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James E, Vielle A, Cusato K, Li H, Lee B, Parween S, Howell A, Johnson NR, Chial HJ, Potter H, Vergara MN. Human iPSC-derived retinal organoids develop robust Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1340448. [PMID: 38323188 PMCID: PMC10844524 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1340448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, affects nearly 50 million people worldwide. Amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of phosphorylated Tau protein (pTau) are key histopathological features of the disease in the brain, and recent advances have also identified AD histopathology in the retina. Thus, the retina represents a central nervous system (CNS) tissue highly amenable to non-invasive diagnostic imaging that shows promise as a biomarker for early AD. Given the devastating effects of AD on patients, their families, and society, new treatment modalities that can significantly alter the disease course are urgently needed. In this study, we have developed and characterized a novel human retinal organoid (RO) model derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with familial AD due to mutations in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP). Using immunofluorescence and histological staining, we evaluated the cellular composition and AD histopathological features of AD-ROs compared to control ROs from healthy individuals. We found that AD-ROs largely resemble their healthy control counterparts in cellular composition but display increased levels of Aβ and pTau. We also present proof of principle of an assay to quantify amyloid levels in whole ROs. This in vitro model of the human AD retina constitutes a new tool for drug screening, biomarker discovery, and pathophysiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan James
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anne Vielle
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Karen Cusato
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Helen Li
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Byoungin Lee
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Shama Parween
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anna Howell
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Noah R. Johnson
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heidi J. Chial
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Huntington Potter
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - M. Natalia Vergara
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Atef MM, Mostafa YM, Ahmed AAM, El-Sayed NM. Simvastatin attenuates aluminium chloride-induced neurobehavioral impairments through activation of TGF-β1/ SMAD2 and GSK3β/β-catenin signalling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104220. [PMID: 37454825 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by the presence of β-amyloid plaques and acetylcholine depletion leading to neurobehavioral defects. AD was contributed also with downregulation of TGF-β1/SMAD2 and GSK3β/β-catenin pathways. Simvastatin (SMV) improved memory function experimentally and clinically. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the mechanistic role of SMV against aluminium chloride (AlCl3) induced neurobehavioral impairments. AD was induced by AlCl3 (50 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Mice received Simvastatin (10 or 20 mg/kg) or Donepezil (3 mg/kg) for 6 weeks after that the histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical test were examined. Treatment with SMV improved the memory deterioration induced by AlCl3 with significant recovery of the histopathological changes. This was concomitant with the decrease of AChE and Aβ (1-42). SMV provides its neuroprotective effect through upregulating the protein expression of β-catenin, TGF-β1 and downregulating the expression of GSK3β, TLR4 and p-SMAD2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasser M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal A M Ahmed
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Norhan M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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Basagni B, Di Rosa E, Bertoni D, Mondini S, De Tanti A. Long term effects of severe acquired brain injury: A follow-up investigation on the role of cognitive reserve on cognitive outcomes. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-6. [PMID: 36639360 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2160251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study we showed that Cognitive Reserve (CR) did not significantly predict the neuropsychological outcomes of patients with severe Acquired Brain Injury (sABI), after a rehabilitation program. The present study aims to extend the previous results by assessing the role of CR on long-term neuropsychological outcomes of a subgroup (N = 27) of that same population. Patients took part in a telephone interview, where Tele-Global Examination Mental State (Tele-GEMS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOS-E) were administered. A linear regression model was conducted considering Tele-GEMS and GOS-E as dependent variables, while the scores on Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), Disability Rating Scale (DRS), and Level of Cognitive Functioning (LCF), administered at discharge, were considered as predictors. Results show that higher levels of CR and LCF, significantly predicted cognitive performance 4 years later. However, in the same follow-up, CR did not predict functional outcome, which was only predicted by lower disability scores at discharge. Thus, even if CR seems not showing an effect on cognitive efficiency when tested after the first rehabilitation intervention, current results show that CR has significant effects on long-term cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Di Rosa
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Debora Bertoni
- Centro Cardinal Ferrari, Santo Stefano Riabilitazione, KOS Care, Fontanellato, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and applied Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy; Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua
| | - Antonio De Tanti
- Centro Cardinal Ferrari, Santo Stefano Riabilitazione, KOS Care, Fontanellato, Parma, Italy
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4
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Correlación entre el metabolismo de la glucosa cerebral (18F-FDG) y el flujo sanguíneo cerebral con marcadores de amiloide (18F-florbetapir) en práctica clínica: evidencias preliminares. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Foley ÉM, Tripodis Y, Yhang E, Koerte IK, Martin BM, Palmisano J, Makris N, Schultz V, Lepage C, Muehlmann M, Wróbel PP, Guenette JP, Cantu RC, Lin AP, Coleman M, Mez J, Bouix S, Shenton ME, Stern RA, Alosco ML. Quantifying and Examining Reserve in Symptomatic Former National Football League Players. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:675-689. [PMID: 34864657 PMCID: PMC8926024 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive head impacts (RHI) from contact sports have been associated with cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, not all individuals exposed to RHI develop such disorders. This may be explained by the reserve hypothesis. It remains unclear if the reserve hypothesis accounts for the heterogenous symptom presentation in RHI-exposed individuals. Moreover, optimal measurement of reserve in this population is unclear and likely unique from non-athlete populations. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between metrics of reserve and cognitive and neuropsychiatric functioning in 89 symptomatic former National Football League players. METHODS Individual-level proxies (e.g., education) defined reserve. We additionally quantified reserve as remaining residual variance in 1) episodic memory and 2) executive functioning performance, after accounting for demographics and brain pathology. Associations between reserve metrics and cognitive and neuropsychiatric functioning were examined. RESULTS Higher reading ability was associated with better attention/information processing (β=0.25; 95% CI, 0.05-0.46), episodic memory (β=0.27; 95% CI, 0.06-0.48), semantic and phonemic fluency (β=0.24; 95% CI, 0.02-0.46; β=0.38; 95% CI, 0.17-0.59), and behavioral regulation (β=-0.26; 95% CI, -0.48, -0.03) performance. There were no effects for other individual-level proxies. Residual episodic memory variance was associated with better attention/information processing (β=0.45; 95% CI, 0.25, 0.65), executive functioning (β=0.36; 95% CI, 0.15, 0.57), and semantic fluency (β=0.38; 95% CI, 0.17, 0.59) performance. Residual executive functioning variance was associated with better attention/information processing (β=0.44; 95% CI, 0.24, 0.64) and episodic memory (β=0.37; 95% CI, 0.16, 0.58) performance. CONCLUSION Traditional reserve proxies (e.g., years of education, occupational attainment) have limitations and may be unsuitable for use in elite athlete samples. Alternative approaches of reserve quantification may prove more suitable for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éimear M. Foley
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eukyung Yhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inga K. Koerte
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Brett M. Martin
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Palmisano
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chris Lepage
- QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marc Muehlmann
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Paweł P. Wróbel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey P. Guenette
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert C. Cantu
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Concussion Legacy Foundation, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Emerson Hospital, Concord, MA, USA
| | - Alexander P. Lin
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Coleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha E. Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert A. Stern
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L. Alosco
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Correspondence to: Michael L. Alosco, PhD, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Suite B7800, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Tel.: +1 617 358 6029;
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Albano D, Premi E, Peli A, Camoni L, Bertagna F, Turrone R, Borroni B, Calhoun VD, Rodella C, Magoni M, Padovani A, Giubbini R, Paghera B. Correlation between brain glucose metabolism (18F-FDG) and cerebral blood flow with amyloid tracers (18F-Florbetapir) in clinical routine: Preliminary evidences. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2021; 41:146-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bertoni D, Petraglia F, Basagni B, Pedrazzi G, De Gaetano K, Costantino C, De Tanti A. Cognitive reserve index and functional and cognitive outcomes in severe acquired brain injury: A pilot study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:684-694. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1804910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Petraglia
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department, NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pedrazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience Interdepartmental Centre of Robust Statistics (Ro.S.A). University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Cosimo Costantino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Giovacchini G, Giovannini E, Borsò E, Lazzeri P, Riondato M, Leoncini R, Duce V, Mansi L, Ciarmiello A. The brain cognitive reserve hypothesis: A review with emphasis on the contribution of nuclear medicine neuroimaging techniques. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14865-14872. [PMID: 30784080 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathological and clinical evidence indicates that the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurs as neuropathology exceeds the brain reserve capacity. The brain or cognitive reserve (BCR) hypothesis states that high premorbid intelligence, education, and an active and stimulating lifestyle provide reserve capacity, which acts as a buffer against the cognitive deficits due to accumulating neuropathology. Neuroimaging studies that assessed the BCR hypothesis are critically reviewed with emphasis on study design and statistical analysis. Many studies were performed in the last two decades owing to the increasing availability of positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/computed tomography scanners and to the synthesis of new radiopharmaceuticals, including tracers for amyloid and tau proteins. Studies with different tracers provided complementary consistent results supporting the BCR hypothesis. Many studies were appropriately designed with a measure of reserve, a measure of brain anatomy/function/neuropathology, and a measure of cognitive functions that are necessary. Most of the early studies were performed with PET and [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose, and occasionally with [ 15 O]water, reporting a significant association between higher occupation/education and lower glucose metabolism (blood flow) in associative temporo-parietal cortex in patients with AD and also in patients with MCI, after correcting for the degree in the cognitive impairment. On the contrary, performances on several neuropsychological tests increased with increasing education for participants with elevated [ 11 C]PiB uptake. Studies with the tracers specific for tau protein showed that patients with AD with elevated tau deposits had higher cognitive performances compared with patients with similar levels of tau deposits. BCR in AD is also associated with a preserved cholinergic function. The BCR hypothesis has been validated with methodologically sound study designs and sophisticated neuroimaging techniques using different radiotracers and providing an explanation for neuropathological and clinical observations on patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisa Borsò
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lazzeri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Mattia Riondato
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Rossella Leoncini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Valerio Duce
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Luigi Mansi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciarmiello
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
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Gargini R, Segura-Collar B, Sánchez-Gómez P. Novel Functions of the Neurodegenerative-Related Gene Tau in Cancer. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:231. [PMID: 31551755 PMCID: PMC6736573 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of global and comparative genomics between different diseases allows us to understand the key biological processes that explain the etiology of these pathologies. We have used this type of approach to evaluate the expression of several neurodegeneration-related genes on the development of tumors, particularly brain tumors of glial origin (gliomas), which are an aggressive and incurable type of cancer. We have observed that genes involved in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, correlate with better prognosis of gliomas. Within these genes, high Tau/MAPT expression shows the strongest correlation with several indicators of prolonged survival on glioma patients. Tau protein regulates microtubule stability and dynamics in neurons, although there have been reports of its expression in glial cells and also in gliomas. However, little is known about the regulation of Tau/MAPT transcription in tumors. Moreover, our in silico analysis indicates that this gene is also expressed in a variety of tumors, showing a general correlation with survival, although its function in cancer has not yet been addressed. Another remarkable aspect of Tau is its involvement in resistance to taxanes in various tumors types such as breast, ovarian and gastric carcinomas. This is due to the fact that taxanes have the same tubulin-binding site as Tau. In the present work we review the main knowledge about Tau function and expression in tumors, with a special focus on brain cancer. We will also speculate with the therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Abstract
Research into cognitive reserve (CR) and dementia is advancing rapidly. This
paper analyses the intellectual structure, emerging trends and relevant shifts
in the development of available knowledge. Data collected from the
Web-of-Science produced an expanded network of 564 articles and 12,504 citations
in the 1998-2017 period. The co-citation network visualized was characterized by
a scientometric review using CiteSpace. The results revealed that author Stern Y
had the highest number of publications and citations. The network of journals,
institutions and countries showed a central-peripheral structure with Neurology,
Harvard University and the USA ranked first, respectively. While cognitive
reserve remains the most prominent area of research in this field, studies
related to functional ability, executive control, mortality data and reserve
mechanisms have grown considerably. The identification of critical articles and
the development of emerging trends highlights new insights in the area of
research, better communicating key findings and facilitating the exploration of
data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Pestana
- PhD, University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal. Research and Education Unit on Ageing (UNIFAI, ICBAS, UP)
| | - Margarida Sobral
- PhD, Psychogeriatrics Service, Hospital Magalhães Lemos, Porto, Portugal. Research and Education Unit on Ageing (UNIFAI, ICBAS, UP). CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research (FM, UP)
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Colangeli S, Boccia M, Verde P, Guariglia P, Bianchini F, Piccardi L. Cognitive Reserve in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2016; 31:443-9. [PMID: 27307143 PMCID: PMC10852844 DOI: 10.1177/1533317516653826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) has been defined as the ability to optimize or maximize performance through differential recruitment of brain networks. In the present study, we aimed at providing evidence for a consistent brain network underpinning CR in healthy and pathological aging. To pursue this aim, we performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis of 17 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies on CR proxies in healthy aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We found that different brain areas were associated with CR proxies in healthy and pathological aging. A wide network of areas, including medial and lateral frontal areas, that is, anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as precuneus, was associated with proxies of CR in healthy elderly patients. The CR proxies in patients with AD and amnesic-MCI were associated with activation in the anterior cingulate cortex. These results were discussed hypothesizing the existence of possible compensatory mechanisms in healthy and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Colangeli
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Verde
- Italian Air Force Experimental Flight Center, Aerospace Medicine Department, Pratica di Mare, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Guariglia
- Dipartimento Scienze dell'Uomo e della Società, Università degli Studi Kore Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Filippo Bianchini
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia of Rome, Rome, Italy Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
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12
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Piccardi L, Matano A, D’Antuono G, Marin D, Ciurli P, Incoccia C, Verde P, Guariglia P. Persistence of Gender Related-Effects on Visuo-Spatial and Verbal Working Memory in Right Brain-Damaged Patients. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:139. [PMID: 27445734 PMCID: PMC4923148 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to verify if gender differences in verbal and visuo-spatial working memory would persist following right cerebral lesions. To pursue our aim we investigated a large sample (n. 346) of right brain-damaged patients and healthy participants (n. 272) for the presence of gender effects in performing Corsi and Digit Test. We also assessed a subgroup of patients (n. 109) for the nature (active vs. passive) of working memory tasks. We tested working memory (WM) administering the Corsi Test (CBT) and the Digit Span (DS) using two different versions: forward (fCBT and fDS), subjects were required to repeat stimuli in the same order that they were presented; and backward (bCBT and bDS), subjects were required to repeat stimuli in the opposite order of presentation. In this way, passive storage and active processing of working memory were assessed. Our results showed the persistence of gender-related effects in spite of the presence of right brain lesions. We found that men outperformed women both in CBT and DS, regardless of active and passive processing of verbal and visuo-spatial stimuli. The presence of visuo-spatial disorders (i.e., hemineglect) can affect the performance on Corsi Test. In our sample, men and women were equally affected by hemineglect, therefore it did not mask the gender effect. Generally speaking, the persistence of the men's superiority in visuo-spatial tasks may be interpreted as a protective factor, at least for men, within other life factors such as level of education or kind of profession before retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piccardi
- Life, Health and Environmental Science Department, University of L’Aquila, L’AquilaItaly
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuropsychology UnitRome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paola Ciurli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuropsychology UnitRome, Italy
| | - Chiara Incoccia
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Neuropsychology UnitRome, Italy
| | - Paola Verde
- Aerospace Medicine Department, Italian Air Force Experimental Flight CentrePratica di Mare, Italy
| | - Paola Guariglia
- Dipartimento Scienze dell’Uomo e della Società, UKE UniversityEnna, Italy
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Jansen WJ, Ossenkoppele R, Knol DL, Tijms BM, Scheltens P, Verhey FRJ, Visser PJ, Aalten P, Aarsland D, Alcolea D, Alexander M, Almdahl IS, Arnold SE, Baldeiras I, Barthel H, van Berckel BNM, Bibeau K, Blennow K, Brooks DJ, van Buchem MA, Camus V, Cavedo E, Chen K, Chetelat G, Cohen AD, Drzezga A, Engelborghs S, Fagan AM, Fladby T, Fleisher AS, van der Flier WM, Ford L, Förster S, Fortea J, Foskett N, Frederiksen KS, Freund-Levi Y, Frisoni GB, Froelich L, Gabryelewicz T, Gill KD, Gkatzima O, Gómez-Tortosa E, Gordon MF, Grimmer T, Hampel H, Hausner L, Hellwig S, Herukka SK, Hildebrandt H, Ishihara L, Ivanoiu A, Jagust WJ, Johannsen P, Kandimalla R, Kapaki E, Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Klunk WE, Köhler S, Koglin N, Kornhuber J, Kramberger MG, Van Laere K, Landau SM, Lee DY, de Leon M, Lisetti V, Lleó A, Madsen K, Maier W, Marcusson J, Mattsson N, de Mendonça A, Meulenbroek O, Meyer PT, Mintun MA, Mok V, Molinuevo JL, Møllergård HM, Morris JC, Mroczko B, Van der Mussele S, Na DL, Newberg A, Nordberg A, Nordlund A, Novak GP, Paraskevas GP, Parnetti L, Perera G, Peters O, Popp J, Prabhakar S, Rabinovici GD, Ramakers IHGB, Rami L, Resende de Oliveira C, Rinne JO, Rodrigue KM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Roe CM, Rot U, Rowe CC, Rüther E, Sabri O, Sanchez-Juan P, Santana I, Sarazin M, Schröder J, Schütte C, Seo SW, Soetewey F, Soininen H, Spiru L, Struyfs H, Teunissen CE, Tsolaki M, Vandenberghe R, Verbeek MM, Villemagne VL, Vos SJB, van Waalwijk van Doorn LJC, Waldemar G, Wallin A, Wallin ÅK, Wiltfang J, Wolk DA, Zboch M, Zetterberg H. Prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology in persons without dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2015; 313:1924-38. [PMID: 25988462 PMCID: PMC4486209 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.4668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cerebral amyloid-β aggregation is an early pathological event in Alzheimer disease (AD), starting decades before dementia onset. Estimates of the prevalence of amyloid pathology in persons without dementia are needed to understand the development of AD and to design prevention studies. OBJECTIVE To use individual participant data meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of amyloid pathology as measured with biomarkers in participants with normal cognition, subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DATA SOURCES Relevant biomarker studies identified by searching studies published before April 2015 using the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases and through personal communication with investigators. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they provided individual participant data for participants without dementia and used an a priori defined cutoff for amyloid positivity. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Individual records were provided for 2914 participants with normal cognition, 697 with SCI, and 3972 with MCI aged 18 to 100 years from 55 studies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prevalence of amyloid pathology on positron emission tomography or in cerebrospinal fluid according to AD risk factors (age, apolipoprotein E [APOE] genotype, sex, and education) estimated by generalized estimating equations. RESULTS The prevalence of amyloid pathology increased from age 50 to 90 years from 10% (95% CI, 8%-13%) to 44% (95% CI, 37%-51%) among participants with normal cognition; from 12% (95% CI, 8%-18%) to 43% (95% CI, 32%-55%) among patients with SCI; and from 27% (95% CI, 23%-32%) to 71% (95% CI, 66%-76%) among patients with MCI. APOE-ε4 carriers had 2 to 3 times higher prevalence estimates than noncarriers. The age at which 15% of the participants with normal cognition were amyloid positive was approximately 40 years for APOE ε4ε4 carriers, 50 years for ε2ε4 carriers, 55 years for ε3ε4 carriers, 65 years for ε3ε3 carriers, and 95 years for ε2ε3 carriers. Amyloid positivity was more common in highly educated participants but not associated with sex or biomarker modality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among persons without dementia, the prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology as determined by positron emission tomography or cerebrospinal fluid findings was associated with age, APOE genotype, and presence of cognitive impairment. These findings suggest a 20- to 30-year interval between first development of amyloid positivity and onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn J Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands3Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the
| | - Dirk L Knol
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands2Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience
| | - Pauline Aalten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Center for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ina S Almdahl
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Center University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristen Bibeau
- GlaxoSmithKline, Worldwide Epidemiology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - David J Brooks
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Camus
- CHRU de Tours, CIC INSERM 1415, INSERM U930, and Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy20Sorbonne University, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) and Institut
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Gael Chetelat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1077, Caen, France
| | - Ann D Cohen
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Adam S Fleisher
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona27Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana28Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands6Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Ford
- Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Stefan Förster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technischen Universitaet München, Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Fortea
- Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kristian S Frederiksen
- Danish Dementia Research Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Department of Geriatrics, Institution of NVS, Section of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy88Memory Clinic and LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals, and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Froelich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gabryelewicz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kiran Dip Gill
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Department of Biochemistry, Research Block-A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Olymbia Gkatzima
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet München, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund and UPMC ChairSorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer and INSERM U1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital
| | - Lucrezia Hausner
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Hellwig
- Center of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Lianna Ishihara
- GlaxoSmithKline, Worldwide Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology and Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Ivanoiu
- Memory Clinic and Neurochemistry Laboratory, Saint Luc University Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Peter Johannsen
- Memory Clinic, Danish Dementia Research Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Department of Biochemistry, Research Block-A, Chandigarh, India46Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- First Department of Neurology, Neurochemistry Unit and Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - William E Klunk
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milica G Kramberger
- Center for Cognitive Impairments, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Landau
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mony de Leon
- School of Medicine, Center for Brain Health, New York University, New York
| | - Viviana Lisetti
- Section of Neurology, Center for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karine Madsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Marcusson
- Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Olga Meulenbroek
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Philipp T Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark A Mintun
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vincent Mok
- Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, IDIBAPS, Clinic University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hanne M Møllergård
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - John C Morris
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Leading National Research Centre in Bialystok (KNOW), Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stefan Van der Mussele
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Andrew Newberg
- Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University and Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Dept NVS, Center for Alzheimer, Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arto Nordlund
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gerald P Novak
- Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - George P Paraskevas
- First Department of Neurology, Neurochemistry Unit and Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Center for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gayan Perera
- Roche Products, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom69Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Berlin, German Center for Neurodegenrative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Julius Popp
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of Old Age Psychiatry and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Leenaards Memory Centre, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sudesh Prabhakar
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Department of Neurology, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Inez H G B Ramakers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lorena Rami
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, IDIBAPS, Clinic University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre and Division of Clinical Neurosciences Turku, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Catherine M Roe
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Uros Rot
- Center for Cognitive Impairments, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eckart Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Páscual Sanchez-Juan
- Neurology Service, Universitary Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel Santana
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Center University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Neurologie de la Mémoire et du Langage, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Schröder
- Sektion Gerontopsychiatrie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sang W Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Femke Soetewey
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Luiza Spiru
- Department of Geriatrics-Gerontology-Gerontopsychiatry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hanne Struyfs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Research Centre KU Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Departments of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie J B Vos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda J C van Waalwijk van Doorn
- Departments of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Danish Dementia Research Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Åsa K Wallin
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Marzena Zboch
- Alzheimer Center, Wroclaw Medical University, Scinawa, Poland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden87UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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Guzmán-Vélez E, Tranel D. Does bilingualism contribute to cognitive reserve? Cognitive and neural perspectives. Neuropsychology 2014; 29:139-50. [PMID: 24933492 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive reserve refers to how individuals actively utilize neural resources to cope with neuropathology to maintain cognitive functioning. The present review aims to critically examine the literature addressing the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive reserve to elucidate whether bilingualism delays the onset of cognitive and behavioral manifestations of dementia. Potential neural mechanisms behind this relationship are discussed. METHOD PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched (through January 2014) for original research articles in English or Spanish languages. The following search strings were used as keywords for study retrieval: "bilingual AND reserve," "reserve AND neural mechanisms," and "reserve AND multilingualism." RESULTS Growing scientific evidence suggests that lifelong bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve and delays the onset of Alzheimer's disease symptoms, allowing bilingual individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease to live an independent and richer life for a longer time than their monolingual counterparts. Lifelong bilingualism is related to more efficient use of brain resources that help individuals maintain cognitive functioning in the presence of neuropathology. We propose multiple putative neural mechanisms through which lifelong bilinguals cope with neuropathology. The roles of immigration status, education, age of onset, proficiency, and frequency of language use on the relationship between cognitive reserve and bilingualism are considered. CONCLUSIONS Implications of these results for preventive practices and future research are discussed.
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Morbelli S, Nobili F. Cognitive reserve and clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease: evidence and implications for brain PET imaging. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 4:239-247. [PMID: 24795838 PMCID: PMC3999404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the hypothesized capacity of an adult brain to cope with brain damage in order to minimize symptomatology. The present review is focused on the contribution of brain PET in the understanding of the influence of CR on the disassociation between cognition and degree of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Theories for the explanation CR-related mechanism as well as PET imaging evidence for the existence of CR are described. Moreover functional imaging studies investigating specific networks for CR both in healthy subjects and AD patients are discussed. Finally implications for amyloid PET imaging are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morbelli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University; IRCCS AOU San Martino – IST, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi, 1016132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Child-Mother Health (DINOGMI), University; IRCCS AOU San Martino – IST, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi, 1016132 Genoa, Italy
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Robertson IH. Right hemisphere role in cognitive reserve. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1375-85. [PMID: 24378088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High levels of education, occupational complexity, and/or premorbid intelligence are associated with lower levels of cognitive impairment than would be expected from a given brain pathology. This has been observed across a range of conditions including Alzheimer's disease (Roe et al., 2010), stroke (Ojala-Oksala et al., 2012), traumatic brain injury (Kesler et al., 2003), and penetrating brain injury (Grafman, 1986). This cluster of factors, which seemingly protect the brain from expressing symptoms of damage, has been termed "cognitive reserve" (Stern, 2012). The current review considers one possible neural network, which may contribute to cognitive reserve. Based on the evidence that the neurotransmitter, noradrenaline mediates cognitive reserve's protective effects (Robertson, 2013) this review identifies the neurocognitive correlates of noradrenergic (NA) activity. These involve a set of inter-related cognitive processes (arousal, sustained attention, response to novelty, and awareness) with a strongly right hemisphere, fronto-parietal localization, along with working memory, which is also strongly modulated by NA. It is proposed that this set of processes is one plausible candidate for partially mediating the protective effects of cognitive reserve. In addition to its biological effects on brain structure and function, NA function may also facilitate networks for arousal, novelty, attention, awareness, and working memory, which collectively provide for a set of additional, cognitive, mechanisms that help the brain adapt to age-related changes and disease. It is hypothesized that to the extent that the lateral surface of the right prefrontal lobe and/or the right inferior parietal lobe maintain structural (white and gray matter) and functional integrity and connectivity, cognitive reserve should benefit and behavioral expression of pathologic damage should thus be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Rentz DM, Parra Rodriguez MA, Amariglio R, Stern Y, Sperling R, Ferris S. Promising developments in neuropsychological approaches for the detection of preclinical Alzheimer's disease: a selective review. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:58. [PMID: 24257331 PMCID: PMC3978443 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently published guidelines suggest that the most opportune time to treat individuals with Alzheimer’s disease is during the preclinical phase of the disease. This is a phase when individuals are defined as clinically normal but exhibit evidence of amyloidosis, neurodegeneration and subtle cognitive/behavioral decline. While our standard cognitive tests are useful for detecting cognitive decline at the stage of mild cognitive impairment, they were not designed for detecting the subtle cognitive variations associated with this biomarker stage of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. However, neuropsychologists are attempting to meet this challenge by designing newer cognitive measures and questionnaires derived from translational efforts in neuroimaging, cognitive neuroscience and clinical/experimental neuropsychology. This review is a selective summary of several novel, potentially promising, approaches that are being explored for detecting early cognitive evidence of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease in presymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorene M Rentz
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mario A Parra Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre and Scottish Dementia Clinical Research Network, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rebecca Amariglio
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Reisa Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven Ferris
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Comprehensive Center for Brain Aging, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, 145 East 32nd Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Haller S, Garibotto V, Kövari E, Bouras C, Xekardaki A, Rodriguez C, Lazarczyk MJ, Giannakopoulos P, Lovblad KO. Neuroimaging of dementia in 2013: what radiologists need to know. Eur Radiol 2013; 23:3393-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-013-2957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mathis CA, Kuller LH, Klunk WE, Snitz BE, Price JC, Weissfeld LA, Rosario BL, Lopresti BJ, Saxton JA, Aizenstein HJ, McDade EM, Kamboh MI, DeKosky ST, Lopez OL. In vivo assessment of amyloid-β deposition in nondemented very elderly subjects. Ann Neurol 2013; 73:751-61. [PMID: 23596051 PMCID: PMC3725727 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in 190 nondemented subjects aged ≥82 years to determine the proportion of Aβ-positive scans and associations with cognition, apolipoprotein E (APOE) status, brain volume, and Ginkgo biloba (Gb) treatment. METHODS Subjects who agreed to participate had a brain magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography scan with (11) C-labeled Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) following completion of a Gb treatment clinical trial. The youngest subject in this imaging study was 82 years, and the mean age of the subjects was 85.5 years at the time of the scans; 152 (80%) were cognitively normal, and 38 (20%) were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at the time of the PiB study. RESULTS A high proportion of the cognitively normal subjects (51%) and MCI subjects (68%) were PiB-positive. The APOE*4 allele was more prevalent in PiB-positive than in PiB-negative subjects (30% vs 6%). Measures of memory, language, and attentional functions were worse in PiB-positive than in PiB-negative subjects, when both normal and MCI cases were analyzed together; however, no significant associations were observed within either normal or MCI subject groups alone. There was no relationship between Gb treatment and Aβ deposition as determined by PiB. INTERPRETATION The data revealed a 55% prevalence of PiB positivity in nondemented subjects age >80 years and 85% PiB positivity in the APOE*4 nondemented elderly subjects. The findings also showed that long-term exposure to Gb did not affect the prevalence of cerebral Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Johnson KA, Fox NC, Sperling RA, Klunk WE. Brain imaging in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006213. [PMID: 22474610 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Imaging has played a variety of roles in the study of Alzheimer disease (AD) over the past four decades. Initially, computed tomography (CT) and then magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used diagnostically to rule out other causes of dementia. More recently, a variety of imaging modalities including structural and functional MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) studies of cerebral metabolism with fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) and amyloid tracers such as Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) have shown characteristic changes in the brains of patients with AD, and in prodromal and even presymptomatic states that can help rule-in the AD pathophysiological process. No one imaging modality can serve all purposes as each have unique strengths and weaknesses. These modalities and their particular utilities are discussed in this article. The challenge for the future will be to combine imaging biomarkers to most efficiently facilitate diagnosis, disease staging, and, most importantly, development of effective disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Johnson
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Ewers M, Insel PS, Stern Y, Weiner MW. Cognitive reserve associated with FDG-PET in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2013; 80:1194-201. [PMID: 23486873 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31828970c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of education (a surrogate measure of cognitive reserve) on FDG-PET brain metabolism in elderly cognitively healthy (HC) subjects with preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS Fifty-two HC subjects (mean age 75 years) with FDG-PET and CSF measurement of Aβ1-42 were included from the prospective Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative biomarker study. HC subjects received a research classification of preclinical AD if CSF Aβ1-42 was <192 pg/mL (Aβ1-42 [+]) vs HC with normal Aβ (Aβ1-42 [-]). In regression analyses, we tested the interaction effect between education and CSF Aβ1-42 status (Aβ1-42 [+] vs Aβ1-42 [-]) on FDG-PET metabolism in regions of interest (ROIs) (posterior cingulate, angular gyrus, inferior/middle temporal gyrus) and the whole brain (voxel-based). RESULTS An interaction between education and CSF Aβ1-42 status was observed for FDG-PET in the posterior cingulate (p < 0.001) and angular gyrus ROIs (p = 0.03), but was not significant for the inferior/middle temporal gyrus ROI (p = 0.06), controlled for age, sex, and global cognitive ability (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale). The interaction effect was such that higher education was associated with lower FDG-PET in the Aβ1-42 (+) group, but with higher FDG-PET in the Aβ1-42 (-) group. Voxel-based analysis showed that this interaction effect was primarily restricted to temporo-parietal and ventral prefrontal brain areas. CONCLUSIONS Higher education was associated with lower FDG-PET in preclinical AD (Aβ1-42 [+]), suggesting that cognitive reserve had a compensatory function to sustain cognitive ability in presence of early AD pathology that alters FDG-PET metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ewers
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Overton ET, Azad TD, Parker N, Demarco Shaw D, Frain J, Spitz T, Westerhaus E, Paul R, Clifford DB, Ances BM. The Alzheimer's disease-8 and Montreal Cognitive Assessment as screening tools for neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected persons. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:109-16. [PMID: 23345074 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive impairment is time-intensive and often omitted in busy outpatient settings. Brief screening tools are needed. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Alzheimer's disease (AD)-8 have been used in neurodegenerative disorders. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of these brief screening tools in HIV-infected persons. The AD-8, MoCA, and formal neuropsychological testing were administered to 200 HIV-infected patients who were followed at a single institution. Normalized scores on formal neuropsychological testing were used to define neurocognitive impairment. The sensitivity and specificity of the MoCA and AD-8 were assessed to diagnose the impairment. Neurocognitive impairment was highly prevalent in this cohort: 127 persons (64 %) were diagnosed with neurocognitive impairment based on formal testing. Using the AD-8 and MoCA, 113 (57 %) and 101 (51 %) persons were identified with neurocognitive impairment, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of MoCA were 63 % and 71 %, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of AD-8 were 61 % and 51 %, respectively. Our findings highlight that brief screening tools correlate with formal neuropsychological testing. However, the sensitivities of these screening tools are lower than desired. Nevertheless, given their ease in administration, these tools could assist as a first line for identifying individuals who may subsequently require formal neuropsychological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Turner Overton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, CCB Rm 325, 908 20th St South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Mitchell MB, Shaughnessy LW, Shirk SD, Yang FM, Atri A. Neuropsychological test performance and cognitive reserve in healthy aging and the Alzheimer's disease spectrum: a theoretically driven factor analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2012; 18:1071-80. [PMID: 23039909 PMCID: PMC3600814 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617712000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of cognitive function is critical for understanding the disease course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Detecting cognitive change over time can be confounded by level of premorbid intellectual function or cognitive reserve and lead to under- or over-diagnosis of cognitive impairment and AD. Statistical models of cognitive performance that include cognitive reserve can improve sensitivity to change and clinical efficacy. We used confirmatory factor analysis to test a four-factor model composed of memory/language, processing speed/executive function, attention, and cognitive reserve factors in a group of cognitively healthy older adults and a group of participants along the spectrum of amnestic mild cognitive impairment to AD (aMCI-AD). The model showed excellent fit for the control group (χ(2) = 100; df = 78; CFI = .962; RMSEA = .049) and adequate fit for the aMCI-AD group (χ(2) = 1750; df = 78; CFI = .932; RMSEA = .085). Although strict invariance criteria were not met, invariance testing to determine if factor structures are similar across groups yielded acceptable absolute model fits and provide evidence in support of configural, metric, and scalar invariance. These results provide further support for the construct validity of cognitive reserve in healthy and memory impaired older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan B Mitchell
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA.
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25
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Nordberg A, Carter SF, Rinne J, Drzezga A, Brooks DJ, Vandenberghe R, Perani D, Forsberg A, Långström B, Scheinin N, Karrasch M, Någren K, Grimmer T, Miederer I, Edison P, Okello A, Van Laere K, Nelissen N, Vandenbulcke M, Garibotto V, Almkvist O, Kalbe E, Hinz R, Herholz K. A European multicentre PET study of fibrillar amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 40:104-14. [PMID: 22961445 PMCID: PMC3510420 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-012-2237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Amyloid PET tracers have been developed for in vivo detection of brain fibrillar amyloid deposition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To serve as an early biomarker in AD the amyloid PET tracers need to be analysed in multicentre clinical studies. Methods In this study 238 [11C]Pittsburgh compound-B (PIB) datasets from five different European centres were pooled. Of these 238 datasets, 18 were excluded, leaving [11C]PIB datasets from 97 patients with clinically diagnosed AD (mean age 69 ± 8 years), 72 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; mean age 67.5 ± 8 years) and 51 healthy controls (mean age 67.4 ± 6 years) available for analysis. Of the MCI patients, 64 were longitudinally followed for 28 ± 15 months. Most participants (175 out of 220) were also tested for apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype. Results [11C]PIB retention in the neocortical and subcortical brain regions was significantly higher in AD patients than in age-matched controls. Intermediate [11C]PIB retention was observed in MCI patients, with a bimodal distribution (64 % MCI PIB-positive and 36 % MCI PIB-negative), which was significantly different the pattern in both the AD patients and controls. Higher [11C]PIB retention was observed in MCI ApoE ε4 carriers compared to non-ApoE ε4 carriers (p < 0.005). Of the MCI PIB-positive patients, 67 % had converted to AD at follow-up while none of the MCI PIB-negative patients converted. Conclusion This study demonstrated the robustness of [11C]PIB PET as a marker of neocortical fibrillar amyloid deposition in brain when assessed in a multicentre setting. MCI PIB-positive patients showed more severe memory impairment than MCI PIB-negative patients and progressed to AD at an estimated rate of 25 % per year. None of the MCI PIB-negative patients converted to AD, and thus PIB negativity had a 100 % negative predictive value for progression to AD. This supports the notion that PIB-positive scans in MCI patients are an indicator of prodromal AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2237-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Nordberg
- Alzheimer Neurobiology Centre,Geriatric Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Robertson IH. A noradrenergic theory of cognitive reserve: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:298-308. [PMID: 22743090 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The gap between symptoms and pathology in Alzheimer's disease has been explained by the hypothetical construct of "cognitive reserve"--a set of variables including education, intelligence, and mental stimulation which putatively allow the brain to adapt to-and hence mask--underlying pathologies by maintaining cognitive function despite underlying neural changes. This review proposes a hypothesis that a biological mechanism may mediate between these social/psychological processes on the one hand, and apparently reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease on the other, namely repeated activation of the noradrenergic system over a lifetime by the processes implicated in cognitive reserve. Noradrenaline's neuroprotective effects both in vivo and in vitro, and its key role in mediating the neuroprotective effects of environmental enrichment on the brain, make noradrenaline's key role in mediating cognitive reserve--by disease compensation, disease modification, or a combination of both--a viable hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Robertson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Galvin JE. OPTIMIZING DIAGNOSIS AND MANANGEMENT IN MILD-TO-MODERATE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2012; 2:291-304. [PMID: 22973426 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive declines in cognitive function and ability to carry out activities of daily living; and the emergence and worsening of behavioral/neuropsychiatric symptoms. While there is no cure for AD, non-pharmacologic interventions and medications that modulate neurotransmission can slow symptomatic progression. Medical foods may also be useful as adjuncts to pharmacologic agents in AD. Medium chain triglycerides aimed at improving cerebral metabolism significantly improve Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive scores when added to ongoing pharmacotherapy in patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Combination of interventions, such as non-pharmacologic treatments, pharmacotherapy, and medical foods, with complementary mechanisms of action may provide a rational approach that may result in maximum preservation of cognitive function in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Galvin
- Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry, Director of the Pearl S. Barlow Center for Memory Evaluation and Treatment; and Director of Clinical Operations at the Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York
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Klunk WE. Amyloid imaging as a biomarker for cerebral β-amyloidosis and risk prediction for Alzheimer dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 32 Suppl 1:S20-36. [PMID: 22078170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of amyloid imaging nearly 10 years ago, this technique has gained widespread use and acceptance. More recently, published reports have begun to appear in which amyloid imaging is used to detect the effects of antiamyloid therapies. This review will consider the issues involved in the use of amyloid imaging in the development and evaluation of drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence regarding the postmortem correlates of in vivo amyloid imaging data are considered. The application of amyloid imaging to screening subjects for trials and use as an outcome measure is discussed in light of longitudinal changes in the in vivo amyloid signal. While the bulk of this review is directed at symptomatic patients with dementia, consideration is given to the use of amyloid imaging in nondemented subjects as well. Similarities and differences of cerebral amyloid assessment by amyloid imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measurements are delineated and an agenda for further research to improve the applicability of amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) to clinical trials is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Klunk
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Garibotto V, Borroni B, Sorbi S, Cappa SF, Padovani A, Perani D. Education and occupation provide reserve in both ApoE ε4 carrier and noncarrier patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:1037-42. [PMID: 22173784 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
According to the reserve hypothesis, a high educational/occupational attainment can modulate Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical expression. The impact of the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 allele on the reserve mechanism in AD has not been assessed. Aim of this European multicenter study was to evaluate the metabolic correlates of reserve and ApoE genotype in early probable AD. 51 AD subjects, 27 ε4 carriers, and 24 noncarriers, underwent FDG-PET brain imaging. We used the general linear model as implemented in SPM2 to test for the linear correlation of a reserve index, accounting for both educational and occupational level, with brain glucose metabolism, controlling for demographic variables (age and gender) and for cognitive performance. We found an inverse correlation between a reserve index, accounting for educational/occupational level, and metabolism in the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus in both ε4 carriers and noncarriers, and no significant difference between the groups. We show that education and occupation act as proxies for reserve in ε4 carriers, compensating for an unfavorable genetic background; we also show that the degree of compensation does not differ significantly by ApoE ε4 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Garibotto
- Nuclear Medicine Unit and Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
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30
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Vlassenko AG, Benzinger TLS, Morris JC. PET amyloid-beta imaging in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:370-9. [PMID: 22108203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, accounting for 60-70% of all cases [Hebert et al., 2003, 1]. The need for effective therapies for AD is great. Current approaches, including cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, are symptomatic treatments for AD but do not prevent disease progression. Many diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to AD are currently changing due to the knowledge that underlying pathology starts 10 to 20 years before clinical signs of dementia appear [Holtzman et al., 2011, 2]. New therapies which focus on prevention or delay of the onset or cognitive symptoms are needed. Recent advances in the identification of AD biomarkers now make it possible to detect AD pathology in the preclinical stage of the disease, in cognitively normal (CN) individuals; this biomarker data should be used in the selection of high-risk populations for clinical trials. In vivo visualization of AD neuropathology and biological, biochemical or physiological confirmation of the effects of treatment likely will substantially improve development of novel pharmaceuticals. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the leading neuroimaging tool to detect and provide quantitative measures of AD amyloid pathology in vivo at the early stages and follow its course longitudinally. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Imaging Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei G Vlassenko
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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31
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Lister-James J, Pontecorvo MJ, Clark C, Joshi AD, Mintun MA, Zhang W, Lim N, Zhuang Z, Golding G, Choi SR, Benedum TE, Kennedy P, Hefti F, Carpenter AP, Kung HF, Skovronsky DM. Florbetapir f-18: a histopathologically validated Beta-amyloid positron emission tomography imaging agent. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:300-4. [PMID: 21624563 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Florbetapir F-18 is a molecular imaging agent combining high affinity for β-amyloid, pharmacokinetic properties that allow positron emission tomography (PET) imaging within a convenient time after dose administration, and the wide availability of the radionuclide fluorine-18. Florbetapir F-18 is prepared by nucleophilic radiofluorination in approximately 60 minutes with a decay-corrected yield of 20%-40% and with a specific activity typically exceeding 100 Ci/mmol. The florbetapir F-18 dissociation constant (K(d)) for binding to β-amyloid in brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients was 3.7 ± 0.3 nmol/L, and the maximum binding capacity (B(max)) was 8800 ± 1600 fmol/mg protein. Autoradiography studies have shown that florbetapir F-18 selectively binds to β-amyloid aggregates in AD patient brain tissue, and the binding intensity is correlated with the density of β-amyloid quantified by standard neuropathologic techniques. Studies in animals revealed no safety concerns and rapid and transient normal brain uptake (6.8% injected dose/g at 2 minutes and 1.9% injected dose/g at 60 minutes in the mouse). Florbetapir F-18 has been well-tolerated in studies of more than 2000 human subjects. Biodistribution studies in humans revealed predominantly hepatobiliary excretion. The whole body effective dose was 7 mSv from a dose of 370 MBq. The pharmacokinetic of florbetapir F-18 make it possible to obtain a PET image with a brief (10 minutes) acquisition time within a convenient time window of 30-90 minutes after dose administration. Clinical studies have demonstrated a clear correlation between in vivo PET imaging with florbetapir F-18 and postmortem histopathologic quantitation of β-amyloid in the brain.
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Bartrés-Faz D, Arenaza-Urquijo EM. Structural and functional imaging correlates of cognitive and brain reserve hypotheses in healthy and pathological aging. Brain Topogr 2011; 24:340-57. [PMID: 21853422 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-011-0195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the field of ageing and dementia, brain- or cognitive reserve refers to the capacity of the brain to manage pathology or age-related changes thereby minimizing clinical manifestations. The brain reserve capacity (BRC) hypothesis argues that this capacity derives from an individual's unique neural profile (e.g., cell count, synaptic connections, brain volume, etc.). Complimentarily, the cognitive reserve (CR) hypothesis emphasizes inter-individual differences in the effective recruitment of neural networks and cognitive processes to compensate for age-related effects or pathology. Despite an abundance of research, there is scarce literature attempting to synthesize the BRC the CR models. In this paper, we will review important aging and dementia studies using structural and functional neuroimaging techniques to investigate and attempt to assimilate both reserve hypotheses. The possibility to conceptualize reserve as reflecting indexes of brain plasticity will be proposed and novel data suggesting an intimate and complex correspondence between active and passive components of reserve will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bartrés-Faz
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ewers M, Sperling RA, Klunk WE, Weiner MW, Hampel H. Neuroimaging markers for the prediction and early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:430-42. [PMID: 21696834 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease. At the time of clinical manifestation of dementia, significant irreversible brain damage is already present, rendering the diagnosis of AD at early stages of the disease an urgent prerequisite for therapeutic treatment to halt, or at least slow, disease progression. In this review, we discuss various neuroimaging measures that are proving to have potential value as biomarkers of AD pathology for the detection and prediction of AD before the onset of dementia. Recent studies that have identified AD-like structural and functional brain changes in elderly people who are cognitively within the normal range or who have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are discussed. A dynamic sequence model of changes that occur in neuroimaging markers during the different disease stages is presented and the predictive value of multimodal neuroimaging for AD dementia is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ewers
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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34
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Rentz DM, Amariglio RE, Becker JA, Frey M, Olson LE, Frishe K, Carmasin J, Maye JE, Johnson KA, Sperling RA. Face-name associative memory performance is related to amyloid burden in normal elderly. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2776-83. [PMID: 21689670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition occurs in a substantial fraction of cognitively normal (CN) older individuals. However, it has been difficult to reliably detect evidence of amyloid-related cognitive alterations in CN using standard neuropsychological measures. We sought to determine whether a highly demanding face-name associative memory exam (FNAME) could detect evidence of Aβ-related memory impairment in CN. We studied 45 CN subjects (mean age=71.7 ± 8.8) with Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores=0 and MMSE ≥ 28, using Positron Emission Tomography with Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB PET). Memory factor scores were derived from a principal components analysis for FNAME name retrieval (FN-N), FNAME occupation retrieval (FN-O) and the 6-Trial Selective Reminding Test (SRT). Using multiple linear and logistic regression analyses, we related the memory factor scores to PiB distribution volume ratios (DVR, cerebellar reference) as either a continuous or a dichotomous variable in frontal cortex and a posterior cortical region representing the precuneus, posterior cingulate and lateral parietal cortices (PPCLP), co-varying for age and AMNART IQ (a proxy of cognitive reserve (CR)). A significant inverse relationship for FN-N was found with Aβ deposition in frontal (R(2)=0.29, β=-2.2, p=0.02) and PPCLP cortices (R(2)=0.26, β=-2.4, p=0.05). In contrast, neither FN-O nor the SRT were significantly related to Aβ deposition. Performance on a demanding test of face-name associative memory was related to Aβ burden in brain regions associated with memory systems. Associative memory for faces and names, a common complaint among older adults, may be a sensitive marker of early Aβ-related impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorene M Rentz
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Philippe C, Haeusler D, Mitterhauser M, Ungersboeck J, Viernstein H, Dudczak R, Wadsak W. Optimization of the radiosynthesis of the Alzheimer tracer 2-(4-N-[11C]methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole ([11C]PIB). Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:1212-7. [PMID: 21550258 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
[(11)C]PIB is still the standard PET compound for Alzheimer imaging targeting beta-amyloid plaques. We aimed to establish a fully-automated procedure for the synthesis and purification of [(11)C]PIB with a high degree of reliability and improved specific activity as well as a suitable and fast quality control assay. The optimum reaction conditions were 75°C, 4 mg/mL precursor yielding at 48.0±2.7% (EOS, based on [(11)C]CH(3)OTf, corrected for decay), 183±14 GBq/μmol specific activity and >99% radiochemical purity. Time consumption was kept to a minimum (40 min from EOB) and overall yields were enough to serve 2 consecutive patients with a single preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Philippe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Radiochemistry and Biomarker Development Unit, Austria
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Roe CM, Fagan AM, Williams MM, Ghoshal N, Aeschleman M, Grant EA, Marcus DS, Mintun MA, Holtzman DM, Morris JC. Improving CSF biomarker accuracy in predicting prevalent and incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2011; 76:501-10. [PMID: 21228296 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31820af900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate factors, including cognitive and brain reserve, which may independently predict prevalent and incident dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and to determine whether inclusion of identified factors increases the predictive accuracy of the CSF biomarkers Aβ(42), tau, ptau(181), tau/Aβ(42), and ptau(181)/Aβ(42). METHODS Logistic regression identified variables that predicted prevalent DAT when considered together with each CSF biomarker in a cross-sectional sample of 201 participants with normal cognition and 46 with DAT. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) from the resulting model was compared with the AUC generated using the biomarker alone. In a second sample with normal cognition at baseline and longitudinal data available (n = 213), Cox proportional hazards models identified variables that predicted incident DAT together with each biomarker, and the models' concordance probability estimate (CPE), which was compared to the CPE generated using the biomarker alone. RESULTS APOE genotype including an ε4 allele, male gender, and smaller normalized whole brain volumes (nWBV) were cross-sectionally associated with DAT when considered together with every biomarker. In the longitudinal sample (mean follow-up = 3.2 years), 14 participants (6.6%) developed DAT. Older age predicted a faster time to DAT in every model, and greater education predicted a slower time in 4 of 5 models. Inclusion of ancillary variables resulted in better cross-sectional prediction of DAT for all biomarkers (p < 0.0021), and better longitudinal prediction for 4 of 5 biomarkers (p < 0.0022). CONCLUSIONS The predictive accuracy of CSF biomarkers is improved by including age, education, and nWBV in analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Roe
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Weih M, Degirmenci U, Kreil S, Lewczuk P, Schmidt D, Kornhuber J, Kuwert T. Perfusion Imaging with SPECT in the Era of Pathophysiology-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010:109618. [PMID: 21197480 PMCID: PMC3010620 DOI: 10.4061/2010/109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SPECT allows registration of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) which is altered in a characteristic temporoparietal pattern in Alzheimer's Dementia. Numerous studies have shown the diagnostic value of reduced cerebral blood flow and metabolic changes using perfusion SPECT and FDG-PEPT in AD diagnosis as well as in differential diagnosis against frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular disease. Recently more pathophysiology-based biomarkers in CSF and Amyloid-PET tracers have been developed that probably have a higher diagnostic accuracy than the more indirect rCBF changes seen in perfusion SPECT. In the paper review, we describe recent advances in AD biomarkers as well as improvements in the SPECT technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weih
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychiatry, University of Erlangen-Nuermberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA.
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