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Namnoum J, Hajj A, Iskandar K, Sacre H, Akel M, Zeenny RM, Haddad C, Salameh P. Assessing and validating the specialized competency framework for pharmacists in sales and marketing (SCF-PSM): a cross-sectional analysis in Lebanon. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:128. [PMID: 37885029 PMCID: PMC10605801 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Competencies refer to the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors individuals develop through education, training, and experience. These competencies can be formulated into a framework to support practitioner development for effective and sustained performance. In the absence of a national framework for pharmacy education and practice in Lebanon, the Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon (OPL, the official association of pharmacists in Lebanon) pioneered the development of a pharmacy competency framework in 2017. This study aimed to validate and assess the specialized competency framework for pharmacists in sales and marketing (SCF-PSM) after updating the framework previously published by the OPL. The secondary objective was to assess, in a pilot survey, the personal characteristics associated with these competencies. METHODS After validating the content of the specialized competency framework, a survey involving Lebanese pharmacists was performed through a 15-min online questionnaire distributed over social media platforms, groups of pharmacists, and individual pharmacists' contact numbers. KEY FINDINGS Pharmaceutical knowledge, communication, emergency response, and operation management during emergencies were satisfactory (more than 80/100). Other activities during emergencies, such as patient care and population health interventions and evaluation, research, and dissemination of research outcomes, received a moderate score (75-78/100), similar to legal practice (78/100), teamwork (76/100), and management skills (75/100). The lowest reported confidence was related to professional communication skills (other than communication per se), mainly negotiation, data processing skills, information technology, self-management, and ethical practice (< 75/100). This study reported deficiencies between what is acquired during undergraduate, postgraduate, and continuing education on the one hand and the competency framework suggested by the OPL on the other hand, showing a mismatch between the competencies of working pharmacists acquired during education and the market needs. CONCLUSIONS This study validated a competency framework for pharmacists in sales and marketing and explored the current gaps in self-reported competencies. It also identified areas necessitating reinforcement to optimize professional practice and underscored the need for improvement in undergraduate, postgraduate, and continuing professional education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joya Namnoum
- Methodology and Statistics in Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, 2 Rue Ambroise Croizat Alfortville, 94140, Créteil, France.
| | - Aline Hajj
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Katia Iskandar
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rony M Zeenny
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacy, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal El Dib, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Meilianti S, Galbraith K, Bader L, Udoh A, Ernawati D, Bates I. The development and validation of a global advanced development framework for the pharmacy workforce: a four-stage multi-methods approach. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:940-951. [PMID: 37179511 PMCID: PMC10366019 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have indicated that a generalisable and translatable global framework is a useful tool for supporting career progression and recognising advanced practice. AIM To develop and validate a global advanced competency development framework as a tool to advance the pharmacy profession globally. METHOD A four-stage multi-methods approach was adopted. In sequence, this comprised an assessment of initial content and a cultural validation of the advanced level framework. Following this, we conducted a transnational modified Delphi followed by an online survey sampling the global pharmacy leadership community. Finally, a series of case studies was constructed exemplifying the framework implementation. RESULTS Initial validation resulted in a modified draft competency framework comprising 34 developmental competencies across six clusters. Each competency has three phases of advancement to support practitioner progression. The modified Delphi stage provided feedback on framework modifications related to cultural issues, including missing competencies and framework comprehensiveness. External engagement and case study stages provided further validity on the framework implementation and dissemination. CONCLUSION The four-staged approach demonstrated transnational validation of a global advanced competency framework as a mapping and development tool for the pharmacy professions. Further study is needed to develop a global glossary of terminologies on advanced and specialist practice. Also, developing an accompanying professional recognition system and education and training programmes to support framework implementation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Meilianti
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Kirsten Galbraith
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, VIC, 3052, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lina Bader
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Arit Udoh
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Desak Ernawati
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, 80234, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ian Bates
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, The Netherlands
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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Sacre H, Aoun R, Haddad C, Abou Selwan C, Zeenny RM, Akel M, Hajj A, Hassoun C, Namnoum J, Iskandar K, Salameh P. Specialized competency framework for pharmacists in managerial positions in sales and marketing (SCF-PMSM): development, validation, and correlates. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:64. [PMID: 37170278 PMCID: PMC10173228 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists in sales and marketing roles need specific skills for managerial positions, and a framework for evaluating and developing these competencies is necessary. Currently, no such framework is known to exist. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop and validate a specialized competency framework for pharmacists in sales and marketing managerial positions and assess correlates related to the competency domains. METHODS This web-based study carried out between March and October 2022 enrolled a convenient sample of 60 pharmacists with managerial positions in sales and marketing, contacted by phone, working in the field of sales and marketing from the five governorates of Lebanon (Beirut, Beqaa, Mount Lebanon, South, and North). RESULTS The framework demonstrated good construct and structural validity in all domains except for emergency preparedness, which had a low correlation with other domains. Competencies were well correlated with respective domains, and behaviors had excellent loadings on corresponding competencies. As for the correlates of the competency domains, males were more confident than females (p < .05), and participants with more experience (or heavier workload) reported higher competency levels (p < .05), particularly for upper management skills, communication skills, and professional practice. Further, education level was not significantly correlated with declared competency, with experience being the most cited source of competence (68.25%), followed by postgraduate degrees (42.48%) and continuing education sessions (33.93%), while undergraduate education was the least reported (29.5%). CONCLUSION This study could develop and validate the Specialized Competency Framework for Pharmacists in Managerial Positions in Sales and Marketing (SCF-PMSM) among a sample of Lebanese pharmacists. This framework demonstrated good reliability, content, construct, and structural validity in all the domains, with the competencies being well correlated with their respective domains and behaviors having excellent loadings on related competencies, except for emergency preparedness and response. It also revealed a mismatch between what is taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels and the needs in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Randa Aoun
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
- School of Health Sciences, Modern University for Business and Science, Beirut, Lebanon.
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Carla Abou Selwan
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- SciencePRO Medical and Marketing Solutions, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Rony M Zeenny
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacy, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Education, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aline Hajj
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie Clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicament (LPCQM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Carole Hassoun
- Roche Lebanon SARL, Beirut, Lebanon
- The Lebanon Pharma Group, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joya Namnoum
- Methodology and Statistics in Biomedical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Saclay University, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Katia Iskandar
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Lias N, Lindholm T, Pohjanoksa-Mäntylä M, Westerholm A, Airaksinen M. Developing and piloting a self-assessment tool for medication review competence of practicing pharmacists based on nationally set competence criteria. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1274. [PMID: 34823529 PMCID: PMC8620234 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New competence requirements have emerged for pharmacists as a result of changing societal needs towards more patient-centred practices. Today, medication review competence can be considered as basic pharmaceutical competence. Medication review specific competence criteria and tools for self-assessing the competence are essential in building competences and a shared understanding of medication reviews as a collaborative practice. The aim of this study was to develop and pilot a self-assessment tool for medication review competence among practicing pharmacists in Finland. METHODS The development of the self-assessment tool was based on the national medication review competence criteria for pharmacists established in Finland in 2017 and piloting the tool among practicing pharmacists in a national online survey in October 2018. The pharmacists self-assessed their medication review competence with a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 for "very poor/not at all" to 5 for "very good". RESULTS The internal consistency of the self-assessment tool was high as the range of the competence areas' Cronbach's alpha was 0.953-0.973. The competence areas consisted of prescription review competence (20 items, Cronbach's alpha 0.953), additional statements for medication review competence (11 additional items, Cronbach's alpha 0.963) and medication review as a whole, including both the statements of prescription review and medication review competence (31 items, Cronbach's alpha 0.973). Competence items closely related to routine dispensing were most commonly self-estimated to be mastered by the practicing pharmacists who responded (n = 344), while the more clinical and patient-centred competence items had the lowest self-estimates. This indicates that the self-assessment tool works logically and differentiates pharmacists according to competence. The self-assessed medication review competence was at a very good or good level among more than half (55%) of the respondents (n = 344). CONCLUSION A self-assessment tool for medication review competence was developed and validated. The piloted self-assessment tool can be used for regular evaluation of practicing pharmacists' medication review competence which is becoming an increasingly important basis for their contribution to patient care and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Lias
- Clinical Pharmacy Group, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tanja Lindholm
- Clinical Pharmacy Group, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Pohjanoksa-Mäntylä
- Clinical Pharmacy Group, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksi Westerholm
- Clinical Pharmacy Group, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Airaksinen
- Clinical Pharmacy Group, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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The effectiveness and impact on performance of pharmacy-related competency development frameworks: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:1685-1696. [PMID: 33608245 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Competency frameworks for education, training and development are widely used in the health professions, including pharmacy. Published studies suggest that competency frameworks have an impact on professional performance. Professional performance that is consistent with up-to-date knowledge and skills influences health care quality and patient safety. This review assessed the effectiveness of competency frameworks in facilitating improvement in pharmacists' performance. METHOD PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, PsycINFO and Scopus electronic databases were searched to identify relevant literature. The findings of the included studies were synthesised qualitatively, and via a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis evaluated the odds of improved competency behaviour as a proxy measure of impact on pharmacists' performance. Study quality was assessed using 12 criteria adapted from the EPPI-Centre guidelines v0.9.7. The protocol for this review is registered on PROSPERO with reference number CRD42018096580. RESULTS In total, nine interventional studies were identified for review. The review findings showed observable and significant improvement in pharmacists' performance when competency frameworks are used to appraise performance, identify knowledge gaps, and tailor learning activities. A meta-analysis that involved a total of 348 pharmacists undergoing repeat peer assessment showed pooled odds for improved competency behaviour of 4.41 (95% CI: 1.89-10.29, I2 = 83%). Subgroup analyses showed pooled odds with corresponding 95% CI of 6.50 (1.77-23.97, I2 = 77%) vs 2.95 (0.59-14.72, I2 = 93%) for the studies that were conducted in countries within or outside Europe, respectively; 10.51 (3.73-29.62, I2 = 24%) vs 2.39 (0.96-5.95, I2 = 87%) for studies with reassessment conducted at ≤6 months from baseline, or more, respectively; 6.68 (1.63-27.45, I2 = 88%) vs 2.80 (0.86-9.07, I2 = 74%) for studies involving hospital or community pharmacists, respectively; and 2.80 (1.22-6.45, I2 = 77%) for studies with low risk of bias. CONCLUSION These findings suggest competency frameworks facilitate improvement in pharmacists' performance; however, further evaluative studies are needed.
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Al-Haqan A, Smith F, Al-Taweel D, Bader L, Bates I. Using a global systematic framework tool to guide the advancement of the pharmacy workforce education and training on a national level. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:1101-1109. [PMID: 32912830 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic education and training strategies play a critical role in preparing a competent pharmacy workforce to meet the evolving healthcare needs of nations. Reports have shown that investing in healthcare workers' education and training not only has a positive impact on employment rates and economic growth but also results in measurable improvement in health and population outcomes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of globally validated workforce goals as a guide to the planning and advancement of the Kuwait pharmacy workforce's education and training. METHODS A mixed-approach qualitative study involving representatives of key stakeholders was conducted. Focus group interviews were carried out with pharmacists with patient and non-patient facing roles (N = 33). In addition, semi-structured interviews with the three main pharmacy Continuing Professional Development (CPD) providers in the country were conducted. Data were analysed using a framework analysis method. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and data were analysed and coded using MAXQDA-12. The International Pharmaceutical Federation Workforce Development Goals (FIP WDGs) were used as the framework for data analysis. RESULTS Participants' responses highlighted three main priorities: the importance of initial and post-graduation needs-based education (WDG 2), the need for competency development and competency frameworks (WDG 5), and the crucial role of active policy and regulations that would enforce the profession development (WDG 9). Investing in competency development was seen the top priority for the pharmacy workforce in Kuwait. CONCLUSION This study provided insights into areas in need of systematic development for pharmacy workforce in Kuwait including foundation training for early career pharmacists, competency development and competency frameworks, and policies and regulations that would enforce the profession development. In addition, the use of the FIP WDGs framework was found to offer a framing device to better understand and identify priorities and needs for pharmacy workforce development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Al-Haqan
- University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1 N 1AX, UK.
| | - Felicity Smith
- University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1 N 1AX, UK.
| | - Dalal Al-Taweel
- Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Lina Bader
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, the Netherlands.
| | - Ian Bates
- University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1 N 1AX, UK.
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Ceballos M, Salazar-Ospina A, Sabater-Hernández D, Amariles P. Evaluation of the effects of a drug with fiscalized substance dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance continuing education program in Colombia drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies: study protocol of a multicenter, cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:545. [PMID: 32560735 PMCID: PMC7304186 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health disorders, due to the use of drugs with fiscalized substances, including controlled substances, have become a common problem in Colombia. Multiple reasons can help explain this problem, including self-medication, since access to these drugs may be easier. Also, there is a lack of knowledge that these drugs are safer than illicit drugs. The use of these drugs without a valid medical prescription and follow-up can have negative consequences such as drug abuse, addiction, and overdose, and eventually, have negative health consequences. Pharmacy staff is essential to both assure the correct drug use and minimize prescription errors to help outpatients have better management of their pharmacotherapy. For this reason, it is necessary to increase key competencies like knowledge, skills, and attitudes in the pharmacy staff of ambulatory (outpatients) pharmacies. Methods This study is a prospective, cluster-randomized, parallel-group, multicenter trial of drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies (ambulatory pharmacies). The study is designed to determine the effectiveness of a drug with fiscalized substance dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance continuing education program in drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies. Pharmacy staff will be randomly selected and assigned to one of the study groups (intervention or control). The intervention group will receive a continuing education program for over 12 months. The control group will receive only general information about the correct use of complex dosage forms. The primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a continuing education program to improve pharmacy staff competencies (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) to improve the ambulatory (outpatient) pharmacy services: dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance of drugs with fiscalized substances. The secondary outcomes include (a) processes associated with the management of drugs with fiscalized substances in drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies, including regulation compliance; (b) degree of implementation of ambulatory (outpatient) pharmacy services targeting these drugs in drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies; (c) patient satisfaction with such services; and (d) pharmacy staff satisfaction with the continuing education program. Discussion This clinical trial will establish whether providing a continuing education program for the adequate utilization of drugs with fiscalized substances improves pharmacy staff competencies regarding these drugs. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03388567. Registered on 28 November 2017. First drugstore or drugstore/pharmacy randomized on December 1, 2018. Protocol version 0017102017MC
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ceballos
- Research Group on Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia, U.de.A. Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.,Research Group on Pharmacy Regency Technology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Andrea Salazar-Ospina
- Research Group on Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia, U.de.A. Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.,Research Group on Pharmacy Regency Technology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Pedro Amariles
- Research Group on Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia, U.de.A. Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
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Cheong AKW, Foo CC, Pham HQH, Pham TT, Gibbs MJ, Reeves P. Time for a CHAT? A pilot study of the implementation of the Competency Handbook for Assistants and Technicians (
CHAT
). JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen C. Foo
- Pharmacy Department Logan Hospital Meadowbrook Australia
| | | | - Thanh T. Pham
- Pharmacy Department Logan Hospital Meadowbrook Australia
| | | | - Peter Reeves
- Pharmacy Department Logan Hospital Meadowbrook Australia
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Rueben A, Forsyth P, Thomson AH. Professional development beyond foundation training: a study of pharmacists working in Scotland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2019; 28:165-172. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
In Scotland, post-registration hospital pharmacists typically undertake a vocational foundation training programme. Beyond this, there are no mandatory structures for ongoing professional training. To support progression to a more advanced level, competency frameworks are increasingly being used. This study aimed to measure the self-reported competence of pharmacists against a relevant framework and to determine what support was required to enable further professional development.
Methods
An online survey was completed by pharmacists working across six acute hospital sites within NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde who had completed foundation training between Jan 2013 and Jan 2018. Participants self-reported competency against the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's Advanced Practice Framework Advanced Stage 1 competencies and gave qualitative feedback through free-text questions.
Key findings
Twenty out of twenty-eight eligible pharmacists (71.4%) responded to the survey and three core areas requiring further support were identified: leadership, management and research. Participants reported that a strategic plan for professional development, more opportunities and managerial support were needed to help them develop these areas. Mentorship programmes and postgraduate qualifications were suggested as formats to support development.
Conclusion
Pharmacists working towards advanced practice reported high levels of competence in expert professional practice, collaborative working relationships and education, training and development. While these results are promising, additional support is likely to be needed to cultivate leadership, management and research skills. Future training strategies need to consider this imbalance if we are to achieve national and international workforce goals for the professional development of pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rueben
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Forsyth
- Pharmacy Services, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison H Thomson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Westein MP, de Vries H, Floor A, Koster AS, Buurma H. Development of a Postgraduate Community Pharmacist Specialization Program Using CanMEDS Competencies, and Entrustable Professional Activities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:6863. [PMID: 31507284 PMCID: PMC6718509 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To develop and implement a postgraduate, workplace-based curriculum for community pharmacy specialists in the Netherlands, conduct a thorough evaluation of the program, and revise any deficiencies found. Methods. The experiences of the Dutch Advisory Board for Postgraduate Curriculum Development for Medical Specialists were used as a guideline for the development of a competency-based postgraduate education program for community pharmacists. To ensure that community pharmacists achieved competence in 10 task areas and seven roles defined by the Canadian Medical Education Directions for Specialists (CanMEDS), a two-year workplace-based curriculum was built. A development path along four milestones was constructed using 40 entrustable professional activities (EPAs). The assessment program consisted of 155 workplace-based assessments, with the supervisor serving as the main assessor. Also, 360-degree feedback and 22 days of classroom courses were included in the curriculum. In 2014, the curriculum was evaluated by two focus groups and a review committee. Results. Eighty-two first-year trainees enrolled in the community pharmacy specialist program in 2012. That number increased to 130 trainees by 2016 (a 59% increase). In 2015, based on feedback from pharmacy supervisors, trainees, and other stakeholders, 22.5% of the EPAs were changed and the number of workplace-based assessments was reduced by 48.5%. Conclusion. Using design approaches from the medical field in the development of postgraduate workplace-based pharmacy education programs proved to be feasible and successful. How to address the concerns and challenges encountered in developing and maintaining competency-based postgraduate pharmacy education programs merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix P.D. Westein
- Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association (KNMP), Hague, Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry de Vries
- HPC the Human Perspective in Consulting, Hague, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Floor
- Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association (KNMP), Hague, Netherlands
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andries S. Koster
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henk Buurma
- Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association (KNMP), Hague, Netherlands
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Leiden, Netherlands
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Arakawa N, Yamamura S, Duggan C, Bates I. The development of a foundation-level pharmacy competency framework: An analysis of country-level applicability of the Global Competency Framework. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 16:396-404. [PMID: 31324568 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance and usefulness of competency frameworks (CFs) in pharmacy professional development is recognised globally. However, there is no national CF for pharmacists in Japan yet. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to measure the level of relevance of behavioural statements of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Global Competency Framework (GbCF) to Japanese foundation-level pharmacy practice, aiming for developing a national framework for foundation-level pharmacists in Japan. METHODS A cross-sectional, anonymous, online self-completed survey was conducted during June and July 2018 in Japan. The questionnaire was adopted from the GbCF, translated into Japanese. A snowballing sampling approach was used. The relevance levels of the GbCF items were assessed by using 4-point Likert scales, and analysed by descriptive and inferential methods. RESULTS A total 604 useable responses were included in analyses. High levels of relevance levels were found in two clusters ('pharmaceutical public health' and 'pharmaceutical care'), while the other two clusters ('organisation and management' and 'professional/personal') showed significantly low relevance (relevance = 89.6%, 82.5%, 59.6%, and 67.9%, respectively). The study found little engagement of the academic sector with framework, while the industry sector showed relevance to all clusters evenly. Regarding years working in sectors, there was no progression of relevance in 'organisation and management' and 'professional/personal' competencies during foundation years as well as very little professional/personal development. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed specific competencies and behaviours which require modifications to adapt the GbCF into the Japanese pharmacy practice environment. This is a key step towards the development of a national framework, illustrating current Japanese foundation-level pharmacy practice compared with global standards. The findings will be used as a base for developing a framework for foundation-level pharmacists in Japan and address concerns such as pharmacist preparedness to advance in management roles and limited personal and professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Arakawa
- University of Nottingham, School of Pharmacy, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Shigeo Yamamura
- Josai International University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 Gumyo, Togane-shi, Chiba, 283-8555, Japan.
| | - Catherine Duggan
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP, The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - Ian Bates
- University College London, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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Držaić M, Kummer I, Mucalo I, Bruno A, Ortner Hadžiabdić M. Identifying self-assessed competencies and areas for improvement within community pharmacist-preceptors support during pre-registration training. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 18:303. [PMID: 30537998 PMCID: PMC6288869 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Competency frameworks that prompt personal and professional development have become an important component of lifelong learning; they are driven by healthcare professionals' need for development and professional recognition. This study aimed to evaluate the self-assessed competencies of community pharmacist-preceptors by using Croatian Competency Framework (CCF) and to identify competencies to be improved. The secondary aim was to explore the association between community pharmacists' characteristics (i.e. age, education etc.) and self-assessed competency performance. METHODS The study subjects were community pharmacist-preceptors who provide support to and mentor student trainees enrolled in pre-registration training for pharmacy students. At the beginning of their mentorship, the pharmacist-preceptors assessed their competencies on a four-point Likert scale by using the Croatian Competency Framework (CCF), a validated tool for assessment and self-assessment of community and hospital pharmacists. Data were collected via e-mail in the period from October 2015 to April 2016. RESULTS Of the 260 community pharmacists approached, final analysis included 223 respondents. The response rate was 85.8%. Community pharmacist-preceptors assessed themselves as the most competent in competencies pertaining to the cluster "Organization and management competencies" (M = 3.64, SD = 0.34), while they considered themselves as the least competent in the competencies pertaining to the cluster "Pharmaceutical public health competencies" (M = 2.75, SD = 0.77). Younger pharmacists with a postgraduate qualification who worked for large pharmacy chains in the capital city area and who had been in their current posts for a shorter period perceived themselves to be more competent. CONCLUSION This research represents the first analysis of the CCF in practice and identifies community pharmacist-preceptor competencies that require improvement. Consequently, areas for additional professional education were defined. Implementing modalities to measure and support development of preceptors' competences is essential for improvement of student training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iva Mucalo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreia Bruno
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Monash, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maja Ortner Hadžiabdić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Chong IYM, Rosenthal MM, Manson KR, Houle SKD. Do community pharmacist performance evaluations capture the modern pharmacist's role? Mapping competencies assessed in Canadian community pharmacy performance evaluation templates against the General Level Framework. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2018; 58:638-642.e2. [PMID: 30237009 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feedback on community pharmacists' practice is limited after graduation and often comes in the form of annual performance evaluations by pharmacy managers based on company-provided templates. The objective of this study was to examine the relevance of these review processes to all aspects of community pharmacy practice. METHODS Competencies evaluated in performance evaluation templates used by pharmacy organizations were mapped to the General Level Framework (GLF)-a tool developed to assess the competency of general-level pharmacy practitioners-and studied in hospital and community practice settings. The competencies were further assessed with consideration of their applicability to the current scope of practice of Canadian community pharmacy practice. RESULTS Performance evaluation templates from 7 community pharmacy organizations in Canada were obtained and evaluated. Performance evaluations mapped most closely to the GLF tool related to personal competencies (e.g., organization, communication, and teamwork), with the lowest level of congruence observed among competencies specific to patient care activities. Few evaluations considered recent expansions of scope in place across various Canadian provinces, such as ordering and interpreting laboratory tests or pharmacist prescribing. CONCLUSION Performance evaluation can be a valuable tool to improve quality of care and the professional development of pharmacists; however, these tools should be reexamined to ensure that feedback on the most valuable aspects of a pharmacist's professional practice is the focus. As pharmacy practice continues to evolve toward greater direct patient care activities, so too should our evaluation tools align with this increasingly recognized role.
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Koehler TC, Bok H, Westerman M, Jaarsma D. Developing a competency framework for pharmacy technicians: Perspectives from the field. Res Social Adm Pharm 2018; 15:514-520. [PMID: 29983262 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the last decade and given the context of ever-growing complexity in pharmaceutical care the new profession of Pharmacy Technicians (PT) was added to the pharmacy team. Until now, pharmaceutical organizations worldwide are searching for the best way to educate and employ future PTs. OBJECTIVE This empirical study set out to gain insight into the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform as a PTs. A further aim was to develop a PT competency framework on the basis of experiences and opinions of stakeholders from the Dutch pharmaceutical field. METHODS A multi-method qualitative research design was used to develop a competency framework between 2015 and 2017. Data were collected using focus group interviews. Iterative thematic analysis led to an initial framework, which was refined using a modified Delphi-method. A competency domain was considered relevant if a minimum of 70% consensus was reached. RESULTS Both PTs (n = 27) and pharmacists (n = 12) participated in the focus groups. The Delphi-panel consisted of PTs (n = 8), pharmacists (n = 12) and representatives of other stakeholders like patient organizations, health policy makers and all levels of pharmacy education (n = 14). The developed competency framework comprises 6 domains: Communication in patient care, Interdisciplinary collaboration, Pharmaceutical expertise, Organization of care practice, Collaborative leadership and Personal development. A detailed description about the practical implications of each domain was added to the framework. CONCLUSION The PT competency framework provides a solid foundation for both PT training and curriculum development and is based on several rounds of scientific research. The proposed competency framework may help understand the PT role and how to best prepare for practice within pharmaceutical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara C Koehler
- Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Harold Bok
- Center for Quality Improvement in Veterinary Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Westerman
- VUMC Medical Center, School of Medical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie Jaarsma
- Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Udoh A, Bruno A, Bates I. A survey of pharmacists' perception of foundation level competencies in African countries. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2018; 16:16. [PMID: 29606133 PMCID: PMC5879617 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-018-0280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from published literature in pharmacy practice research demonstrate that the use of competency frameworks alongside standards of practice facilitate improvement in professional performance and aid expertise development. The aim of this study was to evaluate pharmacists' perception of relevance to practice of the competencies and behaviours contained in the FIP Global Competency Framework (GbCF v1). The overall objective of the study was to assess the validity of the GbCF v1 framework in selected countries in Africa. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of pharmacists practicing in 14 countries in Africa was conducted between November 2012 and December 2014. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling method was used. Data was analysed using SPSS v22. RESULTS A total of 469 pharmacists completed the survey questionnaire. The majority (91%) of the respondents were from four countries: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. The study results showed broad agreement on relevance to practice for 90% of the behaviours contained in the GbCF v1 framework. Observed disagreement was associated with area of pharmacy practice and the corresponding patient facing involvement (p ≤ 0.05). In general, the competencies within the 'pharmaceutical care' and 'pharmaceutical public health' clusters received higher weighting on relevance compared to the research-related competencies which had the lowest. Specific inter-country variability on weighting of relevance was observed in five behaviours in the framework although, this was due to disparity in 'degree of relevance' that was related to sample composition in the respective countries. CONCLUSION The competencies contained in the GbCF v1 are relevant to pharmacy practice in the study population; however, there are some emergent differences between the African countries surveyed. Overall, the findings provide preliminary evidence that was previously lacking on the relevance of the GbCF v1 competencies to pharmacy practice in the countries surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arit Udoh
- University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreia Bruno
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian Bates
- University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Mucalo I, Hadžiabdić MO, Govorčinović T, Šarić M, Bruno A, Bates I. The Development of the Croatian Competency Framework for Pharmacists. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:134. [PMID: 27899830 PMCID: PMC5116786 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe808134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To adjust and validate the Global Competency Framework (GbCF) to be relevant for Croatian community and hospital pharmacists. Methods. A descriptive study was conducted in three steps: translation, consensus development, and validation by an expert panel and public consultation. Panel members were representatives from community pharmacies, hospital pharmacies, regulatory and professional bodies, academia, and industry. Results. The adapted framework consists of 96 behavioral statements organized in four clusters: Pharmaceutical Public Health, Pharmaceutical Care, Organization and Management, and Personal and Professional Competencies. When mapped against the 100 statements listed in the GbCF, 27 matched, 39 were revised, 30 were introduced, and 24 were excluded from the original framework. Conclusions. The adaptation and validation proved that GbCF is adaptable to local needs, the Croatian Competency Framework that emerged from it being an example. Key amendments were made within Organization and Management and Pharmaceutical Care clusters, demonstrating that these issues can be country specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Mucalo
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Andreia Bruno
- FIP Collaborating Centre, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Bates
- FIP Collaborating Centre, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Nash RE, Chalmers L, Stupans I, Brown N. Knowledge, use and perceived relevance of a profession's Competency Standards; implications for Pharmacy Education. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2016; 24:390-402. [PMID: 27103063 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the extent of use and perceived relevance of the National Competency Standards Framework for Pharmacists in Australia (NCS). Based on these findings, to suggest approaches for the enhancement of pharmacy education for the profession locally and globally. METHODS Convenience sampling techniques were employed between November 2013 and June 2014 in conducting an online survey with Australian pharmacy students, interns, pharmacists and educators. KEY FINDINGS Data from 527 participants were included in the final analysis. Fewer students (52%, 96/183) and interns 78% (69/88) knew the NCS framing pharmacy practice compared with pharmacists (86%, 115/134). Despite knowledge that the NCS existed most participants reported poor familiarity with and use of the NCS. Registered pharmacists reported annual use but not for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) plans or annual re-registration requirements. Respondents reported that practical use of NCS (e.g. mentoring interns) increased their use for personal needs. Some participants suggested regular instruction on self-assessment skills development would enhance meaningful use of the NCS. CONCLUSION Despite self-assessment against NCS being mandated annually, Australia's practising pharmacists provided explanations for why this is not common in practice. The barriers provided by respondents are interconnected; their enablers are practical solutions to each barrier. The findings reinforce the notion that student pharmacists must have their competency standards, life-long learning and self-assessment skills embedded into their university curriculum to ensure a strong foundation for practice. The opportunity offered by periodic renewal of standards must prompt regular profession-wide evaluation of its education to practice nexus. Insights and author recommendations are portable to the pharmacy profession globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose E Nash
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Leanne Chalmers
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ieva Stupans
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie Brown
- Tasmanian Institute of Learning and Teaching, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Stacey SR, Coombes I, Cardiff L, Wainwright C, Whitfield KM. Using the General Level Framework to guide training and development needs of pharmacists working in paediatrics. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonya R. Stacey
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Australia
- School of Pharmacy; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital; Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service; Herston Australia
| | - Ian Coombes
- School of Pharmacy; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Metro North Hospital and Health Service; Herston Australia
| | - Lynda Cardiff
- Medication Services Queensland; Queensland Health; Bowen Hills Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences; Queensland University of Technology; Gardens Point Australia
| | - Claire Wainwright
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital; Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service; Herston Australia
| | - Karen M. Whitfield
- School of Pharmacy; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Metro North Hospital and Health Service; Herston Australia
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Morris S, Gilbert AL. Clinical Pharmacists in Primary Care - Reform and Opportunity. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2055-2335.2010.tb00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Morris
- Pharmaceutical Services and Strategy, SA Health; Adelaide SA 5000
| | - Andrew L Gilbert
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide SA 5001
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Advancing Pharmacy Practice in Australia: the Importance of National and Global Partnerships. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2055-2335.2012.tb00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Phipps DL, Noyce PR, Walshe K, Ashcroft DM, Parker D. Career breaks and changes of sector: challenges for the revalidation of pharmacists. Res Social Adm Pharm 2012; 9:188-98. [PMID: 23040676 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking a career break or moving between sectors of practice (for example, between patient-facing and non-patient-facing roles) often has been assumed to pose a risk for pharmacists' fitness to practice. However, it is not clear what the nature of that risk is, or what its implications are for professional revalidation. OBJECTIVES To explore: (i) the experiences of pharmacists who either return to practice following a career break or move from one sector of practice to another; and (ii) the experiences of those who support or observe pharmacists undergoing one of these changes. METHODS Eighteen registered pharmacists in Northern Ireland, all of whom had either undergone a change in practice themselves or had supported another pharmacist through a change in practice, took part in a telephone-based interview. During the interviews, each participant was invited to reflect upon his or her experiences of the change and suggest ways in which such processes should be handled in the future. The interview transcripts were thematically analysed using template analysis. RESULTS A number of themes captured the issues discussed relating to changes in practice. Firstly, there is a variety of circumstances surrounding a change in practice; secondly, there are various ways in which a pharmacist can prepare for a change in practice; thirdly, a number of factors were thought to facilitate or hinder the process. Finally, training and development needs were identified for pharmacists undergoing a change. CONCLUSIONS A revalidation scheme for pharmacists should make provision for registrants who have taken a career break or changed sector. Such registrants would benefit from resources to support them through the change in practice; these resources could come from peers, employers, or the regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denham L Phipps
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Rutter V, Wong C, Coombes I, Cardiff L, Duggan C, Yee ML, Wee Lim K, Bates I. Use of a general level framework to facilitate performance improvement in hospital pharmacists in Singapore. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2012; 76:107. [PMID: 22919083 PMCID: PMC3425922 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe766107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the acceptability and validity of an adapted version of the General Level Framework (GLF) as a tool to facilitate and evaluate performance development in general pharmacist practitioners (those with less than 3 years of experience) in a Singapore hospital. METHOD Observational evaluations during daily clinical activities were prospectively recorded for 35 pharmacists using the GLF at 2 time points over an average of 9 months. Feedback was provided to the pharmacists and then individualized learning plans were formulated. RESULTS Pharmacists' mean competency cluster scores improved in all 3 clusters, and significant improvement was seen in all but 8 of the 63 behavioral descriptors (p ≤ 0.05). Nonsignificant improvements were attributed to the highest level of performance having been attained upon initial evaluation. Feedback indicated that the GLF process was a positive experience, prompting reflection on practice and culminating in needs-based learning and ultimately improved patient care. CONCLUSIONS The General Level Framework was an acceptable tool for the facilitation and evaluation of performance development in general pharmacist practitioners in a Singapore hospital.
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Meštrović A, Staničić Z, Hadžiabdić MO, Mucalo I, Bates I, Duggan C, Carter S, Bruno A, Košiček M. Individualized education and competency development of Croatian community pharmacists using the general level framework. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2012; 76:23. [PMID: 22438595 PMCID: PMC3305932 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe76223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure Croatian community pharmacists' progress in competency development using the General Level Framework (GLF) as an educational tool in a longitudinal study. METHODS Patient care competencies of 100 community pharmacists were evaluated twice, in 2009 and in 2010 in a prospective cohort study. During this 12-month period, tailored educational programs based on the GLF were organized and conducted, new services and standard operating procedures were implemented, and documentation of contributions to patient care in the pharmacist's portfolio became mandatory. RESULTS Pharmacists' development of all GLF patient care competencies was significant with the greatest improvements seen in the following competencies: patient consultation, monitoring drug therapy, medicine information and patient education, and evaluation of outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study, which retested the effectiveness of an evidence-based competency framework, confirmed that GLF is a valid educational tool for pharmacist development.
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Meštrović A, Staničić Z, Hadžiabdić MO, Mucalo I, Bates I, Duggan C, Carter S, Bruno A. Evaluation of Croatian community pharmacists' patient care competencies using the general level framework. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2011; 75:36. [PMID: 21519425 PMCID: PMC3073111 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe75236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess Croatian community pharmacists' patient care competencies using the General Level Framework (GLF). METHODS The competencies of 100 community pharmacists working in 38 community pharmacies were evaluated using an adapted version of the GLF. RESULTS Pharmacists demonstrated the best performance in the competency areas drug specific issues and provision of drug products; the poorest performance was in the competency areas evaluation of outcomes and monitoring drug therapy. Pharmacists' behavior varied the most in the following areas: ensuring that the prescription is legal, prioritization of medication management problems, and identification of drug-drug interactions. CONCLUSIONS Competencies were identified that need to be developed to improve pharmacist interventions in community settings. This study provides the first data on pharmacists' performance in Croatia and serves as a starting point for future studies and actions.
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