Racial differences in idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Social Determinants of Health in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) disproportionately affects women from socioeconomically disadvantaged communities, but specific social determinants of health have not been examined.

METHODS

We used data from the National Institutes of Health's All of Us Research Program, an ongoing nationwide study of more than 300,000 diverse individuals in the United States. Height and weight were measured at baseline, and participants completed questionnaires about demographics, health care access, and quality of life. Women aged 18-50 years with IIH were identified through electronic health record data, excluding those with venous thrombosis, meningitis, hydrocephalus, or central nervous system neoplasms. We used logistic regression to compare questionnaire responses for IIH cases and controls, adjusting for age, race, ethnicity, annual income, and body mass index (BMI).

RESULTS

We included 416 women with IIH and 107,111 women without IIH. The mean age was 38 years, and 49.3% identified as non-White. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and BMI, women with IIH were more likely to be unemployed (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.14-1.71) and report delaying care because of difficulty affording copays (OR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02-2.10) or specialist care (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.06-2.18). They also delayed care because of rural residence (OR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.25-3.47) and transportation limitations (OR 2.23, 95% CI: 1.55-3.20). Although women with IIH were more likely to be non-Hispanic Black (OR 1.66, 95% CI: 1.32-2.09), this association lost significance when controlling for BMI and income (OR 1.27, 95% CI: 0.96-1.68).

CONCLUSIONS

Women with IIH experience adverse social determinants of health beyond those associated with obesity alone.

Progress and recognition of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A narrative review

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) mainly affects obese young women, causing elevated intracranial pressure, headaches, and papilledema, risking vision loss and severe headaches. Despite weight loss as the primary treatment, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recent research explores novel therapeutic targets.

AIMS

This review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of IIH's pathophysiology and clinical features to inform pathogenesis and improve treatment strategies.

METHODS

Recent publications on IIH were searched and summarized using PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE.

RESULTS

The review highlights potential pathomechanisms and therapeutic advances in IIH.

CONCLUSION

IIH incidence is rising, with growing evidence linking it to metabolic and hormonal disturbances. Early diagnosis and treatment remain challenging.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in China

Introduction Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) was previously assumed to be rare in Asia. However, it has been increasingly recognized in China in recent years, likely due to pandemic obesity and greater awareness of the condition. The clinical characteristics of IIH in Chinese patients remain unexplored. This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with IIH in China. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with IIH at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University was conducted from January 2013 to July 2021. The analysis included demographic data, presenting symptoms, comorbidities, imaging features, laboratory data, intracranial pressure (ICP), treatment modalities, and outcomes. Results The study recruited 199 participants, including 145 females and 54 males, with a mean age at onset of 36 years (range: 27 to 45 years). The participants had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 26 kg/m2 (range: 23.4 to 29.4 kg/m2). Obesity was found in 67 participants (33.7%). The most common clinical symptom reported was headache, which was experienced by 118 (59.3%) participants, followed by decreased vision, which was reported by 115 (57.8%) participants. The main comorbidity among women was anemia (54, 37.2%), while men were more likely to have severe sleep apnea (7, 13%). The most common imaging features were perioptic nerve sheath distension (159, 79.9%) and transverse sinus stenosis (147, 73.9%). Symptoms were relieved with medication in 117 (58.8%) participants, while 72 (36.2%) underwent surgeries such as venous sinus stenting and ventriculoperitoneal shunt. During follow-up, symptoms resolved in 84 (42.2%) participants, while 115 (57.8%) participants experienced symptom improvement. The ratio of decreased vision was higher in females than in males. Conclusion The results provide valuable insights into the clinical features of IIH in this region. China appears to have a lower incidence of obesity compared to Western countries. Among comorbidities related to IIH, anemia and severe sleep apnea were the most common. A significant number of IIH patients underwent surgery. It was found that women had worse visual outcomes compared to men. Further investigation is needed to determine the most effective treatment for IIH in a larger cohort of Chinese patients.

Advantages and Pitfalls of the Use of Optical Coherence Tomography for Papilledema

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Papilledema refers to optic disc swelling caused by raised intracranial pressure. This syndrome arises from numerous potential causes, which may pose varying degrees of threat to patients. Manifestations of papilledema range from mild to severe, and early diagnosis is important to prevent vision loss and other deleterious outcomes. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the diagnosis and management of syndromes of raised intracranial pressure associated with papilledema.

RECENT FINDINGS

Ophthalmoscopy is an unreliable skill for many clinicians. Optical coherence tomography is a non-invasive ocular imaging technique which may fill a current care gap, by facilitating detection of papilledema for those who cannot perform a detailed fundus examination. Optical coherence tomography may help confirm the presence of papilledema, by detecting subclinical peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickening that might otherwise be missed with ophthalmoscopy. Enhanced depth imaging (EDI) and swept source OCT techniques may identify optic disc drusen as cause of pseudo-papilledema. Macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) values may provide early signs of neuroaxonal injury in patients with papilledema and inform management for patients with syndromes of raised intracranial pressure. There are well-established advantages and disadvantages of OCT that need to be fully understood to best utilize this method for the detection of papilledema. Overall, OCT may complement other existing tools by facilitating detection of papilledema and tracking response to therapies.  Moving forward, OCT findings may be included in deep learning models to diagnose papilledema.

Trends in Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repairs in the United States, 2009-2018

Background

Rates of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak (sCSF) repairs have increased in recent decades in line with increases in obesity rates.

Objectives

To determine if the national rate of sCSF leak has continued to rise in recent years and to identify associated risk factors utilizing a comprehensive national database comprising most academic medical centers.

Methods

A retrospective review from 2009 to 2018 was performed using the Vizient Clinical Database (CDB) of 105 leading academic medical centers in the United States. Patients who underwent CSF leak repair in the CDB database using ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnostic and procedure codes. Patients with epidural hematomas over the same time frame were used as a control. National rates of craniotomy for sCSF leak repair each quarter were assessed and sCSF leak patient characteristics (age, gender, obesity, hypertension, diabetes) were calculated.

Results

The rate of craniotomy for all sCSF leak repairs increased by 10.2% annually from 2009 to 2015 (P < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant change in the rate of epidural hematomas over the same period. The rate of lateral sCSF leak repair increased on average by 10.4% annually from 2009 (218 cases/year) to 2018 (457 cases/year) (P < 0.0001). A statistically significant increase was observed across all regions of the United States (P ≤ 0.005). sCSF leak patients had an average (standard deviation) age of 55.0 (13.2) years and 67.2% were female. Obesity was the only demographic factors that increased significantly over time. Likely due to comorbid factors, Black patients comprise a disproportionately large percentage of lateral sCSF leak repair patients.

Conclusions

The rate of craniotomy for spontaneous CSF leaks continues to rise by approximately 10% annually.

Diagnostic performance of neuroimaging in suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension

The diagnostic utility of neuroradiologic signs associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) for the evaluation of patients presenting with papilloedema remains yet to be elucidated. This multicentre retrospective cohort study assessed consecutive patients presenting with suspected papilloedema to Auckland District Health Board (NZ) and Stanford University Medical Centre (US), between 2005 and 2019, undergoing magnetic resonance imaging and venography (MRI/MRV) or computed tomography and venography (CT/CTV) prior to lumbar puncture assessment for diagnostic suspicion of IIH. Data were collected regarding demographic, clinical, radiologic, and lumbar puncture parameters, and the diagnosis of IIH was determined according to the Friedman criteria for primary pseudotumor cerebri syndrome. A total of 204 participants (174 females; mean ± SD age 29.9 ± 12.2 years) were included, and 156 (76.5%) participants fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for IIH. The presence of any IIH-associated radiologic sign on MRI/MRV demonstrated a sensitivity (95% CI) of 74.8% (65.8%-82.0%) and specificity (95% CI) of 94.7% (82.7%-98.5%), while radiologic signs on CT/CTV exhibited a sensitivity (95% CI) of 61.0% (49.9%-71.2%) and specificity (95% CI) of 100.0% (83.2%-100.0%). In summary, the modest sensitivities of radiologic signs of IIH would support the routine use of lumbar puncture assessment following neuroimaging to secure the diagnosis. However, the high specificities might lend limited support for the judicious deferment of lumbar puncture assessment among typical IIH demographic patients who consent to the inherent small risk of missed pathology, which has been proposed by some clinicians.

Prediction of Postoperative Risk of Raised Intracranial Pressure After Spontaneous Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repair

BACKGROUND

A relationship between idiopathic intracranial hypertension and spontaneous skull base cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks has been proposed, by which CSF leak decreases intracranial pressure (ICP) and masks the symptoms and signs of elevated ICP. These patients are at risk of developing papilledema, symptoms of elevated ICP, or a recurrent CSF leak after CSF leak repair. The objective of this study was to assess whether radiographic signs of raised ICP on preoperative magnetic resonance or computed venography (MRI or CTV) are predictors of postoperative papilledema, recurrence of CSF leak, or need for CSF shunt surgery.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of systematically collected demographics, fundus examination, and presurgical brain MRI and magnetic resonance venography/computed tomography venography (MRV/CTV) in patients seen at 1 institution between 2013 and 2019 with spontaneous skull base CSF leak repair. Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether they developed papilledema, recurrent CSF leak, or required CSF shunting (Group 1) or not (Group 2).

RESULTS

Fifty-seven patients were included, among whom 19 were in Group 1. There was no difference in demographic characteristics or clinical features between patients in Group 1 and Group 2. Controlling for other imaging features, bilateral transverse venous sinus stenosis (TVSS) on preoperative imaging increased the odds of being in Group 1 by 4.2 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-21.2, P = 0.04), optic nerve tortuosity decreased the odds of being in Group 1 by 8.3 times (95% CI: 1.4-74.6, P = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

Imaging of the intracranial venous system with MRV or CTV is warranted before repair of spontaneous CSF leak, as bilateral TVSS is an independent risk factor for postoperative papilledema, CSF leak recurrence, or need for a CSF shunting procedure.

Clinical profile, diagnostic challenges, and outcomes in subacute/chronic cerebral sinus venous thrombosis

Purpose:

To report clinical profile, diagnostic challenges, and outcomes in cases of subacute/chronic cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) presenting to neuro-ophthalmologists/neurologists.

Methods:

This was a multicentric, retrospective, observational study. Records of patients with neuroimaging proven subacute/chronic CSVT seen the from January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2020 were analyzed. Data collected included duration of symptoms, diagnosing physician, ophthalmological vs. focal/generalized neurological symptoms, optic disc examination, perimetry, and neuroimaging findings. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA software.

Results:

Forty-three patients with subacute (30)/chronic (13) CSVT were identified (32 males, 11 females). Median age was 37 (IQR 27–47) years. The presenting complaints were blurred vision 34 (79%), headaches in 25 (58%), vomiting 12 (28%), and diplopia 11 (26%). Eleven patients had associated sixth cranial nerve palsy. All but two patients had either disc edema/optic atrophy; four had unilateral disc edema at presentation. Ophthalmologists and neurologists diagnosed/suspected CSVT correctly in 13/29 (45%) and 11/14 (78.5%) patients, respectively. Most common initial alternate diagnosis was idiopathic intracranial hypertension in 12 (28%). Female gender, age ≤36, unilateral papilledema, not obtaining venogram at initial workup increased chances of initial alternate diagnosis. Median follow-up duration was 21 days. Average visual function remained stable in majority of patients at last follow-up. In total, 47.6% of patients had best-corrected visual acuity ≥20/30 at the final follow-up.

Conclusion:

In our series, subacute or chronic CSVT presented presented primarily with symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Unilateral papilledema, middle-aged patients, female gender, lack of focal/generalized neurological symptoms created diagnostic dilemma. Visual function remained stable in majority of patients.

Paediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)-A Review

Paediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a rare but important differential diagnosis in children presenting with papilloedema. It is characterised by raised intracranial pressure in the absence of an identifiable secondary structural or systemic cause and is, therefore, a diagnosis of exclusion. In the adult population, there is a strong predilection for the disease to occur in female patients who are obese. This association is also seen in paediatric patients with IIH but primarily in the post-pubertal cohort. In younger pre-pubertal children, this is not the case, possibly reflecting a different underlying disease aetiology and pathogenesis. Untreated IIH in children can cause significant morbidity from sight loss, chronic headaches, and the psychological effects of ongoing regular hospital monitoring, interventions, and medication. The ultimate goal in the management of paediatric IIH is to protect the optic nerve from papilloedema-induced optic neuropathy and thus preserve vision, whilst reducing the morbidity from other symptoms of IIH, in particular chronic headaches. In this review, we will outline the typical work-up and diagnostic process for paediatric patients with suspected IIH and how we manage these patients.

Extent of transverse sinus stenosis does not predict visual outcomes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension

BACKGROUND

We aimed to investigate whether the degree of transverse sinus stenosis (TSS) on magnetic resonance venography (MRV) can predict visual outcomes in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

METHODS

A chart review identified IIH patients followed for at least 6 months. Mean deviation (MD) on visual field (VF) testing at initial and last follow-up visits, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), patients' age, body mass index, and lumbar puncture opening pressure were recorded. MRV was used to grade TSS on a scale of 0-8 using the grading scheme proposed by Farb et al., whereby a lower score indicates a greater degree of stenosis. Linear regression analysis was used to test for association between above variables and MD on VF, including change in MD over time.

RESULTS

44 female patients were followed for a median of 26 months. All patients had unilateral or bilateral TSS on MRV. The median TSS score was 3/8. The median BCVA was 0.06 logMAR at baseline. The median VF MD was -3.02 dB at baseline and -1.96 dB at final follow-up. There was no significant association between the degree of TSS and either baseline MD (P-value = 0.34) or the change in MD on VF over the course of follow-up (P-value = 0.54). Baseline BCVA (P = 0.045) and baseline MD (P < 0.001) were the only significant predictors of changes in MD on VF over follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Baseline BCVA and MD on VF were the only significant predictors of visual outcome in IIH patients. While all patients demonstrated TSS on MRV, the degree of TSS did not correlate with visual prognosis.

MRI-findings in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (Pseudotumor cerebri)

BACKGROUND

 Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a disorder of increased intracranial pressure of unknown etiology. Main symptom is headache which has a characteristic similar to other headache diseases, therefore the idiopathic intracranial hypertension often remains undetected. The incidence is 1/100 000 with the number of unreported cases being much higher. This article highlights the essential role of MRI in the differential diagnosis.

METHODS

 A literature search was carried out on idiopathic intracranial hypertension and Pseudotumor cerebri in English and German. Original and Review articles as well as case reports were taken into account. Since the main focus of the article is MRI diagnostics, some images were selected to illustrate the characteristic MRI morphological features.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

 The diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension is based on an exclusion procedure. Most common syndromes are headache, transient visual obscurations, pulsatile tinnitus and nausea. In the presence of an underlying cause for the increased intracranial pressure one speaks of a secondary intracranial hypertension. The diagnostics include a detailed medical history, neurological and ophthalmic examination, lumbar puncture, and neuroradiological imaging procedures. MRI, in particular, has become increasingly important in recent years, since signs for changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure are now detectable and well-defined. The therapeutic approaches are symptom-oriented and aim to lower the pressure. With a precise diagnosis and timely start of therapy, idiopathic intracranial hypertension has a good prognosis, especially with regard to the preservation of eyesight.

KEY POINTS

  · The idiopathic intracranial hypertension is an important differential diagnosis for unspecific headache and impaired vision. · Overweight women in childbearing age are particularly affected. · The most important component in diagnostics is MRI.

CITATION FORMAT

· Juhász J, Hensler J, Jansen O. MRT-Befunde bei der idiopathischen intrakraniellen Hypertension (Pseudotumor cerebri). Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; DOI: 10.1055/a-1447-0264.

Socioeconomic and Geographic Disparities in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

OBJECTIVE

To identify relationships between idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and socioeconomic determinants of health, such as low-income status and proximity to healthy food.

METHODS

This retrospective case-control study of adult female neuro-ophthalmology patients from one institution identified 223 women with and 4,783 women without IIH. Street addresses were geocoded and merged with US census data to obtain census tract-level information on income and food access. Choropleth maps visualized IIH clusters within certain neighborhoods. Logistic regression compared the proportion of patients with IIH from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds, low-income census tracts, and food deserts and swamps to controls without IIH.

RESULTS

In our cohort, when adjusted for age, women with IIH were more likely to be Black (odds ratio [OR] 3.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.98-5.25), Hispanic (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.14-4.36), and live in low-income tracts (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.71-2.95) or food swamps (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.15-2.07). Patients with IIH were less likely to live in food deserts than controls (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45-0.83). The association between Black race and IIH remained significant even after adjusting for other variables.

CONCLUSION

IIH is more common among Black and Hispanic women than expected even when accounting for the demographics of a metropolitan city. Some of this relationship is driven by the association of obesity and IIH incidence with low income and proximity to unhealthy foods.

Trends in the Surgical Treatment of Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome in the United States

IMPORTANCE

Optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) and cerebrospinal fluid shunting are sometimes used to treat pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS), but their use patterns are unknown.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the frequency of surgical PTCS treatment in the United States and to compare patients undergoing ONSF with those treated with shunting.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This was a retrospective longitudinal cross-sectional study. Inpatient data were obtained from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), and outpatient surgical center data were obtained from the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery (NSAS) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). Included in the analysis were 10 720 patients aged 18 to 65 years with a diagnosis code for PTCS, excluding venous thrombosis and other causes of intracranial hypertension. Time trends were explored and logistic regression was used to measure differences according to age, race/ethnicity, sex, Elixhauser comorbidity index, and other patient and hospital characteristics. Data analysis was performed from March 31 to October 7, 2020.

EXPOSURE

Treatment for PTCS, excluding venous thrombosis and other causes of intracranial hypertension.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Annual number of PTCS-related admissions, ONSFs, and shunt procedures from 2002-2016. Patient and hospital-level characteristics of patients with PTCS undergoing ONSF or shunting were compared.

RESULTS

Between 2010 and 2016, 297 ONSFs were performed and 10 423 shunts were placed as treatment for PTCS. The procedures were most commonly performed in individuals aged 26 to 35 years (39.4%), and 9920 (92.4%) of the surgically treated patients were women. ONSF was more common among younger patients (eg, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for patients ≥46 years vs those 18-25 years, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.08-0.61) and in Black, Hispanic, or other minority populations (AOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.31-4.30) and less common in the South (AOR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13-0.88) and West (AOR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.04-0.58) compared with the Northeast. Total PTCS-related hospitalizations increased from 6081 (95% CI, 5137-7025) in 2002 to 18 020 (95% CI, 16 607-19 433) in 2016. Shunting increased from 2002 to 2011 and subsequently plateaued and declined. ONSF was used much less frequently, and use has not increased. No instances of outpatient ONSF or shunting for PTCS were recorded in the NSAS or NHAMCS databases.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

This study's findings suggest that shunting is more common than ONSF and that the use gap has widened as shunting has increased. However, because overall PTCS-related hospitalizations have increased even more rapidly, the percentage of inpatients with PTCS undergoing surgery has decreased. These trends may reflect changes in medical treatment practices and outcomes or growing limitations in access to ophthalmic surgical expertise.

Clinical and demographic differences between idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients with mild and severe papilledema

PURPOSE:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether papilledema severity is associated with specific demographic or clinical factors in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A retrospective cohort study of consecutive IIH patients seen at one tertiary care institution between 1989 and March 31, 2017 was performed. IIH patients were classified as mild (Frisén Grade 1 or 2) or severe (Frisén Grade 4 or 5) based on grading of fundus photographs obtained at first presentation. Demographic and clinical variables including age, body mass index (BMI), gender, visual acuity, Humphrey visual field mean deviation, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure were extracted from patient medical records for statistical analyses.

RESULTS:

A total of 239 patients were included in the study: 152 with mild papilledema and 87 with severe papilledema. There was no difference in age, race, BMI, or male gender between the mild and severe papilledema groups. CSF opening pressure was significantly higher in the severe papilledema group (41.89 cm of water vs. 33.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −10.79–−5.62, P < 0.0001). There was a significant difference in the Humphrey mean deviation (−6.38 dB compared to − 3.25 dB, 95% CI: −4.82–−1.44 dB, P < 0.001) and average logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity at final follow-up (0.21 vs. 0.045, 95% CI: −0.299–−0.040 , P = 0.01).

CONCLUSION:

Age, race, sex, and BMI were similar in IIH patients with mild versus severe papilledema, emphasizing the importance of a dilated fundus examination to reliably stratify patients. Patients with severe papilledema are at higher risk of visual acuity and visual field loss at final follow-up.

Neuro-Ophthalmological Manifestations of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Current Perspectives

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease of obstructed airways during sleep that significantly impacts the quality of life and increases the risk of various systemic diseases. OSA has been studied as a risk factor for a number of neuro-ophthalmic conditions and a strong relationship has been established with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). The incidence of glaucoma and stroke have also been significantly associated with OSA and are conditions that may also be seen by neuro-ophthalmologists. Patients with NAION have a significantly higher incidence of OSA and OSA diagnosis significantly increases the risk for NAION development. Non-compliance with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in OSA patients has also been found to be a risk factor for fellow-eye involvement and there is increasing evidence to suggest that every patient with NAION should be formally evaluated with polysomnography. The relationship between OSA and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has also been studied, but the relationship between these two conditions is less clear. There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine eye examinations in OSA patients for papilledema and conducting a sleep study for a newly diagnosed IIH patient should be left to the discretion of the clinician based on other symptoms and risk factors of OSA.

Visual Field Mean Deviation at Diagnosis of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Predicts Visual Outcome

BACKGROUND

A robust predictor of visual outcome in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) would be useful in management, but there is limited information on this point. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether visual field mean deviation on standard static perimetry performed at diagnosis in a large patient cohort is a reliable predictor of visual outcome.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the automated visual field mean deviations at diagnosis and at final encounter in 79 patients with IIH examined in the neuro-ophthalmology clinics at a single academic medical center from 1999 to 2015.

RESULTS

Of the 79 study patients, 66 (84%) entered with visual field mean deviations of -7 dB or better. Of those 66 patients, 59 (89%) had final mean deviations of -4 dB or better and 33 (56%) had final mean deviations of -2 dB or better. The single patient who had an initial mean deviation of -7 dB or better and a poor final mean deviation (-32 dB) was nonadherent to prescribed medication. Of the 13 (21%) patients who entered with mean deviations worse than -7 dB, 11 (85%) ended up with poor visual outcomes, their final mean deviations ranging from -5 dB to -32 dB. Over half of those 13 patients had required surgery for IIH, often within 3 weeks of diagnosis, owing to severe papilledema and visual dysfunction at the time of diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on this retrospective study, patients with IIH who have relatively mild visual dysfunction at diagnosis are likely to have a favorable visual outcome, provided they are adherent to recommended treatment. Many of those with poor visual function at diagnosis will have unfavorable visual outcomes despite aggressive treatment.

Influence of Optic Nerve Appearance on Visual Outcome in Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether optic disc hemorrhages (ODH) and cotton wool spots (CWS) at presentation are associated with worse visual outcomes in pediatric patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

METHODS

Retrospective institutional review of 100 eyes of 50 consecutive pediatric IIH patients (aged 16 years or less) who had baseline optic disc photographs before or within 30 days of their diagnostic lumbar puncture and initiation of medical treatment. Optic disc photographs were independently graded by three ophthalmologists in a standardized manner. Visual function was assessed using visual acuity (VA) and visual field grade (VFG).

RESULTS

At least one ODH was found in 41% of eyes, at least one CWS was found in 27% of eyes, and 20% of eyes had both ODH and CWS. At presentation, Frisén grade was associated with the presence of CWS (p = 0.013) and showed no association with ODH (p = 0.060). When controlling for Frisén grade, ODH and CWS were not associated with worse VA or VFG at final follow-up. Severe ODH were associated with worse VA and VFG at presentation (p < 0.03), but not at final follow-up. Severe CWS at presentation was strongly associated with a worse Humphrey mean deviation of 5.0 dB (95% confidence interval 1.6-8.3) at final follow-up (p = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

When controlling for the severity of papilledema, ODH do not provide any additional prognostic value in pediatric IIH patients. Frisén grade and severe CWS at presentation were independently associated with worse visual outcomes at the final follow-up.

Pseudotumour Cerebri Syndrome in China: A Cohort Study

Pseudotumour cerebri syndrome (PTCS) remains to be fully investigated in Chinese patients and our study reported PTCS-related clinical differences between Chinese patients and Western patients. This study enrolled 55 consecutive patients (females: 44, median age: 37 y, age range: 14–62 y) with PTCS diagnosed from October 2015 to December 2017. Nine (16.4%, females) patients had primary PTCS, and 46 (83.6%) had secondary PTCS (P = 0.001). At presentation, 81.8% of patients had grade >3 papilloedema, with 23.6% having diffusely constricted fields. Mean subarachnoid space around the optic nerve measured by retrobulbar ultrasonography during lumbar puncture was 1.12 ± 0.17 mm and decreased to 0.86 ± 0.11 mm after treatment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed that 92.9% of eyes with intact macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) at baseline had good outcomes after treatment. Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics showed that secondary PTCS was more common than primary idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Chinese patients. Polycystic ovarian syndrome was the main associated factor in females. Poor visual function was common at presentation. Noninvasive ocular ultrasonography and OCT are the prognostic indicators of PTCS treatment in intracranial pressure and visual function, respectively, after PTCS treatment.

Racial differences in adult-onset MRI-negative temporal lobe epilepsy

OBJECTIVE

We recently detected a significant racial difference in our population with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) seizure monitoring unit. We found that Black patients were more likely than their White counterparts to carry a TLE diagnosis. Using this same patient population, we focus on the patients with TLE to better describe the relationship between race and epidemiology in this population.

METHODS

We analyzed the data from patients diagnosed with TLE admitted to the UAB seizure monitoring unit between January 2000 and December 2011. For patients with a video electroencephalography (EEG) confirmed diagnosis of TLE (n = 385), basic demographic information including race and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were collected. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the relationship between MRI findings, demographic data, and race.

RESULTS

For Black patients with TLE, we found that they were more likely to be female (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-3.19), have seizure onset in adulthood (OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.43-3.19), and have normal MRIs (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.04-2.77) compared to White counterparts with TLE after adjusting for covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that Black race (compared to White) is associated with higher expression of adult-onset MRI-negative TLE, an important subtype of epilepsy with unique implications for evaluation, treatment, and prognosis. If validated in other cohorts, the findings may explain the lower reported rates of epilepsy surgery utilization among Blacks. The racial differences in surgical utilization could be due to a greater prevalence of an epilepsy that is less amenable to surgical resection rather than to cultural differences or access to care.

Case series of six patients diagnosed and managed for idiopathic intracranial hypertension at a tertiary institution eye centre

Background

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) occurs secondary to raised intracranial pressure (ICP) of unknown etiology and is diagnosed when all other causes of raised ICP have been excluded. It can leave devastating sequelae such as permanent visual loss, hence the need for timely diagnosis and treatment. Anecdotally, one or two cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) previously presented at the Eye Centre, KBTH yearly. However, six cases were seen within a 6-month period, prompting the need to study the clinical features of IIH in this population.

Objective

We aim to evaluate the clinical features of patients presenting with IIH at KBTH.

Methodology

This is a retrospective case series with contemporaneous collection of data of six patients who presented to the Eye Centre (KBTH) between October 2016 and March 2017 with clinical features suggestive of IIH. The patients were evaluated and diagnosed based on clinical judgement as well as using the modified Dandy criteria.

Results

All six patients were female and all except one were obese. The age range was 8 to 40 years with median 22.5 years. Symptoms in the 8-year-old were preceded by oral doxycycline for acne treatment. One patient had a history of using oral contraceptive pills prescribed for irregular menses. Clinical features of blurred vision, headache, and papilloedema were relieved with oral acetazolamide.

Conclusion

The upsurge of IIH may be due to the increased incidence of obesity in Ghana. Timely diagnosis and treatment is needed to avoid irreversible blindness.

Funding

None

Differing presenting features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the UK and US

AIM

Demographic factors potentially influencing the presentation and severity of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in the US vs. UK populations include obesity and ethnicity. We aimed to compare the presenting features of IIH between populations in the UK and US tertiary referral centres, to assess what population differences exist and whether these cause different presentations and impact on visual function.

METHODS

Clinical data were collected on 243 consecutive UK IIH patients and 469 consecutive US IIH patients seen after 2012 in two tertiary centres. Visual function was defined as severe visual loss when Humphrey visual field mean deviation was <-15 dB, when Goldmann visual fields showed constriction or when visual acuity was <20/200.

RESULTS

US patients were more commonly of self-reported black race (58.9% vs. 7.1%) than UK patients, but had a similar mean body mass index (38.3 ± 0.63kg/m² UK vs. 37.7 ± 0.42kg/m² US; p = 0.626). The UK cohort had lower presenting Frisén grade (median 1 vs. 2; p < 0.001) and severe visual loss less frequently (15.4% vs. 5%; p = 0.014), but there was no difference in mean cerebrospinal fluid-opening pressure (CSF-OP) (35.8 ± 0.88cmH₂O UK vs. 36.3 ± 0.52cmH₂O US; p = 0.582). African Americans had poorer visual outcomes compared with US whites (19.4% vs. 10% severe visual loss; p = 0.011). Visual function was weakly associated with CSF-OP (R² = 0.059; p = 0.001), which was similar between UK and US patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The UK and the US cohorts had a similar average presenting BMI. However, the worse presenting visual function in the US IIH cohort was partially attributable to differences in the black populations in the two countries.

Periventricular white matter changes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Objective

To evaluate whether increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure causes alteration of periventricular white matter (WM) microstructure in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

Methods

In a prospective study, patients with refractory chronic headache with and without IIH performed a neuroimaging study including 3T MRI, 3D Phase Contrast MR venography, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the brain. Whole‐brain voxel‐wise comparisons of DTI abnormalities of WM were performed using tract‐based spatial statistics. A correlation analysis between DTI indices and CSF opening pressure, highest peak, and mean pressure was also performed in patients with IIH.

Results

We enrolled 62 consecutive patients with refractory chronic headaches. Thirty‐five patients with IIH, and 27 patients without increased intracranial pressure. DTI analysis revealed no fractional anisotropy changes, but decreased mean, axial, and radial diffusivity in body (IIH_MD = 0.80 ± 0.04, non‐IIH_MD = 0.84 ± 0.4, IIH_AD = 1.67 ± 0.07, non‐IIH_AD = 1.74 ± 0.05, IIH_RD = 0.38 ± 0.04, non‐IIH_RD = 0.42 ± 0.05 [mm²/sec × 10⁻³]) of corpus callosum, and in right superior corona radiata (IIH_MD = 0.75 ± 0.04, non‐IIH_MD = 0.79 ± 0.05, IIH_AD = 1.19 ± 0.07, non‐IIH_AD = 1.28 ± 0.09, IIH_RD = 0.59 ± 0.03, non‐IIH_RD = 0.53 ± 0.03 [mm²/sec × 10⁻³]) of 35 patients with IIH compared with 27 patients without increased intracranial pressure. DTI indices were negatively correlated with high CSF pressures (P < 0.05). After medical treatment, eight patients showed incremented MD in anterior corona radiata left and right and superior corona radiata right.

Conclusions

There is significant DTI alteration in periventricular WM microstructure of patients with IIH suggesting tissue compaction correlated with high CSF pressure. This periventricular WM change may be partially reversible after medical treatment.

Pattern of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in Indian Population

Objective

To evaluate the clinical and demographic profile, laboratory parameters and outcomes of Idiopathic Intracranial hypertension (IIH) patients from Indian subpopulation.

Materials and method

We did a prospective study on patients who fulfilled the revised diagnostic criteria for Primary pseudotumor cerebri syndrome in adults and children, proposed by Friedman et al in 2013. All patients were examined for BMI, papilloedema, extraocular muscle movement, opening CSF pressure and underwent MRI, MR venography of brain and perimetry. Patients were followed up for a minimum period of 6 months, upto 2 years, with the outcomes monitored being visual acuity, visual field, headache, diplopia and optic disc changes.

Results

We evaluated 33 patients (31 female and 2 male). 25 patients had BMI less than 25. Commonest clinical presentation was headache. 7 patients showed normal CSF opening pressure. The most common MRI finding was flattening of posterior aspect of globe and was found in 90.90% (30). 25 patients showed either unilateral or bilateral transverse sinus stenosis. Most common finding in perimetry was enlarged blind spot. 4 patients recovered spontaneously and rests were treated with acetazolamide (1gm/day). All showed favorable outcome when followed up.

Conclusion

Obesity may not be a dominant risk factor for development of IIH in the Indian subcontinent. Non obese IIH have better prognosis and tend to have a good response to medical management alone.

Nonmydriatic Fundus Photography in Patients with Acute Vision Loss

Background: Acute visual loss is a common chief complaint in emergency department (ED) patients, but the scarcity of ophthalmologists in most EDs limits its evaluation. Introduction: Our objective was to evaluate whether nonmydriatic fundus photography (NMFP) in the ED helps triage patients with acute visual loss. Materials and Methods: We included 213 patients with acute visual loss evaluated in the ED with NMFP as part of the Fundus Photography versus Ophthalmoscopy Trial Outcomes in the ED studies. Demographics, referral patterns, results of NMFP, and final diagnoses were recorded. Results: A final ophthalmological diagnosis was made in 109/213 (51%) patients. NMFP allowed a definite diagnosis in 51/109 (47%) patients: 14 nonglaucomatous optic neuropathies, 10 papilledema, 13 acute retinal ischemia, 2 retinal detachments, 2 choroidal metastases, 4 maculopathies, and 6 glaucoma. In 58/109 (53%) patients, NMFP was not diagnostic even when interpreted remotely by ophthalmologists due to disorders undiagnosable with NMFP. Ophthalmology consultation was requested in 109/213 (51%) patients, 41/54 (76%) patients with abnormal NMFP versus 68/159 (43%) patients with normal NMPF (p < 0.001). Discussion: Although NMFP allowed rapid diagnosis in 51/213 (24%) patients presenting to the ED with acute visual loss, NMFP alone was not sufficient to detect all ocular diseases; ophthalmology consultation was more often requested when NMFP was abnormal. Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the limitations of teleophthalmology with NMFP in remotely detecting ocular diseases related to acute visual loss in the ED. NMFP helped triage and referral decisions and can be used to complement ophthalmology consultations in the ED.

Optic nerve appearance as a predictor of visual outcome in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension

BACKGROUND/AIMS

It remains unclear whether the presence of optic disc haemorrhages (ODH) or cotton wool spots (CWS) at presentation in patients with papilloedema from idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has prognostic value. The aim of this study was to determine if optic disc appearance at presentation predicts visual outcome in patients with IIH.

METHODS

Retrospective study of 708 eyes of 360 consecutive patients with IIH who had baseline optic disc photographs before or within 30 days of their diagnostic lumbar puncture and initiation of medical treatment. Optic disc photographs were independently graded by three ophthalmologists in a standardised manner. Visual function was assessed using Snellen converted to logMAR visual acuity, Humphrey mean deviation and visual field grade.

RESULTS

At least one ODH was found in 201 (28.4%) eyes, at least one CWS was found in 101 (14.3%) eyes and 88 eyes had both ODH and CWS (12.4%). At presentation, Frisén grade was associated with the presence and severity of ODH and CWS (p<0.001). ODH were associated with a worse visual acuity and CWS were associated with a worse visual field grade and mean deviation at presentation (p<0.05). Frisén grade was associated with worse visual function at presentation and final follow-up (p<0.001). Neither ODH nor CWS at presentation were associated with visual function at final follow-up when controlling for the Frisén grade.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

ODH and CWS at baseline are not independent predictors of final visual function in IIH when controlling for the severity of papilloedema.

Optic nerve head edema among patients presenting to the emergency department

OBJECTIVE

To determine the frequency of and predictive factors for optic nerve head edema (ONHE) among patients with headache, neurologic deficit, visual loss, or elevated blood pressure in the emergency department (ED).

METHODS

Cross-sectional analysis was done of patients with ONHE in the prospective Fundus Photography vs Ophthalmoscopy Trial Outcomes in the Emergency Department (FOTO-ED) study. Demographics, neuroimaging results, management, and patient disposition were collected. Patients in the ONHE and non-ONHE groups were compared with bivariate and logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS

Of 1,408 patients included, 37 (2.6%, 95% confidence interval 1.9-3.6) had ONHE (median age 31 [interquartile range 26-40] years, women 27 [73%], black 28 [76%]). ONHE was bilateral in 27 of 37 (73%). Presenting complaints were headache (18 of 37), visual loss (10 of 37), acute neurologic deficit (4 of 37), elevated blood pressure (2 of 37), and multiple (3 of 37). The most common final diagnoses were idiopathic intracranial hypertension (19 of 37), CSF shunt malfunction/infection (3 of 37), and optic neuritis (3 of 37). Multivariable logistic regression found that body mass index ≥35 kg/m² (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, p = 0.0002), younger age (OR 0.5 per 10-year increase, p < 0.0001), and visual loss (OR 5, p = 0.0002) were associated with ONHE. Patients with ONHE were more likely to be admitted (62% vs 19%), to be referred to other specialists (100% vs 54%), and to receive neuroimaging (89% vs 63%) than patients without ONHE (p < 0.001). Fundus photographs in the ED allowed initial diagnosis of ONHE for 21 of 37 (57%) patients. Detection of ONHE on ED fundus photography changed the final diagnosis for 10 patients.

CONCLUSIONS

One in 38 patients (2.6%) presenting to the ED with a chief complaint of headache, neurologic deficit, visual loss, or elevated blood pressure had ONHE. Identification of ONHE altered patient disposition and contributed to the final diagnosis, confirming the importance of funduscopic examination in the ED.

Approach to Chronic Secondary Headache: A Case Report on Unusual Drug Side Effects

In this article, we present the case of a 12-year-old female child who complained of bilateral temporal and frontal headache for 2 to 3 months with nausea and vomiting. Physical examination revealed right-sided sixth cranial nerve palsy and papilledema in ophthalmoscopy. To find the cause of increased intracranial pressure, the patient underwent brain imaging and brain MRI showed no abnormality. Ultimately, lumbar puncture (LP) was performed and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure was 280 mmH₂O with normal chemistry. We considered pseudotumor cerebri as the first diagnosis. LP was carried out three times and 30cc of CSF was tapped each time. Finally, patient's headache and papilledema improved and physical examination after 6 months showed no sign of raised intracranial pressure (rICP). The most prominent point in her past medical history was the use of growth hormone (GH) for 2 years. No sign of symptom relapse has been seen after 6 months of drug discontinuation. We must consider the hazard of growth hormone as a potential cause of increased intracranial pressure. When the use of GH is justified, the follow-up must include an ophthalmoscopy examination in each session.

The Optic Canal Size Is Associated With the Severity of Papilledema and Poor Visual Function in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

BACKGROUND

To determine whether the size of the bony optic canal is associated with the severity of papilledema and poor visual function in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of definite patients with IIH with requisite brain magnetic resonance imaging allowing for optic canal measurement. Clinical characteristics and automated (Humphrey) visual field results were reviewed; papilledema was graded according to the modified Frisén scale. Cross-sectional area of the optic canals was measured independently by 2 readers and averaged for each canal. Logistic regression modeling was applied.

RESULTS

Sixty-nine patients with IIH were included (mean age: 33; 91% women; 65% black). Controlling for age, sex, body mass index, race, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure, each mm increase in canal size was associated with a 0.50 dB reduction in Humphrey visual field mean deviation (P = 0.006); this was likely mediated by the increased odds of Grade 4-5 papilledema or optic atrophy in patients with larger canals (odds ratio: 1.30 [95% CI: 1.10-1.55; P = 0.003] for Grade 4-5 papilledema or atrophy vs grade <4 papilledema per mm increase in canal size).

CONCLUSIONS

Poor visual function and severe papilledema or optic atrophy were associated with a larger optic canal. Potential mechanisms include alteration of local CSF flow or bony remodeling at the optic canals.

Incidence and Demographics of Pediatric Intracranial Hypertension

OBJECTIVE

We analyzed the incidence and demographic features of pediatric intracranial hypertension.

METHODS

Inpatient and outpatient encounters of children aged 18 years or younger who were diagnosed with primary (idiopathic) or secondary intracranial hypertension between January 2010 and December 2013 were identified. Data were collected from a subspecialty clinic devoted to intracranial hypertension and the sole children's hospital in a large Midwestern city of the United States. Estimated incidence rates were calculated based on the number of newly diagnosed patients in our hospital's primary service area, which includes seven central Ohio counties. Sex, race, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and geographic distribution were also noted.

RESULTS

A total of 74 pediatric patients were diagnosed with intracranial hypertension (49 primary/idiopathic and 25 secondary) between January 2010 and December 2013. Using census data, we determined the pediatric population in our service area during the four-year period. The Ohio Hospital Association's database indicated that 92.3% of patients aged 0 to 17 years residing in the region sought care at our institution. By combining these data, we calculated an annual incidence of primary and secondary intracranial hypertension of 0.63 and 0.32 per 100,000 children, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The estimated annual incidence of pediatric primary intracranial hypertension in our seven county service area in central Ohio is similar to previous pediatric reports from other countries and is 67% of that reported in the US adult population.

Predictors of admission and shunt revision during emergency department visits for shunt-treated adult patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension

OBJECTIVE

Factors associated with emergency department admission and/or shunt revision for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are unclear. In this study, the associations of several factors with emergency department admission and shunt revision for IIH were explored.

METHODS

The authors performed a retrospective review of 31 patients (169 total emergency department visits) who presented to the emergency department for IIH-related symptoms between 2003 and 2015. Demographics, comorbidities, symptoms, IIH diagnosis and treatment history, ophthalmological examination, diagnostic lumbar puncture (LP), imaging findings, and data regarding admission and management decisions were collected. Multivariable general linear models regression analysis was performed to assess the predictive factors associated with admission and shunt revision.

RESULTS

Thirty-one adult patients with a history of shunt placement for IIH visited the emergency department a total of 169 times for IIH-related symptoms, with a median of 3 visits (interquartile range 2–7 visits) per patient. Five patients had more than 10 emergency department visits. Baseline factors associated with admission included male sex (OR 10.47, 95% CI 2.13–51.56; p = 0.004) and performance of an LP (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.31–7.31; p = 0.01). Contrastingly, older age at presentation (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90–0.99; p = 0.01), and a greater number of prior emergency department visits (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.99; p = 0.02) were slightly protective against admission. The presence of papilledema (OR 11.62, 95% CI 3.20–42.16; p < 0.001), Caucasian race (OR 40.53, 95% CI 2.49–660.09 p = 0.009), and systemic hypertension (OR 7.73, 95% CI 1.11–53.62; p = 0.03) were independent risk factors for shunt revision. In addition, a greater number of prior emergency department visits (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77–0.96; p = 0.009) and older age at presentation (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87–0.99; p = 0.02) were slightly protective against shunt revision, while there was suggestive evidence that presence of a programmable shunt (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.05–1.14; p = 0.07) was a protective factor against shunt revision. Of note, location of the proximal catheter in the ventricle or lumbar subarachnoid space was not significantly associated with admission or shunt revision in the multivariable analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

The decision to admit a shunt-treated patient from the emergency department for symptoms related to IIH is challenging. Knowledge of factors associated with the need for admission and/or shunt revision is required. In this study, factors such as male sex, younger age at presentation, lower number of prior emergency department visits, and performance of a diagnostic LP were independent predictors of admission. In addition, papilledema was strongly predictive of the need for shunt revision, highlighting the importance of an ophthalmological examination for shunt-treated adults with IIH who present to the emergency department.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea Secondary to Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Long-term Outcomes of Endoscopic Repairs

Background

Endoscopic endonasal repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri or benign intracranial hypertension, has varying success rates, from 25–87%, with minimal morbidity. However, often these series have a relatively short-term follow-up. Given the pathophysiology of IIH, long-term follow-up is necessary to identify true CSF leak recurrence rates. Our investigation aimed to evaluate long-term outcomes in endoscopically repaired CSF leaks.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of all the patients with CSF rhinorrhea due to IIH who met inclusion criteria between 1996 and 2009. Outcome measures included the following: demographics, intracranial pressure, location of skull base defect, presence of encephalocele and/or meningoencephalocele, surgical repair technique, treatment with acetazolamide, whether a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted, location of recurrence, history of meningitis or previous sinus surgery, and duration of follow-up.

Results

Thirty-two patients with a total of 44 skull base defects were reviewed over a mean follow-up of 10.2 years. The mean body mass index and intracranial pressure were 36.8 kg/m2 and 27.7 cm H2O, respectively. Seven patients (18%) required revision surgery at the same site or a distant site. We found no statistical significance that identified the recurrence risk in the outcome measurements most likely due to our small failure rate. However, early recurrences were noted to recur at the same repair site, whereas late recurrences were noted to recur at a distant site along the skull base.

Conclusion

IIH is an increasingly recognized entity treated by otorhinolaryngologists. We present the first long-term IIH CSF leak repair series. Long-term follow-up is necessary because delayed CSF leaks occur in this population.

Prevalence of dural venous sinus stenosis and hypoplasia in a generalized population

Background and purpose

While recent literature has described the prevalence of transverse sinus stenosis in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, tinnitus, and refractory headaches, it is unclear what the prevalence is in the general population. This study evaluates the prevalence of venous sinus stenosis and hypoplasia in the general patient population.

Materials and methods

355 of 600 consecutive patients who underwent CT angiography of the head met the inclusion criteria. The diameters of the dural venous sinuses were recorded. Each study was evaluated by a neuroradiologist for the presence of stenoses. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed by a statistician.

Results

The prevalence of unilateral transverse sinus stenosis or hypoplasia in a sample of patients representing the general population was 33%, the prevalence of bilateral transverse sinus stenosis was 5%, and the prevalence of unilateral stenosis with contralateral hypoplasia was 1%. A multivariate analysis identified arachnoid granulations as a predictor of stenosis (p<0.001). Gender trended toward significance (p=0.094). Race was not a significant predictor of stenosis (p=0.745).

Conclusions

The prevalence of bilateral transverse sinus stenosis in the general population is not trivial. These data may be used as a reference for understanding the mechanistic role of stenoses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, tinnitus, and refractory headaches.

Understanding idiopathic intracranial hypertension: mechanisms, management, and future directions

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disorder characterised by raised intracranial pressure that predominantly affects young, obese women. Pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, but several causal factors have been proposed. Symptoms can include headaches, visual loss, pulsatile tinnitus, and back and neck pain, but the clinical presentation is highly variable. Although few studies have been done to support evidence-based management, several recent advances have the potential to enhance understanding of the causes of the disease and to guide treatment decisions. Investigators of the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial (IIHTT) reported beneficial effects of acetazolamide in patients with mild visual loss. Studies have also established weight loss as an effective disease-modifying treatment, and further clinical trials to investigate new treatments are underway. The incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension is expected to increase as rates of obesity increase; efforts to reduce diagnostic delays and identify new, effective approaches to treatment will be key to meeting the needs of a growing number of patients.

Differences in skull base thickness in patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks

BACKGROUND

This study was designed to determine if differences in overall skull base thickness exist in patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (SCSF) leaks and to compare our institution's 10-year experience with the endoscopic repair of these leaks to the existing literature. A retrospective cohort study was performed in a tertiary rhinologic practice.

METHODS

A retrospective study by two blinded independent reviewers compared the skull base thickness on computerized tomography (CT) imaging in our SCSF leak patients to nonleaking controls and patients with traumatic CSF leaks. Surgical outcomes were compared with a pooled analysis of the published literature.

RESULTS

SCSF leaks were seen most commonly in obese, middle-aged women of African American descent. SCSF leak patients were shown to have thinner skull bases in the region of the ethmoid roof, lateral lamella, and anterior face of the sella (p < 0.05) compared with patients with traumatic leaks and nonleaking controls. No racial difference in skull base thickness was observed when patients were matched according to leak type. The success rate of primary endoscopic intervention in our patients was high at 94% and comparable with the published literature.

CONCLUSION

Differences in skull base thickness exist in SCSF patients, but whether this predisposes to such leaks or is a consequence of the underlying pathophysiology remains unknown. The endoscopic endonasal approach provides a highly effective means of repairing such leaks with success rates comparable with the endoscopic repair of other leak types. Adjuvant measures including weight reduction, lumbar drain, and acetazolamide use may increase success rates and should be considered in their management.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the Middle East: A growing concern

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) is a disorder of increased intracranial pressure without any identifiable etiology. It is defined by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) with normal neuroimaging and normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contents. IIH typically affects young obese women and produces symptoms and signs related to high ICP. Headache and blurred vision are the most common symptoms, and papilledema is the major clinical sign. In this review we examine the epidemiology and demographic features of IIH in Middle Eastern countries and compare and contrast them with the published IIH literature from Western countries. The incidence of IIH in several Middle East countries has been estimated at 2.02-2.2/100,000 in the general population, which is higher than the Western rate. Obesity is a major risk factor globally and it is associated with an increased risk of severe vision loss due to IIH. There has been an increase in obesity prevalence in the Middle East countries mainly affecting the Gulf Council Countries (GCC), which parallels increased industrial development. This rise may be contributing to the increasing incidence of IIH in these countries. Other risk factors may also be contributing to IIH in Middle East countries and the differences and similarities to Western IIH merit further study.

Meningoceles in idiopathic intracranial hypertension

OBJECTIVE

MRI abnormalities have been described in patients with increased intracranial pressure (ICP), including in those with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Spontaneous CSF-filled outpouchings of the dura (meningoceles) and secondary CSF leaks can occur from elevated ICP in patients with IIH; however, few studies have evaluated these findings. Our objective was to evaluate the frequency of spontaneous intracranial meningoceles among IIH patients and determine their association with visual outcome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed a retrospective case-control study of consecutive IIH patients between 2000 and 2011 who underwent MRI that included T2-weighted imaging. Demographics, presenting symptoms, CSF opening pressure, and visual outcome were collected for the first and last evaluations. Control subjects included patients without headache or visual complaints who had normal brain MRI results. Stratified analysis was used to control for potential confounding by age, sex, race, and body mass index.

RESULTS

We included 79 IIH patients and 76 control subjects. Meningoceles were found in 11% of IIH patients versus 0% of control subjects (p<0.003). Prominent Meckel caves without frank meningoceles were found in 9% of IIH patients versus 0% of control subjects (p<0.003). Among IIH patients, the presence of meningocele or prominent Meckel caves was not associated with demographics, symptoms, degree of papilledema, CSF opening pressure, visual acuity, or visual field defect severity.

CONCLUSION

Meningoceles are significantly more common in IIH patients than in control subjects and can be considered an additional imaging sign for IIH. Meningoceles are not, however, associated with decreased CSF opening pressure or better visual outcome in IIH.

Association of MRI findings and visual outcome in idiopathic intracranial hypertension

OBJECTIVE

Patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) have elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) without an identifiable cause. The clinical course is variable, resulting in irreversible vision loss in some and a benign course in others. Although MRI findings have been described in IIH, their association with visual outcome has not been evaluated to date.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty-six patients with IIH underwent funduscopic evaluation, visual field testing, lumbar puncture with opening pressure (OP) measurement, and MRI. Patients were stratified into the following groups by visual outcome: group 1, no vision loss (n = 28); group 2, some vision loss (n = 10); and group 3, severe vision loss (n = 8). MRI findings in the orbits, pituitary gland, and optic canals and the frequency of skull base cephaloceles and of transverse sinus (TS) stenosis were assessed by a reviewer blinded to the patients' visual outcome. Demographic, clinical, and MRI findings were evaluated for association with visual outcome.

RESULTS

Patients in group 3 (worst visual outcome) were significantly younger (p = 0.03) and had higher OP (p = 0.04) than patients in the other groups. There were no significant differences in sex, race, or body mass index. Despite worse visual outcomes and sometimes fulminant vision loss, there were no differences in the frequency of orbital MRI findings or TS stenosis, optic canal diameter, and pituitary appearance among the three groups. Group 3 had significantly lower cephalocele frequency than the other groups (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

Although MRI findings may suggest elevated ICP and the diagnosis of IIH, they are not predictive of visual outcome in patients with IIH.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: relation between obesity and visual outcomes

BACKGROUND

Increased body mass index (BMI) has been associated with increased risk of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), but the relationship of BMI to visual outcomes in IIH is unclear.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of all adult cases of IIH satisfying the modified Dandy criteria seen at our institution between 1989 and 2010 was performed. Demographics, diagnostic evaluations, baseline visit and last follow-up examination data, treatment, and visual outcome data were collected in a standardized fashion. Groups were compared, and logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship of BMI to severe visual loss, evaluating for interaction and controlling for potential confounders.

RESULTS

Among 414 consecutive IIH patients, 158 had BMI ≥40 (World Health Organization Obese Class III) and 172 had BMI 30-39.9. Patients with BMI ≥40 were more likely to have severe papilledema at first neuro-ophthalmology encounter than those with a lower BMI (P = 0.02). There was a trend toward more severe visual loss in 1 or both eyes at last follow-up among those patients with BMI ≥40 (18% vs 11%, P = 0.067). Logistic regression modeling found that 10-unit (kilogram per square meter) increases in BMI increased the odds of severe visual loss by 1.4 times (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.91, P = 0.03) after controlling for sex, race, diagnosed hypertension, and diagnosed sleep apnea.

CONCLUSION

Our finding of a trend for severe papilledema and visual loss associated with increasing BMI suggests that very obese IIH patients should be closely monitored for progression of visual field loss.

Clinical course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with transverse sinus stenosis

OBJECTIVE

Transverse sinus stenosis (TSS) is common in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), but its effect on the course and outcome of IIH is unknown. We evaluated differences in TSS characteristics between patients with IIH with "good" vs. "poor" clinical courses.

METHODS

All patients with IIH seen in our institution after September 2009 who underwent a high-quality standardized brain magnetic resonance venogram (MRV) were included. Patients were categorized as having a good or poor clinical course based on medical record review. The location and percent of each TSS were determined for each patient, and were correlated to the clinical outcome.

RESULTS

We included 51 patients. Forty-six patients had bilateral TSS. The median average percent stenosis was 56%. Seventy-one percent of patients had stenoses >50%. Thirty-five of the 51 patients (69%) had no final visual field loss. Eight patients (16%) had a clinical course classified as poor. There was no difference in the average percent stenosis between those with good clinical courses vs those with poor courses (62% vs. 56%, p = 0.44). There was no difference in the percent stenosis based on the visual field grade (p = 0.38). CSF opening pressure was not associated with either location or degree of TSS.

CONCLUSION

TSS is common, if not universal, among patients with IIH, and is almost always bilateral. There is no correlation between the degree of TSS and the clinical course, including visual field loss, among patients with IIH, suggesting that clinical features, not the degree of TSS, should be used to determine management in IIH.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Diagnosis, monitoring and treatment

INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder typically affecting young, obese women, producing a syndrome of increased intracranial pressure without identifiable cause.

STATE OF THE ART

Despite a large number of hypotheses and publications over the past decade, the etiology of IIH is still unknown. There continues to be no evidence-based consensus or formal guidelines regarding management and treatment of the disease. Treatment studies show that the diagnostic lumbar puncture is a valuable intervention beyond its diagnostic importance, and that weight management is critical. However, many questions remain, regarding the efficacy of acetazolamide, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedures, optic nerve sheath fenestration, and cerebral transverse venous sinus stenting. Identification of subgroups of patients at high-risk for irreversible visual loss, such as black patients, men, morbidly obese patients, and patients with fulminant IIH, helps determine management approaches and refine follow-up strategies.

PERSPECTIVE

Better understanding of the pathophysiology and ongoing clinical trials will hopefully help inform treatment strategies over the next few years.

Update on the pathophysiology and management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disease of unknown aetiology, typically affecting young obese women, producing a syndrome of increased intracranial pressure without identifiable cause. Despite a large number of hypotheses and publications over the past decade, the aetiology is still unknown. Vitamin A metabolism, adipose tissue as an actively secreting endocrine tissue and cerebral venous abnormalities are areas of active study regarding the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. There continues to be no evidence based consensus or formal guidelines regarding management and treatment of the disease. Treatment studies show that the diagnostic lumbar puncture is a valuable intervention beyond its diagnostic importance, and that weight management is critical. However, many questions remain regarding the efficacy of acetazolamide, CSF shunting procedures and cerebral transverse venous sinus stenting.

Pseudotumor cerebri: brief review of clinical syndrome and imaging findings

PTC is a clinical entity of uncertain etiology characterized by intracranial hypertension. The syndrome classically manifests with headaches and visual changes in women with obesity. Traditionally, imaging ruled out secondary causes of elevated CSF pressure but now may reveal findings frequently seen in patients with PTC, including the following: flattening of the globe, an empty sella, an enlarged ONS, protrusion and enhancement of the optic nerve head, and increased tortuosity of the optic nerve. Novel imaging methods, including MR venography, have additionally identified sinovenous stenosis as a potential indicator of PTC.

Papilledema: the vexing issues

Papilledema has long been recognized as a valuable sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). But because papilledema is based on interruption of the energy-dependent process of axoplasmic flow, it appears late after a rise in ICP. Papilledema is usually present in chronically high ICP but sometimes asymmetrically in the 2 eyes and rarely in 1 eye only. Distinguishing it from other optic neuropathies that produce elevated optic discs is challenging, especially in the chronic phase, when visual function may be impaired. Papilledema is often an unrecognized cause of optic disc edema in inflammatory and compressive meningeal disorders that interfere with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) passage through the arachnoid granulations. Its detection is particularly critical in patients with noncompliant ventricles or extraventricular blockage of cerebrospinal flow because imaging may fail to disclose conventional signs of high ICP. Therefore, patients with indwelling CSF shunts, tuberous sclerosis, chronic granulomatous meningitis, or meningiomatosis should be periodically examined for papilledema so that timely ICP-lowering measures can be instituted to preserve vision.