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Vogt L, Quiroz V, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D. Emerging therapies for childhood-onset movement disorders. Curr Opin Pediatr 2024; 36:331-341. [PMID: 38655812 PMCID: PMC11047116 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We highlight novel and emerging therapies in the treatment of childhood-onset movement disorders. We structured this review by therapeutic entity (small molecule drugs, RNA-targeted therapeutics, gene replacement therapy, and neuromodulation), recognizing that there are two main approaches to treatment: symptomatic (based on phenomenology) and molecular mechanism-based therapy or 'precision medicine' (which is disease-modifying). RECENT FINDINGS We highlight reports of new small molecule drugs for Tourette syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia and Rett syndrome. We also discuss developments in gene therapy for aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency and hereditary spastic paraplegia, as well as current work exploring optimization of deep brain stimulation and lesioning with focused ultrasound. SUMMARY Childhood-onset movement disorders have traditionally been treated symptomatically based on phenomenology, but focus has recently shifted toward targeted molecular mechanism-based therapeutics. The development of precision therapies is driven by increasing capabilities for genetic testing and a better delineation of the underlying disease mechanisms. We highlight novel and exciting approaches to the treatment of genetic childhood-onset movement disorders while also discussing general challenges in therapy development for rare diseases. We provide a framework for molecular mechanism-based treatment approaches, a summary of specific treatments for various movement disorders, and a clinical trial readiness framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Vogt
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Vicente Quiroz
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Essam M, Hamid E, Abushady E, El-Balkimy M, Antonini A, Shalash A. Role of zonisamide in advanced Parkinson's disease: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:1725-1734. [PMID: 38376645 PMCID: PMC10943138 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zonisamide (ZNS) has shown some efficacy in motor symptoms of PD; however, more evidence is lacking, and its effects on nonmotor symptoms (NMSs) and quality of life (QoL) remain to be investigated. This randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover study investigated the effect of ZNS on motor and NMS symptoms and QoL in advanced PD. METHODS PD patients with Hoehn and Yahr stage ≥ 2 ("On" state) and at least 2 h off time daily were randomized to groups: ZNS 25 mg, ZNS 50 mg and placebo. Groups were assessed at baseline and at the 1- and 3-month follow-ups. The primary endpoint was the change in the total MDS-UPDRS III "On", while the secondary endpoint was the change in the total and parts I and IV MDS-UPDRS, Nonmotor Symptoms Scale and Parkinson's disease questionnaire-39 at the final assessment. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients were assessed for efficacy at the 1-month follow-up, and 58 patients were assessed at the 3-month follow-up. The primary endpoint showed significant improvement in the ZNS 25 mg group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.009). At the final assessment, the ZNS 25 mg group showed significant improvement of total and part VI MDS-UPDRS, bradykinesia, tremor and functional impact of fluctuations compared to placebo. There was no change in dyskinesia, NMSs, QoL or side effects except for sedation. CONCLUSION ZNS has a favourable effect on motor symptoms in patients with wearing off as adjunctive therapy with other dopaminergic drugs, with no exacerbation of dyskinesia and a limited impact on NMSs and QoL. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04182399, in 24/11/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Essam
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 38 Abbassia Square, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Hamid
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 38 Abbassia Square, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Abushady
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 38 Abbassia Square, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Balkimy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 38 Abbassia Square, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Ali Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 38 Abbassia Square, Cairo, Egypt.
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Nou-Fontanet L, García-Navas D, Gómez-Martín H, Martorell L, Ortigoza-Escobar JD. Action Induced Myoclonus in a 11-Year-Old Boy with Silver-Russell Syndrome. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:1013-1015. [PMID: 37332634 PMCID: PMC10272906 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Nou-Fontanet
- Pediatric Neurology Department Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Deyanira García-Navas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Hospital Universitario San Pedro de Alcántara Cáceres Spain
| | - Hilario Gómez-Martín
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Hospital Universitario de Salamanca Castilla y Leon Spain
| | - Loreto Martorell
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine-IPER Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Spain
- U-703 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan Darío Ortigoza-Escobar
- U-703 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Pediatric Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND) Barcelona Spain
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Belli E, Del Prete E, Unti E, Mazzucchi S, Palermo G, Ceravolo R. Perampanel as a novel treatment for subcortical myoclonus in myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Neurol Sci 2023:10.1007/s10072-023-06803-y. [PMID: 37131084 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myoclonus-dystonia (MD) is a syndrome characterized by subcortical myoclonus and milder dystonia. The main causative gene is the epsilon sarcoglycan gene (SGCE), but other genes may be involved. Response to medications is variable, with poor tolerability limiting their use. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a patient with severe myoclonic jerks and mild dystonia since childhood. At first neurological visit at the age of 46 years old, she presented brief myoclonic jerks predominating in the upper limbs and neck, mild at rest and elicited by action, posture and tactile stimulus. Myoclonus was accompanied by mild neck and right arm dystonia. Neurophysiological tests suggested subcortical origin of myoclonus, brain MRI was unremarkable. Myoclonus-dystonia was diagnosed, and genetic testing identified a novel mutation in SGCE gene (c.907delC) in heterozygosis. Over time she assumed a large variety of anti-epileptics without beneficial effect on myoclonus and low tolerability. Add-on treatment with Perampanel was started, with a beneficial effect. No adverse events were reported. Perampanel is the first selective non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist approved in add-on for focal and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. To our knowledge, this is the first trial of Perampanel in MD. CONCLUSIONS We presented the case of a patient with MD due to SGCE mutation who was treated with Perampanel with beneficial effects. We propose Perampanel as a novel treatment for myoclonus in MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Belli
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Del Prete
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Unti
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Mazzucchi
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palermo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ceravolo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Chang V, Mingbunjerdsuk D. Dystonia Responding to Levodopa in A Child with Myoclonus-Dystonia. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:687-690. [PMID: 37070063 PMCID: PMC10105106 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Chang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Dararat Mingbunjerdsuk
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children's HospitalUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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6
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Imbriani P, Sciamanna G, El Atiallah I, Cerri S, Hess EJ, Pisani A. Synaptic effects of ethanol on striatal circuitry: therapeutic implications for dystonia. FEBS J 2022; 289:5834-5849. [PMID: 34217152 PMCID: PMC9786552 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption affects motor behavior and motor control. Both acute and chronic alcohol abuse have been extensively investigated; however, the therapeutic efficacy of alcohol on some movement disorders, such as myoclonus-dystonia or essential tremor, still does not have a plausible mechanistic explanation. Yet, there are surprisingly few systematic trials with known GABAergic drugs mimicking the effect of alcohol on neurotransmission. In this brief survey, we aim to summarize the effects of EtOH on striatal function, providing an overview of its cellular and synaptic actions in a 'circuit-centered' view. In addition, we will review both experimental and clinical evidence, in the attempt to provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for alcohol-responsive movement disorders, with particular emphasis on dystonia. Different hypotheses emerge, which may provide a rationale for the utilization of drugs that mimic alcohol effects, predicting potential drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbriani
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’Italy,IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRomeItaly
| | - Giuseppe Sciamanna
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’Italy,IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRomeItaly
| | - Ilham El Atiallah
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’Italy,IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRomeItaly
| | | | - Ellen J. Hess
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and NeurologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Antonio Pisani
- IRCCS Mondino FoundationPaviaItaly,Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of PaviaItaly
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7
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Sáenz-Farret M, Tijssen MAJ, Eliashiv D, Fisher RS, Sethi K, Fasano A. Antiseizure Drugs and Movement Disorders. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:859-876. [PMID: 35861924 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between antiseizure drugs and movement disorders is complex and not adequately reviewed so far. Antiseizure drugs as a treatment for tremor and other entities such as myoclonus and restless leg syndrome is the most common scenario, although the scientific evidence supporting their use is variable. However, antiseizure drugs also represent a potential cause of iatrogenic movement disorders, with parkinsonism and tremor the most common disorders. Many other antiseizure drug-induced movement disorders are possible and not always correctly identified. This review was conducted by searching for all the possible combinations between 15 movement disorders (excluding ataxia) and 24 antiseizure drugs. The main objective was to describe the movement disorders treated and worsened or induced by antiseizure drugs. We also summarized the proposed mechanisms and risk factors involved in the complex interaction between antiseizure drugs and movement disorders. Antiseizure drugs mainly used to treat movement disorders are clonazepam, gabapentin, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, phenobarbital, pregabalin, primidone, topiramate, and zonisamide. Antiseizure drugs that worsen or induce movement disorders are cenobamate, ethosuximide, felbamate, lamotrigine, phenytoin, tiagabine, and vigabatrin. Antiseizure drugs with a variable effect on movement disorders are carbamazepine and valproate while no effect on movement disorders has been reported for brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, and stiripentol. Although little information is available on the adverse effects or benefits on movement disorders of newer antiseizure drugs (such as brivaracetam, cenobamate, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, and rufinamide), the evidence collected in this review should guide the choice of antiseizure drugs in patients with concomitant epilepsy and movement disorders. Finally, these notions can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology and treatments of movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sáenz-Farret
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dawn Eliashiv
- UCLA Seizure Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert S Fisher
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kapil Sethi
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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8
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Chandarana M, Saraf U, Divya KP, Krishnan S, Kishore A. Myoclonus- A Review. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:327-338. [PMID: 34446993 PMCID: PMC8370153 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_1180_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by a sudden, brief, involuntary jerk. Positive myoclonus is caused by abrupt muscle contractions, while negative myoclonus by sudden cessation of ongoing muscular contractions. Myoclonus can be classified in various ways according to body distribution, relation to activity, neurophysiology, and etiology. The neurophysiological classification of myoclonus by means of electrophysiological tests is helpful in guiding the best therapeutic strategy. Given the diverse etiologies of myoclonus, a thorough history and detailed physical examination are key to the evaluation of myoclonus. These along with basic laboratory testing and neurophysiological studies help in narrowing down the clinical possibilities. Though symptomatic treatment is required in the majority of cases, treatment of the underlying etiology should be the primary aim whenever possible. Symptomatic treatment is often not satisfactory, and a combination of different drugs is often required to control the myoclonus. This review addresses the etiology, classification, clinical approach, and management of myoclonus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Chandarana
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Udit Saraf
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - K P Divya
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Syam Krishnan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Kishore
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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9
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Myoclonic dystonia (DYT11) responsive to lacosamide: a case report. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 122:1631-1632. [PMID: 34273089 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Svetel M, Tomić A, Kresojević N, Dragašević N, Kostić V. Perspectives on the pharmacological management of dystonia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:1555-1566. [PMID: 33904811 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1919083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Treatment of dystonia is particularly complex due to various etiologies and heterogeneous clinical manifestation, as well as different degrees of disability. In absence of causative treatment, all symptomatic therapy should be predominantly tailored to ameliorate those symptoms (motor and non/motor) that mostly affect patients' daily life and regular activities. Many different treatment options, including oral medications, neurosurgical interventions, physical and occupational therapy are available in treatment of dystonia.Areas covered: The aim of this perspective is to point out different possibilities in pharmacological management of dystonic movements. Due to pure clinical presentation, the authors concentrate mainly on the isolated dystonias, which are presented solely as dystonic movements. Combined and complex dystonias are not instructive due to compound clinical presentation and consequently, complicated treatment. The article is based on a literature search from sources including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PiCarta, and PsycINFO.Expert opinion: Although dystonia therapy should be adapted according to the individual needs, severity, age, type, symptoms distribution and acceptable side-effect profile, certain principles should be followed to reach the optimal result. Furthermore, the authors believe that a better understanding of the pathophysiology of dystonia will bring with it the development of new and improved treatment approaches and medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Svetel
- Movement Disorders Department, Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Tomić
- Movement Disorders Department, Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Kresojević
- Movement Disorders Department, Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Dragašević
- Movement Disorders Department, Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Kostić
- Movement Disorders Department, Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Ahn H, Moon HJ, Jeon B. A Case of PLA2G6-Associated Neurodegeneration with Frequent Myoclonus And Generalized Onset Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Successful Treatment with Zonisamide. J Clin Neurol 2021; 17:319-321. [PMID: 33835755 PMCID: PMC8053536 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchul Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Moon
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea.
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Delorme C, Giron C, Bendetowicz D, Méneret A, Mariani LL, Roze E. Current challenges in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of paroxysmal movement disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 21:81-97. [PMID: 33089715 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1840978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paroxysmal movement disorders mostly comprise paroxysmal dyskinesia and episodic ataxia, and can be the consequence of a genetic disorder or symptomatic of an acquired disease. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors focused on certain hot-topic issues in the field: the respective contribution of the cerebellum and striatum to the generation of paroxysmal dyskinesia, the importance of striatal cAMP turnover in the pathogenesis of paroxysmal dyskinesia, the treatable causes of paroxysmal movement disorders not to be missed, with a special emphasis on the treatment strategy to bypass the glucose transport defect in paroxysmal movement disorders due to GLUT1 deficiency, and functional paroxysmal movement disorders. EXPERT OPINION Treatment of genetic causes of paroxysmal movement disorders is evolving towards precision medicine with targeted gene-specific therapy. Alteration of the cerebellar output and modulation of the striatal cAMP turnover offer new perspectives for experimental therapeutics, at least for paroxysmal movement disorders due to selected causes. Further characterization of cell-specific molecular pathways or network dysfunctions that are critically involved in the pathogenesis of paroxysmal movement disorders will likely result in the identification of new biomarkers and testing of innovative-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Delorme
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris, France
| | - Camille Giron
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris, France
| | - David Bendetowicz
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225- Institut du cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université , Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225- Institut du cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université , Paris, France
| | - Louise-Laure Mariani
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225- Institut du cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université , Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière , Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225- Institut du cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université , Paris, France
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13
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Weissbach A, Saranza G, Domingo A. Combined dystonias: clinical and genetic updates. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 128:417-429. [PMID: 33099685 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic combined dystonias are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders defined by the overlap of dystonia and other movement disorders such as parkinsonism or myoclonus. The number of genes associated with combined dystonia syndromes has been increasing due to the wider recognition of clinical features and broader use of genetic testing. Nevertheless, these diseases are still rare and represent only a small subgroup among all dystonias. Dopa-responsive dystonia (DYT/PARK-GCH1), rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (DYT/PARK-ATP1A3), X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP, DYT/PARK-TAF1), and young-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (DYT/PARK-PRKRA) are monogenic combined dystonias accompanied by parkinsonian features. Meanwhile, MYC/DYT-SGCE and MYC/DYT-KCTD17 are characterized by dystonia in combination with myoclonus. In the past, common molecular pathways between these syndromes were the center of interest. Although the encoded proteins rather affect diverse cellular functions, recent neurophysiological evidence suggests similarities in the underlying mechanism in a subset. This review summarizes recent developments in the combined dystonias, focusing on clinico-genetic features and neurophysiologic findings. Disease-modifying therapies remain unavailable to date; an overview of symptomatic therapies for these disorders is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gerard Saranza
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aloysius Domingo
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Myoclonus can cause significant disability for patients. Myoclonus has a strikingly diverse array of underlying etiologies, clinical presentations, and pathophysiological mechanisms. Treatment of myoclonus is vital to improving the quality of life of patients with these disorders. The optimal treatment strategy for myoclonus is best determined based upon careful evaluation and consideration of the underlying etiology and neurophysiological classification. Electrophysiological testing including EEG (electroencephalogram) and EMG (electromyogram) data is helpful in determining the neurophysiological classification of myoclonus. The neurophysiological subtypes of myoclonus include cortical, cortical-subcortical, subcortical-nonsegmental, segmental, and peripheral. Levetiracetam, valproic acid, and clonazepam are often used to treat cortical myoclonus. In cortical-subcortical myoclonus, treatment of myoclonic seizures is prioritized, valproic acid being the mainstay of therapy. Subcortical-nonsegmental myoclonus may be treated with clonazepam, though numerous agents have been used depending on the etiology. Segmental and peripheral myoclonus are often resistant to treatment, but anticonvulsants and botulinum toxin injections may be of utility depending upon the case. Pharmacological treatments are often hampered by scarce evidence-based knowledge, adverse effects, and variable efficacy of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B. Pena
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 USA
| | - John N. Caviness
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259 USA
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Bledsoe IO, Viser AC, San Luciano M. Treatment of Dystonia: Medications, Neurotoxins, Neuromodulation, and Rehabilitation. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1622-1644. [PMID: 33095402 PMCID: PMC7851280 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a complex disorder with numerous presentations occurring in isolation or in combination with other neurologic symptoms. Its treatment has been significantly improved with the advent of botulinum toxin and deep brain stimulation in recent years, though additional investigation is needed to further refine these interventions. Medications are of critical importance in forms of dopa-responsive dystonia but can be beneficial in other forms of dystonia as well. Many different rehabilitative paradigms have been studied with variable benefit. There is growing interest in noninvasive stimulation as a potential treatment, but with limited long-term benefit shown to date, and additional research is needed. This article reviews existing evidence for treatments from each of these categories. To date, there are many examples of incomplete response to available treatments, and improved therapies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian O. Bledsoe
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St., Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Aaron C. Viser
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St., Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Marta San Luciano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St., Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
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16
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Vanegas MI, Marcé-Grau A, Martí-Sánchez L, Mellid S, Baide-Mairena H, Correa-Vela M, Cazurro A, Rodríguez C, Toledo L, Fernández-Ramos JA, Pons R, Aguilera-Albesa S, Martí MJ, Eiris J, Iglesias G, De Fabregues O, Maqueda E, Garriz-Luis M, Madruga M, Espinós C, Macaya A, Cabrera JC, Pérez-Dueñas B. Delineating the motor phenotype of SGCE-myoclonus dystonia syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 80:165-174. [PMID: 33022436 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform phenotype and genotype characterization in myoclonus-dystonia patients and to validate clinical rating tools. METHOD Two movement disorders experts rated patients with the Burke-Fahn-Marsden and Unified-Myoclonus rating scales using a video-recording protocol. Clinimetric analysis was performed. SGCE mutations were screened by Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. RESULTS 48 patients were included and 43/48 rated. Mean age at assessment was 12.9±10.5 years (range 3-51) and 88% were ≤18 years of age. Myoclonus was a universal sign with a rostro-caudal severity-gradient. Myoclonus increased in severity and spread to lower limbs during action tests. Stimulus-evoked myoclonus was observed in 86.8% cases. Dystonia was common but mild. It had a focal distribution and was action-induced, causing writer's cramp (69%) and gait dystonia (34%). The severity of both myoclonus and dystonia had a strong impact on hand writing and walking difficulties. The Unified Myoclonus Rating scale showed the best clinimetric properties for the questionnaire, action myoclonus and functional subscales, and exceeded the Burke-Fahn-Marsden scale in its utility in assessing functional impairment in MDS patients. Twenty-one different SGCE mutations were identified in 45/48 patients, eleven being novel (most prevalent p. Val187*, founder mutation in Canary Islands). CONCLUSION This study quantifies the severity of the motor phenotype in SGCE-myoclonus dystonia syndrome, with a special focus on children, and identifies disabilities in gross and fine motor tasks that are essential for childhood development. Our results contribute to the knowledge of SGCE-related MDS in the early stage of evolution, where disease-modifying therapies could be initiated in order to prevent long-term social and physical burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Vanegas
- Paediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Marcé-Grau
- Paediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martí-Sánchez
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Mellid
- Paediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heidy Baide-Mairena
- Paediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Paediatric Department, Hospital General de Granollers, Granollers, Spain
| | - Marta Correa-Vela
- Paediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Cazurro
- Paediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Rodríguez
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Laura Toledo
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Roser Pons
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hospital Agia Sofia, Athens, Greece
| | - Sergio Aguilera-Albesa
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria José Martí
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona/IDIBAPS/University of Barcelona, Institut de Neurociències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Eiris
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gema Iglesias
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oriol De Fabregues
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Maqueda
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Maite Garriz-Luis
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marcos Madruga
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Espinós
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Paediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Paediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Cabrera
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez-Dueñas
- Paediatric Neurology Research Group, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Paediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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Naro A, Pignolo L, Billeri L, Porcari B, Portaro S, Tonin P, Calabrò RS. A Case of Psychogenic Myoclonus Responding to a Novel Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Approach: Rationale, Feasibility, and Possible Neurophysiological Basis. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:292. [PMID: 32848667 PMCID: PMC7396578 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can relieve motor symptoms related to psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs), but the subtending neurophysiological basis is unclear. We report on a 50-year-old woman with a diagnosis of psychogenic myoclonus in the right lower limb, who was treated with a daily session (in the late morning/early afternoon) of 1 Hz rTMS over the left premotor cortex (PMC), five times a week for 6 weeks. Clinical data and EEG at rest were collected before and immediately and 2-month after the rTMS protocol completion. The patient reported a significant reduction of involuntary movement frequency and intensity and the related disability burden up to the follow-up. In parallel, any abnormality in terms of source current density within and connectivity between the frontal and parietal areas was reset. The short follow–up period, the lack of extensive neurophysiological measures, and the lack of control treatment represent the main limitation of the study. However, low-frequency rTMS over PMC seems a safe and promising approach for the management of psychogenic myoclonus owing to the combination of cortical neuromodulation and non-specific mechanisms suggesting cognitive-behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Loris Pignolo
- Sant'Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation (RAN), Crotone, Italy
| | - Luana Billeri
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Bruno Porcari
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Tonin
- Sant'Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation (RAN), Crotone, Italy
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Wu J, Tang H, Chen S, Cao L. Mechanisms and Pharmacotherapy for Ethanol-Responsive Movement Disorders. Front Neurol 2020; 11:892. [PMID: 32982923 PMCID: PMC7477383 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol-responsive movement disorders are a group of movement disorders of which clinical manifestation could receive significant improvement after ethanol intake, including essential tremor, myoclonus-dystonia, and some other hyperkinesia. Emerging evidence supports that the sensitivity of these conditions to ethanol might be attributed to similar anatomical targets and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Cerebellum and cerebellum-related networks play a critical role in these diseases. Suppression of inhibitory neurotransmission and hyper-excitability of these regions are the key points for pathogenesis. GABA pathways, the main inhibitory system involved in these regions, were firstly linked to the pathogenesis of these diseases, and GABAA receptors and GABAB receptors play critical roles in ethanol responsiveness. Moreover, impairment of low-voltage-activated calcium channels, which were considered as a contributor to oscillation activity of the nervous system, also participates in the sensitivity of ethanol in relevant disease. Glutamate transporters and receptors that are closely associated with GABA pathways are the action sites for ethanol as well. Accordingly, alternative medicines aiming at these shared mechanisms appeared subsequently to mimic ethanol-like effects with less liability, and some of them have achieved positive effects on different diseases with well-tolerance. However, more clinical trials with a large sample and long-term follow-ups are needed for pragmatic use of these medicines, and further investigations on mechanisms will continue to deepen the understanding of these diseases and also accelerate the discovery of ideal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Abstract
Background: Myoclonus-dystonia due to SGCE mutations (OMIM: 159900) most commonly presents during childhood with mainly upper body myoclonus, and mild dystonia affecting the neck and arms. Case reports: Herein, we report patients misdiagnosed during childhood with Tourette syndrome and dyskinetic cerebral palsy, and, during adulthood, found to harbor SGCE frameshift mutations. Discussion: Myoclonus-dystonia may be underdiagnosed due to phenotypic misclassification during childhood. SGCE mutations should be included in the differential diagnosis of childhood movement disorders that ostensibly manifest with tics, myoclonus, or abnormal posturing secondary to dystonia and/or spasticity. Highlights: Due to pleiotropy, variable penetrance, broad differential, and hereditary effects of imprinting, the diagnosis of a disorder of childhood onset, myoclonus-dystonia due to SGCE mutations, may be delayed until adulthood, often compromising appropriate clinical management and genetic counseling.
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Fearon C, Peall KJ, Vidailhet M, Fasano A. Medical management of myoclonus-dystonia and implications for underlying pathophysiology. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 77:48-56. [PMID: 32622300 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia is an early onset genetic disorder characterised by subcortical myoclonus and less prominent dystonia. Its primary causative gene is the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene but the syndrome of "myoclonic dystonia" has been shown to be a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders. The underlying pathophysiology of myoclonus-dystonia is incompletely understood, although it may relate to dysfunction of striatal monoamine neurotransmission or disruption of cerebellothalamic networks (possibly via a GABAergic deficit of Purkinje cells). A broad range of oral medical therapies have been used in the treatment of myoclonus-dystonia with a varying response, and limited data relating to efficacy and tolerability, yet this condition responds dramatically to alcohol. Few well conducted randomized controlled trials have been undertaken leading to an empirical ad hoc approach for many patients. We review the current evidence for pharmacological therapies in myoclonus-dystonia, discuss implications for underlying pathogenesis of the condition and propose a treatment algorithm for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Fearon
- Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathryn J Peall
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Salpetriere, Department of Neurology, F-75013, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France; INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Unversité, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital - UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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21
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Besa Lehmann V, Rosenbaum M, Bulman DE, Read T, Verhagen Metman L. A Case Report of Myoclonus-Dystonia with Isolated Myoclonus Phenotype and Novel Mutation Successfully Treated with Deep Brain Stimulation. Neurol Ther 2020; 9:187-191. [PMID: 32274660 PMCID: PMC7229070 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-020-00186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myoclonus-dystonia is an inherited disorder characterized by a combination of myoclonic jerks and dystonia. Mutations in the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene (SGCE) represent the main known genetic cause. In the last few years, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown significant promise in treating these patients. There is only one report in the literature of a patient with positive SGCE mutation and isolated myoclonus phenotype who has been successfully treated with DBS. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 16-year-old young man with a history of quick jerks since childhood. They progressed gradually over the years involving the entire body and interfering with most of his daily activities. He had no dystonia. Genetic testing identified a single base deletion in exon 3 of the SGCE gene, considered very likely pathogenic. After unsuccessfully trying several oral medications, he underwent DBS of the globus pallidus internus (GPi). His Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale score during rest and with action improved by 92.8% and 82.6%, respectively. DISCUSSION The striking effect of DBS on myoclonic jerks confirms the superior benefit of DBS over oral medications. Further study is needed to determine the role of mutation status in predicting DBS response, especially considering that myoclonus-dystonia is genetically heterogeneous. CONCLUSION Our case confirms the poor response to oral medications and supports the use of GPi DBS for patients with genetically confirmed myoclonus-dystonia and isolated-myoclonus phenotype. In addition, our case represents familial myoclonus-dystonia due to a novel SGCE mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Rosenbaum
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dennis E Bulman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tara Read
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leo Verhagen Metman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Marks WA, Acord S, Bailey L, Honeycutt J. Neuromodulation in Childhood Onset Dystonia: Evolving Role of Deep Brain Stimulation. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-020-00258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang X, Yu X. Deep brain stimulation for myoclonus dystonia syndrome: a meta-analysis with individual patient data. Neurosurg Rev 2020; 44:451-462. [PMID: 31900736 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-019-01233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Good outcomes have been reported in deep brain stimulation (DBS) for myoclonus-dystonia syndrome (M-D), a heritable disease characterized by childhood-onset myoclonic jerks and dystonia in the upper body. This meta-analysis was to evaluate the clinical outcomes consecutively, compare the stimulation targets, and identify potential prognostic factors. A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. The primary outcome was the percent improvement in Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale movement (BFMDRS-M) scores for dystonia and Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale (UMRS) scores for myoclonus at the last follow-up visit. BFMDRS-disability scores of the patients were also summarized. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to identify the myoclonus and dystonia outcome predictors. Thirty-one studies reporting 71 patients were included. There were significant improvements in BFMDRS-M and BFMDRS-disability scores in each time category and at the last follow-up visit. Mean improvement (%) in UMRS was 79.5 ± 18.2, and 94.1% of the patients showed > 50% improvement in UMRS scores at the last follow-up visit. There was a significant trend toward improved myoclonus outcome with older age at onset and shorter disease duration. Most of the adverse events were mild and transient, and pallidal stimulation seemed to be better with respect to fewer stimulation-induced events. Based on the current data, DBS is effective for even the severe M-D. Surgery at an early stage may predict a better outcome. Although targets do not serve as the outcome predictors, pallidal stimulation may be preferred due to fewer stimulation-induced events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinguang Yu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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24
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Bellows S, Jankovic J. Treatment of dystonia and tics. Clin Park Relat Disord 2019; 2:12-19. [PMID: 34316614 PMCID: PMC8302199 DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of dystonia and tics continues to evolve. In dystonia, while oral agents such as benzodiazepines, baclofen and anticholinergics remain in use, botulinum toxin (BoNT) continues to be regarded as the treatment of choice for focal and segmental dystonia, but new preparations are being studied. While deep brain stimulation (DBS) has typically focused on targeting the globus pallidus internus (GPi) when treating dystonia, more recent research has expanded the targets to include subthalamic nucleus (STN) and other targets. In addition to DBS, thalamotomies continue to show therapeutic benefit in focal hand dystonias. Treatment of tics includes a growing armamentarium of options besides the three FDA-approved drugs, all dopamine receptor blockers (haloperidol, pimozide and aripiprazole). Because of lower risk of adverse effects, dopamine depleters (e.g. tetrabebazine, deutetrabenazine, and valbenazine), along with novel D1 receptor antagonists, are currently studied as treatment alternatives in patients with tics. Practice guidelines for the treatment of tics and Tourette syndrome have been recently updated. Data regarding the use of DBS in treatment of tics remains relatively sparse, but international registries have expanded our understanding of the effect of stimulation at several targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bellows
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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25
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Menozzi E, Balint B, Latorre A, Valente EM, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. Twenty years on: Myoclonus-dystonia and ε-sarcoglycan - neurodevelopment, channel, and signaling dysfunction. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1588-1601. [PMID: 31449710 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a typical childhood onset of myoclonic jerks and dystonia involving the neck, trunk, and upper limbs. Psychiatric symptomatology, namely, alcohol dependence and phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorder, is also part of the clinical picture. Zonisamide has demonstrated effectiveness at reducing both myoclonus and dystonia, and deep brain stimulation seems to be an effective and long-lasting therapeutic option for medication-refractory cases. In a subset of patients, myoclonus-dystonia is associated with pathogenic variants in the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene, located on chromosome 7q21, and up to now, more than 100 different pathogenic variants of the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene have been described. In a few families with a clinical phenotype resembling myoclonus-dystonia associated with distinct clinical features, variants have been identified in genes involved in novel pathways such as calcium channel regulation and neurodevelopment. Because of phenotypic similarities with epsilon-sarcoglycan gene-related myoclonus-dystonia, these conditions can be collectively classified as "myoclonus-dystonia syndromes." In the present article, we present myoclonus-dystonia caused by epsilon-sarcoglycan gene mutations, with a focus on genetics and underlying disease mechanisms. Second, we review those conditions falling within the spectrum of myoclonus-dystonia syndromes, highlighting their genetic background and involved pathways. Finally, we critically discuss the normal and pathological function of the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene and its product, suggesting a role in the stabilization of the dopaminergic membrane via regulation of calcium homeostasis and in the neurodevelopmental process involving the cerebello-thalamo-pallido-cortical network. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Lizarraga KJ, Al-Shorafat D, Fox S. Update on current and emerging therapies for dystonia. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2019; 9:135-147. [PMID: 31117876 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2018-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment strategies for dystonia depend on the focal, segmental or generalized distribution of symptoms. Chemodenervation with botulinum toxin remains the treatment of choice for focal- or select-body regions in generalized and segmental dystonia. A potentially longer acting formulation of botulinum toxin is being investigated besides the currently available formulations. Electromyography increases toxin injection accuracy and may reduce injection number, frequency, side effects and costs by identifying dystonic muscle activity. Oral anticholinergics, baclofen and clonazepam are used off-label, but novel drugs in development include sodium oxybate, zonisamide and perampanel. Characterizing dystonia as a sensorimotor circuit disorder has prompted the use of noninvasive neuromodulation procedures. These techniques need further study but simultaneous rehabilitation techniques appear to also improve outcomes. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation is beneficial for medication-refractory primary generalized and possibly focal dystonia such as cervical dystonia. Certain genetic conditions are amenable to specific therapies and future gene-targeted therapies could benefit selected dystonia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo J Lizarraga
- The Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease & the Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T2S8 ON, Canada
| | - Duha Al-Shorafat
- The Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease & the Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T2S8 ON, Canada
| | - Susan Fox
- The Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease & the Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T2S8 ON, Canada
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27
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Mohammad SS, Paget SP, Dale RC. Current therapies and therapeutic decision making for childhood-onset movement disorders. Mov Disord 2019; 34:637-656. [PMID: 30919519 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement disorders differ in children to adults. First, neurodevelopmental movement disorders such as tics and stereotypies are more prevalent than parkinsonism, and second, there is a genomic revolution which is now explaining many early-onset dystonic syndromes. We outline an approach to children with movement disorders starting with defining the movement phenomenology, determining the level of functional impairment due to abnormal movements, and screening for comorbid psychiatric conditions and cognitive impairments which often contribute more to disability than the movements themselves. The rapid improvement in our understanding of the etiology of movement disorders has resulted in an increasing focus on precision medicine, targeting treatable conditions and defining modifiable disease processes. We profile some of the key disease-modifying therapies in metabolic, neurotransmitter, inflammatory, and autoimmune conditions and the increasing focus on gene or cellular therapies. When no disease-modifying therapies are possible, symptomatic therapies are often all that is available. These classically target dopaminergic, cholinergic, alpha-adrenergic, or GABAergic neurochemistry. Increasing interest in neuromodulation has highlighted that some clinical syndromes respond better to DBS, and further highlights the importance of "disease-specific" therapies with a future focus on individualized therapies according to the genomic findings or disease pathways that are disrupted. We summarize some pragmatic applications of symptomatic therapies, neuromodulation techniques, and some rehabilitative interventions and provide a contemporary overview of treatment in childhood-onset movement disorders. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekeeb S Mohammad
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Movement Disorders Unit, T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology, the Children's Hospital at Westmead and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon P Paget
- Kids Rehab, the Children's Hospital at Westmead and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Movement Disorders Unit, T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology, the Children's Hospital at Westmead and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myoclonus is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by sudden, brief, lightning-like involuntary jerks. There are many possible causes of myoclonus and both the etiology and characteristics of the myoclonus are important in securing the diagnosis and treatment. Myoclonus may be challenging to treat, as it frequently requires multiple medications for acceptable results. Few randomized controlled trials investigating the optimal treatment for myoclonus are available, and expert experience and case series guide treatment. Areas Covered: In this article, the authors review the basics of myoclonus and its classification. The authors discuss the current management of myoclonus and then focus on recent updates in the literature, including both pharmacologic and surgical options. Expert opinion: Myoclonus remains a challenge to manage, and there is a paucity of rigorous clinical trials guiding treatment paradigms. Furthermore, due to the etiological heterogeneity of myoclonus, defining the appropriate scope for high-quality clinical trials is challenging. In order to advance the field, the myoclonus study group needs to be revived in the US and abroad so that interested investigators can collaborate on multicenter clinical trials for myoclonus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Stahl
- a NYU Langone Health , The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, A Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence , New York , NY , USA
| | - Steven J Frucht
- a NYU Langone Health , The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, A Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence , New York , NY , USA
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29
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Wen Y, Yang H, Bao X. Deep brain stimulation for early-onset dystonia. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2019.9050004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is considered as a treatment option for many neurological diseases. Many patients with movement disorders exhibit remarkable improvement after DBS. Owing to its minimally invasive nature, reversibility, and adjustability, DBS has been increasingly used over the past several decades. Dystonia is one of the most common movement disorders among children, and there is no effective treatment. Recently, some surgeon groups have performed DBS surgery for children. However, the outcomes of DBS in children are not well characterized. Here we mainly discuss the efficacy of DBS against childhood-onset dystonia and introduce the main procedure of pediatric DBS based on our own experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Haibo Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xinhua Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present study will highlight recent advances in the field of myoclonus-dystonia with a focus on clinical aspects, pathogenesis, and treatment. We will also discuss genetics, classification issues, and diagnostic criteria. RECENT FINDINGS Myoclonus-dystonia is a clinical syndrome corresponding to the phenotype linked to SGCE, the main causative gene. Childhood-onset myoclonus that predominates over dystonia with prominent upper body involvement, an absence of truncal dystonia, associated anxiety or compulsivity, and a positive family history are helpful diagnostic clues. Recent studies demonstrated that zonisamide is an interesting therapeutic option in myoclonus-dystonia, and that bilateral pallidal stimulation has major and lasting therapeutic effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that an alteration in cerebello-thalamic pathway function may play a prominent role and that this is possibly related to a GABAergic deficit reflecting Purkinje cell dysfunction. Impaired striatal plasticity and disturbed serotonin homeostasis may also be implicated. Newly available cellular and rodent models may further assist in investigating the pathogenesis of this disorder. SUMMARY Comprehensive analysis of the phenotype and precise classification are important in patients with myoclonus and dystonia to identify homogeneous groups of patients. This is critical to guide tailored therapeutic strategies and promote effective research.
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Junker J, Brandt V, Berman BD, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Weissbach A, Comella C, Malaty IA, Jankovic J, LeDoux MS, Berardelli A, Barbano R, Reich SG, Perlmutter JS, Jinnah HA, Brüggemann N. Predictors of alcohol responsiveness in dystonia. Neurology 2018; 91:e2020-e2026. [PMID: 30341158 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of alcohol responsiveness in a large cohort of patients with dystonia. METHODS A total of 2,159 participants with dystonia were prospectively enrolled in the cross-sectional Dystonia Coalition multicenter study. Patients with secondary, combined, or confirmed genetic dystonia (total n = 164) or unknown alcohol responsiveness (n = 737) were excluded. Patients answered a standardized questionnaire and were clinically examined using a standardized video protocol and the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale. Alcohol responsiveness was determined by patients' self-report. RESULTS A total of 1,258 patients with isolated dystonia (mean age: 59.5 ± 12.2 years; 898 women) met the inclusion criteria; 369 patients (29.3%) reported improvement of dystonia after alcohol consumption. Alcohol responsiveness was not related to sex (p = 0.742), age (p = 0.715), or severity of dystonia (p = 0.623). Age at onset was lower in patients who responded to alcohol (p < 0.001). Alcohol responsiveness differed across dystonia subgroups (multifocal/generalized > segmental [p = 0.014]; cervical and laryngeal > cranial and limb [p < 0.001]) and was related to a positive family history of movement disorders (p = 0.001), and presence of tremor (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The association of alcohol responsiveness with a positive family history for movement disorders, generalized dystonia, and an earlier age at onset suggests that patients with dystonia who have an underlying genetic contribution may be more likely to respond beneficially to alcohol. The fact that dystonic tremor may respond to alcohol is in keeping with the observation that the intake of GABAergic drugs may have a beneficial effect in a proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Junker
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Valerie Brandt
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brian D Berman
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Anne Weissbach
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cynthia Comella
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Irene A Malaty
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard Barbano
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephen G Reich
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - H A Jinnah
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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Kosutzka Z, Tisch S, Bonnet C, Ruiz M, Hainque E, Welter M, Viallet F, Karachi C, Navarro S, Jahanshahi M, Rivaud‐Pechoux S, Grabli D, Roze E, Vidailhet M. Long‐term GPi‐DBS improves motor features in myoclonus‐dystonia and enhances social adjustment. Mov Disord 2018; 34:87-94. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kosutzka
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Comenius University Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Stephen Tisch
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | - Cecilia Bonnet
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- APHP, Hôpital Salpêtrière Département de Neurologie Paris France
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- APHP, Hôpital Salpêtrière Département de Neurologie Paris France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- APHP, Hôpital Salpêtrière Département de Neurologie Paris France
| | - Marie‐Laure Welter
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- Neurophysiology Department CHU Rouen Rouen France
| | - Francois Viallet
- Laboratoire Parole et Langage, UMR 7309 Aix‐Marseille University Aix‐en‐Provence France
- Neurology Department Aix en Provence Hospital Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Carine Karachi
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- APHP, Hôpital Salpêtrière Département de Neurochirurgie Paris France
| | - Soledad Navarro
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- APHP, Hôpital Salpêtrière Département de Neurochirurgie Paris France
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders and the National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery London UK
| | - Sophie Rivaud‐Pechoux
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
| | - David Grabli
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- APHP, Hôpital Salpêtrière Département de Neurologie Paris France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- APHP, Hôpital Salpêtrière Département de Neurologie Paris France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine; CNRS UMR 7225, UMR S 1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière Paris France
- APHP, Hôpital Salpêtrière Département de Neurologie Paris France
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Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological condition characterized by abnormal involuntary movements or postures owing to sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. Dystonia can be the manifesting neurological sign of many disorders, either in isolation (isolated dystonia) or with additional signs (combined dystonia). The main focus of this Primer is forms of isolated dystonia of idiopathic or genetic aetiology. These disorders differ in manifestations and severity but can affect all age groups and lead to substantial disability and impaired quality of life. The discovery of genes underlying the mendelian forms of isolated or combined dystonia has led to a better understanding of its pathophysiology. In some of the most common genetic dystonias, such as those caused by TOR1A, THAP1, GCH1 and KMT2B mutations, and idiopathic dystonia, these mechanisms include abnormalities in transcriptional regulation, striatal dopaminergic signalling and synaptic plasticity and a loss of inhibition at neuronal circuits. The diagnosis of dystonia is largely based on clinical signs, and the diagnosis and aetiological definition of this disorder remain a challenge. Effective symptomatic treatments with pharmacological therapy (anticholinergics), intramuscular botulinum toxin injection and deep brain stimulation are available; however, future research will hopefully lead to reliable biomarkers, better treatments and cure of this disorder.
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Griffiths KR, Leikauf JE, Tsang TW, Clarke S, Hermens DF, Efron D, Williams LM, Kohn MR. Response inhibition and emotional cognition improved by atomoxetine in children and adolescents with ADHD: The ACTION randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:57-64. [PMID: 29674270 PMCID: PMC9148271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the non-stimulant medication atomoxetine is effective for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge about whether atomoxetine improves anxiety symptoms or cognition in children. Furthermore, while cognition has been proposed as an intermediate phenotype for ADHD dysfunction, the relationships between clinical and cognitive outcomes are not yet understood. We addressed these knowledge gaps in a controlled trial using objective assessments of both general and emotional cognitive functions implicated in ADHD and in anxiety, which commonly co-occurs with ADHD. A total of 136 children and adolescents with ADHD (ages 6-17years; 80% male; 31.6% with a comorbid anxiety disorder) were enrolled in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of 6-weeks treatment with atomoxetine. Of these, 109 completed the second cross-over phase. Selected cognitive domains associated with ADHD and anxiety disorders (Sustained attention, response inhibition and fearful face identification) were assessed using a normed, computerized test battery. Symptom outcomes were assessed by parent reports on the ADHD Rating Scale-IV and Conners' Anxious-Shy subscale. For completers, atomoxetine caused a greater improvement in the primary cognitive outcomes of response inhibition and fear identification compared to placebo, but not in sustained attention. Atomoxetine also improved ADHD and anxiety symptoms. Anxiety symptoms improved most for ADHD and anxiety disorder combined, but presence of an anxiety disorder did not moderate any other outcomes. Changes in cognitive and clinical outcomes were not correlated. These findings contribute to the foundations of measurement-based treatment planning and offer targets for probing the mechanisms of atomoxetine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi R. Griffiths
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - John E. Leikauf
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tracey W. Tsang
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Simon Clarke
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,Centre for Research Into Adolescents Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Daniel F. Hermens
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience – Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, Queensland 4575, Australia
| | - Daryl Efron
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne M. Williams
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA,Corresponding author. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Rd, Mail Code 5717, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA. (L.M. Williams)
| | - Michael R. Kohn
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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36
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Rodríguez-Blázquez C, Forjaz MJ, Kurtis MM, Balestrino R, Martinez-Martin P. Rating Scales for Movement Disorders With Sleep Disturbances: A Narrative Review. Front Neurol 2018; 9:435. [PMID: 29951032 PMCID: PMC6008651 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, a wide variety of rating scales and questionnaires for movement disorders have been developed and published, making reviews on their contents, and attributes convenient for the potential users. Sleep disorders are frequently present in movement disorders, and some movement disorders are accompanied by specific sleep difficulties. Aim: The aim of this study is to perform a narrative review of the most frequently used rating scales for movement disorders with sleep problems, with special attention to those recommended by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society. Methods: Online databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar), related references from papers and websites and personal files were searched for information on comprehensive or global rating scales which assessed sleep disturbances in the following movement disorders: akathisia, chorea, dystonia, essential tremor, myoclonus, multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and tics and Tourette syndrome. For each rating scale, its objective and characteristics, as well as a summary of its psychometric properties and recommendations of use are described. Results: From 22 rating scales identified for the selected movement disorders, only 5 included specific questions on sleep problems. Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating scale (MDS-UPDRS), Non-Motor Symptoms Scale and Questionnaire (NMSS and NMSQuest), Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease (SCOPA)-Autonomic and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale (PSPRS) were the only rating scales that included items for assessing sleep disturbances. Conclusions: Despite sleep problems are frequent in movement disorders, very few of the rating scales addresses these specific symptoms. This may contribute to an infra diagnosis and mistreatment of the sleep problems in patients with movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria João Forjaz
- National School of Public Health and REDISSEC, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica M. Kurtis
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Ruber International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberta Balestrino
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini, ” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pablo Martinez-Martin
- National Center of Epidemiology and CIBERNED, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Kübler D, Borngräber F, Lohmann K, Kühn AA. Novel SGCE mutation in a patient with myoclonus-dystonia syndrome – Diagnostic delay of more than 40 years. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 50:131-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Given the distinctive characteristics of both epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can make a significant contribution to the field of epilepsy. The measurement and interpretation of serum drug concentrations can be of benefit in the treatment of uncontrollable seizures and in cases of clinical toxicity; it can aid in the individualization of therapy and in adjusting for variable or nonlinear pharmacokinetics; and can be useful in special populations such as pregnancy. This review examines the potential for TDM of newer AEDs such as eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, perampanel, pregabalin, rufinamide, retigabine, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, and zonisamide. We describe the relationships between serum drug concentration, clinical effect, and adverse drug reactions for each AED as well as the different analytical methods used for serum drug quantification. We discuss retrospective studies and prospective data on the serum drug concentration-efficacy of these drugs and present the pharmacokinetic parameters, oral bioavailability, reference concentration range, and active metabolites of newer AEDs. Limited data are available for recent AEDs, and we discuss the connection between drug concentrations in terms of clinical efficacy and nonresponse. Although we do not propose routine TDM, serum drug measurement can play a beneficial role in patient management and treatment individualization. Standardized studies designed to assess, in particular, concentration-efficacy-toxicity relationships for recent AEDs are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, University Street, P.O.Box No.4184, Ajman, UAE.
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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39
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently emerged as an important management option in children with medically refractory dystonia. DBS is most commonly used, best studied, and thought to be most efficacious for a select group of childhood or adolescent onset monogenic dystonias (designated with a standard 'DYT' prefix). We review how to clinically recognize these types of dystonia and the relative efficacy of DBS for key monogenic dystonias. RECENT FINDINGS Though used for dystonia in adults for several years, DBS has only lately been used in children. Recent evidence shows that patients with shorter duration of dystonia often experience greater benefit following DBS. This suggests that early recognition of the appropriate dystonic phenotypes and consideration of DBS in these patients may improve the management of dystonia. SUMMARY DBS should be considered early in patients who have medically refractory dystonia, especially for the monogenic dystonias that have a high response rate to DBS. It is important to differentiate between these monogenic dystonias and dystonias of other causes to properly prognosticate for these patients and to determine whether DBS is an appropriate management option.
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40
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Weissbach A, Werner E, Bally JF, Tunc S, Löns S, Timmann D, Zeuner KE, Tadic V, Brüggemann N, Lang A, Klein C, Münchau A, Bäumer T. Alcohol improves cerebellar learning deficit in myoclonus-dystonia: A clinical and electrophysiological investigation. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:543-553. [PMID: 28869676 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize neurophysiological subcortical abnormalities in myoclonus-dystonia and their modulation by alcohol administration. METHODS Cerebellar associative learning and basal ganglia-brainstem interaction were investigated in 17 myoclonus-dystonia patients with epsilon-sarcoglycan (SGCE) gene mutation and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls by means of classical eyeblink conditioning and blink reflex recovery cycle before and after alcohol intake resulting in a breath alcohol concentration of 0.08% (0.8g/l). The alcohol responsiveness of clinical symptoms was evaluated by 3 blinded raters with a standardized video protocol and clinical rating scales including the Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale and the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale. RESULTS Patients showed a significantly reduced number of conditioned eyeblink responses before alcohol administration compared to controls. Whereas the conditioning response rate decreased under alcohol intake in controls, it increased in patients (analysis of variance: alcohol state × group, p = 0.004). Blink reflex recovery cycle before and after alcohol intake did not differ between groups. Myoclonus improved significantly after alcohol intake (p = 0.016). The severity of action myoclonus at baseline correlated negatively with the conditioning response in classical eyeblink conditioning in patients. INTERPRETATION The combination of findings of reduced baseline acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses and normal blink reflex recovery cycle in patients who improved significantly with alcohol intake suggests a crucial role of cerebellar networks in the generation of symptoms in these patients. Ann Neurol 2017;82:543-553.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elisa Werner
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julien F Bally
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sinem Tunc
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Löns
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg and Essen, Germany
| | | | - Vera Tadic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anthony Lang
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Alfradique-Dunham
- Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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42
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Eberhardt O, Topka H. Myoclonic Disorders. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E103. [PMID: 28805718 PMCID: PMC5575623 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7080103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Few movement disorders seem to make a straightforward approach to diagnosis and treatment more difficult and frustrating than myoclonus, due to its plethora of causes and its variable classifications. Nevertheless, in recent years, exciting advances have been made in the elucidation of the pathophysiology and genetic basis of many disorders presenting with myoclonus. Here, we provide a review of all of the important types of myoclonus encountered in pediatric and adult neurology, with an emphasis on the recent developments that have led to a deeper understanding of this intriguing phenomenon. An up-to-date list of the genetic basis of all major myoclonic disorders is presented. Randomized studies are scarce in myoclonus therapy, but helpful pragmatic approaches at diagnosis as well as treatment have been recently suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Eberhardt
- Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Bogenhausen, Städt. Klinikum München GmbH, Englschalkinger Str. 77, 81925 München, Germany.
| | - Helge Topka
- Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Bogenhausen, Städt. Klinikum München GmbH, Englschalkinger Str. 77, 81925 München, Germany.
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Termsarasab P, Thammongkolchai T, Frucht SJ. Medical treatment of dystonia. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2016; 3:19. [PMID: 28031858 PMCID: PMC5168853 DOI: 10.1186/s40734-016-0047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies in dystonia have evolved considerably in the past few decades. Three major treatment modalities include oral medications, botulinum toxin injections and surgical therapies, particularly deep brain stimulation. Although there has been a tremendous interest in the later two modalities, there are relatively few recent reviews of oral treatment. We review the medical treatment of dystonia, focusing on three major neurotransmitter systems: cholinergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic. We also provide a practical guide to medication selection, therapeutic strategy and unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichet Termsarasab
- Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Steven J. Frucht
- Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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