activity. On the other hand, among the derivatives possessing an anthranilic acid moiety at position 30 of 3beta-O-acetyl-olean-11,13(18)-dien-30-oic acid (20), 3beta-hydroxy-30-nor-olean-11,13(18)-dien-20 beta-[N-(2-carboxyphenyl)]carboxamide (30) showed the most potent inhibitory activity (IC(50) 1.0 microM) in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Tsukahara
- Research Laboratory, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; 2-2-3 Komatsubara, Zama, Kanagawa 228-0002, Japan.
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21
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Matsui S, Matsumoto H, Sonoda Y, Ando K, Aizu-Yokota E, Sato T, Kasahara T. Glycyrrhizin and related compounds down-regulate production of inflammatory chemokines IL-8 and eotaxin 1 in a human lung fibroblast cell line. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:1633-44. [PMID: 15454116 PMCID: PMC7106177 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GL) is known to have various immunomodulating activities and has long been used clinically as an anti-allergic and anti-hepatitis agent. While the potency of GL against lung inflammatory diseases has been expected, the effect of GL on the lung has been poorly understood. Lung fibroblasts are known as a potent producer of inflammatory chemokines, IL-8 and eotaxin 1, by which neutrophils and eosinophils are strongly attracted during inflammation. Therefore, we studied the effects of GL on the production of these chemokines using a human fetal lung fibroblast cell line, HFL-1, stimulated with TNF-alpha and IL-4. Moreover, we examined the structure-activity relationships of GL to explore more beneficial compounds. 18alpha,beta-GL inhibited IL-8 dose-dependently and inhibited eotaxin 1 slightly. 18alpha,beta-Glycyrrhetic acid (GA) did not inhibit IL-8 but inhibited eotaxin 1. The effect of 18alpha,beta-glycyrrhetic acid monoglucuronide (MGA) resembled that of 18alpha,beta-GL but was weaker. Both 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-18beta-11-deoxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid (11-deoxo-GL) and 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-olean-11,13,(18)-dien-30-oic acid (hetero-GL) exhibited inhibitory activity with significant cytotoxicity. 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-Glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-18beta-olean-9,12-dien-30-oic acid (homo-GL) did not have cytotoxicity but its activity was mild like that of 18alpha,beta-GL. 3beta-[(2-O-beta-d-Glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-olean-11,13(18)-dien-30-ol (hetero-30-OH-GL) and 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-18beta-olean-9,12-dien-30-ol (homo-30-OH-GL) showed potent inhibitory effects, at concentrations lower than 18alpha,beta-GL with no significant cytotoxicity. These results suggest that GL-related compounds are effective in reducing chemokine production and that GL-modified compounds including hetero-30-OH-GL and homo-30-OH-GL appear most beneficial in view of their inhibitory capacity with less cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsui
- International Department, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 8-10-22, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroatsu Matsumoto
- Research Laboratory, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-2-3, Komatsubara, Zama, Kanagawa 228-0002, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sonoda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kumi Ando
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Eriko Aizu-Yokota
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Sato
- Research Laboratory, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-2-3, Komatsubara, Zama, Kanagawa 228-0002, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +81-3-5400-2697.
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22
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Walker BR, Seckl JR. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 as a novel therapeutic target in metabolic and neurodegenerative disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 7:771-83. [PMID: 14640912 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.7.6.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 (11HSD1) catalyses regeneration of active 11-hydroxy glucocorticoids from inactive 11-keto metabolites within target tissues. Inhibition of 11HSD1 has been proposed as a novel strategy to lower intracellular glucocorticoid concentrations, without affecting circulating glucocorticoid levels and their responsiveness to stress. Increased 11HSD1 activity may be pathogenic, for example, in adipose tissue in obesity. Experiments in transgenic mice and using prototype inhibitors in humans show benefits of 11HSD1 inhibition in liver, adipose and brain tissue in treating features of the metabolic syndrome and cognitive dysfunction with ageing. The clinical development of potent selective 11HSD1 inhibitors is now a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Walker
- University of Edinburgh, Endocrinology Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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Su X, Lawrence H, Ganeshapillai D, Cruttenden A, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Vicker N, Potter BVL. Novel 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid analogues as potent and selective inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:4439-57. [PMID: 15265495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Extensive structural modifications to the 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid template are described and their effects on the SAR of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozymes type 1 and 2 from the rat are investigated. Isoform selective inhibitors have been discovered and compound 7 N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3beta-hydroxy-11-oxo-18beta-olean-12-en-30-oic acid amide is highlighted as a very potent selective inhibitor of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 with an IC(50) = 4pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Su
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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