1
|
Yang Z, Qi J, Ping D, Sun X, Tao Y, Liu C, Peng Y. Salvia miltiorrhiza in thorax and abdomainal organ fibrosis: A review of its pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999604. [PMID: 36204239 PMCID: PMC9530895 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is a common pathological change that finally results in organ failure, which involves the destruction of parenchyma cells, the activation of mesenchymal cells and the imbalance of immunological cells. In recent years, although some breakthroughs have been made in understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutics of organ fibrosis, no registered drugs could directly target the fibrotic process, which constitutes a major biomedical challenge. Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is a well-known medicinal plant in China, which has been widely applied because of its pharmacological effects on anti-oxidative, anti-myocardial infarction, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neoplastic properties. Accumulated evidence suggested that SM played critical roles against organ fibrosis in vivo and in vitro experiments by its multiple biological compounds. In this review, we discussed the recent advances on the phytochemistry and pharmacological mechanisms of SM and its active ingredients in liver, lung, kidney, and heart fibrosis, which might help to promote the treatment of fibrotic diseases in thorax and abdomainal viscera in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingshu Qi
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dabing Ping
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Tao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chenghai Liu, ; Yuan Peng,
| | - Yuan Peng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chenghai Liu, ; Yuan Peng,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong X, Yan X, Qu H. Advanced process control for salvianolic acid A conversion reaction based on data-driven and mechanism-driven model. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Chan YT, Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Feng Y. Targeting Hepatic Stellate Cells for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis by Natural Products: Is It the Dawning of a New Era? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:548. [PMID: 32425789 PMCID: PMC7212390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a progressive liver damage condition that is worth studying widely. It is important to target and alleviate the disease at an early stage before turning into later cirrhosis or liver cancer. There are currently no direct medicines targeting the attenuation or reversal of liver fibrosis, and so there is an urgent need to look into this area. Traditional Chinese Medicine has a long history in using herbal medicines to treat liver diseases including fibrosis. It is time to integrate the ancient wisdom with modern science and technology to look for the best solution to the disease. In this review, the principal concept of the pathology of liver fibrosis will be described, and then some of the single compounds isolated from herbal medicines, including salvianolic acids, oxymatrine, curcumin, tetrandrine, etc. will be discussed from their effects to the molecular mechanism behind. Molecular targets of the compounds are analyzed by network pharmacology approach, and TGFβ/SMAD was identified as the most common pathway. This review serves to summarize the current findings of herbal medicines combining with modern medicines in the area of fibrosis. It hopefully provides insights in further pharmaceutical research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Tuen Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hor Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Du G, Song J, Du L, Zhang L, Qiang G, Wang S, Yang X, Fang L. Chemical and pharmacological research on the polyphenol acids isolated from Danshen: A review of salvianolic acids. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 87:1-41. [PMID: 32089230 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Danshen, the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, is a common medicinal herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine, which has been used for the treatment of a number of diseases for thousands of years. More than 2000 years ago, the Chinese early pharmacy monograph "Shennong Materia Medica" recorded that Danshen could be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, certain gynecological diseases, etc. Since then, Danshen has been widely used clinically in many different prescriptions for many different diseases, especially for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, many pharmacological studies about the water-soluble components from Danshen have been reported, especially salvianolic acids. It turned out that salvianolic acids showed strong anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-thrombic activities, and among them, SalAA and SalAB were the most potent. This review focused on the achievements in research of salvianolic acids regarding their bioactivities and pharmacological effects. These studies not only shed light on the water-soluble active components of Danshen and their mechanisms at the molecular level, but also provided theoretical information for the development of new medicines from Danshen for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Junke Song
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lida Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shoubao Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhua Fang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang L, Jiang L, Jiang D, Liu B, Jin S. The protective effects of salvianolic acid A against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting expression of toll-like receptor 4 in rats. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1599-1607. [PMID: 31749890 PMCID: PMC6855152 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.87412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a serious complication of hepatectomy and liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of salvianolic acid-A (Sal-A) against IRI-induced hepatocellular injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: (1) sham group, (2) IR group, (3) Sal-A(10) group and (4) Sal-A(20) group. After 90 min of ischemia and 6 h of reperfusion, serum alanine aminotransferease (ALT) and apartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured; the amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver tissue were determined; the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was detected and the severity of apoptosis, inflammation and pathological alterations were evaluated. Also apoptosis and mRNA and protein levels of TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) were tested. RESULTS The serum aminotransferases, hepatic MDA concentration, and apoptotic cells in the IR group were significantly higher than in the sham group (p < 0.01), whereas the Sal-A group values were lower than in the IR group (p < 0.05). Compared with the IR group, the Sal-A groups had significantly higher Bcl-2 expression and downregulated cleaved caspase-3 expression in liver tissue. Moreover, increased mRNA and protein levels of TLR4 in IR rats and Sal-A could improve the increased mRNA and protein levels of TLR4. CONCLUSIONS Sal-A had a synergistically protective effect on the liver tissue against IRI that might be due to decreased oxidative stress, inflammation, hepatocellular apoptosis and include, at least in part, the regulation of TLR4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongdong Jiang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baiying Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shi Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma L, Tang L, Yi Q. Salvianolic Acids: Potential Source of Natural Drugs for the Treatment of Fibrosis Disease and Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:97. [PMID: 30842735 PMCID: PMC6391314 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acids, the most effective and abundant compounds extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), are well known for its good anti-oxidative activity. Danshen has been extensively used as a traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular-related diseases in China and other Asian countries for hundreds of years. Recently, more and more studies have demonstrated that salvianolic acids also have a good effect on the alleviation of fibrosis disease and the treatment of cancer. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that salvianolic acids can modulate signal transduction within fibroblasts and cancer cells. It is discovered that the cancer treatment of salvianolic acids is not only because salvianolic acids promote the apoptosis of cancer cells, but also due to the inhibition of cancer-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition processes. In this article, we review a variety of studies focusing on the comprehensive roles of salvianolic acids in the treatment of fibrosis disease and cancer. These perspectives on the therapeutic potential of salvianolic acids highlight the importance of these compounds, which could be the novel and attractive drugs for fibrosis disease and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lunkun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang HF, Wang YL, Gao C, Gu YT, Huang J, Wang JH, Wang JH, Zhang Z. Salvianolic acid A attenuates kidney injury and inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1855-1864. [PMID: 29795135 PMCID: PMC6289371 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is a minor phenolic carboxylic acid extracted from Salviae miltiorrhizae Bunge (Danshen). SAA exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidative, anti-thrombotic, neuroprotective, and anti-fibrotic effects, as well as protection from myocardial ischemia and prevention of diabetes and other diseases. Furthermore, SAA has shown renal-protective effects in doxorubicin-induced nephropathy. However, there has been limited research regarding the effects of SAA and underlying mechanisms in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, we examined the effects and molecular mechanisms of SAA in an established animal model of 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6Nx) rats. The rats were injected with SAA (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneally (ip)) for 28 days. SAA dose-dependently lowered the levels of urine protein, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, plasma total cholesterol, and plasma triglycerides in 5/6Nx rats. Histological examination revealed that SAA dose-dependently attenuated renal pathological lesions, evidenced by reduced renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by decreasing the expression levels of tumor growth factor-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin in 5/6Nx rats. Moreover, SAA dose-dependently inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, subsequently attenuating the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β and inhibiting the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in kidneys of 5/6Nx rats. The above results were consistent with those obtained in lipopolysaccharide-induced HK-2 cells in vitro (a recognized in vitro inflammatory model). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that SAA effectively attenuates kidney injury in 5/6Nx rats. The therapeutic effects of SAA on kidney injury can be attributed to its anti-inflammatory activities through inhibition of the activation of the NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Feng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan-Ting Gu
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jia-Hong Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu J, Wang R, Xu T, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Li Z, Wang C, Zhou J, Gao D, Hu Y, Tian X, Yao J. Salvianolic Acid A Attenuates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Protects Against Cholestasis-Induced Liver Fibrosis via the SIRT1/HSF1 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1277. [PMID: 30455644 PMCID: PMC6230567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis; thus, it can be a potential therapeutic target of fibrosis. However, the mechanism of ER stress regulation in fibrosis, particularly through sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of SIRT1-mediated inhibition of ER stress in bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis, and to explore the effect of salvianolic acid A (SalA) on BDL-induced liver fibrosis through SIRT1/heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) signaling. Materials and Methods: We explored the effects of SalA on liver fibrosis and ER stress in BDL-induced liver fibrosis in rats and the human hepatic stellate cell line LX2 cells. The LX2 cells were treated with 20 ng of platelet-derived growth factor-BB homodimer (PDGF-BB) for 24 h, and then incubated in the absence or presence of SalA (25 μM) for 24 h. Results: In vivo, SalA treatment alleviated BDL-induced liver injury and ER stress. Importantly, SalA treatment increased HSF1 expression and activity using a SIRT1-dependent mechanism. In LX2 cells, PDGF-BB induced ER stress and fibrosis were blocked by HSF1 overexpression. Furthermore, SIRT1 siRNA abrogated the SalA-mediated promotion of HSF1 deacetylation and expression, suggesting that SalA-mediated protection occurs by SIRT1 targeting HSF1 for deacetylation. Conclusion: This is the first study to identify the SIRT1/HSF1 pathway as a key therapeutic target for controlling BDL-induced liver fibrosis and to show that SalA confers protection against BDL- and PDGF-BB-induced hepatic fibrosis and ER stress through SIRT1-mediated HSF1 deacetylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruiwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenlu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junjun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongyan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin Y, Yan Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, He Y, Wang S, Fang L, Lv Y, Du G. Salvianolic acid A alleviates renal injury in systemic lupus erythematosus induced by pristane in BALB/c mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:159-166. [PMID: 28303221 PMCID: PMC5343112 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of salvianolic acid A (SAA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) induced by pristane in BALB/c mice. Lupus mice were established by confirming elevated levels of autoantibodies and IL-6 after intraperitoneal injection of pristane. Mice were then treated with daily oral doses of SAA for 5 months in parallel with mice treated with prednisone and aspirin as positive controls. The levels of autoantibodies were monitored at monthly intervals and nephritic symptoms observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining. Western blot analysis of renal tissue was also employed. SAA treatment caused a significant reduction in the levels of anti-Sm autoantibodies and reduced renal histopathological changes and pathological effects. SAA treatment also significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of IKK, IκB and NFκB in renal tissues of lupus mice. In conclusion, the results suggest that SAA alleviates renal injury in pristane-induced SLE in BALB/c mice through inhibition of phosphorylation of IKK, IκB and NFκB.
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang J, Zheng Y, Wu W, Xie T, Yao H, Pang X, Sun F, Ouyang L, Wang J. CEMTDD: The database for elucidating the relationships among herbs, compounds, targets and related diseases for Chinese ethnic minority traditional drugs. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17675-84. [PMID: 25970778 PMCID: PMC4627337 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
China has different ethnic minorities that establish their own medical systems and practice experience for thousand years, thereafter named Chinese Ethnic Minority Traditional Drugs (CEMTDs) (http://www.cemtdd.com/index.html). Since many compounds from CEMTDs have been reported to perturb human's dysfunction network and restore human normal physiological conditions, the relationships amongst a series of compounds from specific herbs, their targets and relevant diseases have become our main focus in CEMTD modernization. Herein, we have constructed the first Chinese Ethnic Minority Traditional Drug Database (CEMTDD) mainly from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), retrieving CEMTD-related information from different resources. CEMTDD contains about 621 herbs, 4, 060 compounds, 2, 163 targets and 210 diseases, among which most of herbs can be applied into gerontology therapy including inflammation, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disease. Gerontology is highly occurred in XUAR, and has abundant experience in treating such diseases, which may benefit for developing a new gerontology therapeutic strategy. CEMTDD displays networks for intricate relationships between CEMTDs and treated diseases, as well as the interrelations between active compounds and action targets, which may shed new light on the combination therapy of CEMTDs and further understanding of their herb molecular mechanisms for better modernized utilizations of CEMTDs, especially in gerontology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenxi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobo Pang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fuzhou Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Weiskirchen R. Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It's Time to Take the Next Step. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:303. [PMID: 26779021 PMCID: PMC4703795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis cause strong human suffering and necessitate a monetary burden worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapies. Pre-clinical animal models are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new anti-fibrotic compounds and are immensely valuable for understanding and proofing the mode of their proposed action. In fibrosis research, inbreed mice and rats are by far the most used species for testing drug efficacy. During the last decades, several hundred or even a thousand different drugs that reproducibly evolve beneficial effects on liver health in respective disease models were identified. However, there are only a few compounds (e.g., GR-MD-02, GM-CT-01) that were translated from bench to bedside. In contrast, the large number of drugs successfully tested in animal studies is repeatedly tested over and over engender findings with similar or identical outcome. This circumstance undermines the 3R (Replacement, Refinement, Reduction) principle of Russell and Burch that was introduced to minimize the suffering of laboratory animals. This ethical framework, however, represents the basis of the new animal welfare regulations in the member states of the European Union. Consequently, the legal authorities in the different countries are halted to foreclose testing of drugs in animals that were successfully tested before. This review provides a synopsis on anti-fibrotic compounds that were tested in classical rodent models. Their mode of action, potential sources and the observed beneficial effects on liver health are discussed. This review attempts to provide a reference compilation for all those involved in the testing of drugs or in the design of new clinical trials targeting hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy, and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim MS, Bang JH, Lee J, Kim HW, Sung SH, Han JS, Jeon WK. Salvia miltiorrhiza extract protects white matter and the hippocampus from damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:415. [PMID: 26597908 PMCID: PMC4657337 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), an herbal plant, is traditionally used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Asian countries. SM has multiple biological effects including anti-inflammatory activity. The present study is aimed at investigating the effects of SM extract in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. METHODS Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was induced in male Wistar rats by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo). The rats were divided into 3 groups: sham-control, BCCAo treated with vehicle, and BCCAo treated with SM extract. Vehicle or SM extract (200 mg/kg) were administered daily by oral gavage beginning on day 21 after BCCAo and continuing to day 42. Immunohistochemical analyses were used to measure Iba-1-positive microglia and myelin basic protein (MBP) in white matter and hippocampal tissue. In addition, the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway in the hippocampus, were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS Administration of SM extract attenuated the activation of microglial cells in the white matter and hippocampus after BCCAo. SM extract also prevented neuroinflammation after BCCAo by reducing hippocampal levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and increasing the reduced levels of MBP in the white matter and hippocampus. Further, the administration of SM extract alleviated the up-regulation of hippocampal TLR4 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) in rats with chronic BCCAo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that SM may be a promising therapeutic candidate in vascular dementia because of its protective effects against damage to the white matter and hippocampus after BCCAo.
Collapse
|
13
|
Domitrović R, Potočnjak I. A comprehensive overview of hepatoprotective natural compounds: mechanism of action and clinical perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:39-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
14
|
Salvianolic acid A shows selective cytotoxicity against multidrug-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:210-23. [PMID: 25419632 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major cause for incurable breast cancer. Salvianolic acid A (SAA), the hydrophilic polyphenolic derivative of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen/Red Sage), was examined for cytotoxicities to MDR MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and their parental counterparts. We have shown that SAA inhibited proliferation, caused cell cycle arrest at the S phase, and induced apoptosis dose dependently to the two kinds of cancer cells. However, the resistant cells were significantly susceptible to the inhibition of SAA compared with the parental cells. SAA increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 6.2-fold in the resistant cells, whereas the level of SAA-induced ROS changed only by 1.6-fold in their parental counterparts. Thus, the data showed that the selective cytotoxicity resulted from the hypersensitivity of the resistant cells to the strongly elevated ROS by SAA. In addition, SAA-triggered apoptosis was associated with increased caspase-3 activity, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, downregulated Bcl-2 expression, and upregulated Bax expression in the resistant cells. Moreover, SAA downregulated the level of P-glycoprotein, which was overexpressed in the resistant cells. This indicated that SAA modulated MDR. Furthermore, SAA showed higher antitumor activity than did doxorubicin in xenografts established from the resistant cells. The present work raised a possibility that SAA might be considered a potential choice to overcome MDR for the selective susceptibility of the resistant breast cancer cells to SAA treatment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Salvianolic acid A attenuates TNF-α- and d-GalN-induced ER stress-mediated and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis by modulating Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and calcium release in hepatocyte LO2 cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:817-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Duval F, Moreno-Cuevas JE, González-Garza MT, Rodríguez-Montalvo C, Cruz-Vega DE. Protective mechanisms of medicinal plants targeting hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix deposition in liver fibrosis. Chin Med 2014; 9:27. [PMID: 25606051 PMCID: PMC4299307 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-014-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are activated and proliferate, which causes excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, leading to scar formation and fibrosis. Medicinal plants are gaining popularity as antifibrotic agents, and are often safe, cost-effective, and versatile. This review aims to describe the protective role and mechanisms of medicinal plants in the inhibition of HSC activation and ECM deposition during the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. A systematic literature review on the anti-fibrotic mechanisms of hepatoprotective plants was performed in PubMed, which yielded articles about twelve relevant plants. Many of these plants act via disruption of the transforming growth factor beta 1 signaling pathway, possibly through reduction in oxidative stress. This reduction could explain the inhibition of HSC activation and reduction in ECM deposition. Medicinal plants could be a source of anti-liver fibrosis compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Duval
- Cell Therapy Department, School of Medicine, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL CP 63710 Mexico
| | - Jorge E Moreno-Cuevas
- Cell Therapy Department, School of Medicine, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL CP 63710 Mexico
| | | | | | - Delia Elva Cruz-Vega
- Cell Therapy Department, School of Medicine, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL CP 63710 Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Duval F, Moreno-Cuevas JE, González-Garza MT, Rodríguez-Montalvo C, Cruz-Vega DE. Liver fibrosis and protection mechanisms action of medicinal plants targeting apoptosis of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2014; 2014:373295. [PMID: 25505905 PMCID: PMC4258378 DOI: 10.1155/2014/373295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following chronic liver injury, hepatocytes undergo apoptosis leading to activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Consequently, activated HSC proliferate and produce excessive extracellular matrix, responsible for the scar formation. The pandemic trend of obesity, combined with the high incidence of alcohol intake and viral hepatitis infections, highlights the urgent need to find accessible antifibrotic therapies. Treatment strategies should take into account the versatility of its pathogenesis and act on all the cell lines involved to reduce liver fibrosis. Medicinal plants are achieving popularity as antifibrotic agents, supported by their safety, cost-effectiveness, and versatility. This review will describe the role of hepatocytes and HSC in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and detail the mechanisms of modulation of apoptosis of both cell lines by twelve known hepatoprotective plants in order to reduce liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Duval
- Catedra de Terapia Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000 Pte., 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Jorge E. Moreno-Cuevas
- Catedra de Terapia Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000 Pte., 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Maria Teresa González-Garza
- Catedra de Terapia Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000 Pte., 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Montalvo
- Centro de Enfermedades Hepáticas-Digestivas y Nutrición, Hospital San José, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000, 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Delia Elva Cruz-Vega
- Catedra de Terapia Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto 3000 Pte., 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cai J, Chen S, Zhang W, Zheng X, Hu S, Pang C, Lu J, Xing J, Dong Y. Salvianolic acid A reverses paclitaxel resistance in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells via targeting the expression of transgelin 2 and attenuating PI3 K/Akt pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1725-32. [PMID: 25442283 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance represents a major problem for the treatment of patients with breast cancer and greatly restricts the use of first-line chemotherapeutics paclitaxel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of transgelin 2 in human breast cancer paclitaxel resistance cell line (MCF-7/PTX) and the reversal mechanism of salvianolic acid A (SAA), a phenolic active compound extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) indicated that transgelin 2 may mediate paclitaxel resistance by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 K)/Akt signaling pathway to suppress MCF-7/PTX cells apoptosis. The reversal ability of SAA was confirmed by MTT assay and flow cytometry, with a superior 9.1-fold reversal index and enhancement of the apoptotic cytotoxicity induced by paclitaxel. In addition, SAA effectively prevented transgelin 2 and adenosine-triphosphate binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter) including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) up-regulation and exhibited inhibitory effect on PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway in MCF-7/PTX cells. Taken together, SAA can reverse paclitaxel resistance through suppressing transgelin 2 expression by mechanisms involving attenuation of PI3 K/Akt pathway activation and ABC transporter up-regulation. These results not only provide insight into the potential application of SAA in reversing paclitaxel resistance, thus facilitating the sensitivity of breast cancer chemotherapy, but also highlight a potential role of transgelin 2 in the development of paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxia Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, PR China
| | - Siying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Sasa Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Chengsen Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yalin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lim YA, Murray LA, Lai MKP, Chen C. NeuroAiD® (MLC601) and amyloid precursor protein processing. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 35 Suppl 1:30-7. [PMID: 23548917 DOI: 10.1159/000346236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes cleavage under physiological conditions, predominantly by α- and γ-secretases, to form the nonpathogenic sAPPα and p3 fragments. By contrast, amyloid-beta (Aβ) is produced via proteolytic cleavage by β- and γ-secretases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), APP is preferentially processed via the amyloidogenic pathway, producing large amounts of Aβ that form the major constituent of senile plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles. Similarly, stroke patients have a higher level of Aβ around the area of infarct, suggesting that Aβ may mediate at least some of the secondary neurotoxicity observed in stroke patients. METHODS To investigate the effects of MLC601 (NeuroAiD(®)) on regulation of APP processing, the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y was used for all experiments. Stocks of MLC601 were prepared at a final concentration of 50 mg/ml. Cells were treated with different concentrations of MLC601 before assessing changes in the levels of released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), full-length APP and secreted sAPPα. RESULTS Concentrations of MLC601 between 1 and 1,000 µg/ml significantly lowered the levels of LDH released into the media when compared to control cells. In contrast, MLC601 concentrations at 5,000 and 10,000 µg/ml resulted in a significant increase in the LDH release. Treatment with 100, 500 and 1,000 μg/ml of MLC601 significantly increases the levels of sAPPα secreted by SH-SY5Y into the media. Treatment with 1,000 μg/ml of MLC601 significantly decreased the levels of full-length APP. CONCLUSION MLC601 is a possible modulator of APP processing and has implications as a putative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of poststroke dementia and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y A Lim
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Anti-liver fibrotic lignans from the fruits of Schisandra arisanensis and Schisandra sphenanthera. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:880-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
21
|
Zhang HA, Gao M, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Shi LL, Chen BN, Wang YH, Wang SB, Du GH. Salvianolic acid A protects human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells against H₂O₂-induced injury by increasing stress tolerance ability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:479-83. [PMID: 22516750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (Sal A) is a polyphenol extracted from the root of the Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is a major reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been implicated in stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of Sal A in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells against H(2)O(2)-induced injury. Our results showed that cells pretreated with Sal A exhibited enhanced neuronal survival and that this protection was associated with an increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, Sal A markedly decreased the excessive activation AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the serine-threonine protein kinase, Akt, in SH-SY5Ycells induced by H(2)O(2). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that Sal A protects SH-SY5Y cells against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress and these protective effects are related to stress tolerance and not energy depletion via inhibition of the AMPK and Akt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-ai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yuan J, Wang X, Chen T, Chen G, Lu Y. Salvia miltiorrhiza Depresses Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Production Through Inhibition of Angiotensin II. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 36:1005-15. [PMID: 19051364 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x08006405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) in renal mesangial cells. Rat mesangial cells were exposed to 100 nM Ang II. Meanwhile, different concentrations of Salvia miltiorrhiza injection were added to Mesangial Cells. PAI-1 mRNA was measured by semi-quantification reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and PAI-1 protein by Western blotting. ELISA was used to detect the expression of transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1) in serum free MEM medium. The level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Salvia miltiorrhiza notably attenuated expression of PAI-1 induced by Ang II in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, it suppressed the production of TGF-β1and cellular ROS in mesangial cells. These effects were due to Salvia miltiorrhiza's ability of inhibiting the activities of angiotensin II. Therefore, Salvia miltiorrhiza can be used to retard progression of glomerular sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Traditional Chinese Medical College, Wuchang 430061, Wuhan City, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Traditional Chinese Medical College, Wuchang 430061, Wuhan City, China
| | - Taohou Chen
- Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Special No. 1 Tanhualin, Wuchang 430061, Wuhan City, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Special No. 1 Tanhualin, Wuchang 430061, Wuhan City, China
| | - Yanfang Lu
- Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Special No. 1 Tanhualin, Wuchang 430061, Wuhan City, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Salvianolic Acid A Demonstrates Cardioprotective Effects in Rat Hearts and Cardiomyocytes After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58:535-42. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31822de355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
24
|
Hafizah AH, Zaiton Z, Zulkhairi A, Mohd Ilham A, Nor Anita MMN, Zaleha AM. Piper sarmentosum as an antioxidant on oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by hydrogen peroxide. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 11:357-65. [PMID: 20443214 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0900397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell death due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) may contribute to the initial endothelial injury, which promotes atherosclerotic lesion formation. Piper sarmentosum (PS), a natural product, has been shown to have an antioxidant property, which is hypothesized to inhibit production of ROS and prevent cell injury. Thus, the present study was designed to determine the effects of PS on the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative cell damage in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In this experiment, HUVECs were obtained by collagenase perfusion of the large vein in the umbilical cord and cultured in medium M200 supplemented with low serum growth supplementation (LSGS). HUVECs were treated with various concentrations of H(2)O(2) (0-1000 micromol/L) and it was observed that 180 micromol/L H(2)O(2) reduced cell viability by 50% as denoted by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Using the above concentration as the positive control, the H(2)O(2)-induced HUVECs were concomitantly treated with various concentrations (100, 150, 250 and 300 microg/ml) of three different extracts (aqueous, methanol and hexane) of PS. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in HUVECs compared to the negative control. However, PS extracts showed a protective effect on HUVECs from H(2)O(2)-induced cell apoptosis with a significant reduction in MDA, SOD, CAT and GPX levels (P<0.05). Furthermore, PS had exhibited ferric reducing antioxidant power with its high phenolic content. Hence, it was concluded that PS plays a beneficial role in reducing oxidative stress in H(2)O(2)-induced HUVECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hamid Hafizah
- Department of Physiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Raja Muda Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Takami Y, Uto H, Takeshita M, Kai H, Akamatsu E, Moriuchi A, Hasegawa S, Oketani M, Ido A, Kataoka H, Tsubouchi H. Proanthocyanidin derived from the leaves of Vaccinium virgatum suppresses platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation of the human hepatic stellate cell line LI90. Hepatol Res 2010; 40:337-45. [PMID: 20070402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2009.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) proliferation plays a pivotal role in liver fibrogenesis, and agents that suppress HSC activation, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced HSC proliferation, are good candidates for antifibrogenic therapies. In this report, we use the LI90 HSC line to elucidate the antifibrogenic effects of proanthocyanidin derived from the leaves of Vaccinium virgatum. METHODS Proanthocyanidin (PAC) was extracted from the leaves of blueberry V. virgatum (BB-PAC), grape seeds (GS-PAC) and Croton lechleri (CL-PAC). These extracts were examined for their effects on PDGF-BB-induced LI90 cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt phosphorylation and PDGF receptor-beta (PDGFR-beta) expression were evaluated by western blot analysis. RESULTS BB-PAC potently suppressed PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and DNA synthesis of LI90 cells. BB-PAC also suppressed PDGF-BB-induced DNA synthesis in primary cultured rat HSC. Moreover, GS-PAC and CL-PAC suppressed PDGF-BB-induced DNA synthesis in LI90 cells. In contrast, the monomeric PAC catechin and epicatechin and dimeric PAC procyanidin B2 only slightly suppressed PDGF-BB-induced DNA synthesis. Western blot analysis showed that BB-PAC completely or partially inhibited PDGF-BB-induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation, respectively. In addition, BB-PAC partially inhibited the PDGF-BB-induced degradation of PDGFR-beta. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BB-PAC suppresses activated HSC by inhibiting the PDGF signaling pathway. In addition, these results provide novel findings that may facilitate the development of antifibrogenic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Takami
- Digestive Disease and Lifestyle-Related Disease Health Research, Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guo CJ, Pan Q, Jiang B, Chen GY, Li DG. Effects of upregulated expression of microRNA-16 on biological properties of culture-activated hepatic stellate cells. Apoptosis 2010; 14:1331-40. [PMID: 19784778 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In our previous studies, we identified miR-16 as being downregulated during activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by microarray hybridization. However, the roles and related mechanisms of miR-16 in HSCs are not understood. In this study, The miRNA RNAi technique was used to analyze the effects of miR-16 on biological properties of HSCs in vitro. The lentiviral vector encoding miR-16 was constructed and transfected. Furthermore, the expression level of miR-16 was measured by real-time PCR. Cellular growth and proliferation capacity were assayed using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The apoptosis rate and cell-cycle distribution were measured by flow cytometry. Cell morphological characteristics were identified by phase-contrast microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. The underlying mechanisms related to the changes in biological properties were assessed. The identity of the recombinant plasmid was confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing. Virus titer was 10(8) > ifu/m. Restoring the intracellular miRNAs by miR-16 administration greatly reduced the expression levels of cyclin D1 (CD1). Cell-cycle arrest and typical features of apoptosis were detected in activated HSCs treated with pLV-miR-16. Our results indicate that transduction of miR-16 offers a feasible approach to significantly inhibit HSC proliferation and increase the apoptosis index. Thus, targeted transfer of miR-16 into HSC may be useful for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can-Jie Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yan Y, Wang Z, Tian W, Dong Z, Spencer DF. Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:273-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
28
|
Lee MK, Lee KY, Jeon HY, Sung SH, Kim YC. Antifibrotic activity of triterpenoids from the aerial parts ofEuscaphis japonicaon hepatic stellate cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:1276-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360902829709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ki Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Young Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Choong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Guo CJ, Pan Q, Jiang B, Chen GY, Li DG. Effects of upregulated expression of microRNA-16 on biological properties of culture-activated hepatic stellate cells. Apoptosis 2009. [DOI: :+10.1007/s10495-009-0401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
30
|
Wang SB, Tian S, Yang F, Yang HG, Yang XY, Du GH. Cardioprotective effect of salvianolic acid A on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 615:125-32. [PMID: 19445921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of salvianolic acid A on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Hemodynamic parameters and lead II electrocardiograph were monitored and recorded continuously. Cardiac marker enzymes and antioxidative parameters in serum and heart tissues were measured. Assay for mitochondrial respiratory function and histopathological examination of heart tissues were performed. Isoproterenol-treated rats showed significant increases in the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase and malondialdehyde and significant decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in serum and heart. These rats also showed declines in left ventricular systolic pressure, maximum and minimum rate of developed left ventricular pressure, and elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and ST-segment. In addition, mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction characterized by decreased respiratory control ratio and ADP/O was observed in isoproterenol-treated rats. Administration of salvianolic acid A for a period of 8 days significantly attenuated isoproterenol-induced cardiac dysfunction and myocardial injury and improved mitochondrial respiratory function. The protective role of salvianolic acid A against isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage was further confirmed by histopathological examination. The results of our study suggest that salvianolic acid A possessing antioxidant activity has a significant protective effect against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shou-bao Wang
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang H, Xu T, Lewin MR. Future possibilities for the treatment of septic shock with herbal components. Am J Emerg Med 2009; 27:107-112. [PMID: 19041541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of septic shock remains challenging even with the armamentarium of modern antibiotics and intensive care technologies. Reliance on antibiotics and other methods targeting modulation of the systemic inflammatory response such as steroids, hemofiltration, and cytokine antagonists has not led to reliable successful treatment for inflammation and infection-related shock. In part, this is attributable to the continuous evolution of antibacterial drug resistance. Herbal medicine has been used in treating infections and shock, worldwide, for thousands of years. The active components contained in these naturally occurring products usually have one or more of the following properties: (1) direct attack or suppression on bacterial pathogens, (2) modulation of the host's immune system resulting in suppression of inflammation and overproduction of inflammatory mediators, and (3) neutralization of toxic free-radicals. In vitro and in vivo animal and human clinical studies of herbal medicines' effectiveness in the treatment of septic shock are needed. Their pharmacological mechanisms need to be elucidated at molecular level to investigate and improve targeted therapy using heretofore unexplored uses for traditional herbal remedies. Herein, we discuss historical examples of herbal remedies used to fight infection. In addition, we discuss the use of herbal and traditional medicines as potential adjuncts in the ongoing battle against septic shock and systemic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houli Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, PR China.
| | - Tengda Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Matthew R Lewin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang GJ, Huang YJ, Chen DH, Lin YL. Ganoderma lucidum
extract attenuates the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells by blocking the PDGF receptor. Phytother Res 2008; 23:833-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
33
|
Pei L, Bao Y, Wang H, Yang F, Xu B, Wang S, Yang X, Du G. A sensitive method for determination of salvianolic acid A in rat plasma using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:786-94. [PMID: 18506911 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SAA), a major effective constituent of Salvia miltiorrhizas, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. A sensitive rapid analytical method was established and validated for SAA in rat plasma, which was further applied to assess the pharmacokinetics of SAA in rats receiving a single oral dose of SAA. The method used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode with chloramphenicol as the internal standard. A simple liquid-liquid extraction based on ethyl acetate was employed. The combination of a simple sample cleanup and short chromatographic run time (3 min) increased the throughput of the method substantially. The method was validated over the range 1.4-1000 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient >0.99. The lower limit of quantification was 1.4 ng/mL for SAA in plasma. Intra- and inter-day accuracies for SAA were 95-113 and 98-107%, and the inter-day precision was less than 12%. This method is more sensitive and faster than previous methods. After a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg of SAA, the mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of SAA was 318 ng/mL at 0.5 h, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-12 h) was 698 +/- 129 ng.h/mL, and the elimination half-life (T1/2) was 3.29 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Pei
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee MK, Ha NR, Yang H, Sung SH, Kim GH, Kim YC. Antiproliferative activity of triterpenoids from Eclipta prostrata on hepatic stellate cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:775-780. [PMID: 18061418 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been known to play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. In the course of screening antifibrotic activity of natural products employing HSC-T6, a rat hepatic stellate cell line as an in vitro assay system, the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Eclipta prostrata L. showed significant inhibitory activity on HSCs proliferation. Activity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of five oleanane-type triterpenoids, echinocystic acid (1), eclalbasaponin II (2), eclalbasaponin V (3), eclalbasaponin I (4) and eclalbasaponin III (5), which are all echinocystic acid derivatives. Among the five echinocystic acid derivatives isolated, echinocystic acid (1) and eclalbasaponin II (2) significantly inhibited the proliferation of HSCs in dose- and time-dependent manners. Our present study also suggests the importance of free carboxylic acid at C-28 position in echinocystic acid derivatives for the antifibrotic activity. Taken together, antifibrotic activity of E. prostrata and its triterpenoids might suggest the therapeutic potentials against liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyeong Lee
- Institute for Life Science, Elcom Science Co. Ltd., Seoul 152-050, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang RH, Xu Q, Qiao YY, Jia HZ, Shi XL. Experimental study of herbal-based medicine Hong Tian Gan Kang on the intervention and therapy for hepatic cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:582-589. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i6.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prevention and treatment of Hong Tian Gan Kang (HTGK) on experimental hepatic cirrhosis.
METHODS: The female ICR mice were allocated into traditional Chinese medicine (HTGK) prevention group, treatment group, animal model group, and control group. During the process of inducing hepatocirrhosis by CCl4 celiac injection in ICR mice, the HTGK group received HTGK per day, while the model group was created into the animal model by the above means without treatment. The mice of control group were normally raised without being created into models. The control group, animal model group and (HTGK) prevention group were sacrificed randomly at the end of the 60 d, 90 d and 180 d; while treatment group was sacrificed randomly at the end of the 30 d, 60 d and 90 d. Tissue specimens were taken. Animals received liver histopathology and ultrastructure test.
RESULTS: Up to day 180, marked hepatic fatty changes, inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis were observed in mice of model group. In contrast, these alternations were attenuated by HTGK administration although mild fatty changes remained. Compared with the CCl4-induced cirrhotic mice, histological changes of fibrosis were improved significantly in the mice treated with HTGK. Liver histopathology showed that the contents of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the animal model group were significantly higher than those in the control group (TGF-β1, 60 d: 0.269 vs 0.155; 90 d: 0.306 vs 0.155; 180 d: 0.336 vs 0.160; α-SMA, 60 d: 0.269 vs 0.160; 90 d: 0.299 vs 0.150; 180 d: 0.322 vs 0.155, P < 0.01). However, the contents of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in the therapy group were significantly lower than those in the model group (0.220, 0.203, 0.185 vs 0.336, P < 0.01; 0.2451, 0.2113, 0.185 vs 0.3217, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: HTGK has suppressive, preventive and curative effect on hepatic fibrosis and hepatocirrhosis.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ameliorating effects of compounds derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza root extract on microcirculatory disturbance and target organ injury by ischemia and reperfusion. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:280-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
37
|
Wu MH, Tsai WJ, Don MJ, Chen YC, Chen IS, Kuo YC. Tanshinlactone A from Salvia miltiorrhiza modulates interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:210-7. [PMID: 17616290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Tanshen), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is popularly used to treat cardiovascular disorders. In the present study, effects of tanshinlactone A (C(16)H(12)O(4); M.W. 268), newly discovered from Salvia miltiorrhiza, on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cell proliferation were investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The results indicated that tanshinlactone A inhibited PBMC proliferation activated with PHA with an IC(50) of 15.6+/-1.9 microM. Cell viability test indicated that inhibitory effects of tanshinlactone A on PBMC proliferation were not through direct cytotoxicity. Furthermore, tanshinlactone A significantly decreased the interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene expression in PHA-activated PBMC. It reduced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) involving extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), P38, and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) in PHA-treated PBMC. We suggested that the inhibitory effects of tanshinlactone A on PHA-induced PBMC proliferation, appeared to be mediated, at least in part, through reduction of MAPK activation and IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. Therefore, data demonstrate for the first time that tanshinlactone A is likely an immunomodulatory agent for PBMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nung St., Shih-Pai, 112 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|