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Rai P, Garain T, Gupta D. Phytochemical analysis of Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera and their therapeutic activities with special reference to COVID-19. World J Exp Med 2024; 14:95512. [PMID: 39312696 PMCID: PMC11372741 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i3.95512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are produced by plants. Medicinal plants, such as Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia, are rich sources of chemically active compounds and are reported to have numerous therapeutic applications. The therapeutic use of medicinal plants is widely mentioned in Ayurveda and has folkloric importance in different parts of the world. The aim of this review is to summarize the phytochemical profiles, folkloric importance, and primary pharmacological activity of W. somnifera and T. cordifolia with emphasis on their action against the novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Rai
- Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanya Garain
- Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepshikha Gupta
- Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ravi L, Sadhana V, Jain P, Godidhar Raghuram SK, Vaithilingam M, Manjunathan R, Krishnan AK, Kesavan MP. In silico analysis reveals α-amylase inhibitory potential of Taraxerol ( Coccinia indica) and Epoxywithanolide-1 ( Withania coagulans): a possible way to control postprandial hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. In Silico Pharmacol 2024; 12:82. [PMID: 39262568 PMCID: PMC11383901 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-024-00257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPG) exacerbates endothelial dysfunction and impairs vascular function in diabetes as well in healthy people. Though synthetic drugs are available to regulate PPG, the severe gastrointestinal side effects of those medications have prompted the search for alternative treatments. Recently, some phytochemicals captured the attention because of their inhibitory effects on α-amylase to control diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify potential alpha-amylase inhibitors in C. indica and W. coagulans. This study also aims to understand one of the possible mechanisms of action of plants for their anti-diabetic activity. A total of 36 phytochemical ligands were subjected for protein-ligand docking analysis. Among the phytochemicals, Taraxerol and Epoxywithanolide-I demonstrated significant binding free energy of - 10.2 kcal/mol and - 11.9 kcal/mol respectively, which was higher than the reference acarbose with - 8.6 kcal/mol. These molecules were subjected for molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) analysis with alpha-amylase protein for a duration of 150 ns. Among the three complexes, Taraxerol and Epoxywithanolide-I complexes demonstrates strong potential as inhibitors of the target protein. MDS results were analyzed via root mean square deviation (RMSD), fluctuation of residues, potential energy, radii of gyration and solvent access surface area analysis. Taraxerol demonstrated a significantly low potential energy of - 1,924,605.25 kJ/mol, and Epoxywithanolide-I demonstrated - 1,964,113.3 kJ/mol of potential energy. RMSD plot shows that Epoxywithanolide-I has much higher stability than the other MDS complexes. Drugability and toxicity studies show that the test ligands are demonstrating strong potential as drug like molecules. The results of the study conclude that, Taraxerol of C. indica and Epoxywithanolide-I of W. coagulans are strong inhibitors of alpha-amylase enzyme and that, this is one of the possible mechanisms of action of the plants for their reported anti-diabetic activities. Further in-vitro analysis is in demand to prove the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Ravi
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560054 India
| | - Venkatesh Sadhana
- Department of Chemistry, Atria Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560024 India
| | - Pratishtha Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560054 India
| | | | | | - Reji Manjunathan
- Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, Kottayam Government Medical College and Hospital, Kottayam, Kerala India
- Dr. ALM Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113 India
| | - Ajith Kumar Krishnan
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560077 India
| | - Mookkandi Palsamy Kesavan
- Department of Chemistry, Hajee Karutha Rowther Howdia College, Uthamapalayam, Tamil Nadu 625533 India
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Hassan A, Jalil A, Ilyas SZ, Iqbal MF, Ali Shah SZ, Baqir Y. Green-route synthesis and ab-initio studies of a highly efficient nano photocatalyst:Ce/zinc-oxide nanopetals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25581. [PMID: 38356607 PMCID: PMC10864955 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present work, Zinc-oxide nanostructures and Ce/Zinc-oxide nanopetals were synthesized by a new environmentally friendly green synthesis method using the Withania coagulans plant. Cerium nitrate Ce(NO3)3 and zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2 were used as precursors. The prepared nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-vis). Crystal planes (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112) and (201) at 2θ 31.75°, 34.35°, 36.2°, 47.55°, 56.6°, 62.75°, 66.3°, 67.9°, and 69.09° respectively confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of Zinc-oxide. Angular shifts for Ce1% doped Zinc-oxide and Ce3% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetal nanostructures were observed in the (100) and (101) planes of the crystal. More specifically, using Scherrer's equation, the crystallite sizes of Zinc-oxide, Ce1% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals, Ce3% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals, and Ce5% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals were 16.48 ± 02 nm, 17.8 ± 2 nm, 18.8 ± 2 nm, and 18.87 ± 2 nm, respectively. The pure Zinc-oxide grain had the appearance of a nanoflower. On the other hand, the nanopetal structure of Ce5% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals had oval-shaped nanopetal morphology. The absorption peaks were observed at 373, 376.4, 377, and 378 nm for Zinc-oxide, Ce1% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals, Ce3% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals, and Ce5% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals, respectively, which results in a progressive redshift. The gap energies of Zinc-oxide, Ce1% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals, Ce3% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals, and Ce5% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals were 2.796, 2.645, 2.534, and 2.448 eV, respectively. Photodegradation under visible light (>400 nm) indicates the high efficiency of the photocatalyst based on Ce5% doped Zinc-oxide nanopetals. DFT calculations, structural changes, charge analysis, and electronic band structures were carried out to confirm the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ather Hassan
- Department of Physics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Jalil
- Department of Physics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Zafar Ilyas
- Department of Physics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal Iqbal
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | | | - Yadullah Baqir
- Department of Agriculture, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Rehman S, Hussain A, Ullah M, Ali E, Mojzych M, Naqvi SAR, Ali A, Ali M, Gomaa E, Ghoneim SSM, Mirza B, Ring KK, Hussain H, Rauf A, Rehman NU, Attique F. Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Withania coagulans (Dunal) with rol A Genes and Its Antioxidant Potential. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41918-41929. [PMID: 37969994 PMCID: PMC10633884 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In ancient times, Withania coagulans Dunal was used as a therapeutic plant for the treatment of several diseases. This report aims to examine the effect of Agrobacterium tumefactions-mediated transformation of W. coagulans with the rolA gene to enhance secondary metabolite production, antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity of transformed tissues. Before transgenic plant production, the authors designed an efficient methodology for in vitro transformation. In this study, leaf explants were cultured on Murashage and Skoog (MS) media containing different amounts of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzyl adenine (BA). The best performance for inducing embryogenic callus was in MS medium containing 4 μM NAA and 6.0 μM BA, while the best results for shooting (100%) were obtained at 8 μM benzyl adenine. On the other hand, direct shooting was attained by subculturing leaves on MS medium supplemented with 8 μM benzyl adenine. Prolonged shoots showed excellent in vitro rooting results (80%) with 12 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The samples were precultivated for 3 days and were followed by 48 h infection with A. tumefaciens strain GV3101 having pCV002. Then, a vector expressed the rol A gene of strain Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Furthermore, three independent transgenic shoot lines and one callus line (T2) were produced and exhibited stable integration of transgene rol A genes, as revealed by PCR analysis. Transgenic strains showed a significant increase in antioxidant potential as compared to untransformed plants. Additionally, LC-MS analysis showed that the transformed strains have a higher withanolide content as compared to untransformed ones. Moreover, the reduced proliferation of prostate cancer cells was observed after treatment with extracts of transgenic plants. Furthermore, these transformed plants exhibited superior antioxidant capability and higher withanolide content than untransformed ones. In conclusion, the reported data can be used to select withanolide-rich germplasm from transformed cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiya Rehman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab 56300, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Institiute
of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab 56300, Pakistan
| | - Munzer Ullah
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab 56300, Pakistan
| | - Enas Ali
- Faculty
of Engineering and Technology, Future University
in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department
of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural
Sciences and Humanities ul. 3 Maja 54, Siedlce 08-110, Poland
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The
Mazovian Academy in Plock, Plac Dabrowskiego 2, 09-402 Płock, Poland
| | - Syed Ali Raza Naqvi
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Meher Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit 15100, Pakistan
| | - Ehab Gomaa
- Department
of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif S. M. Ghoneim
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. BOX 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department
of Biochemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ken Keefover Ring
- Department
of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute
of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Swabi 94640, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural
& Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33,
Postal Code Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Faisal Attique
- Institiute
of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab 56300, Pakistan
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Zhang Z, Yang Y, Xu Y, Liu Y, Li H, Chen L. Molecular targets and mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of withanolides. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110698. [PMID: 37690745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Withanolides are a class of natural products with a steroidal lactone structure that exhibit a broad spectrum of anti-cancer effects. To date, several studies have shown that their possible mechanisms in cancer development and progression are associated with the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Withanolides can also attenuate inflammatory responses, as well as modulate the genomic instability and energy metabolism of cancer cells. In addition, they may improve the safety and efficacy of cancer treatments as adjuvants to traditional cancer therapeutics. Herein, we summarize the molecular targets and mechanisms of withanolides in different cancers, as well as their current clinical studies on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiruo Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yueying Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Azmi MB, Khan F, Asif U, Khurshid B, Wadood A, Qureshi SA, Ahmed SDH, Mudassir HA, Sheikh SI, Feroz N. In Silico Characterization of Withania coagulans Bioactive Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of Hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG-CoA) Reductase of Mus musculus. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5057-5071. [PMID: 36777558 PMCID: PMC9909811 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a mediator for the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, which are characterized as the global leading cause of mortality. We aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of Withania coagulans compounds against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) of Mus musculus using an extensive in silico approach. The 3D structure of the Hmgcr protein is not yet known, so we performed the homology modeling using MODELLER and SWISS-MODEL tools, followed with structural validation and assessment. The PROCHECK web server showed that the top-ranked homology model from SWISS-MODEL has 93.4% of residues in the most-favorable region, the quality factor was 98%, and the Verify3D score was 91.43%, compared to the other generated models. The druggable protein-binding cavities in a 3D model of Hmgcr were investigated with the aid of commonly prescribed statin compounds using the CB-dock approach. We compiled a 3D compound library of W. coagulans, followed by drug-likeness evaluation, and found 20 eligible compounds. The pattern of consensus residues obtained from the CB-dock procedure was then used for grid-box docking of W. coagulans compounds and statin drugs using AutoDock 4.2, respectively. The results showed that withanolide R (-10.77 kcal/mol), withanolide Q (-10.56 kcal/mol), withanolide J (-10.52 kcal/mol), atorvastatin (-8.99 kcal/mol), simvastatin (-8.66 kcal/mol), and rosuvastatin (-8.58 kcal/mol) were promising candidates that bind Hmgcr protein. The key residues involved in protein-ligand (withanolide R) interactions were Y516, C526, V529, I530, M533, I535, and V537, and the formation of a H-bond was at C526, M533, and I535 residues. M533 was the consensus residue having a tendency to form a H-bond with withanolide Q, too. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to validate the top-ranked docked complexes for the stability of the modeled protein. We also predicted the pharmacokinetic properties of binding affinity-based top-ranked compounds and concluded that they could be used as potential inhibitors of Hmgcr. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are essential to completing the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Azmi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Fearoz Khan
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Rahman
Medical College, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Asif
- Department
of Biochemistry, Medicine Program, Batterjee
Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Beenish Khurshid
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University
Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University
Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Danish Haseen Ahmed
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Hina Akram Mudassir
- Department
of Biochemistry, Federal Urdu University
of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Ikhlaque Sheikh
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Feroz
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
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Biodiversity, Biochemical Profiling, and Pharmaco-Commercial Applications of Withania somnifera: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031208. [PMID: 36770874 PMCID: PMC9921868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Ashwagandha), a key medicinal plant native to India, is used globally to manage various ailments. This review focuses on the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological advances of its plant-derived constituents. It has been reported that at least 62 crucial and 48 inferior primary and secondary metabolites are present in the W. somnifera leaves, and 29 among these found in its roots and leaves are chiefly steroidal compounds, steroidal lactones, alkaloids, amino acids, etc. In addition, the whole shrub parts possess various medicinal activities such as anti-leukotriene, antineoplastic, analgesic, anti-oxidant, immunostimulatory, and rejuvenating properties, mainly observed by in vitro demonstration. However, the course of its medical use remains unknown. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of W. somnifera, which will be useful for mechanism studies and potential medical applications of W. somnifera, as well as for the development of a rational quality control system for W. somnifera as a therapeutic material in the future.
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V. Jaiwal B, K. Shaikh F, B. Patil A, L. S. Hallur R. Identification of three coagulins as MMP inhibitors from Withania coagulans Dunal fruits. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2022. [DOI: 10.51248/.v42i5.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: W. coagulans Dunal has been reported to contain an array of bioactive compounds. The present investigation was carried out to investigate MMP inhibitory molecules from W. coagulans Dunal fruit.
Materials and Methods: Isolation of active principle compounds and anti-ChC activity from methanol extract of W. coagulans Dunal fruit were carried out using chromatographic techniques and dot-blot assay on X-ray film. Active principle compounds were identified by ESI MS, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The Bioefficacy of compounds was assessed by in vitro solution assay and gelatin zymography.
Results: Dot blot assay of methanol extract of W. coagulans Dunal fruit exhibited inhibitory activity against ChC (Clostridium histolyticum collagenase). Bioactivity assay guided chromatographic fractionation revealed the presence of five compounds out of which three were tentatively identified as Coagulin-H, Coagulin-L, and Coagulin-O by ESI MS, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. In vitro solution assay revealed Coagulin-H exhibits the highest MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibitory activity. Coagulin-L and Coagulin-O exhibit 80.57 ± 2.1 % and 70.96 ± 2.8 % inhibitor activities against MMP-2 and 78.94 ± 3.6% and 63.15 ± 3.8% inhibitor activities against MMP-9 at 150 µg/ml respectively. In gel inhibition assay by gelatin zymography revealed that crude extracted residue of fruit exhibits dose-dependent inhibitory potential against MMPs of NIH3T3 fibroblast and HeLa cervical cells.
Conclusion: Our results advocate the anti-MMP potential of purified Coagulin-H, Coagulin-L, and Coagulin-O of W. coagulans Dunal fruits. These bioactive principles could be further investigated in detail for anti-cancer properties.
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Rafeeq M, Bilal RM, Alagawany M, Batool F, Yameen K, Farag MR, Ali S, Elnesr SS, El-Shall NA. The use of some herbal plants as effective alternatives to antibiotic growth enhancers in poultry nutrition. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2108362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rafeeq
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Bilal
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Fiza Batool
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Forestry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Yameen
- Department of Poultry, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sher Ali
- Faculty of Animal Production & Technology, University of veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Nahed A. El-Shall
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfna, Egypt
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Shal B, Khan A, Ullah Khan A, Ullah R, Naveed M, Ali G, Ul Islam S, Ul Haq I, Mirza B, Khan S. Coagulansin-A improves spatial memory in 5xFAD Tg mice by targeting Nrf-2/NF-κB and Bcl-2 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108860. [PMID: 35598479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the underlying molecular signaling of Coagulansin-A (Coag-A) as a therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preliminarily, it exhibited a neuroprotective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HT-22 cells. The in vivo studies were performed by administering Coag-A (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to 5xFAD transgenic (Tg) mouse model. Coag-A (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the cognitive decline compared to Tg mice group in the shallow water maze (SWM) and Y-maze test paradigms. The anti-aggregation potential of Coag-A was determined by performing Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal (HC) regions of mice brain. The FT-IR spectra demonstrated the inhibition of amyloid beta (Aβ) through a decrease in β-sheet aggregation, along with the inhibition of changes in the lipids, proteins, and phospholipids. The DSC analysis displayed a low-temperature exotherm associated with the reversible process of aggregation of soluble protein fractions prior to denaturation. Furthermore, Coag-A treatment displayed a regular density of granule cells in H&E stained sections, along with a reduced amyloid load and PAS-positive granules in all the regions of interest in mice brain. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effect of Coag-A by enhancing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf-2) and reducing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Bax protein expression. In addition, Coag-A significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes and proteins level, along with a reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Shal
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, IQRA University, Islamabad Campus, (Chak Shahzad), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf Ullah Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Rahim Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gowhar Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Cecos University, Hayatabad, Peshawar 25,000, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Surya Ulhas R, Malaviya A. In-silico validation of novel therapeutic activities of withaferin a using molecular docking and dynamics studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35608923 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2078410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Withaferin A is a bioactive molecule of W. somnifera. We access its efficacy against various target proteins associated with Cancer, Type-II Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia using molecular docking. Although it's efficacy against some of these targets have been reported earlier, we validate each mechanism in order to report the most appropriate mechanism of action. We explain the anti-cancer activity of Withaferin A by inhibition of Mortalin (mtHsp70) and Nrf2 protein with binding energies -8.85 kcal/mol and -12.59 kcal/mol respectively. Similarly, the anti-diabetic activity could be explained by inhibition of alpha and betα-glucosidase with binding energies -6.44 and -4.43 kcal/mol respectively and the cholesterol reduction could be explained by its ability to inhibition of NPC1 and SRB1 with binding energies -5.73 and -7.16 kcal/mol respectively. The molecular dynamics of the apoprotein and the protein-ligand complex simulated for the best targets of each activity namely Nrf2 protein for anti-cancer, α-glucosidase for anti-diabetic and SR-B1 for anti-hypercholesterolemia activity indicated the formation of stable complexes due to low RMSD deviations, low RMSF fluctuations and low RG values after the docking simulation. Finally, an ADME + T (Adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) prediction on Withaferin A showed that it obeyed all the Lipinsky's rules and qualified the drug-like criteria. All these results validate that Withaferin A possess potential anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and cholesterol reducing properties. This is the first report that indicates the possibility of Withaferin A binding and inhibiting SR-B1 as a mechanism of its anti-hypercholesterolemia activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutwick Surya Ulhas
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed-to-Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Faculty of life sciences, University of Jena, (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena), Jena, Germany
| | - Alok Malaviya
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed-to-Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Tewari D, Chander V, Dhyani A, Sahu S, Gupta P, Patni P, Kalick LS, Bishayee A. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Phytochemistry, structure-activity relationship, and anticancer potential. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153949. [PMID: 35151215 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ayurveda is a highly recognized, well-documented, and well-accepted traditional medicine system. This system utilizes many natural products in various forms for therapeutic purposes. Thousands of plants mentioned in the Ayurvedic system are useful in disease mitigation and health preservation. One potential plant of the Ayurvedic system is "Ashwagandha" [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal], commonly regarded as Indian Ginseng. It possesses various therapeutic activities, such as neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antiarthritic, and anticancer effects. PURPOSE Here we present a comprehensive insight on the anticancer effects of W. somnifera and mechanistic attributes of its bioactive phytocompounds. This review also provides updated information on the clinical studies pertaining to cancer, safety evaluation and opportunities for chemical modifications of withanolides, a group of specialized phytochemicals of W. somnifera. METHODS The present study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Various scientific databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, were explored for related studies published up to May 2021. RESULTS An updated review on the anticancer potential and mechanisms of action of the major bioactive components of W. somnifera, including withanolides, withaferin A and withanone, is presented. Comprehensive information on clinical attributes of W. somnifera and its active components are presented with the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and toxicity evaluation. CONCLUSION The outcome of the work clearly indicates that W. somnifera has a significant potential for cancer therapy. The SAR revealed that various withanolides in general and withaferin A in particular have binding energies against various proteins and tremendous potential to serve as the lead for new chemical entities. Nevertheless, additional studies, particularly well-designed clinical trials are required before therapeutic application of withanolides for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Vikas Chander
- Department of Pharmacy, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Archana Dhyani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjeev Sahu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Shree SK Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana 384012, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Patni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Lindsay S Kalick
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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13
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Khattak ZF, Ansari B, Jamal M, Awan AA, Sherkheli MA, Ul Haq R. Anticonvulsant activity of methanolic extract of Withania cogulans in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2437-2443. [PMID: 34618296 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mental and neurological diseases including depression, Parkinson's disease, dementia, epilepsy, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorders account for a considerable amount of the world's disease burden. Unfortunately, drugs used in the treatment of neurological diseases are expensive, symptomatic and they produce undesirable side effects. People from different cultures prefer to use medicinal plants for the treatment of various ailments ranging from plain to perplex disorders because they are most affordable, cost effective and easily accessible source of treatment in the primary healthcare system throughout the world. Withania coagulans, an erect grayish under-shrub belongs to family Solanaceae. It is common in Pakistan, East India, Iran and Afghanistan. The objective of this study was to analyze the anti-seizure activity of crude methanolic extract of Withania coagulans fruits (MeWc). For screening of this activity, maximal electroshock seizures model (MES) and chemically-induced seizures models were used. In maximal electroshock seizures test MeWc showed significant dose dependent percent protection against hind-limb tonic extension; significant and dose-dependent increase in latency to myoclonic jerks and tonic clonic convulsions and decrease in seizures duration were observed in PTZ-induced seizures. In strychnine-induced convulsions MeWc significantly increased latency to hind-limb tonic extension and percent protection from death in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, it was inferred from the experiments that extract of Withania coagulans showed anticonvulsant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenat Fatima Khattak
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Aleem Awan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azhar Sherkheli
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan.
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Khan MI, Maqsood M, Saeed RA, Alam A, Sahar A, Kieliszek M, Miecznikowski A, Muzammil HS, Aadil RM. Phytochemistry, Food Application, and Therapeutic Potential of the Medicinal Plant ( Withania coagulans): A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:6881. [PMID: 34833974 PMCID: PMC8622323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal plants have been utilized to treat and cure various health-related problems since ancient times. The use of Ayurvedic medicine is very significant because of its least reported side effects and host of advantages. Withania coagulans (Family; Solanaceae), a valuable medicinal plant, has been used to cure abnormal cell growth, wasting disorders, neural as well as physical problems, diabetes mellitus, insomnia, acute and chronic hepatic ailments. This review provides critical insight regarding the phytochemistry, biological activities, and pharmacognostic properties of W. coagulans. It has been known to possess diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, cardio-protective, hepato-protective, hypoglycemic, anti-oxidative, and anti-mutagenic properties owing to the existence of withanolides, an active compound present in it. Apart from withanolides, W. coagulans also contains many phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, and β-sterols. Several studies indicate that various parts of W. coagulans and their active constituents have numerous pharmacological and therapeutic properties and thus can be considered as a new drug therapy against multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Issa Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Maria Maqsood
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Raakia Anam Saeed
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Amna Alam
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Amna Sahar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Antoni Miecznikowski
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hafiz Shehzad Muzammil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
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Effect of Fortified Feed with Phyto-Extract on the First Physical Barrier (Mucus) of Labeo rohita. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051308. [PMID: 34062790 PMCID: PMC8147292 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathogens of fish are a serious issue faced by farmers and a great threat to the country’s economy. Overuse of antibiotics leads to antibiotic-resistant strains of the bacterial pathogens; residues of the antibiotics also accumulate in the tissue of the fish and are responsible for environmental problems. Therefore, the use of antibiotic alternatives should be explored as a new approach to immunotherapy to prevent or to cure preexisting infections. Previous research has concluded that the use of herbal extracts enhances the immunity of fish against several fish pathogens such as bacteria and other protozoon parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two different fortified feeds with different concentrations of Withania coagulans and Zingiber officinale on the fish mucus of Labeo rohita. The mucus was tested against five pathogenic bacteria in-vitro while fish was tested against the ectoparasite Lernaea (in-vivo). Our result showed that Z. officinale proves an efficient immune stimulator for the L. rohita against the tested organism (both in vivo and in vitro). Hence, it can be used as an effective solution against the emerging diseases of cultured fish. Abstract The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of two different fortified feeds with different concentrations of two important medicinal plants (Withania coagulans and Zingiber officinale) on the mucosal immunity of Labeo rohita. After a dietary intervention, mucus was tested against five pathogenic bacteria (in-vitro), while experimental fish were tested against the ectoparasite (Lernaea) (in-vivo). Our results revealed that all fish groups fed with different concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2%) of Z. officinale had low molecular weight proteins and did not develop any significant signs of parasitic infection, with low mortality rate; whereas the groups that were fed with W. coagulans (particularly with 1% and 2%), including a control group, developed rapid signs of infection with high mortality rate. The highest hemagglutination titer value was recorded for the fish fed with 1% and 1.5% of Z. officinale. The lowest value was found for the fish fed with 2% of W. coagulans. The mucus of all fish of fortified groups was active and inhibited the growth of tested bacterial pathogens as compared to the control group. Further, Z. officinale groups showed greater efficacy against bacteria as compared to the W. coagulans groups. In conclusion, Z. officinale can be considered as a potential and functional ingredient in aquaculture feed. Furthermore, future studies should be conducted to investigate more details on the subject.
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Tripathi D, Rai KK, Pandey-Rai S. Impact of green synthesized WcAgNPs on in-vitro plant regeneration and withanolides production by inducing key biosynthetic genes in Withania coagulans. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:283-299. [PMID: 33151379 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Withania coagulans (L.) Dunal bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (WcAgNPs) worked as an abiotic elicitor or auto-catalyst that enhanced root regeneration and withanolides production in in-vitro regenerated W. coagulans. Rapid development in the production / consumption of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) raised serious concern over its effects on the growth of natural plant community. The knowledge related to impact of AgNPs on plant growth and biocompatibility is increasing day by day, but comprehensive mechanism and gaps regarding their impacts on plant health have yet to be addressed. In the present study, we investigated the impact of Withania coagulans biosynthesized AgNPs (WcAgNPs) on in-vitro plant growth and withanolides production. Obtained results showed that the low concentrations of WcAgNPs significantly induced the plant growth by regulating oxidative stress via anti-oxidative defense system. Physiological, morphology and anatomical features also reflected healthy plant growth under low WcAgNPs exposure. While higher concentrations of WcAgNPs have a negative impact on W. coagulans plant growth due to induced lipid peroxidation, ROS accumulation, and root cell death. At lower concentrations, WcAgNPs have shown a positive effect on in-planta withanolides biosynthesis stimulating withanolide A and withaferin A up to 11.15-22.8-fold, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of withanolides biosynthetic genes were also quantified upon WcAgNPs exposure and terpenes biosynthetic genes showed over-expression. Thus, the present study concludes that the lower concentrations of WcAgNPs positively induced plant growth via improved root organogenesis and also have potential to act as an elicitor for withanolides production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Tripathi
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Rai
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shashi Pandey-Rai
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Behl T, Sharma A, Sharma L, Sehgal A, Zengin G, Brata R, Fratila O, Bungau S. Exploring the Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Withaferin A and Its Derivatives. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E571. [PMID: 33291236 PMCID: PMC7762146 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a manifold studied, C28-steroidal lactone withanolide found in Withania somnifera. Given its unique beneficial effects, it has gathered attention in the era of modern science. Cancer, being considered a "hopeless case and the leading cause of death worldwide, and the available conventional therapies have many lacunae in the form of side effects. The poly pharmaceutical natural compound, WA treatment, displayed attenuation of various cancer hallmarks by altering oxidative stress, promoting apoptosis, and autophagy, inhibiting cell proliferation, reducing angiogenesis, and metastasis progression. The cellular proteins associated with antitumor pathways were also discussed. WA structural modifications attack multiple signal transduction pathways and enhance the therapeutic outcomes in various diseases. Moreover, it has shown validated pharmacological effects against multiple neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting acetylcholesterinases and butyrylcholinesterases enzyme activity, antidiabetic activity by upregulating adiponectin and preventing the phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ), cardioprotective activity by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and suppressing mitochondrial apoptosis. The current review is an extensive survey of various WA associated disease targets, its pharmacokinetics, synergistic combination, modifications, and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Aditi Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India; (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India; (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42250, Turkey;
| | - Roxana Brata
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (R.B.); (O.F.)
| | - Ovidiu Fratila
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (R.B.); (O.F.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
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Hasan M, Zafar A, Shahzadi I, Luo F, Hassan SG, Tariq T, Zehra S, Munawar T, Iqbal F, Shu X. Fractionation of Biomolecules in Withania coagulans Extract for Bioreductive Nanoparticle Synthesis, Antifungal and Biofilm Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:E3478. [PMID: 32751780 PMCID: PMC7435783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania coagulans contains a complex mixture of various bioactive compounds. In order to reduce the complexity of the plant extract to purify its phytochemical biomolecules, a novel fractionation strategy using different solvent combination ratios was applied to isolate twelve bioactive fractions. These fractions were tested for activity in the biogenic synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles, biofilm and antifungal activities. The results revealed that plant extract with bioactive fractions in 30% ratio for all solvent combinations showed more potent bioreducing power, according to the observed color changes and the appearance of representative absorption peaks at 500-510 nm in the UV-visible spectra which confirm the synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs). XRD diffraction was used to define the crystal structure, size and phase composition of the products. The fractions obtained using 90% methanol/hexane and 30% methanol/hexane showed more effectiveness against biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus so these fractions could potentially be used to treat bacterial infections. The 90% hexane/H2O fraction showed excellent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, while the 70% methanol/hexane fraction showed good antifungal activity for C. albicans, so these fractions are potentially useful for the treatment of various fungal infections. On the whole it was concluded that fractionation based on effective combinations of methanol/hexane was useful to investigate and study bioactive compounds, and the active compounds from these fractions may be further purified and tested in various clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Hasan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (A.Z.); (I.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Ayesha Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (A.Z.); (I.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Irum Shahzadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (A.Z.); (I.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Fan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Shahbaz Gul Hassan
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Tuba Tariq
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (A.Z.); (I.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Sadaf Zehra
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Tauseef Munawar
- Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (T.M.); (F.I.)
| | - Faisal Iqbal
- Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (T.M.); (F.I.)
| | - Xugang Shu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
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Mehmood F, Abdullah, Ubaid Z, Bao Y, Poczai P, Mirza B. Comparative Plastomics of Ashwagandha ( Withania, Solanaceae) and Identification of Mutational Hotspots for Barcoding Medicinal Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E752. [PMID: 32549379 PMCID: PMC7355740 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the family Solanaceae, Withania is a small genus belonging to the Solanoideae subfamily. Here, we report the de novo assembled chloroplast genome sequences of W. coagulans, W. adpressa, and W. riebeckii. The length of these genomes ranged from 154,162 to 154,364 base pairs (bp). These genomes contained a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) ranging from 25,029 to 25,071 bp that were separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,635-85,765 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,457-18,469 bp. We analyzed the structural organization, gene content and order, guanine-cytosine content, codon usage, RNA-editing sites, microsatellites, oligonucleotide and tandem repeats, and substitutions of Withania plastomes, which revealed high similarities among the species. Comparative analysis among the Withania species also highlighted 10 divergent hotspots that could potentially be used for molecular marker development, phylogenetic analysis, and species identification. Furthermore, our analyses showed that even three mutational hotspots (rps4-trnT, trnM-atpE, and rps15) were sufficient to discriminate the Withania species included in current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furrukh Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (F.M.); (A.); (Z.U.)
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (F.M.); (A.); (Z.U.)
| | - Zartasha Ubaid
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (F.M.); (A.); (Z.U.)
| | - Yiming Bao
- National Genomics Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China;
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peter Poczai
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (F.M.); (A.); (Z.U.)
- Vice Chancellor of Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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20
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Singh L, Joshi T, Tewari D, Echeverría J, Mocan A, Sah AN, Parvanov E, Tzvetkov NT, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Poznański P, Huminiecki L, Sacharczuk M, Jóźwik A, Horbańczuk JO, Feder-Kubis J, Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological Applications Targeting Alcohol Abuse: Overview and Outlook. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1593. [PMID: 32116660 PMCID: PMC7034411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is the cause of several diseases and thus is of a major concern for society. Worldwide alcohol consumption has increased by many folds over the past decades. This urgently calls for intervention and relapse counteract measures. Modern pharmacological solutions induce complete alcohol self-restraint and prevent relapse, but they have many side effects. Natural products are most promising as they cause fewer adverse effects. Here we discuss in detail the medicinal plants used in various traditional/folklore medicine systems for targeting alcohol abuse. We also comprehensively describe preclinical and clinical studies done on some of these plants along with the possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxman Singh
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation & Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development, Almora, India
| | - Tanuj Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Archana N. Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, India
| | - Emil Parvanov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Division BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department Global R&D, NTZ Lab Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zheng Feei Ma
- Department of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Piotr Poznański
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Lukasz Huminiecki
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Jarosław O. Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Stein A, Compera D, Karge B, Brönstrup M, Franke J. Isolation and characterisation of irinans, androstane-type withanolides from Physalis peruviana L. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2003-2012. [PMID: 31501667 PMCID: PMC6720484 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Withanolides are steroidal lactones widespread in Nightshade plants with often potent antiproliferative activities. Additionally, the structural diversity of this compound class holds much potential for the discovery of novel biological activity. Here, we report two newly characterised withanolides, named irinans, from Physalis peruviana with highly unusual truncated backbones that resemble mammalian androstane sex hormones. Based on biomimetic chemical reactions, we propose a model that links these compounds to withanolide biosynthesis. Irinans have potent antiproliferative activities, that are however lower than those of 4ß-hydroxywithanolide E. Our work establishes androwithanolides as a new subclass of withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Stein
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dave Compera
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Sampathkumar K, Riyajan S, Tan CK, Demokritou P, Chudapongse N, Loo SCJ. Small-Intestine-Specific Delivery of Antidiabetic Extracts from Withania coagulans Using Polysaccharide-Based Enteric-Coated Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12049-12057. [PMID: 31460318 PMCID: PMC6682046 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Withania coagulans is an Indian medicinal herb, the natural extracts of which are purported to have health-benefiting properties. In this study, the extract was encapsulated in nature-derived polymers with the aim of enhancing its bioavailability. The aqueous extract obtained from the plant W. coagulans was found to elicit the glucose-lowering effect by means of promoting insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. The cells treated with the extract showed a nearly 2-fold increase in insulin secretion compared to untreated cells. A delivery system for the extract was developed based on electrosprayed chitosan nanoparticles coated with food-based starch. The enteric starch coating retarded (by 2.5 times) the release of the extract in the stomach. The bioactivity of the encapsulated extract was subsequently tested in vitro on mouse-derived pancreatic β cells, whereby the delivery system was found to promote insulin secretion. Finally, the extract-encapsulated oral delivery system was tested on diabetic mice and was validated to decrease blood glucose levels by 60%. In summary, it could be inferred that food-grade enteric-coated polysaccharide-based particles increase the bioavailability of the extracted compounds from the plant W. coagulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarunya Sampathkumar
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Siriporn Riyajan
- School
of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chiew Kei Tan
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center
for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental
Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nuannoi Chudapongse
- School
of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
- E-mail: . Phone: +65 67904603. Fax: +65 67909081
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Khan SA, Adhikari A, Ayub K, Farooq A, Mahar S, Qureshi MN, Rauf A, Khan SB, Ludwig R, Mahmood T. Isolation, characterization and DFT studies of epoxy ring containing new withanolides from Withania coagulans Dunal. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 217:113-121. [PMID: 30928836 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new withanolide named as withacoagulin J (1) along with a known withanolide H (2) from Withania coagulans Dunal are reported in this paper. The isolated compounds were elucidated by using 1D-NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR) and 2D-NMR including homonuclear (COSY, NOESY) and heteronuclear (HSQC, HMBC); along with Mass spectrometry, UV-Visible and IR spectroscopic techniques. The molecular formula based on Fast-Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry [FAB-MS (M + 1)] for 1 and 2 were deduced as C28H37O5 and C28H39O6 with m/z values 453.2624 and 471.6041, respectively. The quantum mechanical studies of both compounds are based on DFT calculations. The DFT studies show band gaps of 4.86 and 4.83 eV for 1 and 2, respectively. The band gaps of 1 and 2 reflect high stability and resistivity towards oxidation-reduction reactions. The energies of HOMO and LUMO for compound 1 are -6.11 and -1.25 eV and for compound 2: -6.47 and -1.64 eV respectively. Theoretical and experimental FTIR data closely match for both the compounds which support the high accuracy of the computational protocol selection. Other parameters such as bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles for both compounds are also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, 75270, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Aliya Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, 31982, Pakistan
| | - Saima Mahar
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Bahadur Khan Woman University Quetta, Pakistan
| | | | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sher Bahadar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, e. V. Alebert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
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Khan SA, Maher S, Naheed N, Maria, Mahmood T, Ayub K, Farooq A, Khan SB, Shah Z. Isolation, spectroscopic and density functional theory of two withanolide glycosides. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rehman S, Keefover-Ring K, Haq IU, Dilshad E, Khan MI, Akhtar N, Mirza B. Drier Climatic Conditions Increase Withanolide Content of Withania coagulans Enhancing Its Inhibitory Potential Against Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 188:460-480. [PMID: 30536034 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-02933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in men and there is a growing interest in identifying natural compounds for its management. We analyzed bioactive withanolides in Withania coagulans from 11 different sites in Pakistan and evaluated the antiprostate cancer activities of leaf extracts from two sites with the greatest amounts. Total withanolide concentration differed by ~ 17-fold between sites, ranging from 1.01 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight (mean ± SE) at Jand to 16.83 ± 0.02 mg/g at Mohmand Agency. Different tissues varied in their total withanolide content with roots having the least (0.42 ± 0.07 mg/g dry weight) and leaves the most (2.45 ± 0.45 mg/g). We found strong inverse correlations between site annual precipitation versus withanolide amounts in fruits (r = - 0.84, P = 0.001), leaves (r = - 0.88, P < 0.001), roots (r = - 0.91, P < 0.001), and total (r = - 0.89, P < 0.001), but not stems (r = - 0.20, P = 0.556). Extracts made from Mianwali and Mohmand Agency leaves possessed high anticancer activity in terms of increased induction of apoptosis and decreased cell viability, cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of different prostate cancer cell lines. These results are useful for the selection of withanolide-rich germplasm with potent anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiya Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Erum Dilshad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Nosheen Akhtar
- National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Phull AR, Hassan M, Abbas Q, Raza H, Haq IU, Seo SY, Kim SJ. In Vitro
, In Silico
Elucidation of Antiurease Activity, Kinetic Mechanism and COX-2 Inhibitory Efficacy of Coagulansin A of Withania coagulans. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15. [PMID: 29121447 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman Phull
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of National Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongju daehak-Ro Gongju 32588 Korea
| | - Mubshir Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of National Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongju daehak-Ro Gongju 32588 Korea
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of National Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongju daehak-Ro Gongju 32588 Korea
- Department of Physiology; University of Sindh; Jamshoro 76080 Pakistan
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of National Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongju daehak-Ro Gongju 32588 Korea
| | - Ihsan ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Sung Yum Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of National Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongju daehak-Ro Gongju 32588 Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of National Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongju daehak-Ro Gongju 32588 Korea
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Five Indigenous Plants of Pakistan with Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, Antidepressant, and Anticoagulant Properties in Sprague Dawley Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7849501. [PMID: 29348774 PMCID: PMC5733623 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7849501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Five medicinal plants of Pakistan were investigated for their antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anticoagulant potential. Antinociceptive activity was estimated by hot plate and writhing assay. In hot plate assay, Quercus dilatata (52.2%) and Hedera nepalensis (59.1%) showed moderate while Withania coagulans (65.3%) displayed a significant reduction in pain. On the other hand, in writhing assay, Quercus dilatata (49.6%), Hedera nepalensis (52.7%), and Withania coagulans (62.0%) showed comparative less activity. In anti-inflammatory assays crude extracts showed significant edema inhibition in a dose dependent manner. In carrageenan assay, the highest activity was observed for Withania coagulans (70.0%) followed by Quercus dilatata (66.7%) and Hedera nepalensis (63.3%). Similar behavior was observed in histamine assay with percentage inhibitions of 74.3%, 60.4%, and 63.5%, respectively. Antidepressant activity was estimated by forced swim test and the most potent activity was revealed by Withania coagulans with immobility time 2.2s (95.9%) followed by Hedera nepalensis with immobility time 25.3s (53.4%). Moreover, the crude extracts of Fagonia cretica (74.6%), Hedera nepalensis (73.8%), and Phytolacca latbenia (67.3%) showed good anticoagulant activity with coagulation times 86.9s, 84.3s, and 67.5s, respectively. Collectively, the results demonstrate that these five plants have rich medicinal constituents which can be further explored.
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Shah A, Rahim S. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 200:84-106. [PMID: 28192202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To best of our knowledge this is the first quantitative ethno-medicinal study with the aim of documenting the indigenous knowledge and practices of using plants for malarial therapy in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan. In this Valley, malaria is among the major public health problems but, until now, the population still mostly relies on herbal medicine for treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethno-medicinal data were documented from 63 informants by using semi-structured questionnaires and interviewing the informants about their knowledge of plants regarding malaria and related symptoms. Documented data were evaluated using the quantitative ethno-botanical indices of frequency citation (FC), relative frequency of citation (RFC), percentage of respondents having knowledge (PRK) and Jaccard index (JI). RESULTS A total of 70 plant species belonging to 62 genera and 34 families were recorded as anti-malarial in the study area. Solanaceae was found to be the most cited family with 7 species, followed by Fabaceae, Rutaceae and Lamiaceae with 5 species each. Ocimum americanum and Solanum incanum were the species with the highest relative frequency of citation (RFC =0.25 each) and percentage of respondents having knowledge (PRK =25.4% each), followed by Grewia tenax (RFC =0.23, PRK =23.8%), which indicates that these plants are the best species with anti-malarial properties. The most highly cited life form was found to be herbs (56%). The dominant plant part used in preparations were leaves (49%). The main mode of utilization was decoction (47%) followed by infusion (29%). In comparison, maximum similarity index is found in our study with JI (16.83) followed by (13.13). Similarity percentage of plants uses ranges from 0.81 to 16.83 while dissimilarity percentage varies from 0% to 17.65%. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge seven plant species, viz. Withania coagulans, Fagonia cretica, Carthamus oxyacantha, Ehretia obtusifolia, Helianthus annuus, Olea ferruginea and Vitex trifolia, are reported from this region for the first time for the treatment of malaria. This first ethno-medicinal study highlights potential sources for the development of new antimalarial drugs from indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants found in the Soon Valley, Pakistan. Such investigations could be a subject for in vitro and in vivo anti-plasmodial screening to develop new plant-based antimalarial drugs and can also be evaluated for other biological activities and novel drug discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Sarvat Rahim
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.
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Jadaun JS, Sangwan NS, Narnoliya LK, Tripathi S, Sangwan RS. Withania coagulans tryptophan decarboxylase gene cloning, heterologous expression, and catalytic characteristics of the recombinant enzyme. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:181-192. [PMID: 26795344 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) catalyzes pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylation of tryptophan to produce tryptamine for recruitment in a myriad of biosynthetic pathways of metabolites possessing indolyl moiety. A recent report of certain indolyl metabolites in Withania species calls for a possible predominant functional role of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) in the genome of Withania species to facilitate production of the indolyl progenitor molecule, tryptamine. Therefore, with this metabolic prospection, we have identified and cloned a full-length cDNA sequence of TDC from aerial tissues of Withania coagulans. The functional WcTDC gene comprises of 1506 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 502 amino acid protein with calculated molecular mass and pI value of 56.38 kDa and 8.35, respectively. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was affinity-purified to homogeneity to discern its kinetics of catalysis. The enzyme (WcTDC) exhibited much higher Km value for tryptophan than for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and was dedicated to catalyze decarboxylation of only tryptophan or, to a limited extent, of its analogue (like 5-hydroxy tryptophan). The observed optimal catalytic functionality of the enzyme on the slightly basic side of the pH scale and at slightly higher temperatures reflected adaptability of the plant to hot and arid regions, the predominant natural habitat of the herb. This pertains to be the first report on cloning and characterization of heterologously expressed recombinant enzyme from W. coagulans and forms a starting point to further understanding of withanamide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh Jadaun
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Neelam Singh Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), C-127, Phase-8, Industrial Area, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160071, Punjab, India.
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In Vitro Shoot Cultures and Analysis of Steroidal Lactones in Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2016; 1391:259-73. [PMID: 27108323 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3332-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal (Solanaceae), also known as 'Panir Bandh' is an important medicinal plant that is extensively used as a home remedy for several diseases in the Indian subcontinent. The plant possesses specific steroidal lactones known as withanolides which show high level of pharmaceutical activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Natural propagation of the plant occurs through Seed but due to unisexual nature of the flowers; chances of Seed setting are very limited and the plant is on the verge of extinction because of overexploitation and reproductive failure. Plant tissue culture techniques offer opportunities for ex situ conservation and mass multiplication of endangered plant species through micropropagation and also enhancement of in vitro biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. In this chapter we present protocols for the mass multiplication of W. coagulans, assessment of clonal fidelity by RAPD, and estimation of bioactive compounds (withanolides) by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and reverse phase HPLC developed in our laboratory.
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Coagulansin-A has beneficial effects on the development of bovine embryos in vitro via HSP70 induction. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20150222. [PMID: 26831738 PMCID: PMC4793297 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with the steroidal lactone, coagulansin-A, improves bovine oocyte maturation and embryo development in vitro by inducing heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which reduces the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage and inflammation. Coagulansin-A (withanolide) is the steroidal lactone obtained from Withania coagulans which belong to Solanaceae family. The present study investigated the effects of coagulansin-A on bovine oocyte maturation and embryo development in vitro. All these oocytes were aspirated from the ovaries obtained from Korean Hanwoo cows at a local abattoir. To determine whether coagulansin-A has beneficial effects on bovine oocyte maturation in vitro, 355 oocytes per group (control and treated) in seven replicates were subjected with different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 μM) of coagulansin-A. The coagulansin-A was added in the in vitro maturation (IVM) media followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and then in vitro culture (IVC). Only treatment with 5 μM coagulansin-A remarkably (P<0.05) improved embryos development (Day 8 blastocyst) having 27.30 and 40.01% for control and coagulansin-A treated groups respectively. Treatment with 5 μM coagulansin-A significantly induced activation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that 5 μM coagulansin-A treatment also significantly inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation during bovine embryo development in vitro by decreasing 8-oxoguanosine (8-OxoG) (P<0.05) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (P<0.05). The expressions of HSP70 and NF-κB were also conformed through real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Additionally, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay confirmed that coagulansin-A treatment significantly improved the embryo quality and reduced bovine embryo DNA damage (P<0.05). The present study provides new information regarding the mechanisms by which coagulansin-A promotes bovine embryo development in vitro.
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Rai M, Jogee PS, Agarkar G, dos Santos CA. Anticancer activities of Withania somnifera: Current research, formulations, and future perspectives. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:189-197. [PMID: 25845640 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1027778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cancer, being a cause of death for major fraction of population worldwide, is one of the most studied diseases and is being investigated for the development of new technologies and more accurate therapies. Still the currently available therapies for cancer have many lacunae which affect the patient's health severely in the form of side effects. The natural drugs obtained from the medicinal plants provide a better alternative to fight against this devastating disease. Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Solanaceae), a well-known Ayurvedic medicinal plant, has been traditionally used to cure various ailments for centuries. OBJECTIVES Considering the immense potential of W. somnifera, this review provides a detail account of its vital phytoconstituents and summarizes the present status of the research carried out on its anticancerous activities, giving future directions. METHODS The sources of scientific literature were accessed from various electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and library search. RESULTS Various parts of W. somnifera especially the roots with its unique contents have been proved effective against different kinds of cancers. The most active components withanolides and withaferins along with a few other metabolites including withanone (WN) and withanosides have been reported effective against different types of cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION This herb holds an important place among various anticancer medicinal plants. It is very essential to further screen and to investigate different formulations for anticancer therapy in vitro as well as in vivo in combination with established chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Rai
- a Department of Biotechnology , SGB Amravati University , Amravati , Maharashtra , India and
| | - Priti S Jogee
- a Department of Biotechnology , SGB Amravati University , Amravati , Maharashtra , India and
| | - Gauravi Agarkar
- a Department of Biotechnology , SGB Amravati University , Amravati , Maharashtra , India and
| | - Carolina Alves dos Santos
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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Pandey S. Preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antibacterial activity of Bauhinia variegata Linn. against human pathogens. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ahmad B, Ashiq S, Hussain A, Bashir S, Hussain M. Evaluation of mycotoxins, mycobiota, and toxigenic fungi in selected medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:776-84. [PMID: 25209636 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are used worldwide to treat a variety of ailments. Due to the provenance of medicinal plants, they are subjected to contamination by moulds, which may be responsible for spoilage and production of mycotoxins. The investigation was designed to throw light on mycological and mycotoxicological status of some medicinal plants from Pakistan and the result showed 30 % and 26.7 % samples were contaminated with aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively. Mould contamination was present in 90 % samples, of which 70 % exceeded the permissible limits. Opium poppy, licorice root, and Indian rennet were most contaminated samples. The predominant moulds found were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Penicillium spp. and 31 % of the 47 isolates tested were found to be toxigenic. The findings indicate that the contamination in the medicinal plants may contribute to adverse human health problems. This information would prove helpful for regulatory agencies to establish limits for these contaminants in medicinal plants and will explore ways for export of herbal products to countries where more stringent permissible limits of mycotoxins exist. The study is first of its kind in the country reporting natural occurrence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Ahmad
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Samina Ashiq
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | | | - Shumaila Bashir
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mubbashir Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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Water extract of Ashwagandha leaves has anticancer activity: identification of an active component and its mechanism of action. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77189. [PMID: 24130852 PMCID: PMC3795014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is a leading cause of death accounting for 15-20% of global mortality. Although advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies have improved cancer survival statistics, 75% of the world population live in underdeveloped regions and have poor access to the advanced medical remedies. Natural therapies hence become an alternative choice of treatment. Ashwagandha, a tropical herb used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, has a long history of its health promoting and therapeutic effects. In the present study, we have investigated an anticancer activity in the water extract of Ashwagandha leaves (ASH-WEX). Methodology/Principal Findings Anticancer activity in the water extract of Ashwagandha leaves (ASH-WEX) was detected by invitro and invivo assays. Bioactivity-based size fractionation and NMR analysis were performed to identify the active anticancer component(s). Mechanism of anticancer activity in the extract and its purified component was investigated by biochemical assays. We report that the ASH-WEX is cytotoxic to cancer cells selectively, and causes tumor suppression invivo. Its active anticancer component was identified as triethylene glycol (TEG). Molecular analysis revealed activation of tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRB by ASH-WEX and TEG in cancer cells. In contrast to the hypophosphorylation of pRB, decrease in cyclin B1 and increase in cyclin D1 in ASH-WEX and TEG-treated cancer cells (undergoing growth arrest), normal cells showed increase in pRB phosphorylation and cyclin B1, and decrease in cyclin D1 (signifying their cell cycle progression). We also found that the MMP-3 and MMP-9 that regulate metastasis were down regulated in ASH-WEX and TEG-treated cancer cells; normal cells remained unaffected. Conclusion We provide the first molecular evidence that the ASH-WEX and TEG have selective cancer cell growth arrest activity and hence may offer natural and economic resources for anticancer medicine.
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Mishra S, Sangwan RS, Bansal S, Sangwan NS. Efficient genetic transformation of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens from leaf explants of in vitro multiple shoot culture. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:451-8. [PMID: 22766977 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Withania coagulans was achieved using leaf explants of in vitro multiple shoot culture. The Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring the binary vector pIG121Hm containing β-glucuronidase gene (gusA) under the control of CaMV35S promoter was used in the development of transformation protocol. The optimal conditions for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of W. coagulans were found to be the co-cultivation of leaf explants for 20 min to agrobacterial inoculum (O.D. 0.4) followed by 3 days of co-cultivation on medium supplemented with 100 μM acetosyringone. Shoot bud induction as well as differentiation occurred on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 10.0 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, 8.0 μM indole 3-acetic acid, and 50.0 mgl(-1) kanamycin after three consecutive cycles of selection. Elongated shoots were rooted using a two-step procedure involving root induction in a medium containing 2.5 μM indole 3-butyric acid for 1 week and then transferred to hormone free one-half MS basal for 2 weeks. We were successful in achieving 100 % frequency of transient GUS expression with 5 % stable transformation efficiency using optimized conditions. PCR analysis of T0 transgenic plants showed the presence of gusA and nptII genes confirming the transgenic event. Histochemical GUS expression was observed in the putative transgenic W. coagulans plants. Thin layer chromatography showed the presence of similar type of withanolides in the transgenic and non-transgenic regenerated plants. A. tumefaciens mediated transformation system via leaf explants developed in this study will be useful for pathway manipulation using metabolic engineering for bioactive withanolides in W. coagulans, an important medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrati Mishra
- Metabolic & Structural Biology Division, Central Institute of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
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Mirza B, Kondratyuk TP, Park EJ, Burns BE, Marler LE, Pezzuto JM. Preliminary evaluation for cancer chemopreventive and cytotoxic potential of naturally growing ethnobotanically selected plants of Pakistan. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:316-328. [PMID: 23137214 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.728612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Natural products are a very productive source of leads for the development of medicines. Six Pakistani plants were chosen for study based on ethnobotanical data. OBJECTIVE Exploration of important medicinal plants of Pakistan for cancer treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude extracts of the six plants and their fractions were tested for inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), aromatase, and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, induction of quinone reductase 1 (QR1), agonism of retinoid X receptor, and growth inhibition with MCF-7, LU-1 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. RESULTS Two samples of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal (Solanaceae) demonstrated inhibition of TNF-α induced activity of NFκB with IC₅₀ values of 2.6 and 4.3 µg/mL, respectively. Two fractions from W. coagulans and Euphorbia wallichii Hook F. (Euphorbiaceae) aerial parts inhibited aromatase with IC₅₀ values of 17.0 and 17.7 µg/mL, respectively. A total of 13 samples (five from E. wallichii, one from Acer oblongifolium Hort. ex Dippel (Aceraceae), one from Aster thomsonii C. B. Clarke (Asteraceae) and six from W. coagulans aerial parts with fruits) inhibited NO production with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.3 to 15.6 µg/mL. Fourteen samples demonstrated induction of QR1 with CD ranging from 1.0 to 20.6 µg/mL, and a total of eight extracts and fractions inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells in culture with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.2 to 7.8 µg/mL. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Selected plants can be a valuable source of chemopreventive and anticancer products. W. coagulans aerial parts showed the strongest activity.
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Youn UJ, Chai X, Park EJ, Kondratyuk TP, Simmons CJ, Borris RP, Mirza B, Pezzuto JM, Chang LC. Biologically active withanolides from Withania coagulans. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:22-28. [PMID: 23316950 DOI: 10.1021/np300534x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed isolation and purification of the crude extract of Withania coagulans, using two assays for cancer chemopreventive mechanisms, led to the isolation of three new steroidal lactones, withacoagulin G (1), withacoagulin H (2), and withacoagulin I (3), along with six known derivatives (4-9). The structures and absolute stereochemistry of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectrometry, and CD analyses. The structure of 1 was confirmed using X-ray diffraction methods. Compounds 1-9 inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with IC(50) values in the range of 1.9-38.2 μM. Compounds 1 and 2 were the most active (IC(50) 3.1 and 1.9 μM, respectively). Withanolides 1-9 exhibited inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation with IC(50) values in the range of 1.60-12.4 μM.
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Molecular cloning and catalytic characterization of a recombinant tropine biosynthetic tropinone reductase from Withania coagulans leaf. Gene 2012; 516:238-47. [PMID: 23266822 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tropinone reductases (TRs) are small proteins belonging to the SDR (short chain dehydrogenase/reductase) family of enzymes. TR-I and TR-II catalyze the conversion of tropinone into tropane alcohols (tropine and pseudotropine, respectively). The steps are intermediary enroute to biosynthesis of tropane esters of medicinal importance, hyoscyamine/scopolamine, and calystegins, respectively. Biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids has been proposed to occur in roots. However, in the present report, a tropine forming tropinone reductase (TR-I) cDNA was isolated from the aerial tissue (leaf) of a medicinal plant, Withania coagulans. The ORF was deduced to encode a polypeptide of 29.34 kDa. The complete cDNA (WcTRI) was expressed in E. coli and the recombinant His-tagged protein was purified for functional characterization. The enzyme had a narrow pH range of substantial activity with maxima at 6.6. Relatively superior thermostability of the enzyme (30% retention of activity at 60 °C) was catalytic novelty in consonance with the desert area restricted habitat of the plant. The in vitro reaction kinetics predominantly favoured the forward reaction. The enzyme had wide substrate specificity but did not cover the substrates of other well-known plant SDR related to menthol metabolism. To our knowledge, this pertains to be the first report on any gene and enzyme of secondary metabolism from the commercially and medicinally important vegetable rennet species.
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Efferth T, Greten HJ. In Silico Analysis of Microarray-Based Gene Expression Profiles Predicts Tumor Cell Response to Withanolides. MICROARRAYS 2012; 1:44-63. [PMID: 27605335 PMCID: PMC5007710 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays1010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Indian ginseng, winter cherry, Solanaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine. Roots are either chewed or used to prepare beverages (aqueous decocts). The major secondary metabolites of Withania somnifera are the withanolides, which are C-28-steroidal lactone triterpenoids. Withania somnifera extracts exert chemopreventive and anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. The aims of the present in silico study were, firstly, to investigate whether tumor cells develop cross-resistance between standard anticancer drugs and withanolides and, secondly, to elucidate the molecular determinants of sensitivity and resistance of tumor cells towards withanolides. Using IC50 concentrations of eight different withanolides (withaferin A, withaferin A diacetate, 3-azerininylwithaferin A, withafastuosin D diacetate, 4-B-hydroxy-withanolide E, isowithanololide E, withafastuosin E, and withaperuvin) and 19 established anticancer drugs, we analyzed the cross-resistance profile of 60 tumor cell lines. The cell lines revealed cross-resistance between the eight withanolides. Consistent cross-resistance between withanolides and nitrosoureas (carmustin, lomustin, and semimustin) was also observed. Then, we performed transcriptomic microarray-based COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of mRNA expression to identify mRNA expression profiles predicting sensitivity or resistance towards withanolides. Genes from diverse functional groups were significantly associated with response of tumor cells to withaferin A diacetate, e.g. genes functioning in DNA damage and repair, stress response, cell growth regulation, extracellular matrix components, cell adhesion and cell migration, constituents of the ribosome, cytoskeletal organization and regulation, signal transduction, transcription factors, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Henry Johannes Greten
- Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Karlsruher Straße 12, Heidelberg 69126, Germany.
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
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