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Ding JQ, Zhang JQ, Zhao SJ, Jiang DB, Lu JR, Yang SY, Wang J, Sun YJ, Huang YN, Hu CC, Zhang XY, Zhang JX, Liu TY, Han CY, Qiao XP, Guo J, Zhao C, Yang K. Follicular CD8 + T cells promote immunoglobulin production and demyelination in multiple sclerosis and a murine model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167303. [PMID: 38878831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence underscores the importance of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the precise mechanisms remain ambiguous. This study intends to elucidate the involvement of a novel subset of follicular CD8+ T cells (CD8+CXCR5+ T) in MS and an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model. The expansion of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells was observed in both MS patients and EAE mice during the acute phase. In relapsing MS patients, higher frequencies of circulating CD8+CXCR5+ T cells were positively correlated with new gadolinium-enhancement lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). In EAE mice, frequencies of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells were also positively correlated with clinical scores. These cells were found to infiltrate into ectopic lymphoid-like structures in the spinal cords during the peak of the disease. Furthermore, CD8+CXCR5+ T cells, exhibiting high expression levels of ICOS, CD40L, IL-21, and IL-6, were shown to facilitate B cell activation and differentiation through a synergistic interaction between CD40L and IL-21. Transferring CD8+CXCR5+ T cells into naïve mice confirmed their ability to enhance the production of anti-MOG35-55 antibodies and contribute to the disease progression. Consequently, CD8+CXCR5+ T cells may play a role in CNS demyelination through heightening humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Ding
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China; Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Qi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Si-Jia Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong-Bo Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Rui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu-Ya Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi-Nan Huang
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital (Xixian New District Central Hospital), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Chen Hu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi-Yang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Xing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian-Yue Liu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Ying Han
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu-Peng Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China.
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Air Force Medical Center of PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Benallegue N, Nicol B, Lasselin J, Bézie S, Flippe L, Regue H, Vimond N, Remy S, Garcia A, Le Frère F, Anegon I, Laplaud D, Guillonneau C. Patients With Severe Multiple Sclerosis Exhibit Functionally Altered CD8 + Regulatory T Cells. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/6/e200016. [PMID: 36266052 PMCID: PMC9621606 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the CNS. Studies of immune dysfunction in MS have mostly focused on CD4+ Tregs, but the role of CD8+ Tregs remains largely unexplored. We previously evidenced the suppressive properties of rat and human CD8+CD45RClow/neg Tregs from healthy individuals, expressing Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and acting through interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and interleukin-34 (IL-34). secretions to regulate immune responses and control diseases such as transplant rejection. To better understand CD8+CD45RClow/neg Tregs contribution to MS pathology, we further investigated their phenotype, function, and transcriptome in patients with MS. METHODS We enrolled adults with relapsing-remitting MS and age-matched and sex-matched healthy volunteers (HVs). CD8+ T cells were segregated based on low or lack of expression of CD45RC. First, the frequency in CSF and blood, phenotype, transcriptome, and function of CD8+CD45RClow and neg were investigated according to exacerbation status and secondarily, according to clinical severity based on the MS severity score (MSSS) in patients with nonexacerbating MS. We then induced active MOG35-55 EAE in C57Bl/6 mice and performed adoptive transfer of fresh and expanded CD8+CD45RCneg Tregs to assess their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation in vivo. RESULTS Thirty-one untreated patients with relapsing-remitting MS were compared with 40 age-matched and sex-matched HVs. We demonstrated no difference of CSF CD8+CD45RClow and CD8+CD45RCneg proportions, but blood CD8+CD45RClow frequency was lower in patients with MS exacerbation when compared with that in HVs. CD8+CD45RCneg Tregs but not CD8+CD45RClow showed higher suppressive capacities in vitro in MS patients with exacerbation than in patients without acute inflammatory attack. In vitro functional assays showed a compromised suppression capacity of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs in patients with nonexacerbating severe MS, defined by the MSSS. We then characterized murine CD8+CD45RCneg Tregs and demonstrated the potential of CD45RCneg cells to migrate to the CNS and mitigate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo. DISCUSSION Altogether, these results suggest a defect in the number and function of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs during MS relapse and an association of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs dysfunction with MS severity. Thus, CD8+CD45RClow/neg T cells might bring new insights into the pathophysiology and new therapeutic approaches of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Benallegue
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Bryan Nicol
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Juliette Lasselin
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Severine Bézie
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Lea Flippe
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Hadrien Regue
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Nadege Vimond
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Severine Remy
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Le Frère
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - David Laplaud
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- From the Nantes Université (N.B., B.N., J.L., S.B., L.F., H.R., N.V., S.R., A.G., I.A., D.L., C.G.), INSERM, CNRS, Center for Research in Transplantation et Translational Immunology, UMR 1064; and CHU Nantes (F.L.F.), Nantes Université, Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Nantes, France.
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3
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Abstract
Inflammation is a biological process that dynamically alters the surrounding microenvironment, including participating immune cells. As a well-protected organ surrounded by specialized barriers and with immune privilege properties, the central nervous system (CNS) tightly regulates immune responses. Yet in neuroinflammatory conditions, pathogenic immunity can disrupt CNS structure and function. T cells in particular play a key role in promoting and restricting neuroinflammatory responses, while the inflamed CNS microenvironment can influence and reshape T cell function and identity. Still, the contraction of aberrant T cell responses within the CNS is not well understood. Using autoimmunity as a model, here we address the contribution of CD4 T helper (Th) cell subsets in promoting neuropathology and disease. To address the mechanisms antagonizing neuroinflammation, we focus on the control of the immune response by regulatory T cells (Tregs) and describe the counteracting processes that preserve their identity under inflammatory challenges. Finally, given the influence of the local microenvironment on immune regulation, we address how CNS-intrinsic signals reshape T cell function to mitigate abnormal immune T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Benallegue
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Hania Kebir
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jorge I. Alvarez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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4
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Brate AA, Boyden AW, Jensen IJ, Badovinac VP, Karandikar NJ. A Functionally Distinct CXCR3 +/IFN-γ +/IL-10 + Subset Defines Disease-Suppressive Myelin-Specific CD8 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1151-1160. [PMID: 33558376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS. We have previously demonstrated that CNS-specific CD8 T cells possess a disease-suppressive function in MS and variations of its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), including the highly clinically relevant relapsing-remitting EAE disease course. Regulatory CD8 T cell subsets have been identified in EAE and other autoimmune diseases, but studies vary in defining phenotypic properties of these cells. In relapsing-remitting EAE, PLP178-191 CD8 T cells suppress disease, whereas PLP139-151 CD8 T cells lack this function. In this study, we used this model to delineate the unique phenotypic properties of CNS-specific regulatory PLP178-191 CD8 T cells versus nonregulatory PLP139-151 or OVA323-339 CD8 T cells. Using multiparametric flow cytometric analyses of phenotypic marker expression, we identified a CXCR3+ subpopulation among activated regulatory CD8 T cells, relative to nonregulatory counterparts. This subset exhibited increased degranulation and IFN-γ and IL-10 coproduction. A similar subset was also identified in C57BL/6 mice within autoregulatory PLP178-191 CD8 T cells but not within nonregulatory OVA323-339 CD8 T cells. This disease-suppressing CD8 T cell subpopulation provides better insights into functional regulatory mechanisms, and targeted enhancement of this subset could represent a novel immunotherapeutic approach for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Brate
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52241.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241; and
| | - Alexander W Boyden
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52241.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241; and
| | - Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52241.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52241.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241
| | - Nitin J Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52241; .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241; and
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5
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Lees JR. CD8+ T cells: The past and future of immune regulation. Cell Immunol 2020; 357:104212. [PMID: 32979764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the adaptive immune response is critical for health. Regulatory activity can be found in multiple components of the immune system, however, the focus on particular components of the immune regulatory network has left many aspects of this critical immune component understudied. Here we review the evidence for activities of CD8+ T cells in immune homeostasis and regulation of autoimmune reactivity. The heterogeneous nature of identified CD8+ cell types are examined, and common phenotypes associated with functional activities are defined. The varying types of antigen signal crucial for CD8+ T cell regulatory activity are identified and the implications of these activation pathways for control of adaptive responses is considered. Finally, the promising capacity for transgenic antigen receptor directed cytotoxicity as a mechanism for modulation of autoimmunity is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Lees
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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6
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Boyden AW, Brate AA, Stephens LM, Karandikar NJ. Immune Autoregulatory CD8 T Cells Require IFN-γ Responsiveness to Optimally Suppress Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:359-368. [PMID: 32532836 PMCID: PMC7343581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the complex cellular interplay controlling immunopathogenic and immunoregulatory responses is critical for understanding multiple sclerosis (MS) and for developing successful immunotherapies. Our group has demonstrated that CNS myelin-specific CD8 T cells unexpectedly harbor immune regulatory capacity in both mouse and human. In particular, PLP178-191-specific CD8 T cells (PLP-CD8) robustly suppress the MS mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We have recently shown that this depends on PLP-CD8 elaborating IFN-γ and perforin in a coordinated suppression program over time. However, the cellular target and downstream effects of CD8 T cell-derived IFN-γ remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that although wild-type (WT) PLP-CD8 were robustly suppressive in IFN-γR-deficient mice, IFN-γR-deficient PLP-CD8 exhibited suboptimal suppression in WT mice. Compared with WT counterparts, IFN-γR-deficient PLP-CD8 were defective in suppressing disease in IFN-γ-deficient recipients, a scenario in which the only IFN-γ available to WT PLP-CD8 is that which they produce themselves. Further, we found that IFN-γR-deficient PLP-CD8 exhibited altered granzyme/IFN-γ profiles, altered migration in recipients, and deficits in killing capacity in vivo. Collectively, this work suggests that IFN-γ responsiveness allows myelin-specific CD8 T cells to optimally perform autoregulatory function in vivo. These insights may help elucidate future adoptive immunotherapeutic approaches for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Boyden
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246; and
| | - Ashley A Brate
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246; and
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Laura M Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Nitin J Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242;
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246; and
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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7
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Novel B cell-dependent multiple sclerosis model using extracellular domains of myelin proteolipid protein. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5011. [PMID: 32193439 PMCID: PMC7081236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic success of B cell-targeting approaches in multiple sclerosis (MS) has intensified research into the pathogenic and regulatory roles these cells play in demyelinating disease. Dissecting the function of B cells in the MS mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is largely confined to induction with either the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein epitope MOG35-55 or the full-length recombinant human MOG protein, the latter representing the most-used B cell-dependent EAE model. There is a clear need to investigate B cell function in additional myelin antigen contexts. Unlike MOG35-55, where lack of B cells yields more severe disease, we show here that the immunodominant myelin proteolipid protein epitope (PLP178-191) elicited identical EAE in WT and μMT mice, suggesting an absence of B cell engagement by this peptide. We hypothesized that a longer PLP antigen may better engage B cells and designed a peptide encompassing the extracellular domains (ECD) of PLP. We demonstrate here that PLPECD-immunized B cell-deficient mice failed to exhibit EAE. In contrast, PLPECD induced EAE not only in WT mice, but in B cell-sufficient mice incapable of secreting antibodies, suggesting a predominant antigen presentation role. These results establish a novel, efficient B cell-dependent EAE model.
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8
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Therapeutic intervention in relapsing autoimmune demyelinating disease through induction of myelin-specific regulatory CD8 T cell responses. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 2. [PMID: 32161909 PMCID: PMC7065686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). We have shown that CNS-specific CD8 T cells (CNS-CD8) possess a disease suppressive function in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Previous studies have focused on the role of these cells predominantly in chronic models of disease, but the majority of MS patients present with a relapsing-remitting disease course. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic role of CD8 T cells in the context of relapsing-remitting disease (RR-EAE), using SJL mice. We found that PLP178-191- and MBP84-104-CD8 ameliorated disease severity in an antigen-specific manner. In contrast, PLP139-151-CD8 did not suppress disease. PLP178-191-CD8 were able to reduce the number of relapses even when transferred during ongoing disease. We further ascertained that the suppressive subset of CD8 T cells was contained within the CD25 + CD8 T cell compartment post-in vitro activation with PLP178-191. Using Listeria monocytogenes (LM) encoding CNS antigens to preferentially prime suppressive CD8 T cells in vivo, we show that LM infection induced disease suppressive CD8 T cells that protected and treated PLP178-191 disease. Importantly, a combination of PLP178-191-CD8 transfer boosted by LM-PLP175-194 infection effectively treated ongoing disease induced by a non-cognate peptide (PLP139-151), indicating that this approach could be effective even in the context of epitope spreading. These data support a potential immunotherapeutic strategy using CD8 transfer and/or LM vaccination to boost disease regulatory CD8 T cells. Adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells ameliorates RR-EAE in an antigen specific manner . Listeria monocytogenes (LM) can be used to prime disease-ameliorating CD8 T cells in RR-EAE . Activated CD25 + CD8 T cells preferentially harbor the disease-suppressive activity . Relapses in RR-EAE can be curbed using a dual strategy of CD8 T cell transfer and LM boosting .
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9
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Anti-CD20 therapy depletes activated myelin-specific CD8 + T cells in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25800-25807. [PMID: 31748274 PMCID: PMC6926057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915309116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. CD8+ T cells have been strongly implicated in MS pathogenesis, but it is unclear whether myelin is a CD8+ T cell autoantigenic target in MS. This study demonstrated that while myelin-specific CD8+ T cells are present at similar frequencies in untreated MS patients and healthy subjects, the proportion of memory and CD20-expressing myelin-specific CD8+ T cells was increased in MS patients, suggesting prior antigen encounter. This activated phenotype was reversible as the memory and CD20-expressing populations of certain myelin-specific CD8+ T cells were reduced following anti-CD20 treatment. CD8+ T cells are believed to play an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet their role in MS pathogenesis remains poorly defined. Although myelin proteins are considered potential autoantigenic targets, prior studies of myelin-reactive CD8+ T cells in MS have relied on in vitro stimulation, thereby limiting accurate measurement of their ex vivo precursor frequencies and phenotypes. Peptide:MHC I tetramers were used to identify and validate 5 myelin CD8+ T cell epitopes, including 2 newly described determinants in humans. The validated tetramers were used to measure the ex vivo precursor frequencies and phenotypes of myelin-specific CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of untreated MS patients and HLA allele-matched healthy controls. In parallel, CD8+ T cell responses against immunodominant influenza epitopes were also measured. There were no differences in ex vivo frequencies of tetramer-positive myelin-specific CD8+ T cells between MS patients and control subjects. An increased proportion of myelin-specific CD8+ T cells in MS patients exhibited a memory phenotype and expressed CD20 compared to control subjects, while there were no phenotypic differences observed among influenza-specific CD8+ T cells. Longitudinal assessments were also measured in a subset of MS patients subsequently treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy. The proportion of memory and CD20+ CD8+ T cells specific for certain myelin but not influenza epitopes was significantly reduced following anti-CD20 treatment. This study, representing a characterization of unmanipulated myelin-reactive CD8+ T cells in MS, indicates these cells may be attractive targets in MS therapy.
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10
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Sánchez-Ruiz M, Polakos NK, Blau T, Utermöhlen O, Brunn A, Montesinos-Rongen M, Hünig T, Deckert M. TLR signals license CD8 T cells to destroy oligodendrocytes expressing an antigen shared with a Listeria pathogen. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:413-427. [PMID: 30666625 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a role of CD8 T cells in autoimmune demyelinating CNS disease, which, however, is still controversially discussed. Mice, which express ovalbumin (OVA) as cytosolic self-antigen in oligodendrocytes (ODC-OVA mice), respond to CNS infection induced by OVA-expressing attenuated Listeria with CD8 T cell-mediated inflammatory demyelination. This model is suitable to decipher the contribution of CD8 T cells and the pathogen in autoimmune CNS disease. Here, we show that both antigen and pathogen are required in the CNS for disease induction, though not in a physically linked fashion. Intracerebral challenge with combined toll like receptor (TLR) TLR2 and TLR9 as well as TLR7 and TLR9 agonists substituted for the bacterial stimulus, but not with individual TLR agonists (TLR2, TLR3,TLR5,TLR7, TLR9). Furthermore, MyD88 inactivation rendered ODC-OVA mice resistant to disease induction. Collectively, CD8 T cell-mediated destruction of oligodendrocytes is activated if (i) an antigen shared with an infectious agent is provided in the CNS microenvironment and (ii) innate immune signals inform the CNS microenvironment that pathogen removal warrants an immune attack by CD8 T cells, even at the expense of locally restricted demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sánchez-Ruiz
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Blau
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Brunn
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Montesinos-Rongen
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Boyden AW, Brate AA, Karandikar NJ. Early IFNγ-Mediated and Late Perforin-Mediated Suppression of Pathogenic CD4 T Cell Responses Are Both Required for Inhibition of Demyelinating Disease by CNS-Specific Autoregulatory CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2336. [PMID: 30356717 PMCID: PMC6189364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of immune-mediated demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be governed by a complex cellular interplay between immunopathogenic and immunoregulatory responses. We have previously shown that central nervous system (CNS)-specific CD8 T cells have an unexpected protective role in the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we interrogated the suppressive potential of PLP178-191-specific CD8 T cells (PLP-CD8). Here, we show that PLP-CD8, when administered post-disease onset, rapidly ameliorated EAE progression, and suppressed PLP178-191-specific CD4 T cell responses as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). To accomplish DTH suppression, PLP-CD8 required differential production of perforin and IFNγ. Perforin was not required for the rapid suppressive action of these cells, but was critical for maintenance of optimal longer term DTH suppression. Conversely, IFNγ production by PLP-CD8 was necessary for swift DTH suppression, but was less significant for maintenance of longer term suppression. These data indicate that CNS-specific CD8 T cells employ an ordered regulatory mechanism program over a number of days in vivo during demyelinating disease and have mechanistic implications for this immunotherapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Boyden
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ashley A. Brate
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nitin J. Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA, United States
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12
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Wang X, Zhang J, Baylink DJ, Li CH, Watts DM, Xu Y, Qin X, Walter MH, Tang X. Targeting Non-classical Myelin Epitopes to Treat Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36064. [PMID: 27796368 PMCID: PMC5086895 DOI: 10.1038/srep36064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Qa-1 epitopes, the peptides that bind to non-classical major histocompatibility complex Ib Qa-1 molecules and are recognized by Qa-1-restricted CD8+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, have been identified in pathogenic autoimmune cells that attack myelin sheath in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, an animal model for multiple sclerosis [MS]). Additionally, immunization with such epitopes ameliorates the EAE. However, identification of such epitopes requires knowledge of the pathogenic autoimmune cells which are largely unknown in MS patients. Hence, we asked whether the CD8+ Treg cells could directly target the myelin sheath to ameliorate EAE. To address this question, we analyzed Qa-1 epitopes in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG that is a protein in myelin sheath). Here, we report identification of a MOG-specific Qa-1 epitope. Immunization with this epitope suppressed ongoing EAE, which was abrogated by CD8+ T cell depletion. Additionally, the epitope immunization activated the epitope-specific CD8+ T cells which specifically accumulated in the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes. Finally, CD8+ T cells primed by the epitope immunization transferred EAE suppression. Hence, this study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism mediated by the CD8+ Treg cells. We propose that immunization with myelin-specific HLA-E epitopes (human homologues of Qa-1 epitopes) is a promising therapy for MS.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/therapeutic use
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/chemistry
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Shandong University, 22029 Jing-Shi Road, Jinan, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - David J. Baylink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Chih-Huang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung university, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Douglas M. Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Xuezhong Qin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Michael H. Walter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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13
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Obeticholic acid, a synthetic bile acid agonist of the farnesoid X receptor, attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1600-5. [PMID: 26811456 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524890113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are ligands for the nuclear hormone receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR). The bile acid-FXR interaction regulates bile acid synthesis, transport, and cholesterol metabolism. Recently, bile acid-FXR regulation has been reported to play an integral role in both hepatic and intestinal inflammation, and in atherosclerosis. In this study, we found that FXR knockout mice had more disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Obeticholic acid (6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid, 6-ECDCA), a synthetic FXR agonist, is an orally available drug that is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as alcoholic hepatitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis. When we treated mice exhibiting established EAE with 6-ECDCA, or the natural FXR ligand chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), clinical disease was ameliorated by (i) suppressing lymphocyte activation and proinflammatory cytokine production; (ii) reducing CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cell populations and their expression of negative checkpoint regulators programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA); (iii) increasing CD8(+) T cells and PD1, PDl-1, and BTLA expression; and (iv) reducing VLA-4 expression in both the T- and B-cell populations. Moreover, adoptive transfer of 6-ECDCA- or CDCA-treated donor cells failed to transfer disease in naive recipients. Thus, we show that FXR functions as a negative regulator in neuroinflammation and we highlight that FXR agonists represent a potential previously unidentified therapy for MS.
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14
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Dalmau J. Autoimmunity: The good, the bad, and the ugly. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e181. [PMID: 26668820 PMCID: PMC4674432 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Dalmau
- Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA, Barcelona), and Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania
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15
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Sinha S, Boyden AW, Itani FR, Crawford MP, Karandikar NJ. CD8(+) T-Cells as Immune Regulators of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:619. [PMID: 26697014 PMCID: PMC4674574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies regarding the immune basis of MS (and its animal model, EAE) have largely focused on CD4(+) T-cells as mediators and regulators of disease. Interestingly, CD8(+) T-cells represent the predominant T-cell population in human MS lesions and are oligoclonally expanded at the site of pathology. However, their role in the autoimmune pathologic process has been both understudied and controversial. Several animal models and MS patient studies support a pathogenic role for CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cells, whereas we and others have demonstrated a regulatory role for these cells in disease. In this review, we describe studies that have investigated the role of CD8(+) T-cells in MS and EAE, presenting evidence for both pathogenic and regulatory functions. In our studies, we have shown that cytotoxic/suppressor CD8(+) T-cells are CNS antigen-specific, MHC class I-restricted, IFNγ- and perforin-dependent, and are able to inhibit disease. The clinical relevance for CD8(+) T-cell suppressive function is best described by a lack of their function during MS relapse, and importantly, restoration of their suppressive function during quiescence. Furthermore, CD8(+) T-cells with immunosuppressive functions can be therapeutically induced in MS patients by glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment. Unlike CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cells, these immunosuppressive GA-induced CD8(+) T-cells appear to be HLA-E restricted. These studies have provided greater fundamental insight into the role of autoreactive as well as therapeutically induced CD8(+) T-cells in disease amelioration. The clinical implications for these findings are immense and we propose that this natural process can be harnessed toward the development of an effective immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | | | - Farah R Itani
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
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