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Tchen J, Charles N. [Basophils and IgE in autoimmunity: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets]. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:366-373. [PMID: 35485897 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of antibody-driven autoimmune diseases (AAID) represents a major challenge for the biomedical community to develop innovative therapeutic strategies that are still lacking to control these diseases. If the reason why AAID are developing still needs to be defined, loss of tolerance to self-antigens leads to the development of an autoimmune chain reaction in some individuals. However, autoreactive antibodies are present in a large proportion of the general population without any associated pathological condition. The amplification of autoantibody production, circulating immune complex formation and innate immune system activation leading to this amplification are some central phenomena in AAID pathophysiology. In this review, we summarize the contribution of type 2 immunity, basophils and IgE in the initiation of some amplification loops that are pathogenic in some AAID, including systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tchen
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm UMR1149, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de médecine site Bichat, Paris, France - Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm UMR1149, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de médecine site Bichat, Paris, France - Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, Paris, France
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2
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Leyva-Castillo JM, Das M, Kane J, Strakosha M, Singh S, Wong DSH, Horswill AR, Karasuyama H, Brombacher F, Miller LS, Geha RS. Basophil-derived IL-4 promotes cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:149953. [PMID: 34747366 PMCID: PMC8663570 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection in humans can lead to soft tissue infection, an important cause of morbidity and mortality. IL-17A production by skin TCRγδ+ cells in response to IL-1 and IL-23 produced by epithelial and immune cells is important for restraining S. aureus skin infection. How S. aureus evades this cutaneous innate immune response to establish infection is not clear. Here we show that mechanical injury of mouse skin by tape stripping predisposed mice to superficial skin infection with S. aureus. Topical application of S. aureus to tape-stripped skin caused cutaneous influx of basophils and increased Il4 expression. This basophil-derived IL-4 inhibited cutaneous IL-17A production by TCRγδ+ cells and promoted S. aureus infection of tape-stripped skin. We demonstrate that IL-4 acted on multiple checkpoints that suppress the cutaneous IL-17A response. It reduced Il1 and Il23 expression by keratinocytes, inhibited IL-1+IL-23-driven IL-17A production by TCRγδ+ cells, and impaired IL-17A-driven induction of neutrophil-attracting chemokines by keratinocytes. IL-4 receptor blockade is shown to promote Il17a expression and enhance bacterial clearance in tape-stripped mouse skin exposed to S. aureus, suggesting that it could serve as a therapeutic approach to prevent skin and soft tissue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Leyva-Castillo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Kane
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Strakosha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonal Singh
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Sen Hoi Wong
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Cape Town Component and Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Proteomics of Multiple Sclerosis: Inherent Issues in Defining the Pathoetiology and Identifying (Early) Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147377. [PMID: 34298997 PMCID: PMC8306353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system having an unconfirmed pathoetiology. Although animal models are used to mimic the pathology and clinical symptoms, no single model successfully replicates the full complexity of MS from its initial clinical identification through disease progression. Most importantly, a lack of preclinical biomarkers is hampering the earliest possible diagnosis and treatment. Notably, the development of rationally targeted therapeutics enabling pre-emptive treatment to halt the disease is also delayed without such biomarkers. Using literature mining and bioinformatic analyses, this review assessed the available proteomic studies of MS patients and animal models to discern (1) whether the models effectively mimic MS; and (2) whether reasonable biomarker candidates have been identified. The implication and necessity of assessing proteoforms and the critical importance of this to identifying rational biomarkers are discussed. Moreover, the challenges of using different proteomic analytical approaches and biological samples are also addressed.
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Type 2 Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Demyelination of the Central Nervous System: Recent Advances. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4204512. [PMID: 31205957 PMCID: PMC6530110 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4204512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immunity has long been confined to a restricted spectrum of responses, mostly including allergic reactions to innocuous environmental triggers. However, growing evidence suggests that cells and mediators typically associated with type 2 inflammation are involved in several physiopathological conditions, such as defense against toxic substances, anticancer immunity, and autoimmune diseases. In neuromyelitis optica, an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the spinal cord and optic nerve, eosinophils extensively infiltrate lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) and promote tissue pathology in experimental models of this disease. Next-generation sequencing of CD4+ T cells isolated from a specific subtype of multiple sclerosis plaque has uncovered an unexpectedly Th2 profile of these cells. Even mast cells and other allergic mediators have been implicated in the modulation and/or effector mechanisms of autoimmune reactions against the CNS. In this review article, the most recent developments showing the involvement of type 2 inflammatory components in CNS autoimmunity are summarised and possible lines of further investigation are discussed.
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Conti P, D'Ovidio C, Conti C, Gallenga CE, Lauritano D, Caraffa A, Kritas SK, Ronconi G. Progression in migraine: Role of mast cells and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 844:87-94. [PMID: 30529470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a common painful neurovascular disorder usually associated with several symptoms, such as photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting and inflammation, and involves immune cells. Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells derived from hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells which migrate and mature close to epithelial, blood vessels, and nerves. In almost all vascularized tissues there are MCs that produce, contain and release biologically active products including cytokines, arachidonic acid compounds, and proteases. In addition, MCs participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate responses in the central nervous system (CNS) occur during neuroinflammatory phenomena, including migraine. Antigens found in the environment have a crucial role in inflammatory response, causing a broad range of diseases including migraine. They can be recognized by several innate immune cells, such as macrophages, microglia, dendritic cells and MCs, which can be activated trough Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. MCs reside close to primary nociceptive neurons, associate with nerves, and are capable of triggering local inflammation. MCs are involved in the pathophysiology of various tissues and organs, especially where there is an increase of angiogenesis. Activated MCs release preformed mediators include histamine, heparin, proteases (tryptase, chimase), hydrolases, cathepsin, carboxypeptidases, and peroxidase, and they also generate pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. In addition, activated macrophages, microglia and MCs in the CNS release pro-inflammatory cytokines which provoke an increase of arachidonic acid product levels and lead to migraine and other neurological manifestations including fatigue, nausea, headaches and brain fog. Innate immunity and pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1 cytokine family members can be inhibited by IL-37, a relatively new member of the IL-1 family. In this article, we report that some pro-inflammatory cytokines inducing migraine may be inhibited by IL-37, a natural suppressor of inflammation, and innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Cristian D'Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Chiara Conti
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Carla Enrica Gallenga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Dorina Lauritano
- University of Milan-Bicocca, Medicine and Surgery Department, Centre of Neuroscience of Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Spiros K Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
| | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- UOS Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
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Knuhr K, Langhans K, Nyenhuis S, Viertmann K, Kildemoes AMO, Doenhoff MJ, Haas H, Schramm G. Schistosoma mansoni Egg-Released IPSE/alpha-1 Dampens Inflammatory Cytokine Responses via Basophil Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2293. [PMID: 30364177 PMCID: PMC6191518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes control inflammation in their hosts via highly effective mechanisms such as induction of Tregs, Bregs, and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). Notably, IPSE/alpha-1, the major secretory product from Schistosoma mansoni eggs, triggers basophils to release interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Both cytokines are essential for AAM induction, suggesting an important role for IPSE/alpha-1 in inflammation control. Here, we show by in vitro co-culture experiments that IPSE/alpha-1-induced basophil IL-4/IL-13 inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine release from human LPS-activated monocytes. This effect was cell/cell contact-independent but dependent on IL-4, since it was abrogated in the presence of anti-IL-4 antibodies. Importantly, the IPSE/alpha-1-induced IL-4/IL-13 release from basophils was amplified in the presence of LPS. Moreover, monocytes co-cultured in the presence of LPS with IPSE/alpha-1-stimulated basophils adopted an AAM-like phenotype as assessed by elevated expression of CD206 and CD209. The putative in vivo relevance of these findings was supported by immunohistological staining of S. mansoni-infected murine tissue revealing close physical contact between IPSE/alpha-1 and basophils in schistosome egg granulomas. Taken together, we found that IPSE/alpha-1 dampens inflammatory cytokine responses by triggering basophil IL-4/IL-13, in particular in the context of TLR activation, thereby turning inflammatory monocytes into anti-inflammatory AAMs. This might represent a mechanism used by schistosomes to control inflammation in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Knuhr
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Kristina Langhans
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Sandra Nyenhuis
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Kerstin Viertmann
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Anna M Overgaard Kildemoes
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Doenhoff
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gabriele Schramm
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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Brown MA, Weinberg RB. Mast Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells: Underappreciated Players in CNS Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:514. [PMID: 29619025 PMCID: PMC5871669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are autoimmune CNS inflammatory diseases. As a result of a breakdown in the relatively impermeable blood–brain barrier (BBB) in affected individuals, myelin-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells gain entry into the immune privileged CNS and initiate myelin, oligodendrocyte, and nerve axon destruction. However, despite the absolute requirement for T cells, there is increasing evidence that innate immune cells also play critical amplifying roles in disease pathogenesis. By modulating the character and magnitude of the myelin-reactive T cell response and regulating BBB integrity, innate cells affect both disease initiation and progression. Two classes of innate cells, mast cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), have been best studied in models of allergic and gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. Yet, there is emerging evidence that these cell types also exert a profound influence in CNS inflammatory disease. Both cell types are residents within the meninges and can be activated early in disease to express a wide variety of disease-modifying cytokines and chemokines. In this review, we discuss how mast cells and ILCs can have either disease-promoting or -protecting effects on MS and other CNS inflammatory diseases and how sex hormones may influence this outcome. These observations suggest that targeting these cells and their unique mediators can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rebecca B Weinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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