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Bechtold BJ, Lynch KD, Oyanna VO, Call MR, Graf TN, Oberlies NH, Clarke JD. Rifampin- and Silymarin-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Exogenous and Endogenous Substrates in a Transgenic OATP1B Mouse Model. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2284-2297. [PMID: 38529622 PMCID: PMC11073900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3, encoded by the SLCO gene family of the solute carrier superfamily, are involved in the disposition of many exogenous and endogenous compounds. Preclinical rodent models help assess risks of pharmacokinetic interactions, but interspecies differences in transporter orthologs and expression limit direct clinical translation. An OATP1B transgenic mouse model comprising a rodent Slco1a/1b gene cluster knockout and human SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 gene insertions provides a potential physiologically relevant preclinical tool to predict pharmacokinetic interactions. Pharmacokinetics of exogenous probe substrates, pitavastatin and pravastatin, and endogenous OATP1B biomarkers, coproporphyrin-I and coproporphyrin-III, were determined in the presence and absence of known OATP/Oatp inhibitors, rifampin or silymarin (an extract of milk thistle [Silybum marianum]), in wild-type FVB mice and humanized OATP1B mice. Rifampin increased exposure of pitavastatin (4.6- and 2.8-fold), pravastatin (3.6- and 2.2-fold), and coproporphyrin-III (1.6- and 2.1-fold) in FVB and OATP1B mice, respectively, but increased coproporphyrin-I AUC0-24h only (1.8-fold) in the OATP1B mice. Silymarin did not significantly affect substrate AUC, likely because the silymarin flavonolignan concentrations were at or below their reported IC50 values for the relevant OATPs/Oatps. Silymarin increased the Cmax of pitavastatin 2.7-fold and pravastatin 1.9-fold in the OATP1B mice. The data of the OATP1B mice were similar to those of the pitavastatin and pravastatin clinical data; however, the FVB mice data more closely recapitulated pitavastatin clinical data than the data of the OATP1B mice, suggesting that the OATP1B mice are a reasonable, though costly, preclinical strain for predicting pharmacokinetic interactions when doses are optimized to achieve clinically relevant plasma concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baron J. Bechtold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Katherine D. Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Victoria O. Oyanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - M. Ridge Call
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Tyler N. Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina, 27412, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina, 27412, United States
| | - John D. Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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2
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Parvez MM, Sadighi A, Ahn Y, Keller SF, Enoru JO. Uptake Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier and Their Role in Brain Drug Disposition. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2473. [PMID: 37896233 PMCID: PMC10610385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake drug transporters play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs within the brain, facilitating their entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding brain drug disposition is always challenging, especially with respect to preclinical to clinical translation. These transporters are members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, which includes organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), and amino acid transporters. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of uptake drug transporters in the brain and their contribution to drug disposition. Here, we also assemble currently available proteomics-based expression levels of uptake transporters in the human brain and their application in translational drug development. Proteomics data suggest that in association with efflux transporters, uptake drug transporters present at the BBB play a significant role in brain drug disposition. It is noteworthy that a significant level of species differences in uptake drug transporters activity exists, and this may contribute toward a disconnect in inter-species scaling. Taken together, uptake drug transporters at the BBB could play a significant role in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Continuous research is crucial for advancing our understanding of active uptake across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Armin Sadighi
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Yeseul Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Steve F. Keller
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Julius O. Enoru
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
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3
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Somers T, Siddiqi S, Morshuis WJ, Russel FGM, Schirris TJJ. Statins and Cardiomyocyte Metabolism, Friend or Foe? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:417. [PMID: 37887864 PMCID: PMC10607220 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, and are the cornerstone of lipid-lowering treatment. They significantly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, musculoskeletal symptoms are observed in 7 to 29 percent of all users. The mechanism underlying these complaints has become increasingly clear, but less is known about the effect on cardiac muscle function. Here we discuss both adverse and beneficial effects of statins on the heart. Statins exert pleiotropic protective effects in the diseased heart that are independent of their cholesterol-lowering activity, including reduction in hypertrophy, fibrosis and infarct size. Adverse effects of statins seem to be associated with altered cardiomyocyte metabolism. In this review we explore the differences in the mechanism of action and potential side effects of statins in cardiac and skeletal muscle and how they present clinically. These insights may contribute to a more personalized treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Somers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sailay Siddiqi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Morshuis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G. M. Russel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J. J. Schirris
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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4
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Zakrzewicz D, Geyer J. Interactions of Na +/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide with host cellular proteins upon hepatitis B and D virus infection: novel potential targets for antiviral therapy. Biol Chem 2023:hsz-2022-0345. [PMID: 37103224 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is a member of the solute carrier (SLC) family 10 transporters (gene symbol SLC10A1) and is responsible for the sodium-dependent uptake of bile salts across the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes. In addition to its primary transporter function, NTCP is the high-affinity hepatic receptor for hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis D (HDV) viruses and, therefore, is a prerequisite for HBV/HDV virus entry into hepatocytes. The inhibition of HBV/HDV binding to NTCP and internalization of the virus/NTCP receptor complex has become a major concept in the development of new antiviral drugs called HBV/HDV entry inhibitors. Hence, NTCP has emerged as a promising target for therapeutic interventions against HBV/HDV infections in the last decade. In this review, recent findings on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between NTCP and cofactors relevant for entry of the virus/NTCP receptor complex are summarized. In addition, strategies aiming to block PPIs with NTCP to dampen virus tropism and HBV/HDV infection rates are discussed. Finally, this article suggests novel directions for future investigations evaluating the functional contribution of NTCP-mediated PPIs in the development and progression of HBV/HDV infection and subsequent chronic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Zakrzewicz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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5
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Marie S, Frost KL, Hau RK, Martinez-Guerrero L, Izu JM, Myers CM, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Predicting disruptions to drug pharmacokinetics and the risk of adverse drug reactions in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1-28. [PMID: 36815037 PMCID: PMC9939324 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the pharmacokinetics of drugs through drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) causes disease-specific alterations to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes, including a decrease in protein expression of basolateral uptake transporters, an increase in efflux transporters, and modifications to enzyme activity. This can result in increased drug exposure and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Our goal was to predict drugs that pose increased risks for ADRs in NASH patients. Bibliographic research identified 71 drugs with reported ADRs in patients with liver disease, mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 54 of which are known substrates of transporters and/or metabolizing enzymes. Since NASH is the progressive form of NAFLD but is most frequently undiagnosed, we identified other drugs at risk based on NASH-specific alterations to ADME processes. Here, we present another list of 71 drugs at risk of pharmacokinetic disruption in NASH, based on their transport and/or metabolism processes. It encompasses drugs from various pharmacological classes for which ADRs may occur when used in NASH patients, especially when eliminated through multiple pathways altered by the disease. Therefore, these results may inform clinicians regarding the selection of drugs for use in NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Marie
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kayla L. Frost
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Raymond K. Hau
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lucy Martinez-Guerrero
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jailyn M. Izu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Cassandra M. Myers
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen H. Wright
- College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nathan J. Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 520 6260219; fax: +1 520 6266944.
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6
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Goutam K, Ielasi FS, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Reyes N. Structural basis of sodium-dependent bile salt uptake into the liver. Nature 2022; 606:1015-1020. [PMID: 35545671 PMCID: PMC9242856 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver takes up bile salts from blood to generate bile, enabling absorption of lipophilic nutrients and excretion of metabolites and drugs1. Human Na+–taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) is the main bile salt uptake system in liver. NTCP is also the cellular entry receptor of human hepatitis B and D viruses2,3 (HBV/HDV), and has emerged as an important target for antiviral drugs4. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NTCP transport and viral receptor functions remain incompletely understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human NTCP in complexes with nanobodies, revealing key conformations of its transport cycle. NTCP undergoes a conformational transition opening a wide transmembrane pore that serves as the transport pathway for bile salts, and exposes key determinant residues for HBV/HDV binding to the outside of the cell. A nanobody that stabilizes pore closure and inward-facing states impairs recognition of the HBV/HDV receptor-binding domain preS1, demonstrating binding selectivity of the viruses for open-to-outside over inward-facing conformations of the NTCP transport cycle. These results provide molecular insights into NTCP ‘gated-pore’ transport and HBV/HDV receptor recognition mechanisms, and are expected to help with development of liver disease therapies targeting NTCP. Structural studies of human Na+–taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide in complex with nanobodies reveal mechanisms for bile salts transport and HBV recognition involving an open-pore intermediate state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Goutam
- Membrane Protein Mechanisms Group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bordeaux, CNRS-UMR5234, Pessac, France.,Membrane Protein Mechanisms Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Els Pardon
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium.,VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium.,VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Reyes
- Membrane Protein Mechanisms Group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bordeaux, CNRS-UMR5234, Pessac, France. .,Membrane Protein Mechanisms Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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7
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Deng F, Tuomi SK, Neuvonen M, Hirvensalo P, Kulju S, Wenzel C, Oswald S, Filppula AM, Niemi M. Comparative Hepatic and Intestinal Efflux Transport of Statins. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:750-759. [PMID: 34162690 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that lipid-lowering statins are transported by various ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. However, because of varying methods, it is difficult to compare the transport profiles of statins. Therefore, we investigated the transport of 10 statins or statin metabolites by six ABC transporters using human embryonic kidney cell-derived membrane vesicles. The transporter protein expression levels in the vesicles were quantified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and used to scale the measured clearances to tissue levels. In our study, apically expressed breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transported atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) transported atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, and, to a smaller extent, pravastatin. MRP4 transported fluvastatin and rosuvastatin. The scaled clearances suggest that BCRP contributes to 87%-91% and 84% of the total active efflux of rosuvastatin in the small intestine and the liver, respectively. For atorvastatin, the corresponding values for P-gp-mediated efflux were 43%-79% and 66%, respectively. MRP3, on the other hand, may contribute to 23%-26% and 25%-37% of total active efflux of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, and pitavastatin in jejunal enterocytes and liver hepatocytes, respectively. These data indicate that BCRP may play an important role in limiting the intestinal absorption and facilitating the biliary excretion of rosuvastatin and that P-gp may restrict the intestinal absorption and mediate the biliary excretion of atorvastatin. Moreover, the basolateral MRP3 may enhance the intestinal absorption and sinusoidal hepatic efflux of several statins. Taken together, the data show that statins differ considerably in their efflux transport profiles. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study characterized and compared the transport of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin acid and four atorvastatin metabolites by six ABC transporters (BCRP, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, MRP8, P-gp). Based on in vitro findings and protein abundance data, the study concludes that BCRP, MRP3, and P-gp have a major impact in the efflux of various statins. Together with in vitro metabolism, uptake transport, and clinical data, our findings are applicable for use in comparative systems pharmacology modeling of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Suvi-Kukka Tuomi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Mikko Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Päivi Hirvensalo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Sami Kulju
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Christoph Wenzel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
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8
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Lalagkas PN, Poulentzas G, Kontogiorgis C, Douros A. Potential drug-drug interaction between sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and statins: pharmacological and clinical evidence. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:697-705. [PMID: 33888031 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1921735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent case reports suggested that concomitant use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors with statins could lead to increased statin toxicity. We provide a comprehensive overview of the available pharmacological and clinical evidence on this potential drug-drug interaction (DDI). AREAS COVERED We searched MEDLINE PubMed until November 2020 for (i) pharmacokinetic studies on SGLT2 inhibitors, statins, and their potential interaction, and (ii) case reports and clinical studies assessing the safety of concomitant use of SGLT2 inhibitors and statins. We also searched regulatory documents submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration for unpublished data on this potential DDI. EXPERT OPINION SGLT2 inhibitors are increasingly used for type 2 diabetes, chronic heart failure, and chronic kidney disease, and concomitant use with statins is common given the comorbidity of indications. While pharmacokinetic studies in healthy subjects showed no clinically relevant changes in statin levels during SGLT2 inhibitor co-administration, the published case reports and pharmacologic reasoning support the possibility of an interaction. Underlying mechanisms could be pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic, and canagliflozin appears to be the SGLT2 inhibitor with the highest interaction potential. Further research including 'real-world' pharmacoepidemiologic studies is needed to better understand the clinical significance of this DDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis-Nikolaos Lalagkas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Poulentzas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christos Kontogiorgis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonios Douros
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Wang Y, Wilkerson M, Li J, Zhang W, Owens A, Wright S, Hidalgo I. Assessment of Statin Interactions With the Human NTCP Transporter Using a Novel Fluorescence Assay. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:518-529. [PMID: 33078647 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820953066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), which is highly expressed in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, maintains bile acid homeostasis and participates in the hepatic disposition of a variety of endogenous substances as well as xenobiotics. Manifested by the involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1B1 and 1B3 (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3) in the hepatic uptake of statin drugs, sinusoidal membrane transporters play an important role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these agents. It has been speculated that NTCP may function as an alternative pathway for statin hepatic uptake, complementary to OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. In the current study, we produced stable NTCP-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and developed a fluorescence-based assay using flow cytometry for measuring NTCP transport with chenodeoxycholyl-(Nε-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)-lysine (CDCA-NBD) as the substrate. NTCP-mediated CDCA-NBD transport was time-dependent and exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a K m of 6.12 µM. Compounds known to interact with NTCP, including chenodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid, displayed concentration-dependent inhibition of NTCP-mediated CDCA-NBD transport. We report here a systematic evaluation of the interaction between statins and the NTCP transporter. Utilizing this system, several statins were either found to inhibit NTCP-dependent transport or act as substrates. We find a good correlation between the reported lipophilicity of statins and their ability to inhibit NTCP. The objective was to develop a higher-throughput system to evaluate potential inhibitors such as the statins. The in vitro assays using CDCA-NBD as fluorescent substrate are convenient, rapid, and have utility in screening drug candidates for potential drug-NTCP interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- 376544Absorption Systems LP, Exton, PA, USA
| | | | - Jibin Li
- 376544Absorption Systems LP, Exton, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- 376544Absorption Systems LP, Exton, PA, USA
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10
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Damiani I, Corsini A, Bellosta S. Potential statin drug interactions in elderly patients: a review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1133-1145. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1822324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Damiani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bellosta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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11
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Nakaoka T, Uetake Y, Kaneko KI, Niwa T, Ochiai H, Irie S, Suezaki Y, Otsuka N, Hayashinaka E, Wada Y, Cui Y, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y, Hosoya T, Watanabe Y. Practical Synthesis of [ 18F]Pitavastatin and Evaluation of Hepatobiliary Transport Activity in Rats by Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1884-1898. [PMID: 32271581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a practical synthetic method for fluorine-18 (18F)-labeled pitavastatin ([18F]PTV) as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer to assess hepatobiliary transporter activity and conducted a PET scan as a preclinical study for proof-of-concept in rats. This method is a one-pot synthesis involving aromatic 18F-fluorination of an arylboronic acid ester followed by deprotection under acidic conditions, which can be reproduced in general clinical sites equipped with a standard radiolabeling system due to the simplified procedure. PET imaging confirmed that intravenously administered [18F]PTV was rapidly accumulated in the liver and gradually transferred into the intestinal lumen through the bile duct. Radiometabolite analysis showed that [18F]PTV was metabolically stable, and 80% of the injected dose was detected as the unchanged form in both blood and bile. We applied integration plot analysis to assess tissue uptake clearance (CLuptake, liver and CLuptake, kidney) and canalicular efflux clearance (CLint, bile), and examined the effects of inhibitors on membrane transport. Treatment with rifampicin, an organic anion transporting polypeptide inhibitor, significantly reduced CLuptake, liver and CLuptake, kidney to 44% and 64% of control, respectively. In contrast, Ko143, a breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor, did not affect CLuptake, liver but significantly reduced CLint, bile to 39% of control without change in [18F]PTV blood concentration. In addition, we found decreased CLuptake, liver and increased CLint, bile in Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats in response to altered expression levels of transporters. We expect that [18F]PTV can be translated into clinical application, as our synthetic method does not need special apparatus in the radiolabeling system and PET scan with [18F]PTV can quantitatively evaluate transporter activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Nakaoka
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuta Uetake
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kaneko
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Niwa
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ochiai
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satsuki Irie
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshie Suezaki
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Natsumi Otsuka
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Emi Hayashinaka
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yilong Cui
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 6-7-3 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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12
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Nie Y, Yang J, Liu S, Sun R, Chen H, Long N, Jiang R, Gui C. Genetic polymorphisms of human hepatic OATPs: functional consequences and effect on drug pharmacokinetics. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:297-317. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1629043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Chan P, Shao L, Tomlinson B, Zhang Y, Liu ZM. An evaluation of pitavastatin for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 20:103-113. [PMID: 30482061 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1544243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li Shao
- The VIP Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Min Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Arefieva TI, Filatova AY, Potekhina AV, Shchinova AM. Immunotropic Effects and Proposed Mechanism of Action for 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:874-889. [PMID: 30208827 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918080023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (statins) are the major group of lipid-lowering drugs. Along with hypocholesterolemic activity, statins exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that expand their clinical use, particularly, in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we critically analyze the data of statin effects on immune cells (e.g., monocytes and T cells) involved in the development of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. We (i) discuss the properties of statins and routes of cell entry, as well as their major intracellular targets; (ii) evaluate the data on the effects of statins on the subset composition of circulatory monocytes, ability of monocytes to migrate to the site of inflammation (cell motility and expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors), production of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species by monocytes/macrophages, and antigen-presenting activity in peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells; and (iii) summarize the data on the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of various CD4+ T cell subsets (type 1/2/17 helper T cells and regulatory T cells) by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Arefieva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.,Kurchatov Institute National Research Center Complex, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A Yu Filatova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - A V Potekhina
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - A M Shchinova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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15
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Bradbury P, Traini D, Ammit AJ, Young PM, Ong HX. Repurposing of statins via inhalation to treat lung inflammatory conditions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 133:93-106. [PMID: 29890243 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite many therapeutic advancements over the past decade, the continued rise in chronic inflammatory lung diseases incidence has driven the need to identify and develop new therapeutic strategies, with superior efficacy to treat these diseases. Statins are one class of drug that could potentially be repurposed as an alternative treatment for chronic lung diseases. They are currently used to treat hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, that catalyses the rate limiting step in the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway, a key intermediate in cholesterol metabolism. Recent research has identified statins to have other protective pleiotropic properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, muco-inhibitory effects that may be beneficial for the treatment of chronic inflammatory lung diseases. However, clinical studies have yielded conflicting results. This review will summarise some of the current evidences for statins pleiotropic effects that could be applied for the treatment of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, their mechanisms of actions, and the potential to repurpose statins as an inhaled therapy, including a detailed discussion on their different physical-chemical properties and how these characteristics could ultimately affect treatment efficacies. The repurposing of statins from conventional anti-cholesterol oral therapy to inhaled anti-inflammatory formulation is promising, as it provides direct delivery to the airways, reduced risk of side effects, increased bioavailability and tailored physical-chemical properties for enhanced efficacy.
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Schenone AL, Menon V. Colchicine in Pericardial Disease: from the Underlying Biology and Clinical Benefits to the Drug-Drug Interactions in Cardiovascular Medicine. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:62. [PMID: 29904810 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This is an in-depth review on the mechanism of action, clinical utility, and drug-drug interactions of colchicine in the management of pericardial disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence about therapeutic targets on pericarditis has demonstrated that NALP3 inflammasome blockade is the cornerstone in the clinical benefits of colchicine. Such benefits extend from acute and recurrent pericarditis to transient constriction and post-pericardiotomy syndrome. Despite the increased utilization of colchicine in cardiovascular medicine, safety concerns remains unsolved regarding the long-term use of colchicine in the cardiac patient. Moreover, recent evidence has demonstrated that numerous cardiovascular medications, ranging from antihypertensive medication to antiarrhythmics, are known to interact with the CYP3A4 and/or P-gp system increasing the toxicity potential of colchicine. The use of adjunctive colchicine in the management of inflammatory pericardial diseases is standard of care in current practice. It is advised that a careful medication reconciliation with emphasis on pharmacokinetic is completed before prescribing colchicine in order to avoid harmful interaction by finding an alternative regimen or adjusting colchicine dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo L Schenone
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave J3-129, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Venu Menon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave J3-129, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Rocha KCE, Pereira BMV, Rodrigues AC. An update on efflux and uptake transporters as determinants of statin response. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:613-624. [PMID: 29842801 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1482276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins are used in the treatment of dyslipidemia promoting primary and secondary prevention against detrimental cardiovascular events. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) membrane transporters transport statins across the cell membrane. Differences in drug transporter tissue expression and activity contribute to variability in statin pharmacokinetics (PK) and response. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to discuss factors impacting transporter expression and the effect this has on statin efficacy and safety. Previous studies have demonstrated that genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions (DDI), nuclear receptors, and microRNAs affect statin PK and pharmacodynamics. Expert opinion: Genetic variants of ABCG2 and SLCO1B1 transporters affect statin PK and, as a result, the intended lipid-lowering response. However, the effect size is small, limiting its applicability in clinical practice. Furthermore, genetic variants do not totally explain the observed intervariability in statin response. Thus, it is likely that transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of drug transporters are also highly involved. Further studies are required to understand the contribution of each of these new factors in statin disposition and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Cunha E Rocha
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Beatriz Maria Veloso Pereira
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Alice Cristina Rodrigues
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
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Marie S, Cisternino S, Buvat I, Declèves X, Tournier N. Imaging Probes and Modalities for the Study of Solute Carrier O (SLCO)-Transport Function In Vivo. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2335-2344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Yu J, Zhou Z, Tay-Sontheimer J, Levy RH, Ragueneau-Majlessi I. Intestinal Drug Interactions Mediated by OATPs: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Findings. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2312-2325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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22
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Murray M, Zhou F. Trafficking and other regulatory mechanisms for organic anion transporting polypeptides and organic anion transporters that modulate cellular drug and xenobiotic influx and that are dysregulated in disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1908-1924. [PMID: 28299773 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), encoded by a number of solute carrier (SLC)22A and SLC organic anion (SLCO) genes, mediate the absorption and distribution of drugs and other xenobiotics. The regulation of OATs and OATPs is complex, comprising both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Plasma membrane expression is required for cellular substrate influx by OATs/OATPs. Thus, interest in post-translational regulatory processes, including membrane targeting, endocytosis, recycling and degradation of transporter proteins, is increasing because these are critical for plasma membrane expression. After being synthesized, transporters undergo N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and are delivered to the plasma membrane by vesicular transport. Their expression at the cell surface is maintained by de novo synthesis and recycling, which occurs after clathrin- and/or caveolin-dependent endocytosis of existing protein. Several studies have shown that phosphorylation by signalling kinases is important for the internalization and recycling processes, although the transporter protein does not appear to be directly phosphorylated. After internalization, transporters that are targeted for degradation undergo ubiquitination, most likely on intracellular loop residues. Epigenetic mechanisms, including methylation of gene regulatory regions and transcription from alternate promoters, are also significant in the regulation of certain SLC22A/SLCO genes. The membrane expression of OATs/OATPs is dysregulated in disease, which affects drug efficacy and detoxification. Several transporters are expressed in the cytoplasmic subcompartment in disease states, which suggests that membrane targeting/internalization/recycling may be impaired. This article focuses on recent developments in OAT and OATP regulation, their dysregulation in disease and the significance for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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23
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Arrigoni E, Del Re M, Fidilio L, Fogli S, Danesi R, Di Paolo A. Pharmacogenetic Foundations of Therapeutic Efficacy and Adverse Events of Statins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010104. [PMID: 28067828 PMCID: PMC5297738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the era of precision medicine, more attention is paid to the search for predictive markers of treatment efficacy and tolerability. Statins are one of the classes of drugs that could benefit from this approach because of their wide use and their incidence of adverse events. Methods: Literature from PubMed databases and bibliography from retrieved publications have been analyzed according to terms such as statins, pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, toxicity and drug–drug interaction, among others. The search was performed until 1 October 2016 for articles published in English language. Results: Several technical and methodological approaches have been adopted, including candidate gene and next generation sequencing (NGS) analyses, the latter being more robust and reliable. Among genes identified as possible predictive factors associated with statins toxicity, cytochrome P450 isoforms, transmembrane transporters and mitochondrial enzymes are the best characterized. Finally, the solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) transporter seems to be the best target for future studies. Moreover, drug–drug interactions need to be considered for the best approach to personalized treatment. Conclusions: Pharmacogenetics of statins includes several possible genes and their polymorphisms, but muscular toxicities seem better related to SLCO1B1 variant alleles. Their analysis in the general population of patients taking statins could improve treatment adherence and efficacy; however, the cost–efficacy ratio should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arrigoni
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Fidilio
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Fogli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Romano Danesi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonello Di Paolo
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Wiggins BS, Saseen JJ, Page RL, Reed BN, Sneed K, Kostis JB, Lanfear D, Virani S, Morris PB. Recommendations for Management of Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interactions With Statins and Select Agents Used in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016; 134:e468-e495. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wagner J, Abdel-Rahman SM. Pediatric Statin Administration: Navigating a Frontier with Limited Data. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:380-403. [PMID: 27877092 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-21.5.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, children and adolescents with dyslipidemia qualify for pharmacologic intervention. As they are for adults, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the mainstay of pediatric dyslipidemia treatment when lifestyle modifications have failed. Despite the overall success of these drugs, the magnitude of variability in dose-exposure-response profiles contributes to adverse events and treatment failure. In children, the cause of treatment failures remains unclear. This review describes the updated guidelines for screening and management of pediatric dyslipidemia and statin disposition pathway to assist the provider in recognizing scenarios where alterations in dosage may be warranted to meet patients' specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wagner
- Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri ; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Susan M Abdel-Rahman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
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26
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Chang SY, Weber EJ, Ness KV, Eaton DL, Kelly EJ. Liver and Kidney on Chips: Microphysiological Models to Understand Transporter Function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:464-478. [PMID: 27448090 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of complex cellular microenvironments of both the liver and kidneys, accurate modeling of transport function has remained a challenge, leaving a dire need for models that can faithfully recapitulate both the architecture and cell-cell interactions observed in vivo. The study of hepatic and renal transport function is a fundamental component of understanding the metabolic fate of drugs and xenobiotics; however, there are few in vitro systems conducive for these types of studies. For both the hepatic and renal systems, we provide an overview of the location and function of the most significant phase I/II/III (transporter) of enzymes, and then review current in vitro systems for the suitability of a transporter function study and provide details on microphysiological systems that lead the field in these investigations. Microphysiological modeling of the liver and kidneys using "organ-on-a-chip" technologies is rapidly advancing in transport function assessment and has emerged as a promising method to evaluate drug and xenobiotic metabolism. Future directions for the field are also discussed along with technical challenges encountered in complex multiple-organs-on-chips development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E J Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kp Van Ness
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D L Eaton
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Dave RA, Morris ME. Semi-mechanistic kidney model incorporating physiologically-relevant fluid reabsorption and transporter-mediated renal reabsorption: pharmacokinetics of γ-hydroxybutyric acid and L-lactate in rats. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:497-513. [PMID: 26341876 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study developed a semi-mechanistic kidney model incorporating physiologically-relevant fluid reabsorption and transporter-mediated active reabsorption. The model was applied to data for the drug of abuse γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), which exhibits monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1/SMCT1)-mediated renal reabsorption. The kidney model consists of various nephron segments--proximal tubules, Loop-of-Henle, distal tubules, and collecting ducts--where the segmental fluid flow rates, volumes, and sequential reabsorption were incorporated as functions of the glomerular filtration rate. The active renal reabsorption was modeled as vectorial transport across proximal tubule cells. In addition, the model included physiological blood, liver, and remainder compartments. The population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using ADAPT5 for GHB blood concentration-time data and cumulative amount excreted unchanged into urine data (200-1000 mg/kg IV bolus doses) from rats [Felmlee et al (PMID: 20461486)]. Simulations assessed the effects of inhibition (R = [I]/KI = 0-100) of renal reabsorption on systemic exposure (AUC) and renal clearance of GHB. Visual predictive checks and other model diagnostic plots indicated that the model reasonably captured GHB concentrations. Simulations demonstrated that the inhibition of renal reabsorption significantly increased GHB renal clearance and decreased AUC. Model validation was performed using a separate dataset. Furthermore, our model successfully evaluated the pharmacokinetics of L-lactate using data obtained from Morse et al (PMID: 24854892). In conclusion, we developed a semi-mechanistic kidney model that can be used to evaluate transporter-mediated active renal reabsorption of drugs by the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutwij A Dave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Mirošević Skvrce N, Macolić Šarinić V, Šimić I, Ganoci L, Muačević Katanec D, Božina N. ABCG2 gene polymorphisms as risk factors for atorvastatin adverse reactions: a case-control study. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:803-15. [PMID: 26086347 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the association between dose-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of atorvastatin and polymorphisms of ABCG2, taking into account the influence of CYP3A4 and SLCO1B1 genes. MATERIALS & METHODS Sixty patients who experienced atorvastatin dose-related ADRs and 90 matched patients without ADRs were enrolled in the study. Genotyping for ABCG2 421C > A, CYP3A4*22, SLCO1B1 388A > G, SLCO1B1 521T > C variants was performed by real-time PCR. RESULTS Patients with ABCG2 421CA or AA genotypes had 2.9 times greater odds of developing atorvastatin dose-dependent ADRs (OR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.22-6.95; p = 0.016) than those with ABCG2 421CC genotype. After adjustments for clinical and genetic risk factors, ABCG2 remained a statistically significant predictor of adverse drug reactions (OR: 2.75; 95% CI: 1.1-6.87; p = 0.03;). Also, carriers of SLCO1B1 521 TC or CC genotypes had 2.3 greater odds (OR: 1.03-4.98; 95% CI: 1.03-4.98; p = 0.043) of experiencing ADRs caused by atorvastatin in comparison with carriers of SLCO1B1 521 TT genotype. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated an association between atorvastatin-induced ADRs and genetic variants in the ABCG2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iveta Šimić
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lana Ganoci
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Diana Muačević Katanec
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nada Božina
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Wen CC, Yee SW, Liang X, Hoffmann TJ, Kvale MN, Banda Y, Jorgenson E, Schaefer C, Risch N, Giacomini KM. Genome-wide association study identifies ABCG2 (BCRP) as an allopurinol transporter and a determinant of drug response. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 97:518-25. [PMID: 25676789 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The first-line treatment of hyperuricemia, which causes gout, is allopurinol. The allopurinol response is highly variable, with many users failing to achieve target serum uric acid (SUA) levels. No genome-wide association study (GWAS) has examined the genetic factors affecting allopurinol effectiveness. Using 2,027 subjects in Kaiser Permanente's Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort, we conducted a GWAS of allopurinol-related SUA reduction, first in the largest ethnic group, non-Hispanic white (NHW) subjects, and then in a stratified transethnic meta-analysis. ABCG2, encoding the efflux pump BCRP, was associated with SUA reduction in NHW subjects (P = 2 × 10(-8) ), and a missense allele (rs2231142) was associated with a reduced response (P = 3 × 10(-7) ) in the meta-analysis. Isotopic uptake studies in cells demonstrated that BCRP transports allopurinol and genetic variants in ABCG2 affect this transport. Collectively, this first GWAS of allopurinol response demonstrates that ABCG2 is a key determinant of response to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Marada VVVR, Flörl S, Kühne A, Müller J, Burckhardt G, Hagos Y. Interaction of human organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) and sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) with antineoplastic drugs. Pharmacol Res 2014; 91:78-87. [PMID: 25481222 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of an antineoplastic drug to exert its cytostatic effect depends largely on the balance between its uptake into and extrusion from the cancer cells. ATP driven efflux transporter proteins drive the export of antineoplastic drugs and play a pivotal role in the development of chemoresistance. As regards uptake transporters, comparably less is known on their impact in drug action. In the current study, we characterized the interactions of two uptake transporter proteins, expressed mainly in the liver; the organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2, encoded by the SLC22A7 gene) and the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP, encoded by the SLC10A1 gene), stably transfected in human embryonic kidney cells, with some antineoplastic agents that are routinely being used in cancer chemotherapy. Whereas NTCP did not show any strong interactions with the cytostatics tested, we observed a very strong inhibition of OAT2 mediated [(3)H] cGMP uptake in the presence of bendamustine, irinotecan and paclitaxel. The Ki values of OAT2 for bendamustine, irinotecan and paclitaxel were determined to be 43.3±4.33μM, 26.4±2.34μM and 10.4±0.45μM, respectively. Incubation of bendamustine with OAT2 expressing cells increased the caspase-3 activity, and this increase was inhibited by simultaneous incubation with bendamustine and probenecid, a well-known inhibitor of OATs, suggesting that bendamustine is a substrate of OAT2. A higher accumulation of irinotecan was observed in OAT2 expressing cells compared to control pcDNA cells by HPLC analysis of cell lysates. The accumulation was diminished in the presence of cGMP, the substrate we used to functionally characterize OAT2, suggesting specificity of this uptake and the fact that OAT2 mediates uptake of irinotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata V V R Marada
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Saskia Flörl
- PortaCellTec biosciences GmbH, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Annett Kühne
- PortaCellTec biosciences GmbH, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Judith Müller
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Yohannes Hagos
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; PortaCellTec biosciences GmbH, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Goettingen, Germany.
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31
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Huang YH, Li ZQ, Pan GX, Li YF, Liu Y, Sun JX, Gu XF, Li N, Wang BH. Comparison of Scaled-average, Population, and Individual Bioequivalence on 2 Tablets of Pitavastatin Calcium: A 3-Period, Reference-replicated, Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Clin Ther 2014; 36:1205-1216.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Tiwari V, Khokhar M. Mechanism of action of anti-hypercholesterolemia drugs and their resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:156-70. [PMID: 25151024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One of the significant causes of this disease is hypercholesterolemia which is the result of various genetic alterations that are associated with the accumulation of specific classes of lipoprotein particles in plasma. A number of drugs are used to treat hypercholesterolemia like statin, fibrate, bile acid sequestrants, niacin, ezetimibe, omega-3 fatty acids and natural extracts. It has been observed that these drugs show diverse response in different individuals. The present review explains the mechanism of action of these drugs as well as mechanism of its lesser effectiveness or resistance in some individuals. There are various identified genetic variations that are associated with diversity in the drugs response. Therefore, present study helps to understand the ethiology of drug mechanism and resistance developed against drugs used to treat hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India
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Qiu X, Zhang H, Lai Y. Quantitative targeted proteomics for membrane transporter proteins: method and application. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:714-26. [PMID: 24830943 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although global proteomics has shown promise for discovery of many new proteins, biomarkers, protein modifications, and polymorphisms, targeted proteomics is emerging in the proteomics research field as a complement to untargeted shotgun proteomics, particularly when a determined set of low-abundance functional proteins need to be measured. The function and expression of proteins related to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) such as cytochrome P450 enzymes and membrane transporters are of great interest in biopharmaceutical research. Since the variation in ADME-related protein expression is known to be a major complicating factor encountered during in vitro-in vivo and in vivo-in vivo extrapolations (IVIVE), the accurate quantification of the ADME proteins in complex biological systems becomes a fundamental element in establishing IVIVE for pharmacokinetic predictions. In this review, we provide an overview of relevant methodologies followed by a summary of recent applications encompassing mass spectrometry-based targeted quantifications of membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
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34
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Structure and function of BCRP, a broad specificity transporter of xenobiotics and endobiotics. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1205-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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De Bruyn T, Sempels W, Snoeys J, Holmstock N, Chatterjee S, Stieger B, Augustijns P, Hofkens J, Mizuno H, Annaert P. Confocal imaging with a fluorescent bile acid analogue closely mimicking hepatic taurocholate disposition. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1872-81. [PMID: 24652646 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the in vitro hepatic transport mechanisms in primary rat and human hepatocytes of the fluorescent bile acid derivative N-(24-[7-(4-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole)]amino-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-27-nor-5β-cholestan-26-oyl)-2'-aminoethanesulfonate (tauro-nor-THCA-24-DBD), previously synthesized to study the activity of the bile salt export pump (BSEP). The fluorescent bile acid derivative exhibited saturable uptake kinetics in suspended rat hepatocytes. Hepatic uptake was inhibited in the presence of substrates/inhibitors of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) family and Na(+) -taurocholate cotransporting peptide (Ntcp). Concentration-dependent uptake of the fluorescent bile acid was also saturable in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with rNtcp, hNTCP, OATP1B1, or OATP1B3. The fluorescent bile acid derivative was actively excreted in the bile canaliculi of sandwich-cultured rat and human hepatocytes (SCRH and SCHH), with a biliary excretion index (BEI) of 26% and 32%, respectively. In SCRH, cyclosporin A significantly decreased the BEI to 5%. Quantification by real-time confocal imaging further confirmed canalicular transport of the fluorescent bile acid derivative (BEI = 75%). We conclude that tauro-nor-THCA-24-DBD is a useful probe to study interference of drugs with NTCP/Ntcp- and BSEP/Bsep-mediated transport in fluorescence-based in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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36
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Xue X, Hall MD, Zhang Q, Wang PC, Gottesman MM, Liang XJ. Nanoscale drug delivery platforms overcome platinum-based resistance in cancer cells due to abnormal membrane protein trafficking. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10452-64. [PMID: 24219825 PMCID: PMC3907077 DOI: 10.1021/nn405004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of cellular resistance to platinum-based chemotherapies is often associated with reduced intracellular platinum concentrations. In some models, this reduction is due to abnormal membrane protein trafficking, resulting in reduced uptake by transporters at the cell surface. Given the central role of platinum drugs in the clinic, it is critical to overcome cisplatin resistance by bypassing the plasma membrane barrier to significantly increase the intracellular cisplatin concentration enough to inhibit the proliferation of cisplatin-resistant cells. Therefore, rational design of appropriate nanoscale drug delivery platforms (nDDPs) loaded with cisplatin or other platinum analogues as payloads is a possible strategy to solve this problem. This review will focus on the known mechanism of membrane trafficking in cisplatin-resistant cells and the development and employment of nDDPs to improve cell uptake of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Paul C. Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington D.C. 20060, USA
| | - Michael M. Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Hu M, Tomlinson B. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of the two recently developed statins, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 10:51-65. [PMID: 24156555 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.851667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins are the cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Rosuvastatin and pitavastatin are the two recently developed statins with less potential for drug interaction resulting in improved safety profiles. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. The materials reviewed were identified by searching PubMed for publications using 'rosuvastatin', 'pitavastatin', 'statins', 'pharmacokinetics' and 'drug interaction' as the search terms. EXPERT OPINION Rosuvastatin and pitavastatin have favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles as their disposition does not depend on or is only marginally influenced by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, thus potentially reducing the risk of drug-drug interactions of these two statins with other drugs known to inhibit CYP enzymes. However, drug transporters play a significant role in the disposition of rosuvastatin and pitavastatin and drug interactions may occur through these. Genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters may also affect the pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and/or the lipid-lowering effect of these statins to a different extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR
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38
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Bi YA, Qiu X, Rotter CJ, Kimoto E, Piotrowski M, Varma MV, EI-Kattan AF, Lai Y. Quantitative assessment of the contribution of sodium-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) to the hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin, pitavastatin and fluvastatin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 34:452-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-an Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Xi Qiu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Charles J. Rotter
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Mary Piotrowski
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Manthena V. Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Ayman F. EI-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Global Research and Development; Groton; Connecticut; USA
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39
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The solute carrier family 10 (SLC10): beyond bile acid transport. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:252-69. [PMID: 23506869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) family 10 (SLC10) comprises influx transporters of bile acids, steroidal hormones, various drugs, and several other substrates. Because the seminal transporters of this family, namely, sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP; SLC10A1) and the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT; SLC10A2), were primarily bile acid transporters, the term "sodium bile salt cotransporting family" was used for the SLC10 family. However, this notion became obsolete with the finding of other SLC10 members that do not transport bile acids. For example, the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT; SLC10A6) transports primarily sulfated steroids. Moreover, NTCP was shown to also transport steroids and xenobiotics, including HMG-CoA inhibitors (statins). The SLC10 family contains four additional members, namely, P3 (SLC10A3; SLC10A3), P4 (SLC10A4; SLC10A4), P5 (SLC10A5; SLC10A5) and SLC10A7 (SLC10A7), several of which were unknown or considered hypothetical until approximately a decade ago. While their substrate specificity remains undetermined, great progress has been made towards their characterization in recent years. Explicitly, SLC10A4 may participate in vesicular storage or exocytosis of neurotransmitters or mastocyte mediators, whereas SLC10A5 and SLC10A7 may be involved in solute transport and SLC10A3 may have a role as a housekeeping protein. Finally, the newly found role of bile acids in glucose and energy homeostasis, via the TGR5 receptor, sheds new light on the clinical relevance of ASBT and NTCP. The present mini-review provides a brief summary of recent progress on members of the SLC10 family.
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40
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Qiu X, Bi YA, Balogh LM, Lai Y. Absolute measurement of species differences in sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP/Ntcp) and its modulation in cultured hepatocytes. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3252-63. [PMID: 23657999 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Species differences among membrane transporters can be remarkable and difficult to properly assess by conventional methods. Herein, we employed the first use of stable isotope labeling in mammals or stable isotope-labeled peptides combined with mass spectrometry to identify species differences in sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP/Ntcp) protein expression in liver tissue and to characterize the modulation of protein expression in sandwich-cultured human (SCHH) and rat hepatocytes (SCRH). The lower limit of quantification was established to be 5 fmol on column with a standard curve that was linear up to 2000 fmol. The accuracy and precision were evaluated with three quality control samples and known amounts of synthetic proteotypic peptides that were spiked into the membrane protein extracts. The overall relative error and coefficient of variation were less than 10%. The expression of Ntcp in mouse and rat was significant higher than that in human (five-fold) and monkey (two-fold) and ranked as mouse > rat >> monkey > human. In the cultured hepatocytes, although significant downregulation of Ntcp expression in SCRH at day 5 after the culture was detected, NTCP expression in SCHH was comparable to the suspension hepatocytes. The results suggested that NTCP/Ntcp modulation in cultured hepatocytes is species specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Qiu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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41
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Döring B, Lütteke T, Geyer J, Petzinger E. The SLC10 carrier family: transport functions and molecular structure. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013. [PMID: 23177985 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394316-3.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The SLC10 family represents seven genes containing 1-12 exons that encode proteins in humans with sequence lengths of 348-477 amino acids. Although termed solute carriers (SLCs), only three out of seven (i.e. SLC10A1, SLC10A2, and SLC10A6) show sodium-dependent uptake of organic substrates across the cell membrane. These include the uptake of bile salts, sulfated steroids, sulfated thyroidal hormones, and certain statin drugs by SLC10A1 (Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)), the uptake of bile salts by SLC10A2 (apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)), and uptake of sulfated steroids and sulfated taurolithocholate by SLC10A6 (sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT)). The other members of the family are orphan carriers not all localized in the cell membrane. The name "bile acid transporter family" arose because the first two SLC10 members (NTCP and ASBT) are carriers for bile salts that establish their enterohepatic circulation. In recent years, information has been obtained on their 2D and 3D membrane topology, structure-transport relationships, and on the ligand and sodium-binding sites. For SLC10A2, the putative 3D morphology was deduced from the crystal structure of a bacterial SLC10A2 analog, ASBT(NM). This information was used in this chapter to calculate the putative 3D structure of NTCP. This review provides first an introduction to recent knowledge about bile acid synthesis and newly found bile acid hormonal functions, and then describes step-by-step each individual member of the family in terms of expression, localization, substrate pattern, as well as protein topology with emphasis on the three functional SLC10 carrier members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- SLC10 family research group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Giessen, Germany
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van der Wulp MYM, Verkade HJ, Groen AK. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:1-16. [PMID: 22721653 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is caused by a disturbed balance between cholesterol secretion into the blood versus uptake. The pathways involved are regulated via a complex interplay of enzymes, transport proteins, transcription factors and non-coding RNA's. The last two decades insight into underlying mechanisms has increased vastly but there are still a lot of unknowns, particularly regarding intracellular cholesterol transport. After decades of concentration on the liver, in recent years the intestine has come into focus as an important control point in cholesterol homeostasis. This review will discuss current knowledge of cholesterol physiology, with emphasis on cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis and fecal excretion, and new (possible) therapeutic options for hypercholesterolemia.
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43
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Nakagawa S, Gosho M, Inazu Y, Hounslow N. Pitavastatin Concentrations Are Not Increased by CYP3A4 Inhibitor Itraconazole in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2013; 2:195-200. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Gong IY, Kim RB. Impact of Genetic Variation in OATP Transporters to Drug Disposition and Response. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 28:4-18. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rv-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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In Vivo Characterization of Interactions on Transporters. TRANSPORTERS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8229-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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46
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Wagner J, Leeder JS. Pediatric pharmacogenomics: a systematic assessment of ontogeny and genetic variation to guide the design of statin studies in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2012; 59:1017-37. [PMID: 23036242 PMCID: PMC5847265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The dose-exposure-response relationship for drugs may differ in pediatric patients compared with adults. Many clinical studies have established drug dose-exposure relationships across the pediatric age spectrum; however, genetic variation was seldom included. This article applies a systematic approach to determine the relative contribution of development and genetic variation on drug disposition and response using HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as a model. Application of the approach drives the collection of information relevant to understanding the potential contribution of ontogeny and genetic variation to statin dose-exposure-response in children, and identifies important knowledge deficits to be addressed through the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wagner
- Section of Cardiology, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| | - J. Steven Leeder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64108
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Oh ES, Kim CO, Cho SK, Park MS, Chung JY. Impact of ABCC2, ABCG2 and SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin in humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 28:196-202. [PMID: 23007012 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rg-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pitavastatin, a 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor is distributed to the liver, a target organ of action and excreted mainly into the bile. To investigate the impact of influx (OATP1B1) and efflux (MRP2, BCRP) transporter alleles on its disposition, the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were compared among the following groups: SLCO1B1 (*15 carrier and non-carrier), ABCC2 (G1249A, C3972T, C-24T, G1549A, and G1774T), and ABCG2 (C421A) single nucleotide polymorphisms in 45 healthy Korean volunteers. Pitavastatin AUC(last) was higher in individuals carrying the SLCO1B1*15 allele than those not carrying it (144.1 ± 55.3 vs. 84.7 ± 25.7 h·ng/mL [mean ± SD], p = 0.002). The AUC(last) varied significantly according to the ABCC2 C-24T allele (103.4 ± 42.2, 80.2 ± 23.8, and 39.0 h·ng/mL in CC, CT and TT, respectively; p = 0.027). Other SNPs of ABCC2 and ABCG2 were not significant. The effect of these transporters and body weight on the AUC(last) and C(max) were tested, and only SLCO1B1 and ABCC2 C-24T genotypes were significant factors by analysis of covariance. These variants accounted for almost 50% of the variation in AUC(last) and C(max) of pitavastatin. Therefore, ABCC2 C-24T was significantly associated with pitavastatin human PK when the known effect of SLCO1B1*15 was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Oh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Yonsei University Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Roth M, Obaidat A, Hagenbuch B. OATPs, OATs and OCTs: the organic anion and cation transporters of the SLCO and SLC22A gene superfamilies. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1260-87. [PMID: 22013971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human organic anion and cation transporters are classified within two SLC superfamilies. Superfamily SLCO (formerly SLC21A) consists of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), while the organic anion transporters (OATs) and the organic cation transporters (OCTs) are classified in the SLC22A superfamily. Individual members of each superfamily are expressed in essentially every epithelium throughout the body, where they play a significant role in drug absorption, distribution and elimination. Substrates of OATPs are mainly large hydrophobic organic anions, while OATs transport smaller and more hydrophilic organic anions and OCTs transport organic cations. In addition to endogenous substrates, such as steroids, hormones and neurotransmitters, numerous drugs and other xenobiotics are transported by these proteins, including statins, antivirals, antibiotics and anticancer drugs. Expression of OATPs, OATs and OCTs can be regulated at the protein or transcriptional level and appears to vary within each family by both protein and tissue type. All three superfamilies consist of 12 transmembrane domain proteins that have intracellular termini. Although no crystal structures have yet been determined, combinations of homology modelling and mutation experiments have been used to explore the mechanism of substrate recognition and transport. Several polymorphisms identified in members of these superfamilies have been shown to affect pharmacokinetics of their drug substrates, confirming the importance of these drug transporters for efficient pharmacological therapy. This review, unlike other reviews that focus on a single transporter family, briefly summarizes the current knowledge of all the functionally characterized human organic anion and cation drug uptake transporters of the SLCO and the SLC22A superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Hu M, Mak VWL, Yin OQP, Chu TTW, Tomlinson B. Effects of grapefruit juice and SLCO1B1 388A>G polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 28:104-8. [PMID: 22850760 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rg-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pitavastatin undergoes little hepatic metabolism but it is a substrate for uptake and efflux transporters, particularly OATP1B1 (gene SLCO1B1). A previous study in 8 Japanese healthy subjects showed that co-administration with grapefruit juice (GFJ) resulted in a small increase in systemic exposure to pitavastatin. We examined whether common polymorphisms in SLCO1B1 might influence the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin or the interaction with GFJ. Twelve Chinese healthy male volunteers took pitavastatin 2 mg orally with water or with GFJ on separate occasions and plasma concentrations of pitavastatin acid and lactone were measured over 48 h. GFJ increased the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-48 h) for both pitavastatin acid and lactone by 14% (p<0.05). Subjects with SLCO1B1 *1b/*1b haplotype (388GG-521TT) had 47% and 44% higher systemic exposure for pitavastatin acid and lactone than the SLCO1B1 *1a carriers (388AA/AG-521TT, p<0.05 and p=0.005, respectively). The SLCO1B1 388A>G polymorphism, which increases transporter activity for some statins, was associated with higher plasma levels of pitavastatin acid and lactone in subjects with the homozygous variant indicating decreased hepatic uptake. Co-administration of pitavastatin with GFJ resulted in a small but significant increase in plasma levels in healthy Chinese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
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50
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Comparison of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profile of a Single Oral Dose of Pitavastatin 4 mg in Adult Subjects With Severe Renal Impairment Not on Hemodialysis Versus Healthy Adult Subjects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:42-8. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318256cdf0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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